HomeMy WebLinkAbout2019-05-21 Council minutesi
CITY OE IOWA CITY
www.icgov.org
May 21, 2019
ATTACHMENTS:
Description
May 7, Work Session minutes
Item Number: 2.a.
r
=_.,, 4 CITY OF IOWA CITY
f �wl " MEMORANDUM
Date: May 15, 2019
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Kellie Fruehling, City Clerk
Re: Council Work Session, May 7, 2019, 5:00 PM in Emma J. Harvat Hall
Council: Cole, Mims, Salih, Taylor, Teague, Thomas, Throgmorton
UISG: Wu
Staff: Fruin, Monroe, Andrew, Dilkes, Fruehling, Bockenstedt, Fleagle, Hightshoe, Seydell-
Johnson, Ford, Byers, Whitmore, Knoche, Havel
(A transcription is available in the City Clerk's Office and the City website.)
Clarification of Agenda Items
• [7.e]... Biennial Bridge Inspection and Master Plan 2019 ... Council member Mims stated she was
happy to see the status of the bridges being reviewed.
• [7.f]... Burlington and Madison Intersection Improvements ... Council member Mims asked if there
would be a median included in the project. City Engineer Havel provided additional information.
• [3]... Proclamations ... Mayor Throgmorton asked Council members to join in and help read the
proclamations at the formal meeting.
• [7.d]... Happy Hollow Park Restroom and Shelter Replacement Project 2018... Mayor Throgmorton
inquired about the increase project cost. Parks & Recreation Director Seydell-Johnson provided
additional information.
• [9.c]... Daniel and Ludmila Scott: Snow Ordinance Review... Mayor Throgmorton asked for
information regarding the notification process. City Manager Fruin provided information on the
process. Neighborhood & Development Services Director Hightshoe provided additional
information regarding software upgrades.
• [9.a]... Preston Moore, Iowa State Director, State Affairs — Humane Society of the US: Petland
presentation... Council member Cole inquired if Council was interested in further fact-finding on the
issue. Individual Council members expressed their views.
• [9.f]... Cindy Parsons — Project Green 2018 Annual Report and cover letter... Mayor Throgmorton
and other Council members praised Project Green on their report and the work they've done
throughout the City.
• [9.g]... Gloria Dei Lutheran Church — In response to 4-18-19 memo... Council member Teague
noted the correspondence and had questions on the commitment level based on where the
Sanxay-Gilmore House is moved. Individual Council members expressed their views. City
Manager Fruin provided additional information.
• [11.a]... Rezoning South of interstate 80, West of N. Dubuque Street, and East of Mackinaw Drive,
commonly referred to as Forest View... Mayor Throgmorton asked if staff had received a signed
Council Work Session
May 7, 2019
Page 2
Conditional Zoning agreement and if any additional protest petitions had been received. None were
noted.
• [12]... Utility Rate Ordinance... Mayor Throgmorton asked if a list of the top water consumers could
be shared with the Council.
[13]... Moratorium on rental permits... Mayor Throgmorton inquired if the Council was considering
collapsing the second and third readings. Individual Council members expressed their views.
Neighborhood & Development Services Director Hightshoe and City Manager Fruin provided
additional information.
Information Packet Discussion [April 4, April 11, April 18, April 25, May 21
➢ April
1. (IP3, Invitation: "Race, Place & Land -Use: The Minneapolis 2040 Plan" - April 25, by the
University of Iowa School of Urban & Regional Planning) Mayor Throgmorton asked if staff
could summarize the meeting. City Manager Fruin provided information. Individual Council
members expressed their views.
Action: Staff will include the slides from the April 25th Race, Place and Land Use
presentation from Minneapolis officials in the May 9 information packet.
➢ April 11
1. (IP4/5, Memo from Assistant City Manager: 2020 U.S. Census Preparation Update/Article
from Assistant City Manager: 2020 Census) Council member Mims noted the importance of
getting the information out and encouraging the public to participate. Assistant City Manager
Monroe provided additional information. Individual Council members expressed their views.
