HomeMy WebLinkAbout1992-06-23 Info Packet
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 12, 1992
TO: City Council (Memo for Record)
FROM: City Manager
RE: Material in Information Packet
Memoranda from the City Manager:
a. ICMA Conference
b. Pending Development Issues
c. Vacation
,;
Copies of letters from the City Manager to:
a. T.M. Stewart, J. C. Penney Company regarding Old Capitol Center ~
parking ramp.
b. Newspaper distributors regarding vending machines at the Johnson
County Courthouse
Memorandum from the Associate Planner regarding open house at 451 JO
Rundell Street.
Memoranda from the Neighborhood Services Coordinator:
a. Neighborhood Services Flyer fl/3/
b. Mailing of Notice to Kirkwood Neighborhood I~~~
c. Longfellow Neighborhood Survey /~~
Memorandum from the Chief of Police regarding State Narcotics Grant. /
Copy of letter from Carol Horton regarding parking spaces at the Old /<135
Library.
Report to the Animal Shelter Advisory Board. /'I3~
Letter from John Hayek re oral argument in University sewer fee case. ~ 7
Memo from City Clerk regarding Council Worksession of 6/2/92. /~3g
Agenda for the 6/16 Informal meeting of the Bd. of Supervisors. /~39
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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Date: June 5, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: ICMA Conference
In September, Dale and I plan to attend the City Manager's conference in Reno, Nevada, At
the conference, I have been asked to serve as a speaker at one of the conference sessions,
The topic is "career planning." With me will be Alicia Perez, an Assistant City Manager in
Austin, Texas and Bob Morris, the retired City Manager of Glencoe, Illinois, ,This speaking
obligation does not require any major commitment on the part of the City, other than my
attendance at the conference.
b,ICMA
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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DATE: June 10, 1992
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TO: City Council
FROM: City Manager
RE: Pending Development Issues
An application submitted by Karl and Leona Buchmayer for preliminary
plat approval of Furrows Edge Acres, a l6-lot, approximate 67.3 acre
residential subdivision located north of Iowa City in Fringe Area
4 east of Highway 1 NE and north of Fox Lane NE in Newport Township.
A request by Dr. "Pinkie" Conlon to establish a dental office as
the first use in the CN-l zone located in the northwest quadrant
of the Court Street and Scott Boulevard intersection.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
OATE: June 10, 1992
, TO: City Council
FROM: City Manage
RE: Vacation
I will be out of the office on Friday, June 12, and Monday, June 15.
I will be at home.
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
June 5, 1992
T. M. Stewart, District Manager
District Office
J.C. Penney Company. Inc.
320 W. Kimberiy Rd" Suite 411
Davenport, IA 52806
,Dear Mr. Stewart:
In response to your recent letter and also the letter from Scott p, Johnson of your
Schaumburg real estate department office. hopefully the fOllowing information will be helpful
to you in assessing the issues associated with the Old Capitol Center parking ramp in Iowa
City.
I
As you may know, the City Council has authorized construction of a $4.4 million parking ramp
near Washington and Van Buren across from the Iowa City Civic Center, Hopefully, with the
construction of this ramp, we will be able to provide some relief from the long-term parking
problems you suggest are a concern to your company.
Recently the Council increased parking rates which will make them more compatible with
those charged by the University and, therefore. student parking often cited as a concern to
merchants may be minimized as an issue. Also, the Downtown Association, an informal
committee of merchants, City staff, Chamber of Commerce and other interested parties are
to meet in June to discuss the issues you have indicated in your correspondence, particularly
encouraging parking on the upper levels of the parking ramp at selected times. While there
is a tremendous divergence of opinion among merchants with respect to parking regulations,
I can assure you it will receive a review.
Currently, there are approximately 70 permit holders in the Old Capitol ramp and, therefore,
as I'm sure you can see, this is a small number and represents little direct impact on long.term
parking. It should be noted that of the 70, 35 are Old Capitol merchants.
Additionally, we have been informed by the Federal Government that land may now be
available south of Burling,ton for parking purposes. This is an issue that has received some
very general City Council support and a great deal of additional work will be necessary to
determine whether we can pursue additional parking,
, '
4/0 EAST WASIIINOTON STRUT. IOWA CITY, IOWA J224O.1126. 11191 JH.'OOO. fAX Ill91 JH.B09
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T, M. Stewart
June 5. 1992
Page 2
Hopefully with the involvement of all the parties indicated. we will be able to address your
concerns,
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Sincerely,
cc: Scott P. Johnson, J.C, Penney Co.
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June 11, 1992
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
Michael B. Clark
411 Third Avenue
Coralville, Iowa 52241
Dear Mr. Clark:
The newspaper vendin9 machine for the Quad City Times located
inmedi ate ly north of the driveway exi tat the Johnson County
Courthouse obstructs the view of eXiting traffic. Please remove your
vending machine no later than Monday, June 22, 1992.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Sincerely yours,
cc: City Council'
City Attorney
Same letter'to:
MCS Distributors (Chicago Tribune)
Linda Herdliska (Wall Street Journal)
The Add Sheet
Des Moines Register
Cedar Rapids Gazette
Press-Citizen
U.S.A. Today
Jim Dyer (The Mercury)
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410 EAST WASIIIHGTOH SlIEET. IOWA CITY, IOWA 5214001126. ell.) ,,,.5000. fAX lllt) J56.500.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 9. 1992
To: City Manager and City Council
From: Marci Lindsay, Associate Planner'~
Re: 451 Rundell Street Open House
So far, about 60 people have picked up applications to purchase the house the City moved
to 451 Rundell Street. The deadline for these applications is July 10, 1992.
Before allowing the public to view the house, we would like to invite Council members and
others to have a chance to tour the house and see the work that has been done. An open
house will be held for this purpose on Wednesday, July 1, from 4:00 to 6:00 p.m.
Rehabilitation will be nearly finished by that time. We hope you will all be able to attend.
~'IIund.1
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 11, 1992
To: City Council ' ,/
From: Marcia Klingama~.)-""""'"
Re: Neighborhood Services Flyer
The attached brochure will be used to encourage interest in
development of Neighborhood Associations in Iowa City. It was
recently distributed to residents of the Grant Wood area who
are interested in fonning a Neighborhood Association.
I'd appreciate your comments!
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? Would.you like to be kept
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? Wouklyou iike a greater voice in
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? Are you satisfied with present
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'?;bo'louh~ve anyideas on .....
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.1 Dd.youknow whointo call if you
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
CIVIC CENTER. 410 E WASHINGTON ST
IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240
MARCIA J, HALE , @
Neighborhood Servlcos Coordinator
(3191356,5237
FAX (319) 356,5009
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Organized and active neighborhoods serve
. a,saformalized"ey~s and ears" of the
community forthe City Council andaUow
,theCity Coynciland stafftobetler mea-,
.. sure ,the quality of the services they can
, provide.. In developing Neighborhood
Plans, 'neighborhood assoCiations are asked
to evaluate and plim for improvements to
,aU elements of thephysicel, economic and
social'diivelopmentof. their,neighborhood.
TheCitV,Co~ncil and staff can then use .
this information in establishing budgets and
'.. w()rkplans,' .
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Today's neighborhoods of commuters and
two.income households allow less time for
interaction among neighbors, and less time.
to be part of the city government process,
To regain a sense of community, it isimpor-
tanlto get involved in your neighborhood's
future. Neighborhood associations can
provide the assistance you need,
P,;IIud OIwC)dtd'pap" 0
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Organized and active neighborhoods serve
I" as a formalized "eyes a'nd ears" of the
c'ommunity for the City Council and allow
the City Council and staff to better mea.
sure .the quality of the services they cim
provide., In developing Neighborhood
Plans. neighborhood a,ssociations are asked
to evaluate imd plan for improvements to
all elements of the physical, economic and
social 'development of their neighborhood,
The C~V~Col'Jncil and staff can then use
this information in establishing budgets and
work pla'ns.
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Today's neighborhoods of commutels and
two-income households allow less time for
interaction among neighbors, and less time
to be riart of the city government process,
To regain a sense of community, it is impor-
tant to get involved in your neighborhood's
future. Neighborhood associations can
provide the assistance you need,
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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Date: June 11, }992
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To: City Council (.,( , ,.~,,/
From: Marcia Klingaman, Neighborhood Services Coordinator :e,"
Re: Mailing of Notice to Kirkwood Neighborhood
On,June 10, 1992 the attached notice was fon~arded to approximately
350 Kirb~ood neighbors and persons l~ho have contacted Council
regarding their opinions on 'the proposed street. project.
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
Office of Neighborhood Services
Notice of Public Hearing
KIRKWOOD AVENUE/LOWER MUSCATINE
STREET PROJECT
June 23, 1992
7:30 p.m.
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Civic Center Council Chambers
The purpose of the Public Hearing Is to determine the
extent of the project so that plans and specifications can
be developed by staff, A formal resolution will then be
considered by the City Council at their July 7, 1992
meeting,
The Public Hearing on June 23rd is your opportunity to
present your views on the street project.
If you should have any questions about the meeting or
need additional Information, please call Rob Winstead,
Civil Engineer, at 356-5145, or Mar~la Klingaman,
Neighborhood Services Coordinator, at 356-5257,
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City of Iowa City
,MEMORANDUM
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Date: June 11, 1992
To:
City Council
From:
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Marcia Klingaman, Neighborhood Services Coordinator
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Re: Longfellow Neighborhood Survey
The attached survey was distributed to the Longfellow Neighborhood recently and will be used
to collection information and opinions regarding the Advance Drainage Systems site located
at1301 Sheridan Avenue as well as other general areas of concern and interest. The results
of the survey will assist in determining what action to take regarding the ADS site as well as
what areas to focus on in development of the Neighborhood Plan. I am hoping to have the
Longfellow Neighborhood Plan completed by fall, 1992,
The surveys are to be returned no later than June 30, 1992, and results will be immediately
inputed into the computer. It is expected that the results will be available by August 1992.
. If you should have any questions or need additional information, please feel free to contact
me at 356.5237,
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Attachment
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LONGFELLOW NEIGHBORHOOD SURVEY
This Neighborhood Survey Is the first step In the project underway by the Longfellow
Neighborhood Association. As a resident In one of Iowa City's older neighborhoods, your
opinions about where you live count. By answering questions below, you can provide valuable
Information to help solve neighborhood concerns, give us your Input regarding the Advance
Drainage System site (1301 Sheridan), and create a plan for the future of our neighborhood; the
'Neighborhood Plan.'
The University of Iowa Urban and Regional Planning Department and the City" of Iowa City are ""
." working with us to coUect and process the data received. Please take a few minutes to complete
the" questions below. We hope to provide results of this survey In our fall newsletter and utl11ze
, ..,thelnformatlon to the benefit of the neighborhood.. Your answers will remain confidential." '
YOUR RESPONSE IS IMPORTANTI
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.. Please r~turn the survey In the postage-paid envelope no later than June 30.1992.
"All INFORMATION'IS CONFIDENTIAll
"." If you have any questions about the survey, need something explained, or need help completing, '
, the survey, please contact Cecile Kuenzli. at'338-7362, JI11Smlth at 337-3480, or Marcia
, Klingaman, Neighborhood Services Coordinator, at 356.5237.
Thank you I
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JI11 Smith
City Services Liaison
Longfellow Neighborhood Association
Cecile Kuenzli, President
, Longfellow NeighborhoOd Association
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Longfellow Neighborhood Survey
The following infonnation will be helpful in better undelStanding the character of the neighborhood.
HOUSING
I.
How long have you lived in Iowa City?
_ yealS
2.
How long have you lived in the neighborl1ood?
_ yealS (please round all
yeiU'S off to closest
whole number)
3. How long have you lived at your current residence? _ yealS
4.
Age of house/aparunent?
_yealS
5. Do you own or rent your residence? Rent [ ] Own [ ]
6.
How would you describe the overall condition of your residence?
[] Poor
[] Fair
[] Good
[ ] Excellent
7.
How would you describe the overall condition of most homes in your neighborl1ood?
[] Poor
[] Fair
[] Good
[ ] Excellent
TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC
8. Number of vehicles (cars, trucks, motorcycles, etc.) in your household?
9. How often do you ride an Iowa City bus per wcek (round trips)?
[] Never
[ ] 1-2 times ~~ Stl I ]
[ ] 3-5 times ~ueslrcn 0111
[ ] 6+ times
10. What are the reasons you do not ride the bus?
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YES NO
DON'T KNOWI
NO OPINION
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11. Are there streels in your neighborhood where the speed [ ] [ ]
limit is too high or too low?
If yes. please explain:
14. Is there sufficient on-street parking?
[]
[]
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If no. please explain:
15. Do you regularly use a bicycle to travel to school or work? Yes [ ] No [ J
If YES. skip to question #18.
16.
Are there improvements/changes that the City could provide that would encourage your use of a
bicycle? Yes [ ] No [ ]
17.
Please list those improvemenls here that would encourage your use of a bicycle:
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NEIGHBORHOOD FACILITIES
Dav care and schools
18. How many children reside in your household? _ (If none. enter 0 and skip to Question #26)
19. What are the ages of the children in your household? Child I: _
Child 2: _
Child 3: _
Child 4:
Child 5:
Child 6:
20. Do any of the children attend day care/play group/preschool? Yes [ ] No []
(If no, skip to Question #24)
21. Approximately how many hours per week are your children in day care/play grouplpreschool?
I Child I: [ ] 'I-9 Child 2: [] 1-9 Child 3: [] 1..9
[] 10.19 [] 10-19 [J 10.19
I. [] 20-29 [] 20..29 [] 20..29
I [] 30.39 [] 30-39 [] 30-39
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I, [ ] 40-45 [ ] 40-45 [ ] 40-45
I [] 46+ [] 46+ [J 46+
22. Is the availability of day care in your neighborhood adequate?
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! A. During the school year? Yes [] No [] Don't Know/No Opinion [ ]
B. During the summer? Yes [] No [] Don't Know/No Opinion [ ]
C. Before and after school? Yes [] No [] Don't Know/No Opinion [ ]
23. If daycare is not adequate, please explain what types are needed and when.
24. Are any of your children enrolled in schools in Iowa City? (If no, skip to Question #28)
Yes [J No [J
25. Which school(s) do they attend?
Child #1
Child #2
Child #3
Child #4
Child #5
Child #6
26. Do any of your children ever walk to school?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
(If no, skip to Question #28)
27. How often do your children walk to school?
Child #1
[ ] Daily Child #2 [J Daily Child 113
[ ] 2-3 times per week [ J 2.3 times per week
[ J Once a week [ ] Once a week
[ ] Less than once a week [ I Less than once a week
[] Daily
[ J 2.3 times per week
[ ] Once a week
[ ] Less thnn ooce a week
11/13
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Parks
28. How often do you or other household members visit an Iowa City area park during the year'?
[ ] Never
[] 1-5 times
[ ] 6.10 times
[] 11+ times
29. Which parks do you visit most frequently? 1.
2.
3.
30. Is there adequate park land!open space in your neighborhood? Yes No
[] []
Don't Know!
No Opinion
[]
31. The Longfellow Neighborhood Association and the Longfellow Parents-Teachers Organization are
currently exploring the option of using part of the Longfellow School playground as a neighborhood park,
What features are the most important to you in a neighborhood park?
1.
2.
3.
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32. Would you be willing to pay increased taxes or contribute to a neighborhood fund to improve and
maintain such a park? Yes [ ] No [ ]
Commercial Needs
33. Is your neighborhood adequately being scIVed by?
A,
B.
C.
D.
E,
F.
Grocery stores
Drugstores
Banks
Beauty parlors! barlJcr shops
Laundromats
Physician and dentist offices
YES NO
[] [J
[] []
[] []
[J []
[] []
[] []
DON'T KNOWI
NO OPINION
[]
[]
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[]
[]
[]
34. Do you desire additional commercial,selVices within your neighborhood?
Yes No
[] []
Don't Know!
No Opinion
[]
35.
If YES, what commercial seIVices would you like?
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PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES
36. Please rate the condition or quality of the following items or services in your neighboIhood:
Don't Know/
Excellent Good Fair f!!!!!: No Opinion
A. Streets [] [] [] [] []
B. Sidewalks [] [] [] [] []
C. Street lighting [] [] [] [] []
D. Sanitary sewers [] [] [] [] []
E. Drainage sewers [] [] [] [] []
F. Street trees [] [] [] [] []
G. Fire services [] [] [] [] []
H. Police protection [] [] [] [] []
I. Snow removal [] [J [] [] []
J. Garbage collection [] [] [] [] []
K. Alleys [] [] [] [] []
L. Street cleaning [] [] [] [] []
M. Leaf pickup [] [] [] [] []
37. Please indicate specific ideas or concerns you have about any of these items or services in Question #36:
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COMMUNITY SERVICES
38.
Do you see a need for a neighboIhood community center?
Don't Know/
Yes No No Opinion
[] [J []
(If no or don't knowl
no opinion, skip to #40)
39. What activities should be provided by such a center? (check if appropriate)
[ ] Daycare
[ ] Before/after school care
[ ] Before/afte~ school classes
[ ] Arts and crafts center
[ ] Senior care center
[ ] Meeting rooms
[ ] Teen activities
[] Other
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GENERAL ;\
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;,' 40. Below is a list of possible reasons for living in your neighborhood, Please tell us how each of the
~ following was a factor in your decision to live in this neighborhood?
Was Definitely Was a No Was Not a Was Definitely
A Factor Factor Opinion Factor Not a Factor
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A. Convenient to [I [J [] []
l' downtown
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F. Quiet neighborhood [] [] [I [] []
G. Good schools [] [] [I [] []
H. Near family and [] [] [I [] []
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What are the things you dislike about this neighborhood?
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ADS PROPERTY REZONING OPTIONS
The following questions are asked because the Advance Drainage System site (1301 Sheridan) may soon
be for sale and development could occur in the future.
Possible future uses for the ADS property are listed below along with the zoning classifications
necessary for these types of uses. Please rank order the following Zoning Classification from I through
6 (one the most preferred and 6 the least). Please use each number only once.
43. Rank
Industrial Zoning I-I
This is the current zoning of the ADS property and no change would be required in the city's
zoning code. While a wide variety of industrial uses are pennitted under this zoning category,
any substantial construction would require a development plan approved by the Planning and
Zoning Commission and the City Council.
Commercial Zoning CN-1
The Neighborhood Commercial Zone may be a possibility for this area, It is intended for
businesses which primarily serve a small section of the city, in this case the Longfellow
neighborhood. Some examples would be barber shops, beauty parlors, dry cleaners, drug store,
florist, bank, postal station, videotape rental st.)re, etc,
Residential Zoning RS.S '
Iowa City's Comprehensive Plan, passed in 1989, recommends residential development of this
site within a density range of 2-8 dwelling units per acre. The RS-5 zone would limit the site
to single family detached housing at densities of no more than 5 units per acre.
Residential Zoning RS-g
RS-8 would allow for detached single family houses as well as duplexes, townhouses, and zero
lot line dwellings at densities of not more than 8 units per acre. The current zoning for most of
the Longfellow neighborhood is RS.8.
Planned Development JIousing Overlay Zone OPDH
This zoning wouldaliow for a single developer to design housing for the site at the same
densities listed above. However, the developer would have to meet city regulations and
neighborhood concerns for design, placement and clustering of buildings, open space, and parking
facilities,
Parkland
The city or the neighborhood could acquire the property for park use. Ownership by the city will
remove the property from the city's tax rolls.
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44. Would you like 10 see the main building on Ihe ADS property saved and reused?
Don't Know/
Yes No No Opinion
[] [] [ ]
45. If yes, please describe how you would like to see it reused:
46. Please list any other ideas, thoughts, comments, and concerns you have about the ADS site:
1L/33
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, 'INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS:
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The following infonnation will be helpful in beller understanding the character of the residents of the
neighborhood, II will also provide us with tile type of infonnation which is often necessary to get city, state, and
federal funds to help with neighborhood improvements, All information will be held in the strictest confidence.
RESPONDENT OR
PERSON COMPLETING OUESTlONNAIRE PERSON 2 (ADULT)
47. Sex: Male [ ] Female [] 55. Sex: Male [ ] Female []
48. Age: - 56. Age: -
49. Marital Status: 57. Marital Status:
[ ] now married [ ] now married
. [ ] separated [ J separated ,
[ ] divorced [ ] divorced
, [ ] widowed [ ] widowed
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I [ ] never married [ ] never married
[ ] not marriedlliving with partner [ ] not marriedlliving with partner ;
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I 50, Empio)'II1ent Status: 58, Employment Status:
[ ] Full-time (40+hours) [ ] Full-time (40+hours) I
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[ ] Part-time (under 40) [ ] Part-time (under 40) 1
[ ] Homemaker [ ] Homemaker ,
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[ ] Retired [ ] Retired i
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[ ] Student [ ] Student )
[ ] Unemployed [ ] Unemployed ~
51. Means of getting to work/school? 59. Means of gelling to work/school?
[ ] car [ ] car
[ ] ear pool [ ] car pool
[] bus [ ] bus
[ ] walk or bike [ ] walk or bike
[ ] other [ ] other
[ ] not applicable [ ] not applicable
52. Distance from home to work? 60, Distance from home to work?
miles miles
53. Years of education completed? 61. Years of education completed?
[ ] elementary school [ ] elementary school
[ ] high school graduate [ ] high school graduate
[ J some college [ ] some college
[ ] technieal sehool . [ ] teehnical school
[ ] eollege degree [ ] eollege degree
[ ] advanced degree [ ] advanced degree
54. Approximate annual income before taxes? 62. Approximate annual income before taxes?
[] none [ ] 40,000-54,999 [] none [ ] 40,000-54,999
[ ] $1-9,999 [ J 55,000-69,999 [ ] $1-9,999 [ ] 55,000-69,999
[ ] 10,000-24,999 [] 70,000+ [ 110,000-24,999, [ ] 70,000+
[ ] 25,000-39,999 [ ] 25,000-39,999
63, What is Person 2 's relationship to the person completing this questionnaire?
64, If more than (wo adults in the household, what is their relationship to Person One?
Person #3 Person #4
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TO:
FRON:
RE:
DATE:
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M E M 0 RAN 0 U M
Stephen Atkins, City Nanager
"
R.J. Winkelhake, Chief,of Police ,~;'t.J
State Narcotics Grant
June 9, 1992
The State award for the Task Force totals $67,945. Nost of the grant money
actually will be allotted to Iowa City. The Iowa City portion of the grant is
over $43,000 (after a preliminary review).
If you want additional information, please advise.
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, RECEIVED ~:,AY 27 1992
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JJ67 Hanover Court
Iowa City, LA ;2245
26 May 1992
The Honorable Darrel Courtney
Mayor of Iowa City
Ci vie Center I 410 E:. Washington Street
Iowa City, LA 52240
Dear Mayor Courtney I
The library parking lot next to what was the old library has
provided two spaces for persons with handicapped permits for many
years, and I am one of those persons who is very distressed at the
loss of that entire parking lot along with those special spaces
provided for the disabled members of our community, It will mean
that parkin~ in that area for all disabled persons using the public
library, shopping in the nearby shops, attending functions at the
Masonic Lodge and at Trinity Bpiscopal Church will not have available
space unless the city sees fit to provide at least one, or preferably
two spaces on College Street somewhere between Gilbert and Linn Streets.
I have used that parking lot at least twice a week on a regular
basis now for 22 years, and many, many other times as well. I am a
member of Trinity E:piscopal Church and a regular member of the church
choir. lIiti"cut available handicapped parking spaces in that immediate
area, several disabled members of our parish including myself, will not
be able to participate fully in the life of the church. The proposed
ramp in the nearby plaza is simply too far away fo~ us to walk.
It is our hope that the city will review the necessity for providing
alternative handicapped parking spaces to replace the loss of those from
the old library parking city lot,
Sincerely yours,
-tcuce ~
,
Carol Horton
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copy to Linda Gentry, City Attorney q
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REPORT TO THE
ANIMAL SHELTER ADVISORY BOARD
At the January, 1992 meeting, the Board heard and discussed a specific complaint regarding
animal welfare in an area pet store. Although the specific incident had been effectively
resolved by the Iowa Dept. of Agriculture, a number of related and general concerns and
questions were raised. The Board decided, as a first step, to invite animal health practitioners
(veterinarians), regulators, and representatives of relevant groups to share their perceptions
regarding both problems and enforcement regarding commercial enterprises dealing with
companion animals. Ursula Delworth, Board member, volunteered to coordinate the meeting
and report back to the Board at its March meeting.
The meeting was held on Thursday, January 30, 1992, at 3:00 p,m. in Room B of the Iowa
City Public Library. The following were in attendance: (alphabetical order)
Donna Anderson
Janet Ashman
Janice Becker
Shirley Chong
Paul Cooper
Ursula Delworth
Patricia Farrant
Kurt Ferguson
William Gay
Bev Horton
John Schiltz
Linda Tomblin
Nadia Vandergaast
William Welter
Rosemary Zimmerman
Owner, Paws & Claws
Johnson County Humane Society, Iowa Federation of
Human Societies
Chair, Animal Shelter Advisory Board
Hawkeye Kennel Club
Veterinarian, Animal Clinic; University Veterinarian;
Animal Shelter Advisory Board
Animal Shelter Advisory Board
Johnson County Humane Society
Inspector, State Dept. of Agriculture
Veterinarian, Eastside Pet Clinic
Supervisor, Coralville-Iowa City Animal Shelter
State Department of Agriculture
Johnson County Humane Society
Veterinarian, West Branch Animal Clinic
Veterinarian, Animal Clinic
All Pets Veterinary Clinic
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In addition, comments prior to the meeting were offered by veterinarians:
Dennis Cowles, Coralville Animal Clinic
Robert Davis, Davis Veterinary Clinic
Katrin Kolder, Lone Tree Veterinary Clinic
Lawrence Poduska, Solon Veterinary Clinic
Barbara Russo, Coralville Animal Control Officer
A copy of the agenda is enclosed. Three main areas were covered: problems, regulatory
practices, and solutions.