➢ April 18
1. (IP8, Email from Council member Cole: Manufactured Housing State Programs
Overview) Council member Cole inquired if the City was inclined to address a favorable
policy solution. Individual Council members expressed their views.
Action: Councilors Salih and Taylor will represent the City on any committee that is formed
by the Affordable Homes Coalition regarding mobile home parks.
2. (IP7, Email from Council member Cole: At Large Cat Ordinance) Council member Cole
asked for additional information on City policy regarding TNR (Trap, Neuter,
Release)/euthanizing. Animal Services Supervisor Whitmore provided information.
Individual Council members expressed their views.
Action: Staff will prepare a memo providing the Council information to aid them in their
decision making on the feral cat and puppy mill issues that have been raised by concerned
members of the public. Councilors Cole and Taylor volunteered to research similar efforts in
other cities.
3. (IP9, Memo from Assistant City Manager and Human Resources
Administrator: Employment Status Analysis - Communication Division) Assistant City
Manager Monroe gave a summary of the memo provided. Individual Council members
expressed their views. City Manager Fruin provided additional information.
Action: Staff will prepare the documents needed to have Council formally authorize the
conversion of the temporary employees in Communications to permanent status.
Council Work Session
May 7, 2019
Page 3
Staff will also reach out to AFSCME to discuss the remaining twenty temporary positions to
attempt to reach consensus on which positions would benefit the most from a change to
permanent status and will summarize for Council where there is consensus and where
further Council consideration is needed.
4. (IP12, Memo from Public Works Director: Pothole Repair) Mayor Throgmorton noted the
memo and asked for a timeline on repairs. Public Works Director Knoche provided
information.
➢ April 25 — No discussion.
➢ May 2
1. (IPS, Letter from Moody's Investors Service: Moody's assigns Aaa to Iowa City, IA's GOs;
outlook stable) Council member Mims noted the importance of the triple-A bond rating..
2. (IP7, Copy of new release: 2019 Party in the Park schedule announced) Council member
Mims noted the schedule and encouraged attendance.
3. (IP9, Parks & Recreation Commission: April 10) Mayor Throgmorton mentioned the Monarch
Festival would be taking place August 28.
4. (IP1, Council Tentative Meeting Schedule) City Clerk Fruehling stated Council member Salih
would be out of town during June and July and had asked about a reduced summer
schedule. Individual Council members expressed their views.
(Break to Formal meeting 6:40 pm — Returned to Work Session 11:01 p.m.)
➢ May 2
5. (IP4, Memo from City Manager: Policy on Vendor Wages) City Manager Fruin noted the
memo in the packet was intended to provide basic information to help with Council
deliberation regarding the Policy on Vendor Wages. Individual Council members expressed
their views.
Action: The vendor wage policy will be included as a work session topic for May 21.
May 6 Late Handouts, (City Council Listening Post) City Clerk Fruehling asked for Council
preference on date and time for the next Listening Post.
Action: The City Clerk will check to see if Lemme Elementary School is available on May 29th for
a listening post. Councilors Thomas and Teague and volunteered to represent the Council.
Council updates on assigned boards, commissions and committees
Discussion was combined with items under Item 19. City Council Information during the formal meeting.
Adjourn 11:19 p.m.
Item Number: 2.b.
i
CITY OE IOWA CITY
www.icgov.org
May 21, 2019
ATTACHMENTS:
Description
May 7, Regular Formal Summary of Minutes
Subject to change as finalized by the City Clerk.Fora final official copy,contact the City Cleric's Office 356-5041
Summary of Minutes
May 7, 2019 - 7:00 PM
Iowa City City Council regular meeting, held in Emma J. Harvat Hall, 410 E Washington
St. Mayor Throgmorton presiding. Council members present: Cole, Mims, Salih, Taylor,
Teague, Thomas, Throgmorton. Staff members present: Fruin, Monroe, Andrew, Dilkes,
Fruehling, Knoche, Havel, Hightshoe, Russett, Sitzman, Seydell-Johnson, Bockenstedt,
Fleagle, Cook. UISG: Wu.