I. Problems
The majority of problems voiced by veterinarians concerned animal heaith. One vet did not
see a sufficient number of pet store animals to comment. Another believed it depended on
the specific pet store, with ill animals much more likely to come from a specific store
(unnamed). The rest of the vets said they saw an unacceptably high incidence of fleas,
earmites, and internal parasites in pet store animals. Three mentioned a high incidence of
coccidia. Respiratory problems (kittens) and genetic defects (puppies) were also listed.
Overall, the veterinarians expressed dissatisfaction with the condition of the animals they see
that are purchased from pet stores. One stated that he was conflicted in advising clients,
since he hated to see them return the sick animal to an uncertain fate, but understood the
financial burden of treatment.
The Hawkeye Kennel Club and Johnson County Humane Society reported examples of lack
of cleanliness and proper care (one of which triggered the state action discussed in the
introduction). Examples of lack of knowledge of store employees, both regarding dogs and
general health care, were cited. Some puppies in one store recently visited were reported as
matted with fur and feces. Questions of appropriate socialization of puppies to humans were
raised. One store reported keeping some puppies four months or more.
Overcrowding, cleanliness and diet were reported by one clinic as issues with birds, Employee
lack of knowledge was also cited,
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Problems with exotic animals and ventilation problems were reported by Animal Control
Officers. The Department of Agriculture receives a wide range of complaints,
,,,
Summary: Health problems of kittens and puppies, general cleanliness, overcrowding of birds,
and employee lack of knowledge were reported with highest frequency, with the first (health
problems) being most strongly and almost universally observed,
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II.
Reoulatorv Practices
Dr. Schiltz passed out copies of relevant state laws, and explained the department's program,
All licensed facilities are visited an average of twice per year, some more often (as needed).
The department is focused primarily on animal welfare, but has im interest in public education
and misrepresentation to the public. He noted that the USD,A licenses facilities that sell
wholesale; the state those that do a retail business. All complaints are followed up on, With
few inspectors, each covering a large territory, it is not always possible to follow up as
quickly as desirable.
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Bev Horton said that her staff falls under the Iowa City Ordinance. Otherwise, complainants
are advised to contact the state. Barb Russo follows the same plan in Coralville, except that
she also visits the pet store in Coralville on a regular basis. (A copy of the Iowa City
Ordinance is enclosed. The recently passed Coralville Ordinance is identical, except that it is
not in effect until published).
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III. Solutions
A number of solutions to deal with the problems observed were suggested. These are as
follows:
A. Kittens and Puppies
1. None accepted under 7.5 weeks
2. No mixing of litters
3. Routine worming and other appropriate care Ii.e" cleaning ears, brushing,
bathing)
4. Litter trays cleaned regularly Itwice a dayj for kittens
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5,
6,
Socialization plan for puppies
Limit on stay for puppies and plan for placement if not sold
B. Birds
1.
2.
Eliminate overcrowding
No sandpaper
C.
Reptiles
1. Provide hide boxes,
2. Minimal handling
3. Temperature of 800 - 900 F
D.
General
, 1. Cleanliness
2. Contract with consulting veterinarian
3. Provide employee education
4. Provide public education
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Ms. Anderson {Paws & Claws I stated that her store employs a consulting veterinarian who
sees all the animals for fecals and shots. She expressed willingness to work with the Board
on any issues.
Respectfully submitted,
Ursula Delworth, Coordinator
animel.\uabl.92.lpl
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RECEIVED JUN 10 19ljl
(CQ)[PV
HAYEK, HAYEK & BROWN
ATTORNEYS AT LAW
WilL J. HAyeK lIue,/PSlI
JOHN W. HAyeK
c. PtTtR HAyeK
DAYID (, I3ROWN
BReMER BUILDING
IZO'" CAST WASHINGTON STRCtT
IOWA CITY,IOWA aZZ<4o.3i76
LISA A. OXleY
June 9, 1992
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Mayor Darrel Courtney
Iowa City city Council
Civic Center
410 East Washington street
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Re: state of Iowa v. city of Iowa city
Dear Mayor Courtney and Council Members:
I am enclosing a copy of a notice of oral argument in
connection with the above case. oral argument has,been scheduled
for July 16, 1992, at 1:00 p.m. These arguments will occur in
the supreme Court chambers at the state capitol in Des Moines on
that date. This notice is being sent to you for your
information. '
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Enclosure
cc: stephen Atkins,/'
Charles Schmadeke
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r"fTT E D
JUN 0 41992
ClER/( SUPREME COURT
.$)u:preme ~ll1tt't
ARTHUR A, McGIVERIN
CHIEF JUSTICE
STATE CAPITOL
OES MOINES, IOWA 50319
June 4, 1992
NOTICE OF ORAL ARGUMENT
Counsel:
Re: No. 91-641. State of Iowa v. City of Iowa City.
The above-referred-to cause has been assigned for oral
argument on Thursday, July 16, 1992, at 1:00 p.m.
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After screening by a panel of three justices, it has
been determined pursuant to Iowa Rule of Appellate
Procedure 21(c) that oral argument time should be limited
to 15 minutes for each side and 5 minutes for reply by
appellant. Multiple appellants or appellees, if any, must
share the time allotted.
Changes in the above-stated oral argument date and time
will not be made absent a verified showing of a most
unusual and compelling circumstance.
This is the only notice you will receive from the
court.
~ a.\w.C~~' ',_
Arthur A. McGiverin
Chief Justice
Copies to:
Attorney General
Attn: Gordon E. Allen
Hoover State Office Bldg.
I,OCAL
John IV. Hayek
102-1/2 E. lVashington St.
Iowa City, IA 52240
1'117 '
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 10, 1992
To: Mayor and City Councii
From: City Clerk
Re: Work Session, June 2, 1992, 6:30 p.m. in the Council Chambers
Mayor Darrel Courtney presiding, Counciimembers: Courtney, Kubby, Larson, Horowitz, Novick.
Absent: McDonald, Ambnsco. Staffmembers present: Atkins, Gentry, Helling, Karr, Moreno,
Schmadeke, Wlnkelhake, Smith, Tape recorded on Tapes 92.56; 92.57; 92-58, Side 1.
COMMERCIAL LAWN CHEMICAL APPLICATION ORDINANCE:
Reel 92-56, Side 1
City Attorney Gentry and University of Iowa law professor Paul Pappak answered questions on
the material presented to Council. '
Counciimembers "directed staff to prepare information addressing private lawn chemical
appiicatlon,
Other concerns noted as foiiows:
Use of term "regulate" versus "educate" in scope of ordinance,
Absentee landlords,
Tenant notification.
Staff enforcement costs and staffing needs,
Pubiic sector compflance,
Notification time frames and responsibilities.
Water supply point source and waterway distances and definitions,
Slgnage.
Spot spraying,
Mayor Courtney canceled the special June 30 meeting regarding the ordinance.
L1BRARY.COUNTYCONTRACT UPDATE:
Reel 92-56, Side 2
Novick requested that this Item be placed on Council's next work session agenda for discussion.
WATER RESOURCE PLAN:
Reel 92-56, Side 2
Pubiic Works Director Schmadeke, President Ralph Russeii of Howard R. Green Co., and
Assistant Water Superintendent Ed Moreno presented Information.
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HOTEUMOTEL TAX;
Reel 92-57, Side 2
Council agreed to include the hotel/motel tax Increase on the November 3 ballot. In response to
Horowitz, Atkins stated he would prepare summary information about the hotel/motel tax for
Council. Courtney requested Input from Parks and Recreation Commission regarding cost of
projects. Courtney requested that hotel/motel tax discussion be scheduled again at next
Monday's Council work session,
OUTDOOR SERVICE AREA:
Reel 92-57, Side 1
July 4 Jazz Festival. Iowa City Police Chief Winkelhake, City Clerk Karr, Mark Ginsberg and
Steve Grismore discussed the July 4 Jazz Fesllval proposal for street vendors.
Council asked staff to prepare a draft ordinance for discussion at the next meeting. City Clerk
Karr stated City Plaza use regulations should also be researched, Mayor Courtney asked that
discussion of this item be placed on Council's Monday night work session agenda. Majority of
Council asked that the ordinance be placed on Tuesday's formal Council agenda for action.
OUTDOOR/INDOOR SERVICE AREA. In response to a request for an .outdoor area inside a
mall, Councilmembers requested positive response from the landlord be obtained prior to further
Council discussion.
NEWSPAPER VENDING:
Reel 92-57, Side 2
Council agreed to pursue regulations re newspaper vending machine In the Plaza, City Attorney
Gentry stated she will provide Council with the draft ordinance prepared by former Asst. City
Attorney Dick Boyle regarding newspaper vending machines.
RIVER CITY RICKSHAWS:
ReeI92-57, Side 2
Curt IIams appeared regarding the starting of a pedicab business, and requested exemptions from
certain taxicab requirements, Council directed staffto prepare a draft ordinance for their review.
COUNCIL TIME:
Reel 92-57, Side 2
1. Mayor Courtney referred to the letter from the Senior Building Inspector regarding
electrical contractors. Courtney requested that LaVerne Shay be sent a copy of the lelter.
2. City Council members agreed to cancel the July 20 and 21 Council meetings and
reschedule three work sessions (6/8, 6/22 and 716) to begin at 7:30 p.m,
3.. Mayor Courtney thanked Council for their participation on the community agenda radio
program.
4. Horowitz recommended that Council send a thank you note to Carol Thompson. Mayor
Courtney noted that a proclamallon will be presented 6/9.
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5.
In response to Mayor Courtney, Councilmembers agreed to a request from Mayor's Youth
Director Peg McElroy to attend the 60th Annual Conference of Mayors conference in
Houston for discussion re program funding.
6.
Mayor Courtney reviewed information regarding the Johnson County-Library contract with
other cities. Courtney noted the following requested Increases: Iowa City - 23%;
Coralville - 29%; Solon - 41%; and North Liberty - 87%.
Meeting adjourned at1 0:00 p.m.
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Jun 11.92 14:56 No,OOS P.Ol
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BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charlcs D. Duffy
Stephen P. Lacina
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
Bctty Ockenfels
June 16, 1992
INFORMAL MEETING
Agenda
I. 'Call to order 9:00 a.m.
2. Review of the minutes.
I
3. Business from Reverend Robelt Welsh re:
Committee for Congregate Meals/discussion.
update on Nutrition
4. Business from the County Engineer.
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a) Discussion re: road maintenance agreement with Coralville.
b)' Discussion re: right-of.way contracts and easements for various
county projects.
c) Other
5. Busines's from the Director of S.E.A:r.S.
a) Discussion re: FY '93 Transit Purchase of Service Contract with
East Central Iowa Council of Governments,
b) Discussion re: flY '93 Transit Equipment Lease Agreement with
East Central Iowa Council of Governments.
c) Other
I
913 SOUTH DlJBIlQUB Sl', P,O. BOX 1350 IOWA CITY, row A 52244.1350 TEL: (319) 356,6000 PAX: (319) 356.6086
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Jun 11,92 14:56 No,008 P.O~
..----'--.... .
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Agenda 6-16-92
Page 2
6. Business from Jeff Davldsoll, Executive Director of Johnson County
Council of Governments.
a) Discussion re: agreement between Johnson County and the City of
Iowa City for S.B.A.r.S. service.
. b) Discussion re: agreement between Johnson County and the City of
Coralville for S.B.A.r,S. service.
c) Discussion re: agreement between Johnson County and the City of
University Heights for S.B.A.r,S. service,
d) Discussion re: agreement between Johnson County, the City ofIowa
City, and Old Capitol Cab Company for S,E.A.r.S. supplemental taxi
service.
e) Discussion re: agreelllent between Johnson County, the City of
Coralville, and Old Capitol Cab Company for S.B.A.r,S.
supplemental taxi service.
f) Discussion re:, agreement between Johnson County, the City of
University Heights, and Old Capitol Cab Company for S.B.A.r,S.
supplemental taxi service.
g) Other
7. Business frOIll the County Auditor.
a) Discussion rc: May cash flow analysis.
b) Other
8. Business from the County Attorney.
a) Discussion re: resolution abating penalty and interest on taxes
assessed against Plum Grove Acres, Inc. on parcel #63247001 for tax
years 1989.1990 and 1990-1991.
b) Othcr
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Agenda 6.16.92
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Jun 11.92
14:58 No.OOS P.03;
Page 3
9, Business from the Board of Supervisors.
a) Discussion re:
b) Discussion re:
Health Ccnter.
c) Discussion re:
Board.
d) Reports
e) Other
fly ash dump for Bcnton County.
contract with Mid-Eastern Iowa Community Mental
appoilltmcnts to the Mayor's Youth Employment
10. Discussion from the public.
11. Recess.
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Copy of letter from Council Member Kubby to members of the CCN.
Memoranda from the City Manager:
a. Bus Depot - Corner of Gilbert and College
b. Lexington Avenue
c. Chamber of Commerce Committees
d. Kirkwood/Lower Muscatine Project
e. Hotel/Motel Tax
Memoranda from the City Attorney:
a. Update on Proposed Ordinances: Iowa City Chemical Lawn Application
Ordinance and Proposed "Commercial Use of Public Streets" Ordinance.
b. Partial Litigation Update - Fitzgarrald v. City /1fI/7
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 19. 1992
TO: City Council
FROM: City Manager
RE: Material in Information Packet
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Material from the Public Works Department regarding Kirkwood Avenue.
Memorandum from the Parks and Recreation Director regarding facilities tour. Q
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Memorandum from the City Clerk regarding work "session of June 8. 1992. 0
Bicycle Safety Grant, May Report.
Copy of letter from the First Mennonite Church.
Minutes of May 19. 1992. meeting of PATV Board of Directors.
Agenda for June 18 meeting of the 80ard of Supervisors.
Articles:
a. Interpreting the 01 police reports
b. The tax the public loves to hate
c. A no-lose proposition for Iowa
Distributed at 6/23 mtg:
Information from Lon Drake(U of I) regarding fly ash at landfills.
Letter from Ron Corbett. Peppy's Ice cream re vending on streets.
Informal & formal agenda for the 6/25 meeting of Bd. of Supervisors.
'Recycling & Resource Recovery in Iowa, 1992 by U of I Landfill
Hydrogeology class.
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
,
June 16, 1992
To Members of the Committee on Community Needs,
I want to apologize for the unnecessarily long delay in responding to your concerns about City
Council not reappointing Jim St. John to the Committee on Community Needs,
Knowing that there weren't enough votes to have Jim be reappointed was no justification for
me being silent and not nominating him. It was just easier. The next evening, before the
formal Council nieeting, I spoke to a few councilmembers about how I thought we were
sending a negative message to the public, "If you criticize City Council, don't expect to be
formally involved with local government."
, '
As liaison for CNN, I believe I should have reminded Council that Jim had just been
unanimously elected for the position of chair of CCN, and that :::9 should trust the
Committee's judgement and reappoint Jim St. John. I apologize for rrftre silence and invite
any CCN member who has concerns about this or my role as Council liaison to the Committee
, '
to approach me, You can reach me each Thursday at my office hours from 4-6 at the
Washington Street entrance of the Senior Center, or you can call me at home at 338-' 321,
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Sincerely,'
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Karen Kubby
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cc: Jim SI. John
City Council
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410.EA51 WASIlINGTON STREET. IOWA CITY. IOWA n240.1126' IJI91 ]HdOOO' FAX 11191 JU.5009
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date:
June 19, 1992
City Council
To:
From: City Manager
Re: Bus Depot - Corner of Gilbert and College
We have notified the leaseholder of this City-owned property of termination of lease and default.
We have been after them to pay their rent and they are currently six months behind, In an amount
of $4200. Such default and non-payment represents a default under the lease. Additionally, the
property was Inspected and found to have damage to the building. The leaseholder is respon-
sible for repair and no effort has been undertaken. I will keep you advised.
' ,
cc: Cathy Elsenhofer
Linda Newman Gentry
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
'Date: June 18, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: Lexington Avenue
As an update, we are continuing to review options to try to provide some traffic control relief
to the residents of Lexington Avenue. We recently received information from Pittsford, New
York, on the use of speed "humps" as opposed to speed "bumps". While it was a very limited
effort, it has met with some success. They aiso pointed out some of the problems that can
occur. Specifically, their use of speed humps was to control speeding, Some of their
concerns include the following:
1. Too many signs
2. Gutter running
3. Joy riding
4. Problems with snow plowing,
As you requested, I also contacted our insurance carrier. His letter, copy attached, is self-
explanatory and discourages the use of these types of traffic control, I would point out the
State law requires us to keep streets free of "nuisance". In that we have conflicting opinions
with respect to the use of these traffic control devices, we are reviewing whether a cul-de-sac
could be created at Park and Lexington. This would prohibit access by Lexington Avenue
residents to Park Road and would not only eliminate an intersection problem with steep slopes
on either side, but would hopefully restrict the use of the Lexington Avenue dips for joy riding.
The Department of Public Works has surveyed this area to determine whether we could design
, a cul.de'sac at that location. This design would need to allow for reasonable snow and ice
control, related street maintenance and turnaround, While it will cause some wintertime
concern, our general opinion is that it could likely substantially reduce the joy riding.
Hopefully with neighborhood cooperation, such a cul-de-sac may be the answer to the
neighbors' problem. However, it has met with concern from abutting property owners.
Without neighborhood cooperation, it will be difficult to impose a solution.
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Our engineering staff also reviewed creating a dead end or cul-de-sac just north of Mclean.
This would require those properties north of the dead end to use only Park Road for access,
similar to Hutchinson. The location would present certain engineering problems such as
drainage due to adjacent driveway location and the likely construction of a retaining wall.
Also, this project would be far more expensive.
At this point, we need further guidance as where, to go next. Each solution will meet with
some opposition.
cc: Chuck Schmadeke
Rick Fosse
Jim Brachtel
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PENCO
1lIsi< Management 8< nlU'once Programs
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May 7, 1992
Mr. Kevin O'Malley
Assistant Finance Director
City of Iowa City
410 E. Washington Street
Iowa City, Iowa 52440
RE: SPEIID BUMPS
Desr Mr. O'Malley:
Regarding your question concerning the installation of speed bumps
as a deterrent for potential speeders, I would not recommend they be
used, primarily from an increased liability exposure-to the City of Iowa
City. '
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I would suggest instead that after a complete study by traffic or
police that if a condition exists, the speed limit be lowered by
ordinance and strictly enforced.
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Charles Pe
Sr. Loss
jtM-.
ers
Control
Representative
cc: Curtis Weible
Carlton Johnson
,
InspeClIons and recommendatIons made by Public Enlllles Nallonal Company f89'eSenllltiv8S aro for IhllucluslVe purposes of insuranco and, whelher furmshed
grDlUitously or pUfsuanllo policy provisions, do nOI conslitulo a safety inspeclion and in no wily supplants ~ur rllsponsibililY 10 make further inspeclions and lake
whalever Dction may be necessory 10 proventlosses, enforce salelY procedures and eliminale hazardous conditions which mily elleel employees or members of Ihe
general public, Our liniled lurvey visil or visilS do nol purport to be as thorough or inclusive as surveys which would be made by you or members of your slaff on 0 day
10 day sehed~fed baSIS or by a safety inspoction sorviee and neither do we assume authOrity 10 implomenl any suggostion sharod heroin,
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 18, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: Chamber of Commerce Committees
The Legislative Council of the Chamber of Commerce has recently organized two subcommittees,
an Economic Development Subcommittee and a Local Government Affairs Subcommittee. The
purpose of these subcommittees will be to develop more specific legislative Issues for the
Chamber. I have been asked to serve on both of these subcommittees. I sense an Interest on
the part of the Chamber In becoming more involved in some of the issues ~ffectlng local
government.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 19, 1992
TO: Ci ty Counci 1
FROM: City Manager
RE: Kirkwood/Lower Muscatine Project
Attached is a map we used durin9 the recent Kirkwood/Lower Muscatine
meeting at Mark Twain School. I thought it might be a helpful reference
during the upcoming public discussion.
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Kirkwood Ave.: 70 ft. ROW/31 ft. width exist.
lower Muscatine Rd.: 66 ft. ROW 25 ft. exist.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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Date: June 11, 1992
To: Parks & Recreation Commission
From: City Manager
Re: Hotel/Motel Tax
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As you may be aware the City Council will be officially taking action In the very near future to
place on the November ballot an Increase in hotel/motel tax from 5% to 7%, As they discuss the
issues associated with this ballot proposal, the distribution of monies generated will require a City
Councli resolution establishing their policy, In order to secure your opinion concerning this matter,
'they have asked for your review of this issue. The attached represents the current distribution of
monies and the likely increase in those monies under current policy. Suggestions have been"
made that would Include: 1) capping of monies for various uses .as Identified; 2) redistributing the
percentages; 3) establishing a new category, in this case a category Identifying park, recreation,
cultural and other related uses; and 4) interest in possibly creating a reselVe of monies for more
current capital projects.
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Please give this matter '~our attention and direct your recommendations to the City Councli,
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cc: City Councli
Terry Trueblood
Don Yuculs
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HOTEL/MOTEL TAX REVENUE DISTRIBUTION
Current Policy
5% 7%
50% Public Safety $160,000 $220,000'
25% Convention-Visitor 80,000 110,000
15% Mercer Pool Operations 48,000 66,000
10% Parkland Aquisition 32.000 44,000
$320,000 $440,000
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
bate: June 19, 1992
To: Honorable Mayor Darrel G. Courtney and Members of the City Council
From: Linda Newman Gentry, City Attorney
Re: Update on Proposed Ordinances; Iowa City Chemical Lawn Application
Ordinance(s) and Proposed "Commercial Use of Public Streets" Ordinance
This is to update you on this Office's progress on the above proposed ordinances.
1. Iowa City Commercial Chemical Lawn Application Ordinance; Proposed Homeowner
Application Ordinance
As agreed, I met with the following persons concerning the proposed lawn chemical
ordinance:
Terry Trueblood, Parks & Recreation Director
Terry Robinson, City Forester
Marian Karr, City Clerk
Ed Engroff, Civil Engineer
Doug Boothroy, Director of Housing & Inspection Services
Dale Helling, Assistant City Manager
Paul Papak, Professor, University of Iowa Law School Clinic
We met on Monday, June 15, 1992, in the City Attorney's Conference Room.
After considerable discussion, Paul Papak suggested that the University of Iowa Law
School draft a companion ordinance, which would cover homeowners' application of
chemicals to lawns and trees, to be limited to broadcast spraying and broadcast
spreading of chemicals. This would include granular, as well as aerosol or liquid. It
was the feeling of the group that independent drafting of a companion ordinance,
aimed at private property owners, would be more "doable" rather than trying to fit the
ordinance into the existing "professional application" ordinance.
Professor Papak suggested that he have a draft to the group within six weeks, when
we would again meet to discuss the proposed companion ordinance. I suggested that
I would present this proposal to the City Council, for your consideration on timing.
In the meantime, it is my intention, unless directed otherwise, to proceed with the
suggestions made by the Council at our work session held June 2, 1992, in an attempt
to be responsive to the Council's articulated suggestions and concerns on the
"professional application" ordinance. In light of public comments, it may make more
sense to bring these two companion chemical application ordinances at the same time,
which wouid be approximately late August.
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2. Proposed Ordinance for Commerciai Use of Public Right-of-Way.
In response to the Council's concerns regarding the ice cream trucks' use of City right-
of-way, I have scheduled a meeting,Friday, June 19, at 10:30 a.m. with Marian Karr,
City Clerk; Anne Burnside, First Assistant City Attorney; and Darin Kobatake, Law
School Intern, to discuss proposed suggestions and outlines, together with First
Amendment research, on drafting a "commercial use of public streets" ordinance
which would be responsive to the Council's concerns, as well as to First Amendment
concerns.
As you know, commercial use of public streets is governed by the First Amendment
as "commercial use/speech," and it is this Office's intent, unless directed otherwise,
to draft an ordinance which will permit reasonable "time, place and manner"
restrictions on commercial use of public streets in Iowa City. We hope to at least give
you a few options to consider, as well as point out the safety and First Amendment
concerns.
cc: Marian Karr, City Clerk
Steve Atkins, City Manager
Dale Helling, Assistant City Manager
Anne Burnside, First Assistant City Attorney
Darin Kobatake, Law School Intern
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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Date:
June 19, 1992
To:
The Honorable Mayor Darrel G. Courtney and Members of the City Council
c;(~
From:
Linda Newman Gentry, City Attorney
Re:
Partial Litigation Update - Fltzaarrald v. Cltv
'\
Congratulations are again in order to David Brown for yet another job well done. As you can see
from the attached Iowa Supreme Court decision, the Court upheld Judge Robinson's original
ruling in our favor.
As you will recall, Fitzgarrald claimed our city airport zoning ordinance constituted a regulatory
'1aking" of his property, for which the City owed Fitzgarrald money. The Iowa Supreme Court
soundly rejected this argument, and found our ordinance valid as a reasonable exercise of the
city's police powers to govern health, safety and welfare.
This decision will basically render the remainder of the Airport challenges moot,.since the same
facl-patterns and law applies to all these cases -- except Hagen, which involves different issues.
Again, congratulations to the City and the Airport Commission.
1'11(7
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
JUN 18 1992
No. 141/90-1845
JO~NSON COUNTY ATTORNEY
Filed June 17, 1992
DEAN A. FITZGARRALD and
PHYLLIS FITZGARRALD,
F I lED
JUN 1 71992
Appellants,
vs.
CLERK SUPREME COU~T
THE CITY OF IOWA CITY, IOWA, and
JOHNSON COUNTY, IOWA,
Appellees.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County,
L. Vern Robinson, Judge.
Landowners adjacent to municipal airport appeal from
adverse judgment in mandamus action to compel condemna-
tion. The court of appeals reversed. DECISION OF COURT OF
APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
William L. Meardon of Meardon, Sueppel, ,Downer & Hayes,
Iowa City, for appellants.
David E. Brown of Hayek, Hayek, Holland & Brown,
Iowa City, for appellee City of Iowa City.
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J. Patrick White, County Attorney, and Karen Lorenzen,
Legal Intern, for appellee Johnson County.