1. Call to Order
2. Student Leadership Awards -Grant Wood and Longfellow Elementary
The Mayor presented Student Leadership Awards to Grant Wood and Longfellow
Elementary students.
2a. Mason Tilley
2b. Natalia Flack
2c. Percy Williams
2d. Bella VanEtten
2e. Sydney Geisen
3. Proclamations
3.a. Bike to Work Week -Accepted by Brenda Linley of Think Bicycles Johnson
County and Iowa City Bike Library.
3.b. International Day Against Homophobia Transphobia and Biphobia -
Accepted by Noemi Ford, Human Rights Commissioner and Christine
Hawes, Iowa City Pride.
3.c. Kids to Park Day-Accepted by Juli Seydell-Johnson, Parks & Recreation
Director.
3.d. National Public Works Week- Accepted by Ron Knoche, Public Work Director.
3.e. Older Americans Month -Accepted by Susan Shullaw, Trail of Johnson County.
Beginning of Consent Calendar (Items 4-9)
4. Consider adoption of the Consent Calendar as presented or amended Approval of
Council Actions (subject to corrections, as recommended by the
City Clerk)
4.a. April 23, Work Session
4.b. April 23, Regular formal Summary of Minutes
4.c. May 1, Special formal Summary of Minutes
5. Receive and File Minutes of Boards and Commissions
5.a. Housing & Community Development Commission: March 14
5.b. Library Board of Trustees: March 28
5.c. Parks & Recreation Commission: March 13
5.d. Planning &Zoning Commission: April 4
5.e. Senior Center Commission: February 21
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 1
6. Permit Motions and Resolutions (as recommended by the City Clerk)
6.a. Liquor License Renewals
1. Class C Liquor License for Sams Pizza IC, Inc., dba Sams Pizza IC,
Inc., 441 S. Gilbert St.
2. Class C Liquor License for Saloon IC, Inc., dba Saloon, 112 E.
College St.
3. Special Class C Liquor License for Alternative Sport Enterprises
LLC, dba Hatchet Jack's, 101 Highway 1 West
4. Class C Beer Permit for New Pioneer Cooperative Society, dba
New Pioneer Food Co-op, 22 S. Van Buren St.
5. Class E Liquor License for Column, Inc., dba Sports Column, 12 S.
Dubuque St.
6. Class C Beer Permit for Kwik Trip, Inc., dba Tobacco Outlet Plus
#537, 923 S. Riverside Dr.
7. Class E Liquor License for Southside Spirits LLC, dba Southside
Liquor&Tobacco, 601 Hollywood Blvd Ste. 1
8. Outdoor Service Area for Iowa City Coffee Company, dba Java
House and Heirloom Salad, 211 1/2 Washington St.
9. Outdoor Service Area for Baroncini LLC, dba Baroncini Restaurant,
104 S. Linn St.
10. Outdoor Service Area for Bread Garden of Iowa City, L.C., dba
Bread Garden Market, 225 S. Linn St.
11. Outdoor Service Area for Café Taim LLC, dba Cortado, 26 S.
Clinton St.
12. Outdoor Service Area for One Louder LLC, dba Micky's Irish Pub,
11 S. Dubuque St.
13. Outdoor Service Area for Chackalackal, Inc., dba One Twenty Six,
126 Washington St.
14. Outdoor Service Area for Lusati, Inc., dba Quinton's Bar& Deli, 215
Washington St.
15. Class C Liquor License for Iowa Avenue LLC, dba Saint Burch
Tavern, 127 Iowa Ave.
16. Temporary Outdoor Service Area for Big Grove Iowa City, LLC, dba
Big Grove Brewery&Tap Room, 1225 S. Gilbert St.
6.b. Liquor License - New
1. 5-day Special Class C Liquor License for Summer of the Arts, Inc.,
dba Iowa Soul & Blues Festival, 100 Iowa Ave.
2. 5-day Special Class C Liquor License for Summer of the Arts, Inc.,
dba Iowa Arts Festival, 200 Iowa Ave.
3. 5-day Special Class C Liquor License for Summer of the Arts, Inc.,
dba Iowa City Jazz Festival, 17 South Clinton St.