Considered by McGiverin, C.J., and Carter, Neuman,
Snell, and Andreasen, JJ.
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CARTER, J.
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taking had occurred but that plaintiffs had not shown
exhaustion of administrative remedies under the "variance"
provisions of the ordinance. We granted further review of
the court of appeals decision. After reviewing the record
and hearing the arguments presented, we vacate the decision
of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the
district court.
Plaintiffs own approximately ten acres of land adjacent
to the southwest portion of the Iowa City Municipal
Airpo,rt. The airport was in operation at the same location
,when plaintiffs purchased the property sometime in the
1940s.
Throughou~ their ownership of this property I
plaintiffs have. resided in a dwelling located on the
premises. In addition, they have operated a mobile home
park on the property.
The property was zoned as residential subsequent to
plaintiffs' purchase thereof I and the. mobile home park
operation has continued as a nonconforming use undei that
zoning classification. Plaintiffs have attempted to secure
rezoning of the property so as to permit other commercial
uses, but those efforts have proved unsuccessful. The most
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recent unsuccessful attempt to rezone the property was in
1978 when plaintiffs applied to Johnson County for rezoning
to permit a motel operation.
Plaintiffs' property is located at the end of airport
runway 6-24.
In November 1984, the Iowa City Airport
Commission undertook a project designated as "Runway 6-24
Extension Project." This project contemplated that runway
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6-24 would be extended 1000 feet toward plaintiffs"
property. The extension required the taking of 1.18 acres
of plaintiffs' land. To help facilitate this project, the
City of Iowa City and Johnson County in 1984 jointly
adopted a zoning ordinance prescribing height and use
restrictions'for property surrounding the airport.
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The 1984 ordinance proscribed structures from'penetrat_
ing an "Approach Overlay Zone," which is a plane beginning
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200 feet from the end of a runway and extending skyward at
a slope of thirty-four horizontal feet to one vertical foot
(34:1 slope).
This "approac h slope" for the proposed
1000-foot extension of runway 6-24 penetrated the plain-
tiffs' home 'and some of their ground. Preexisting struc-
tures that did not conform to the ordinance were permitted
to remain without alteration as nonconforming uses.
The ordinance also provided for a "Clear Overlay Zone,'
which places restrictions on uses for property located
beneath it.
Plaintiffs' property is within the clear
zone. The ordinance provides:
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Use limitations. No use shall,be permitted in the
OCL Zone in which there is connected therewith a
building which according to the 1982 edition of
the Uniform Building Code, has an occupancy rating
of 50 square feet of floor area per person or
less. In addition, the following uses shall not
be permitted:
(a) Campgrounds.
(b) Fairgrounds.
,(c) Hospitals and institutions.
(d) Motels and hotels.
(e) Nursing and custodial home.
(f) Residential uses.
(g) Restaurants and similar eating and drinking
establishments.
(h) Sanitary landfills.
(i) Schools, inc luding nurseries, prekindergar-
,tens and kindergartens.
(j) Stadiums.
(k) Storage of fuel or other hazardous materials,
( I ) T'hea ters .
Exceptions and variances from the use limitations may be
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allowed in some situations and a special board of adjust-
ment has been established to consider such applications.
To a large extent, the ordinance incorporated restrictions
already contained in Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
regulations applicable to property surrounding the
airport. See,14 C.F.R. part 77 (1984).
In August 1986, the city initiated an eminent domain
proceeding to acquire 1.18 acres of plaintiffs" property in
fee for the runway extension. The award in that proceeding
is the subject of an appeal in a separate action not
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affecting the present litigation.
In December 1986,
plaintiffs filed a mandamus action demanding t~at the city
also condemn an avigation easement to permit flights over
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their property. 1 In October 1987, prior to adjudication of
the mandamus action, the city did initiate eminent domain
proceedin~s to obtain such an easement. That action was
ultimately voided by district court order as a result of a
faulty description of the' interests being condemned. No
further action has been taken by the city to acquire an
avigation easement over plaintiffs' lands.
Ultimately, runway 6-24 was only extended 355 feet
instead, of the 1000-foot extension originally contem-
plated. The 1984 zoning ordinance was amended to accommo-
date this change. The primary result of these amendments
was to change the height restrictions of the ordinance to
reflect the shorter runway. Under the amended ordinance,
plaintiffs! dwelling penetrates 6.9 feet into the specified
approach slope.
Like the 1984 ordinance, the amended
ordinance allows plaintiffs' nonconforming uses to continue
without alteration.
When the city failed to reinitiate the aborted attempt
to condemn an avigation easement, plaintiffs again pressed
their mandamus action. They also amended that action to
allege that the zoning ordinances were so restrictive of
property uses that they constituted a regulatory taking for
which compensation was due plaintiffs.
lIn Dolezal v. City of Cedar Rapids, 209 N.W.2d 84, 87
(Iowa 1973), we described an avigation easement as one that
permits free flights over land including those so low and
so frequent as to amount to a taking of property.
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After hearing the evidence presented at the trial of
the mandamus action, the district court concluded that the
ordinances do not constitute a compensable taking of
plaintiffs' property. The court listed six reasons for
reaching that conclusion: (1) the airport was in existence
when plaintiffs purchased the property in the 1940s; (2)
plaintiffs' use of their property before the enactment of
the airport zoning ordinances continues to be permitt'ed
without alteration; (3) plaintiffs' mobile home operation
was a nonconforming use under prior zoning ordinances and
thus could not be substantially altered irrespective of the
challenged airport zoning regulations; (4) plaintiffs have
not contemplated a change in the use of their property
since the enactment of the ordinance in issue; (5) in the
absence of the local zoning ordinances I FAA regulations
applicable to land use would impose substantially the same
'restrictions; and, (6) variances and excepti'ons to the
federal and municipal restrictions are possible.
The district court also considered and rejected
plaintiffs' claim that an avigation. easement must be
condemned by the airport authority because of a direct
physical invasion of plaintiffs' lands by overflying
aircraft. This claim was based on allegations that
unreasonable noise and vibrations were occurring because
takeoffs and landings to and from the extended runway were
now more proximate to plaintif fs' property.
The court
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found from the evidence that, in fact, there were fewer
flights over plaintiffs' lands after the runway extension
was, completed than there were before that project was
initiated. 2
Other facts relevant to the case will be
considered in our discussion of the legal issues that have
been presented.
I. The Requlatory Takinq Issue.
Mandamus is an equitable action. Phelps v. Board of
Supervisors, 211 N.W.2d 2741, 277 (Iowa 1973); Iowa Code
5661.3 (1985).
Our review is thus de novo.
Iowa
R. App. P. 4. We must first consider whether the district
court was correct in deciding the regul'atory taking issue
adversely to plaintiffs. Based on our de novo review of
the evidence and application of the legal principles that
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~e next discuss, we conclude that it was. The court of
appeals erred in 'concluding otherwise,
Although action by the state or its political subdivi-
sions pursuant to the police power and the power of eminent
domain were once thought. to be separate and compartmental-
ized powers that did not overlap, this view has now been
largely ,abandoned. See 2 A. Gaudio, The American Law of
,Real Property S 17.05, at 87-102 (1991). We have recog-
nized the "inevitable danger" to private property that
2The court of appeals apparently found that the
overflights were a sufficient invasion to constitute a
taking separate and apart from the alleged r,eguliltory
taking.
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would exist if the "just compensation"requirements of the
fifth amendment to the federal Constitution and article I,
section 18 of the Iowa Constitution could be circumvented
through the guise of police power regulations. Business
Ventures, Inc, v. Iowa City, 234 N.W.2d 376, 381-82 (Iowa
1975) .
,
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We have previously observed that:
[A] "taking" does not necessarily mean the
appropriation of the fp,e. It may~e anything
which substantially deprives one of the use and
enjoyment of his property or a portion
thereof. . .. [T] here has been a taking if, as
plaintiffs contend, there has been a substantial
interference with their use and enjoyment of their
property . . . .
phelps, 211, N.W.2d at 276 (citations omitted). Although
not every police power regulation that restricts some
beneficial use of property creates a compensable taking,
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see Stone v. 'City of Wilton, 331 N.W.2d 398, 404 (Iowa
1983), the frustration of investment-back~d expectations by
zoning ordinances may constitute a taking for which
compensation is due. See,~, Aqins v. City of Tiburon,
447 u.s. 255, 260, 100 S. Ct. 2138, 2141, 65 L. Ed. 2d 106,
112 (1980) (application of general zoning law to particular
property affects a taking if it denies the economically
viable use of the land); Osborn v. City of Cedar Rapids,
324 N.W.2d 471, 474 (Iowa 1982) (action taken for public
good that places uncompensated burden upon plaintiff's
property not shared by public at large may constitute
taking); Woodbury County Soil Conservation Dist. v. Ortner,
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279 N,W.2d 276, 278 (Iowa 1979) (even exercise of police
power may amount, to taking if it deprives owner of subs tan-
tia1 use and enjoyment of property).
We must test the ordinances upon which plaintiffs'
"taking" claim is' based against the legal principles we
have just discussed. Arguably, these use restrictions are
in several aspects so restrictive of beneficial property
uses that a taking might be found to have occurred if the
uses prescribed had otherwise been available to plain-
tiffs. We need not determine that issue, however, because,
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as the district court correctly found, most of the uses
proscribed by the airport zoning ordinances enacted in 1984
and later amended had also been proscribed for many years
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under previous zoning ordinances and FAA regulations,
The uses that plaintiffs have previously made of this
property are preserved to them under the challenged airport
zoning ordinance as nonconforming uses. Moreover, plain-
tiffs have failed to demonstrate that, absent the chal-
lenged airport zoning ordinance, other feasible uses of the
property would be available to them or to a potential
buyer. To the extent plaintiffs have suggested other uses
that might be made of their property, those suggested
activities would be prohibited in any event under the
property's basic residential zoning classification.
!
Plaintiffs failed to show a reasonable, likelihood of a
change in that zoning classification,
Gi ven these
circumstances, we are unable to ,conclude that the airport
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zoning ordinances upon which plaintiffs' "taking" claim is
based have frustrated any investment-backed expectation for
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the use of their land. The district court's rejection of
plaintiffs' regulatory taking claim was correct.
II.' The Physical Invasion Claim.
Next, we take up the matter of plaintiffs' claim that
overflying aircraft so adversely. affects the use and
enjoyment of their property that a taking has' resulted. In
this regard, we note the Supreme Court's admonition that
[a] ' taking' may more readily be found when the
interference with property can be characterized as
a physical .invasion by the government . . . than
when interference arises from some public program
adjusting the benefits and burdens of economic
life to promote the common good.
Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104,
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124, 98 S, Ct. 2646, 2659, 57 L. Ed. 2d 631, 648 (1978)
(citation omit,ted).
In some circumstances, overflying
aircraft may amount
to a physical invasion. See
United States ,v. Causby, 328 U.S, 256, 261, 66 S. Ct. 1062,
1065, 90 L. Ed. 1206, 1210 (1946).
We tacitly recognize:d mandamus as a procedural device
to compel condemnation of an avigation easement, in Dolezal,
209 N.W.2d at 87-88. In that case, we recognized that an
avigation easement may be required when flights are'so low
and so frequent as to amount to a taking of property, Id.
at 87.
Of course, every noise or interference with
property as 'a result of overflying aircraft does not
constitute a taking. Landowners must endure some level of
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12
inconvenience, discomfort, and loss of peace and quiet that
can be reasonably anticipated by members of a progressive
~.
society. But, as the Minnesota court observed,
when those interferences reach the point where
they cause a measurable decrease in. property
market value, it is reasonable to assume that,
considering the permanency of the air flights, a
property right has' been, if not "taken or
destroyed," at the very least "damaged," for which
our constitution requires that compensation be
paid.
AlevizoG v. 11etropolitiln Airports Comm'n, 298 Minn. 471,
486-87, 216 N.W.2d 651, 662 (1974). In such cases, the
right to recovery is not for the nuisance that must be
endured but for the loss of value that has resulted.
'Although some courts have concluded that the issue of
whether a taking has occurred in airport overflight cases
is an issue of law for the mandamus court to decide in the
first instance, ~, ~, In re Ramsey, 31 Pa. Commw. 182,
186,375 A.2d 886,888-89 (1977), we believe the better
rule to be that the mandamus court should only determine
whether a factual issue exists that would permit a condem-
nation commission or a jury on appeal of an award to find
an intrusion that produced a measurable decrease in the
property's market value. ' The mandamus court may find the
evidence insufficient as a matter of law to compel the
summoning of a condemnation commission, but that court is
simply not called upon to rule as a matter of law that a
taking has Occurred. To do so would create an undesirable
issue preclusion problem in a later trial of a conqemnation
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proceeding. It is for the condemnation commission or trial
jury to fix the loss of value, if any, suffered by the
property owner. Phelps, 211 N.W.2d at 276.