6.c. Cigarette Permit
1. Resolution to issue Cigarette Permit to Emman Abedeallah, dba
Almost Paradise Vape Shop, 355 S. Linn St. (Resolution 19-109)
6.d. Liquor License - Refund
1. Refund an unused portion of a Class C Liquor License for Howling
Dogs Bistro and Fair Grounds Coffehouse, 345 S. Dubuque St.
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 2
7. Resolutions and Motions
7.a. Motion approving the appointment of Austin Wu as City Council Liaison
and Charlotte Lenkaitis as the Alternate City Council Liaison from the
University of Iowa Student Government(UISG)to the City Council from
May 1, 2019—April 30, 2020.
7.b. Resolution Authorizing the Extension and Renewal of the Contract for
Third Party Administrative Services for Workers' Compensation and
Liability Claims. (Resolution 19-110)
7.c. Resolution approving an agreement with Summer of the Arts, Inc. to
allow the sale, consumption, and possession of beer and wine on City
streets during Arts Fest, Jan Fest, and Soul and Blues Festival.
(Resolution 19-111)
7.d. Resolution accepting the work for the Happy Hollow Park Restroom and
Shelter Replacement Project 2018. (Resolution 19-112)
7.e. Resolution approving, authorizing and directing the Mayor to execute
and the City Clerk to attest an Agreement by and between the City of
Iowa City and IIW, P.C. to provide engineering consultant services for
the Biennial Bridge Inspection and Master Plan 2019 Project.
(Resolution 19-113)
7.f. Resolution authorizing acceptance of STBG Funds from the Iowa
Department of Transportation and authorizing the City Manager to sign
the Project Agreement for the Burlington and Madison Intersection
Improvements Project. (Resolution 19-114)
8. Setting Public Hearings
8.a. Resolution setting public hearing on amending the FY2019 Operating
Budget. (Resolution 19-115)
9. Correspondence
9.a. Preston Moore, Iowa State Director, State Affairs - Humane Society of
the US: Petland presentation
9.b. Andrew Stoll: Pheasant Population Presentation [Staff response
included]
9.c. Daniel and Ludmila Scott: Snow Ordinance Review
9.d. Carol deProsse: Wells Fargo [Staff response included]
9.e. Deer Management: Allison Jaynes, Florence Boos, Laurie Crawford, Lori
Kendrick, Public Input form (x2)
9.f. Cindy Parsons - Project Green 2018 Annual Report and cover letter
9.g. Gloria Dei Lutheran Church - In response to 4-18-19 memo
9.h. Installation of(1) "No Parking Between Driveways" sign on Iowa
Avenue
9.i. Installation of(1) "No Parking Corner to Here" sign at the intersection of
Camden and Court.
9.j. Sandra Alper: Pet Stores
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 3
End of Consent Calendar
Motion to approve consent calendar(Items 4-9). Moved by M. Salih,
seconded by R. Cole. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
Motion to accept correspondence from UISG Council Liaison, Austin
Wu. Moved by M. Salih, seconded by S. Mims. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
10. Community Comment(items not on the agenda)
The following individuals appeared: Allison Jaynes, regarding 5/7 Petland
presentation; Kenn Bowan, Senior Center Commission President, regarding Senior
Center updates and traffic signals; Lynn Gallagher regarding puppy mills; Diane
Rash, Stephanie Cutett, and Alyssa Beisker regarding community cats; Tony Miano,
Nick Rolland and Mike Reid regarding abortion; Massimo Biggers, Carla Biggers, and
Jeff Biggers regarding the Climate Action plan.