UltimatE;lly, in determining whether there has been a
substantial interference from overflying aircraft 60 as to'
constitute a taking, the inquiry focuses entirely on injury
to market value. If such injury is in fact demonstrated,
there is no de minimis rule. As 'a Washington court has
observed,
Therefore, the balance of interest inherently
struck in this type of action comes about in the
following manner. If the individual is unusually
sensitive, and sustains a greater injury than
might be suffered by the general public from such
interference, the public interest in maintaining
the flights leaves him to one remedy--to sell his
property and move. This is no different than it
would be had his land been condemned for forced
sale to the state. But whichever way the state
exacts such a "sale," it must pay the individual
the amount he suffers in the diminishment of the
value of his land . . " Such lowering of market
value reflects not the personal injury to the
indi vidual, bu t the lesser des irabil i ty of the
land to the general public . . , .
. . ; [W)here there is only an injury of the
extent such that it should be called or labeled
"incidental," no measurable or provable decline in
market value could be expected traceahle to the
flights. Recovery would not be forthcoming, but
not because of some arbitrary rule set for
convenience in admi,nis tra tion 0 f jus tice, bu t
because of an inability to prove damages according
to the conunon and well understood rules of suit,
Second, and even more significant to the balancing
problem, the smaller, the provable decline in
market val ue, the sligh ter the burden cast upon
the public in paying for it. Surely the protec-
t ion of the public interest does not entail the
refusal of small claims on the ground that the
burden to the public is not great enough to pay
for!
Martin v. Port of Seattle, 65 Wash. 2d 309, 318, 391 P.2d
540, 546-47 (1964).
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We accept plaintiffs' argument that, on their physical
invasion claim, they were not required to try their eminent
domain case in full in the mandamus action. They were only
required to present enough evidence to gener,ate a fact
issue as to whether the overflying aircraft produced "a
measurable decrease in property value."
However, in
reviewing the evidence presented at trial, we find, as,did
the district court, that the evidence falls short in this
regard.
Plaintiffs appear to have contended at one point in the
litigation that the thirty-four horizontal feet to one
vertical foot approach slope constituted the flight path of
aircraft over their property on takeoffs and landings. The
evidence reveals, however, that the approach slope is
merely a clearance zone and bears no relationship to the
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actual altitude of planes ov~r the land to which the
approach slope applies.
The record is devo id 0 f any
evidence showing either the frequency or approximate
altitudes of planes flying over plaintiffs' lands.
Defendant~ presented evidence that planes were taking
off and landing with approximately the same frequency and
al titude' before and after the runway extens ion.
Th ree
pilots who testified for defendants indicated that after
the runway was extended they altered their approach turns
to runway 6-24 so as to keep farther away from plaintiffs'
'I
property.
Two of these pilots conceded, however, that
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planes landing on runway 6-24 would now pass over plain-
tiffs' lands at lower altitudes as a result of the 355-foot
runway extension.
Although plaintdf Phyllis Fitzgartald testified as to
some inconvenience from airport noise, she did not fix the
frequency of such occurrences nor indicate that this
occurred on a regular bas is.
She testif ied that some
tenants of the mobile home park had left after the runway
was extended, but admitted that she had no personal knowl-
edge as to the reason why. No other evidence was offered
concerning 1055 of tenants at the park. Most signifi~
cantly, for purposes of plaintiffs' physical invasion
claim, all of their loss-of-value evidence related to the
regulatory taking claim that' we have previously rejected.
None of the witnesses at trial testified that overflying
aircraft adversely affected the market value of plaintiffs'
property. We conclude that there is a deficiency of proof
as to the element of "measurable decrease in market value"
due to overflying aircraft.
We have considered all issues presej'lted and conclude
that th~ decision of the court of appeals should be vacated
and the judgment of the, district court affirmed.
DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
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City of Iowa City
M E M 0 RAN 0 U M
DATE: June 17, 1992
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TO: steve Atkins, city Manager
, (7/"[:::
FROM: Rick Fosse, city Englneer ((~,
RE: Kirkwood Avenue
Our office has prepared comparative prices for varying the wLeiths
of pavement proposed for Kirkwood Avenue, The four major
components of the per foot price have been listed to tll~Htrate 110W
width impacts ,Jrice, ThHe Clxe other components to the tot,,,],
project cOSt such as railroad crossing improvem",nts I retaininq :1a11
reconstruction, ,design and construction inspection that' are not
factored into the prices listed below since they are relatively
fixed costs.
Pavement Width
31' 34', 37' 45'
1. Removal of existing pavement $ 27.56 $27.56 $27,56 $27.56
2. storm sewer and intakes 55.26 55.26 55,26 55.26
3. Driveways and sod 27.86 24.74 21.62 *41.48
4. New pavement 96.44 105.78 115,11 140.00
TOTAL PRICE ,PER LINEAR FOOT S207.12 S213.34 $219.55 $264,:<0
* Includes sidewalk reconstruction
You may use this information to compare the price for various width
options. For example, 100' of 31' wide pavement would cost $20,712
verses $21,334 for 100' of 34' wide pavement.
cc:
Chuck Schmadeke
Rob Winstead
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City of Iowa City
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E M 0
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TO: Steve Atkins
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FROM: Roo Wlnsteao
DATE: Mav 20. 1992
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RE:
Kirkwood Ave.
Street width comparisons
Per our street width map, comparisons to the proposed widths on
Kirkwood AVe. are as follows:
45': Gilbert St. to Gilbert Ct.
Dubuque St. - Iowa Ave. to Park Rd.
Dodge St. - Kirkwood Ave. to Bowerv St.
Svcamore St. - Hwy. 6 to Burns Ave.
Gilbert St. - Hwv. 6 to Market St.
First Ave. - Hwv. 6 to Bradford St.
Madison St. - Prentiss St. to Bloomington St.
37': Gilbert Ct. to Dodge St.
Melrose Ave. - RR tracks to Sunset St.
~Iuscatine Ave. - First Ave. to Carver St.
Linn St. - Fairchild St. to Brown St.
34': Dodge St. to Summit St. and Spruce St. to DeForest Ave.
NONE
For comoarison, listed below are 33' wide streets:
Roches'ter Ave. - S,eventh Ave. to First Ave.
Benton St. -'Greenwood Dr. to Mormon Trek Blvd.
First Ave. - F St. to Court St.
Gilbert Ct. - Kirkwood Ave. to Highland Ave.
Highland Ave.
Page St.
31': Summit St. to Spruce St.
Kirk'wood Ave. - existing condition
Keokuk St.
Summit St.
Bowery St.
Court St.
Brown St.
Normandv Dr,
Dodge St. - Bowerv St. to North Dubuque Rd.
CCI R1Ck Fosse
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j TRAFFIC COUNTS
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~ 1979 1981 1983 1985 1992
~ KIRKWOOD -
, Gilbert to Dodge 13,000 12,800 12,200 14,000 9,800
~ Dodge to Summit 14,000 9,500
i 14,000 19,900 11,700
t:' Summit to Lower Muscatine 11,400 7,200 8,800 10,200 11,200
" May 12,1992 . Keokuk east - 11,940
\ Keokuk west - 11,830
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I' Mall to First Avenue 10,800 8,100 8,700 14,200 10,100
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l Burlington to Sheridan 3,000 4,200 4,500 4,900 7,000 . ,
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i Sheridan to Kirkwood No count 6,000 5,800 6,700
I Walnut to Kirkwood 8,900
HIGHLAND AVENUE. '/
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, , Gilbert to Keokuk No count :1 ,.
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I. HIGHWAY 6 BYPASS. 1990 ',(
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11,300 11,400 10,000 18,900 "
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at Riverside Drive east 19,700 19,900 18,900 26,100 l~
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i at Gilbert Street 19,700 18,000 18,900 22,700 I
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at Taylor No count 17,000 15,200 22,500 22,100 :i
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at Sycamore 14,400 17,000 13,500 21,100 18,400 1
at Fairmeadows 12,000 10,400 9,700 9,000 10,000
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at Lakeside 8.400 . 7,400 7,500 8,000 8,600 !
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CITY COUNTS TAKEN MAY 18-26, 1992
IDOT COUNTS TAKEN 1990
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CITY OF IOWA CITY
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PARKS & RECREATION
DEPARTMENT
TO: Mayor Courtney and Members of the Council
FROM:
Terry Trueblood, Parks & Recreation Director
RE:
Parks and Recreation Facilities Tour
On behalf of the Parks and Recreation Commission, I would like to
take this opportunity to invite you to join us on the commission's
annual tour of Parks and Recreation facilities.
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This year's tour will be held Wednesday, July 8th, at 4:00 p.m.,
beginning with a brief meeting at the Recreation Center (Room B).
The entire tour will likely last approximatley four hours.
We need to make appropriate transportation and meal arrangements,
so please ,call 356-5110 by Wednesday, July 1st, to let us know
whether or not you will be able to attend.
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220 SQUTII OILBERT STREET
IOWA CITf IOWA 521010.\632
PIIONE (lI9lll6olllO
FAX (ll9ll16,l009
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 16, 1992
To: Mayor and City Council
From: City Clerk
Re: Work Session, June 8, 1992 - 7:30 p,m. in the Council Chambers
Mayor Pro tem Naomi Novick presiding. Councilmembers: McDonald, Kubby, Larson, Novick,
Horowitz, Courtney (8:20 p.m,). Absent: Ambrisco, Staff members present: Atkins, Helling,
Gentry, Karr, Moen, Burnside, Milkman, O'Neil, Barnes, Schmadeke, Fosse, Smith. Tape
recorded on Tapes 92-58, Side 2; 92-59, AIL
PLANNING & ZONING ITEMS:
Reel 92-58, Side 2
Senior Planner Moen presented the following Planning and Zoning items for discussion:
a.
Ordinance amendinq the Zoninq Ordinance by chanqinq the use requlations from RM.145,
Hiqh Rise Multi-Family Residential, to PRM, Planned Hiqh Density Multi-Family
Residential, for an area qenerally located between Newton Road, U.S, Hiqhway 6 and
Woolf Avenue in an area referred to as the West Side. (REZ 92-0008) (Second
consideration)
Senior Planner Moen noted that an extraordinary majority vote by Council is required to
pass this ordinance.
b, Ordinance amendinq the Zoninq Ordinance by chanqinq the use requlations from RM.145,
Hiqh Rise Multi-Family Residential, to PRM. Planned Hiqh Density Multl-Familv
Residential. for an area qenerally located between Clinton and Dubuque streets and
Davenport and Jefferson streets, includinq property located at the southeast corner of the
intersection of Cltnton and Jefferson streets in an area referred to as the Near Northside.
(REZ92-0007) (Second consideration)
c. Ordinance amendinq Chapter 36, entitled "Zoninq Ordinance," of the Code of Ordinances
of Iowa City, Iowa, to permit reliqious institutions within the CI-1 , Intensive Commercial.
Zone (Salvation Army). (Second consideration)
d,
Ordinance to amend Section 36-82(a) of the Zoninq Ordinance to permit the construction
of sinqie-famliy homes on existlnq non.conforminq lots. (Second consideration)
Senior Planner Moen stated the applicant has requested expedited consideration for this
ordinance.
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e. Resolution approvino an amended preliminarv and final Laroe Scale Non-Residential
Development Plan for iowa-Illinois Gas & Electric Co. for propertv located at 1630 Lower
Muscatine Road, (LSD92-0002l
f. Resolution approvina the final plat of Willow Creek Subdivision, Iowa City, Iowa. (SUB92-
0010) (60-dav limitation period: June 25,1992)
g. Resolution approvlno the preliminarv and final plats of Weslport Plaza, Iowa City. Iowa.
(SUB92-0011l (60-day limitation period: Julv 13, 1992)
City Attorney Gentry stated that this Item should be deferred for two weeks because legal
documents have not been signed. In response to McDonald, Senior Planner Moen stated
that she will place the original proposal in Council's next packet.
USE OF AIRPORT PROPERTY FOR SALVAGE STORAGE:
Reel 92-58, Side 2
Community Development Coordinator Milkman and Rehab Officer Barnes presented information.
Kubby requested that signs be placed making it easier for people to locate the salvage area.
PEDICABS/RICKSHAWS:
Reel 92-58, Side 2
City Clerk Karr and Assistant City Attorney Burnside presented information and the handout
Existino Ordinance - Proposed Chanoes and outlined suggested revisions to Chapter 35, Vehicles
for Hire. Novick requested information from the Police Chief regarding potential problems from
slow moving vehicles. City Clerk Karr stated a draft ordinance will be on Council's June 23
meeting for consideration.
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OUTDOOR SERVICE ARENSPECIAL EVENTS & FESTIVALS:
Reel 92-59, Side 1
After review of the draft ordinance (agenda item #24), Council directed staff to place this Item on
the pending list for future consideration, and not pursue consideration at this time.
HOTEUMOTEL TAX DISCUSSION:
Reel 92-59, Side 1
The City Manager presented information regarding present fund distribution. Mayor Courtney
requested additional input from the Department of Parks and Recreation.
PESTICIDE ORDINANCE:
Reel 92-59, Side 1
City Attorney Gentry stated she will prepare a draft ordinance with assistance from the University
Law School. In response to Kubby, Gentry stated she will request a time frame that work can be
completed from Iowa Law professor Paul Papak, Gentry noted that a public forum is tentatively
scheduled July 8 and recommended that Councilmembers watch the telecast and send staff to
obtain information. She noted if four Councilmembers were in attendance it would be an open
meeting with a quorum present and would require an agenda to be posted and minutes kept.
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CAPITAL PROJECTS UPDATE:
Reel 92-59, Side 1
;:
Atkins reported the City received a "Aaa" bond rating for the general obligation bonds (G.O.) and
an "A" rating for parking revenue bonds,
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City Manager Atkins and City Engineer Fosse presented Information aboulthe First Avenue
railroad crossing reconstruction project. Courtney suggested assessing the railroad's property
taxes to obtain their share' of the construction costs. .
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Council agreed to the City Manager's recommendation to reschedule the Kirkwood-Lower
Muscatlne capital improvements project to spring 1993, Staff and Council agreed
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to hold the public discussion June 23, 1992.
give staff direction via a resolution on July 7 to allow final plans and specifications to be
prepared.
hold public hearing on plans and specs in late August or September.
bid the project In the fall (1992).
actual construction in spring of 1993.
Kubby requested information aboulthe need to repair the Lower Muscatine portion of the project.
COUNCIL TIME/AGENDA:
Reel 92-59, Side 2
1. Kubby requested that the entire Carol Thompson proclamation be read at Council's formal
meeting.
2. Novick reported that she has received a phone call about four big dogs running loose.
City Atty. Gentry explained there are a lot of remedies, including filing a municipal
infraction. Novick noted citizens would appear at the formal meeting.
EXECUTIVE SESSION - EVALUATION:
Reel 92-59, Side 2
Moved by McDonald, seconded by Horowitz, to adjourn to executive session to evaluate the
professional competency of an indivlduai whose appointment, hiring, performance or dlsch~rge
is being considered when necessary to prevent needless and Irreparable injury to that individual's
reputation and that individual requests a closed session, (City Manager and City Clerk)
Meeting adjourned to executive session at 9:35 p.m,
Meeting reconvened at 10:40 p,m.
Moved by Horowitz, seconded by Novick, to adjourn 10:41 p,m. The Mayor declared the motion
carried unanimously, 6/0, Ambrisco absent.
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BICYCLE SAFETY GRANT
REPORT FOR THE 1I0NTH OF IIAY 1992
ACTIVITY
*
Trained ten Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety officers
Contacts with various violators since lIay 25: 80
All were given a brochure on bike safety.
Calls made to "Call-A-Cop" phone while bike safety messages on: 345
Bike safety talks given by Iowa City Police officers: 5
Lucas School - 20 Girl Scouts
Lucas School - 22 third grade students
Grant Wood - 100 seven and eight year olds (two talks)
Shimek School -- 35 Cub Scouts
I, TV news interview on camera: I
i ' Newspaper interview with photos: I
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I Total contract amount: $10,300.00
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1I0nth I y Expense: $103.85
YTD Expenditure: $1,653.85
CONNENTS
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Nay was an eventful month. Ten Bicycle/Pedestrian Safety officers were
hired from a list of fifty-five applicants. The officers were given
approximately four hours of training. They have been issued uniforms
consisting of a windbreaker jacket, five t-shirts, a fanny pack, and a
helmet. The uniforms have not yet been paid for so that cost will be
included in next month's report.
The Bike officers began patrolling on Nay 25. They are'enthusiastic
about their job. They appear to be dedicated to educating the public to
the laws of bicycles and pedestrians,
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The officers cover six hours per day and will probably work twenty-two
hours per month each. The scheduled hours provide for at least one
officer on duty 6:30am to 8:00pm, Sunday thru Saturday.
To date there have not been any citizen complaints. The officers say
the citizens they have had contact with seem to be receptive and ask
questions concerning bike/pedestrian safety laws.
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First Mennonite Church
405 Myrtle Ave., Iowa City, Iowa 52246
(319) 338.0302
June 9, 1992
City of Iowa City
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411 E. Washington st,
Iowa City, IA 52240
Enclosed is our check # 3401 for $200.00 as a pay-
ment for services received in lieu of taxes.
The congregations has voted to send a check annual-
ly in this or greater amount as appreciation for
city fire, police, and street services.
.
Sinc~~ely, J
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John Bi~ler, chairman
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stewardship Commission
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First Mennonite Church
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FIRST MENNONITE CHURCH
3401
Invoice: DONATION - City of Iowa City
City of Iowa City
Payment Processing Center
P.O. Box 3013
Cedar Rapids. IA 52406-9115
06/05/92
$200,00
@(
FIRST MENNONITE ~HURCH
405 MYRTLE AVENUE
IOWA CITY, IOWA 52246
(319) 338,0302
HillS 8ANK ANO TRUST COMPANY
HillS. IOWA 52235
I
3401 !
72.1375/739
CHECK NO,
Two hundred and 00/100
DATE
, AMOUNT
06/05/92
$200.00
PAY
"TO THE
ORDER'
OF
City of Iowa City
Payment Processing Center
P,O. Box 3013
Cedar Rapids, !A 52406-9115
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MINUTES
BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION, INC.
TUESDAY, MAY 19, 1992, 7:15 PM
SENIOR CENTER, CLASSROOM ONE
DRAFT
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Allaire, Cochran, Cureton, Holman, Holmes,
Zalis.
MEMBERS ABSENT:
Coffey, Orgren.
STAFF PRESENT:
Hess, Paine.
OTHERS PRESENT:
None.
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION:
Allaire and Hess reported on BTC activity. Hess updated the
Board on his outreach activity and, informed the Board that PATV
has been included in a grant. Hess related the results of the
Rice Williams phone survey. The new Equipment Reservation Policy
was approved. Phone surveys and names of community producers
were distributed.
CALL MEETING TO ORDER:
Allaire called the meeting to order at 7:15 p.m.
CORRECT AND APPROVE MINUTES:
Cochran moved to approve the minutes from the April 21st meeting.
Holmes seconded the motion. They were approved unanimously.
BOARD ANNOUNCEMENTS:
Holmes reported that the Iowa Motion Picture Association has
begun. He will be the liaison between the Association and the
Board.
PUBLIC DISCUSSION:
There was no public discussion.
CHAIR'S REPORT:
There was no report from the chair.
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MINUTES FROM PATV MEETING
05-19-92
PAGE 2
BTC REPORT:
Allaire reported that Trey Stevens was re-elected Chair and Paul
Casella Vice Chair of the BTC.
Allaire also informed the Board that TCI is on the lookout for
signal leakage from illegal cable taps because this leakage can
interfere with air traffic through Cedar Rapids.
Hess mentioned that the BTC asked the Assistant City Attorney to
look into whether the cable company could be required to provide
a new facility for public access before the end of the franchise.
The legal opinion was that the language in the franchise was not
clear enough to accommodate this request, but the request could
be addressed at refranchising time.
Allaire noted that Heritage Cablevision is changing its name to
TCI of Eastern Iowa.
DIRECTOR'S REPORT:
"
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Hess updated the Board as to his outreach efforts.
Hess mentioned that PATV will pick up the registration for four
Board members to go to the NFLCP Conf.erence in Minneapolis in
July. Anyone interested should contact John by June 15th.
Hess informed the Board that Shari Neal, the Center Coordinator
at the CPC, will be leaving on Friday. Her job will be posted
through May 26th in the Press citizen. .
According to Hess, Rice Williams did a market survey by phone of
the Iowa city cable area and the results showed that twenty-eight
percent of the people surveyed expressed some interest in PATV.
Twenty-five percent of those surveyed expressed an interest in
using PATV. This was a random sampling of cable subscribers.
Recommendations included a provision in the franchise for
additional local, public, educational, government and library
access programming.
Hess informed the Board that PATV was included as part of a
$27,000 grant - funded through the Carver Charitable Trust - to
teach gifted children video skills. The grant was written by a
teacher from Herbert Hoover Elementary. PATV will find out more
about its role in this project later this summer.
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MINUTES FROM PATV MEETING
05-19-92
PAGE 3
OUTREACH COMMITTEE REPORT:
Hess informed the Board that he has talked to approximately ten
groups, half of which have expressed an interest in working with
PATV. A progress report will be giverrat the July Board meeting.
POLICY COMMITTEE REPORT:
Cureton moved to approve the new Equipment Reservation Policy,
which states that if a community producer fails to notify the CPC
that they will not be using their reserved time, at least, one
hour prior to that time, the booked time will count against,their
thirty hours a month limit. Cochran seconded the motion and the
new policy was unanimously approved.
PATV FUTURES REPORT:
User surveys and the names of community producers to contact
were distributed to Board members prior to the Board meeting.
Board members should contact the community producers and send the
completed surveys to the CPC before the next Board meeting.
ADJOURNMENT:
The meeting was adjourned by Allaire at 8:00 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
Rene Paine, Administrative Assistant for PATV
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JOhl1lDn Counly
\ IOWA ~
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
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Charles D. Duffy
Stephen P. Lacina
Patricia A, Mende
Richard E. Myers
Belly Ockenfels
June 18. 1992
FORMAL MEETING
Agenda
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1. CaJlto order 9:00 n.m.
2. Action re: claims
3. Action re: minutes
I. Motion amending June 4th minutes by adding Linn and Cedar County stated
they had no interest in the joint purchase of trucks for Secondary Roads,
4. Action re: payroll authorizations
5. Business from the County Engineer.
a) Discussion/aclion re: road maintenance agreement with Coralville.
b) Discussion/action re: . right-of-way contracts and easements for various
county projects.
c) Other
6. Business from the County Auditor.
a) Action re: permits
b) Action re: reports
1. Clerk's May monthly report,
c) Other
7. Business from the Assistant Zoning Adminlstl'ator.
a) Final consideration of application Z9216 of John & Wanita Gordon.
b) Final consideration of application Z9217 of Rick Shramek.
c) Fi~al consideration of application Z9219 of Shirley Elift'.
d) Other
913S0UTH DUDUQUES'l', P,O, BOX 13~O IOWACITY.I0WAS2244013S0 TEL: (319)356.6000 PAX:(l19)3~6.6086
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Agenda 6.18-92 .
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8, Business from the County Attorney. ~= ~ '7)
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a) Action re: rcsolution abating penalty ~nd interest on laxe~-isSe~ed agpinst
Plum Grove Acres. Inc. on parcel #63247001 for tax yea5g98~199:Q and
1990-199 I. g;:; ~"'J
b) Report re: other items. (\,J
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: . 9. Business from lhe Board of Supervisors.
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a) Action re: agreement between Johnson County and the City of Iowa City
for S.B.A.T.S. service.
b) Action re: agreement betwcen Johnson County and the City of Coralville
for S.B.A.T.S, service.
e) Action re: agreement between Johnson County and the City of University
Heights for S.B.A.T.S. service.
d) Action re: agreement between Johnson County, the City of Iowa City, and
Old Capitol Cab Company for S.E.A.T.S. supplemental taxi servicc.
e) Action re: agreement betwecn Johnson County, the City of Coralville, and
Old Capitol Cab Company for S.B.A.T.S. supplementalla~j service.
t) Action re: agreement between' Johnson County, the City of University
Heights, and Old Capitol Cab Company for S.E.A.T.S. supplemental taxi
.
servlcc.
g) Action re: FY '93 Transit Purchase of Service Contract with East Central
Iowa Council of Governments.
h) Action re: FY '93 Transit Equipment Lease Agreement with East Central
Iowa Council of Governments.
D Discussion/action re: fireworks permits.
j) Discussion/action re: Homemaker-Home Health Aide/Chore for FY '93
Grant Application.
k) Discussion/nction re: FY '93 Nutrition Contracts with Heritage Area
Agency on Aging.
I) Action re: contract with Mid-Eastern Iowa Community Mental Health
Center.
m) Discussion/action re: letter of support for Coralville annexation.
n) Action re: appointments to the Mayor's Youth Employment Board,
0) Motion authorizing chairperson to sign group applications for insurance with
Mutual of Omaha for Life/AD&D and The Hartford Company for Long
Term Disability.
p) Other
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Agenda 6-18.92 Page 3
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10. Adjourn to Informlll meeting.
11. Inquiries and reports from the public.
12. Adjoul'nment,
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6. The Daily Iowan . Iowa (ily, Iowa. Monday, lune 15,1992
. CRIMfS.& MISOfMfANfJRSi.';".;,-'.'
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-Interpreting the DI pollee reports
Lynn M. Tefft
The Daily Iowan
The court reports can be rather
confusing. What do the crimes
mean? Under what circumstances
were these people arrested? To
answer some of those questions,
, here's a guide 00 crimes most often
included in The Daily Iowan court
reports.
Public inooxication, according 00
'the Iowa Code, Section 123.46, is
,being intoxicated or simulating
inooncation in a public place. It is
. a simple misdemeanor.
: Lt.MattJohnsonofthelow~City,
Police Department said that public
, intoxication, is an associative
: crime, meaning that otTenders
exhibit other behaviors that draw
: attention to themselves.
: He said that fighting, destroying
,property and urinating in public
'are often associated with public
: inooncation.
: "People who are making an etTort
: 00 handle their alcohol and not
, calling attention 00 themselves are
,not the people we are dealing
: with,' ha said,
: Another crime that often appears
: in the court raports is unlawful use
, of a driver's license. It is a simple
: misdemeanor and is defined as the
: display of a canceled. revoked,
. suspended, fictitious or fraudu-
: Jently altered mooor vehicle license.