11. Planning and Zoning Matters
11.a. Ordinance conditionally rezoning approximately 73.15 acres of property
located south of Interstate-80,west of N. Dubuque Street, and north of
Foster Road, from Interim Development Single-Family Residential (ID-RS),
Low Density Single-Family Residential (RS-5), Low Density Multi-Family
Residential (RM-12), and High Density Single-Family Residential with a
Planned Development Overlay(OPD/RS-12) to OPD/RS-12 for 50.82 acres,
Highway Commercial with a Planned Development Overlay(OPD/CH-1) for
20.45 acres, and Neighborhood Public with a Planned Development Overlay
(OPD/P-1)for 1.88 acres. (REZ18-00013)
A public hearing was held. Senior Planner Russett summarized the memo
included in the agenda packet and presented a power point. Jimmy Becker,
Blackbird Investments, presented a power point and Judy Joyce, Impact 7G,
and City Manager Fruin provided additional information. The following
individuals appeared: Ursula Ferrier, Deb Thome, Margarita Baltazar, Donna
Davis, Wilf Nixon, Zulay Flores, Quenby Murphy, Katherine Nixon, and
Margarita Rodriguez.
Individual Council members expressed their views. Motion to give first
consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by R. Cole. Motion Passed. (7
Ayes)
Motion to accept correspondence from John McKinstry, John Greve, Deba
Foxley Leach, Anne Hesse, Robert Vinson, Melanie Haupert, Marie Kruger,
Chuck and A.K. Traw, Joyce Pattschull, Elk Run Condo Association, and
Terry Smith. Moved by R. Cole, seconded by S. Mims. Motion Passed. (7
Ayes)
11.b. Ordinance rezoning property located at the Old Settler's Association of
Johnson County cabins, off 100 Park Road in City Park from
Neighborhood Public (P-1)to P-1 with a Historic District Overlay
(P1/OHD). (REZ19-1) (Second Consideration)
Motion to waive second consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by M.
Salih. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 4
Motion to pass and adopt Ordinance 19-4788. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by
J. Thomas. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
11.c. Ordinance rezoning property located at 820 Park Road from Neighborhood
Public(P-1)to P-1 with a Historic District Overlay(P1/OHD). (REZ19-2)
(Second Consideration)
Motion to waive second consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by P.
Taylor. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
Motion to pass and adopt Ordinance 19-4789. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by
J. Thomas. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
11.d. Ordinance rezoning property located at 28 S. Linn Street from
Neighborhood Public(P-1) to P-1 with a Historic District Overlay (P1/OHD).
(REZ19-3) (Second Consideration)
Motion to waive second consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by P.
Taylor. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes)
Motion to pass and adopt Ordinance 19-4790. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by
J. Thomas. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) Individual Council members expressed
their views. City Manager Fruin provided additional information.
Regular Formal Agenda
12. Ordinance amending title 3, entitled "finances, taxation and fees," chapter 4,
entitled"schedule of fees, rates, charges, bonds, fines and penalties" of the
city code to increase water service charges and storm water service charges.
(Second Consideration)
Motion to give second consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by J. Thomas.
Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) City Manager Fruin provided information. Individual Council
members expressed their views. Finance Director Bockenstedt presented a power
point.
13. Ordinance amending Title 17 of the City Code (Building and Housing)to
establish a moratorium until March 7, 2020 on the issuance of new rental
permits for single-family and duplex units in RS-5, RS-8 and RNS-12 zones
within certain rental permit districts in the Rental Impact Area shown in Figure
17-1 of the City Code. (Second consideration)
Motion to give second consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by R. Cole.
Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) city Attorney Dilkes provided information. A power point
of the rental district map was displayed. The following individuals appeared: Austin
Wu, Shaner Magalhaes, Dale Goeke, Monica Hayes, Mark Kamps, and Andrew
McCubbin. Individual Council members expressed their views. City Manager Fruin
and City Attorney Dilkes provided additional information.
Motion to accept correspondence from Charles Stanier, Maria Houser
Conzemius, Clay Claussen. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by R. Cole. Motion
Passed. (7 Ayes)
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 5
14. Ordinance amending Title 4, Alcoholic Beverages, Chapter 5, Prohibitions and
Restrictions, Section 5, Open Containers; and Title 10, Public Ways and
Property, Chapter 9, Parks and Recreation Regulations, Section 2, Prohibited
Actions in Parks, to allow alcohol to be sold in City parks at City-sponsored
events pursuant to permits issued by the City. [First Consideration]
Motion to give first consideration. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by J. Thomas.
Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) Parks & Recreation Director Seydell-Johnson
presented information. Individual Council members expressed their views. City
Manager Fruin provided additional information.
15. Resolution directing sale of$12,535,000 (amount subject to change) General
Obligation Bonds, Series 2019.
Motion to approve Resolution 19-116. Moved by S. Mims, seconded by B Teague.
Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) Finance Director Bockenstedt presented information. Larry
Burger, Spear Financial, provided additional information.
16. Resolution authorizing the award of a contract to provide Retail Recruitment
Services for the City of Iowa City.
Motion to approve Resolution 19-117. Moved by B Teague, seconded by M. Salih.
Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) Economic Development Coordinator Ford presented
information. Individual Council members expressed their views.
17. Council Appointments
17.a. Airport Zoning Board of Adiustment- One vacancy to fill a five-year
term, January 1, 2019 - December 31, 2023. (New full term)
Motion to appoint Heather Flynn. Moved by M. Salih, seconded by S.
Mims. Motion Passed. (7 Ayes) Individual Council members expressed their
views.
18. Announcement of Vacancies - Previous
Applicants MUST reside in Iowa City and be 18 years of age unless specific
qualifications are stated. [Staff will not publish additional notices after the initial
announcement; but will continue to advertise vacancies on the City website and
Council agenda. More information may be found on the City website or in the City
Clerk's office.
Airport Commission - One vacancy to fill an unexpired term. Effective
upon appointment- June 30, 2022. (Derek LaBrie resigned)
Applications must be received by 5:00 P.M., Tuesday, May 28, 2019.
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 6
Airport Commission - One vacancy to fill a four-year term, July 1, 2019 -
June 30, 2023. (Term expires for Minnetta Gardinier)
Community Police Review Board -One vacancy to fill a four-year term, July
1, 2019 -June 30, 2023. (Term expires for Don King)
Historic Preservation Commission (At-Large) - One vacancy to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2022. (Term expires for Zach
Builita) '
Historic Preservation Commission (Brown St.l- One vacancy to fill a three-
year term, July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2022. (Term expires for Sharon DeGraw)
Historic Preservation Commission (Jefferson St.) - One vacancy to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2022. (New District formed -first
term not filled)
Historic Preservation Commission (Summit St.) - One vacancy to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2019 -June 30, 2022. (Term expires for Cecile
Kuenzil)
Housing & Community Development Commission -Two vacancies to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2019-June 30, 2022. (Term expires for Christine
Harms, Paula Vaughan)
Library Board of Trustees - Three vacancies to fill a six-year term, July 1,
2019 -June 30, 2025. (Term expires for Diane Baker, Janet Freeman and
Jay Semel)
Telecommunications Commission - One vacancy to fill a three-year term,
July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2022. (Term expires for Paul Gowder)
Applications must be received by 5:00 P.M., Tuesday, May 14, 2019.
Airport Zoning Board of Adiustment- One vacancy to fill a five-year
term, January 1, 2016 - December 31, 2020. (Formerly advertised)
Historic Preservation Commission (E. College St) -One vacancy to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2018 -June 30, 2021. (Term expired for Esther Baker)
Historic Preservation Commission (Jefferson St) -One vacancy to fill a
three-year term, July 1, 2016- June 30, 2019. (New District formed)
Vacancies will remain open until filled.
19. Community Comment
The following individuals appeared: Roger Knight regarding loud noise/music after 10 pm.
Austin Wu, UISG Liaison, regarding UISG updates.
20. City Council Information
Council members reported on various meetings attended, upcoming meetings,
community events, and items of interest.
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 7
21. Report on Items from City Staff
a. City Manager - None
b. City Attorney - None
c. City Clerk - None
22. Adjourn
Motion to adjourn at 11:01. Moved by B Teague, seconded by M. Salih. Motion
Passed. (7 Ayes)
7'<7L.
Ja es A. Throgmorton, Mayor
k 9 / 'L-a7
Kel ie K. Fruehling,%, ty Clerk
May 7, 2019 Summary of Minutes Page 8