: Also covered under this law are
. lending one's license to others,
: using a fictitious name when app-
lying for a license and possessing
blank license formti,
"Usually we encounter the unlaw-
ful use of a driver's ,license in the
bars when we have officers goiag in
and doing alcohol violation
chccko,' Johnson said,
Ha said the authenticity of a
person's license can be cheeked
easily through multidata computer
tenninals in patrol cars, .
Officers working' out of a patrol
unit are able 00 enter a driver's
~
license number, name, date of
birth, and other infonnation in
different combinations in the com.
puter to obtain the official state
driver'e license rccord, If the date
of birth doesn't correspond 00 the
official document, then the officer
will further investigate the matter.
A crime often related 00 unlawful
use of a driver's license is posses-
sion of alcohol while under the
legal age. It is defined as selling or
giving alcoholic beverages 00 any
person while knowing or having
reasonable cause 00 believe that
the person is under 21. Also, people
under 21 may not individually or
jointly have thess beverages in
their possession. Violation of this
law is a simple misdemeanor,
"We certninly see possession while
under the legal age associated with
a liquor establishment, but we just
as often see it when we stop a car
for a traffic otTense or other viola.
tion and in talking with the peopls
in the car we discover alcohol and
find out they're under legal age,'
Johnson said.
One of the most common alcohol.
related crimes ia operating while
under the influence of alcoholic
beverages, dr)lgs or a combination
of both, or while having an alcohol
concentration of 0.10 percent or
more. It is a serious misdemeanor
and an indictable crime. Upon
arrest for OWl, the defendant is
subjected 00 a chemical test,
Johnson said officers most often
iwd OWl otTenders during stops for
othor violatione.
"!'hare's usually some reason for
making a traffic soop in the first
place,' ho said. "Eo it 0 traffic
violation, be it driving bohavior
that suggeste some impainnont,
any number of actions may give
the officer on the street 0 reason 00
make a traffic soop and investigate
the violation."
During the investigation, the
officer may detect the odor of
alcohol, notice the driver has blood.
shot ayes or slurred speech or
obsorve the driver having doxtority
difficulties, The officer may then
ask the driver 00 perfonn a fieid
sobriety test, involving horizontal
gaze, walk and turn, and one-leg.
stand teste.
If the officer believes the driver is
inooncated, he or she arrests the
person and takes them 00 the
Johnson County Jail for a chemical
test.
Disorderly conduct is a simple
misdemeanor and involves: fight-
ing or violent behavior in a public
place, making loud or raucous
noises in the vicinity of a residence
or public building, directing abu;
sive epithets or making threaten-
ing gestures, disturbing without
authority a public meeting or
assembly, making faise reports of a
fire or other catastrophe, showing
disrespect for the U.S, flag, and
obstructing without authority a
street, sidewalk, highway or other
public wey.
Johnson said that alcohol is often
at the root of many of the activities
observed aa disorderly conduct,
"Usually the disorderly conduct
we eee is fighting,' he said.
Of theft arrests cited in the court
reports, fifth-degree theft is most
common and involves theft of prop-
erty not exceeding $60 in value,
Many casee of ehoplliling are fifth.
degree theft,
'A businees would typically stop a
shoplliler, tell him or hor what
they observed, ask them 00 accom.
pany them 00 their office and then
call us and have US come out and
iIIe the charge,' Johnson said.
Aseault is often cited in the court
reports and ie deimed as any act
intended to cauee pnin or injury or
intonded 00 be insulting or otTen.
eive to anothor, any act intended 00
place another in fear of immediate
dangerous physical contact, inten.
tional pointing of a fireann ooward
another or displaying a dangeroue
weapon in a threatening manner,
Johneon said that assault differs
from dieorderly conduct in that it
involvee violent behavior that is
acted upon,
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The Tax the Public Loves to Hate
Ro""Jd K, Snell Is diro<lorof NCSL', fi",1 ,1I.i"
program,
St". Lq;1s1'tures o.c.mb<r 199\
ion it ha! held ever since: E,cept for the
federal income I.", Ihe local property
,I"x is Ihe least fair ta, in the United
SI,lle!,
People who I'aloe fairness in la,ation
crilicize property lam because they
When the president of Ihe Uniled "ily h,lS considered the loe.ll property be.u no relotion to people's abilily 10
Slales said he doesn't like broc- t.1X the "\\'orst T.1X Except For the Feder- pay (.,bility 10 pay is usually considered
coli, broccoli-haters everywhere look allncome Tax," When Ihe Advi!orv ., crilerion oi a good lax). The value of
heart. Most Americans' altitude 10w.1rd Commission on Intergorernment,1 R~- people's property, especially residential
property laxes is about like President lotions began ils annu,1 !urvey oi public properly, is not a key 10 their income,
Bush's toward broc-".. ;IF.e~''i'-15:'''=:~''' S=-~:;a;::::::;;::i=-;? \=="~= ~:':E.:-:",,~and elderly
. .,::1 ':::'.::-~~\~~~:.: ...:..-=.;-:-,.....-"'":".::-..:;:O-..:...-=- -;::::- ..... ..-,~:o:...--.::.":'::- I
colt-best consIdered ~ ~.~"i€i~ a~,:::: :;:Ei:":"?J=;'~~'''-==~;:=:='7.~'':: ;:~::= ::~;';;:-?~:::::='''' peop e espe-
,-~ -r.: ::-="1-,:__.._.__.:..._ ....-:._---:'__ .....--:._.. :::_.....::::..._~. . .
as compost. Butlhe hard "~:~#.i ~~~ ;,;:"""==,=" C:::=::" ~=;;.--:::: ::=;?.:,:.=;:l :-:":;?,:__;;::,:;: CIJlly can fll1d
f . h '::""- _.---.-= .~-:.::....:.:'.:..-: _.::::.o,:..~== r;"'''::::'-:: -:.=::.. .. .-...- :"-;.=:'..-".:: h
?clIS t at p;operty I,xes, '1~:;:\~1'~ ~~,":;:,;, :..:-:. ,~..-_.. ~~i; t at properly t?X-
like broccoli, are good for .~ ~_.-' l:::"=-~ es, lake a growmg
us, And while we can find .;:::.~ t~q proportion of their in.
substitules for broccoli-the ever ~~\ ,~:ig come om time. Some
delightful brussels sprouts,:~ f?-~ people think it's just
caulillower and spinach-Ihere .t~ ~i plain wrong to tax the
doesn't seem to be a substi- f.'~: ~ unproduclive bricks
lule that will do the job of #-;~~ i ~j;:.; and boords that make
the propertY ta" ~J...:.:€ i~~ up their houses,
The property la, has two ?~~ ~ Assessment practices
irreplaceable roles in Amen. ?,:=::::-, !?~ and the length of time
can public affairs, First, it off. ~~ ~ between assessments
sets the instabilily of the two \'ii=r~ E~~ can make the tax un.
olher major state and local ~;:... llf:i; fair, Assessment is
taxes-personal income and ~~ f'~ difficult, especially for
sales taxes, Income and sales ~;;. ~ properties that in any
tax collections wax and wane :i':E".::-.:r:: ~ wav are unusual.
with the economy; the property ~~ ~.g.:: Markel value is some-
tax's siuggish response to~,?-: ,~~ thing that can only be
h' . d't' ":1.__~.", .,--'~.,="'" -='" d t rI
c angll1g, ec~nomlc con lions ;:;i':;?~ . ..... .,''';-' ::~.;.:~ ~.,:.,1,:j'.:i ~ guesse ~ un I a
helps mamlall1 an even revenue ':~-:: ..-;r-......:;a ;~:::!,"' .?"n ::::r,,?..!:.:: "~ESl!':'.:i property IS sold. In
n d d ' h (h :'-,,-":::':::;: :.-:.:':'-" -:';.:.----..- .....': -:.-.:.::.-.-,,:;; :':"-':='-:'\:=- dd"
ow. An seeon , In muc 0 t e ~.::::.:.z:..:,;: ~S::=:; ?-=~1:=- ':~ :-F"::;:::: =:.~~~~=;:s a IlIon, everyone
l~ - -..:........... ..-:::-:....-... ..-... ..__0__.. __'-;;;;0.00" _..~ h d (
United Stales/local governments' ::.s1E.::~ a~..se.:.:: ~:...~~;: :::= ;.-;"~-.:=" ::~~~ =:.~ as hear 0 asses.
f ':'-;0;::::.., ::. .-....... ::"'::"-;:::'.'::' -,:::-:.,":'-.......... :."--'-;= '0;':' h 'I
revenue rom property taxes ai- if.":t:::...... :.~"O?-.:a j-==~:.;= - .:r=:; =-..:r.?.:..~ ::::~Y::;=. ;~J sors W 0 mampu ate
lows local citizens and local govern- ,lllitudes aboutlaxes in 19i2, a whop. ,',Iues for reasons of their own. Elected
ments a degree of control over their ping 45 percent uf p,lfticipanls declared assessors are said to be especially prone
oIVn affairs Ihat cannol exist otherwise, that the local ?ropertl' tax \\'olS the lI'or!t to do so, in order to stay in oifice,
Despite those roles, the public gener. 1.1.\ oi the poi;ible ci\oiw-iederal in. El'en wilh the fairesl and least ambi-
\l'lme, sl.lle ill(Ome, Slllh~ sf1lcs and [oCJI. :ious of il5Scssors, problems can occur
properly, R~comider.1tion in 1973 wh~n yms go by behl'een assessments.,
broughtlhe public ,round to the opin. Property 1',lues can grow slowly over
37
Although sometimes called unfair, the property lax stabilizes local fi-
nances and allolVs local governments to control their oll'n affairs,
Ron,ld K, Snell
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the \'etHS, but :ht! 11S$~Ssmt!nt rcdl'(f, l\':tt ,md ~.11t.'~ /,l\I.'S ~5 rl'rcl'l1l in I.lrd...r Pl':\l!llt by 1\.18$. ~l!.:.lUSt! Ih~ (lluntks'
that' gwwth Illlly l',::asion,lJly. :ll :h.ll !~, L'r~\\":\!l' \iJ ",,:r\,\':lt ~L'lil;'f flIt L'fllL'l!rlr rl'\"'l~lll.' :lold to n~l,...llJl'lig.lIiOI1S (or IJ\\'
property L'I\'I\NS Me hit pcril1Jk.llly ~y t"~l'$. In >}\.ll :hc L~gi$i.llur~ h.;d t~1 l':lll'r(l.'ll\t!nt .1l1J ~'ublic \\'t!if.lie. And
large Jnd ,Ippmntly Jrbitrary lumps m ',li,~ .lbout 511:0 million in n,'\\' ,t,lt~ ,'W 10 yws. prop~rty 1,1\eS fell irom
the t,t'l:,lble \"llu~ of their prop~rt~'. 1.1\es to repl.lt.:i,! ~t!\'L'nu~ losll't!\.',lu~e \,)f \.'owring 5: Ft!r\.'ent oi st.:hlll,l dislrk: ex-
Differ~nces betll'een property ta\es ,I courl d~ci,ion ,equiring IOIl'~r ,1SS~SS' F~ns~s 10 19 pmelll. The Sloltl'S share
in dUierent communities can undermine 1,el1:S vi pi?dir.~ i'fOreny. Th~ ~tllt~ :n- vi sclwol Jislrict :'Urtdir.~ rose irom less
equity. fairness Jnd hopes for eCOIll'lmi.: vCltted I..'ne new business l,l\-ll $ur. ih,lll h.tit':o neMI\' tnree"JUMters. The
d~l'eloomenl. When communilies .1C~ c:wge oi 2 pmenl on depreciation n~~J lor Ihl st.lIe 10 repi,lCe proplrty
forc~d io rely heal'i1y on proplrly t,1\~" cl,limed on federal income t.1\ returns- laxes wilh general funds helped iorce
communiti~s lI'ith Hille laxable property olld raisld other bu,iness loxes 10 make Ihl Legisl,lIure 10 increase I'arious taxes
suffer eithlr from worse rOods and up the loss, So iu lh~ impact on busi- by 5i.3 billion in 1991. County gOl'lrn-
schools than thlir nlighbors or highlr n~ss is unknoll'n, :-ilbrask.1 is 0 slork !1lcnts ,1I1d Sdlools will get;s plecenl of
laxes or both, Such fiscal dispariti~ m ex.1mple of Ihl magnitude of stall lax Ihl increas~ (53.5 billion more for
one of the major problems with lhl inmases it t.kls to cOl'er significant schools thon the I'ear bdore, and ol'er
property tax, according 10 formlr 51. property loX relief, 52 billion more' (or counly gOI'ern'
PJul m,'yor George LJtimer, noli' de,lIl :\ebr.1sk,1 faced Ihl issuI he,ld on mentsl,
of the H.1mline Unil'ersitv School o( ond raised state loxes 10 corer the losl ~lassachusIIIS Is another slatl where
Law: "Location oughl ~:" ~;:,a;r....,;. \~,\",'l~i;)J"'~~~ "':'''i.:'1-1.P~{~:i~~a local property tax limit
I h I I f ", -~....\oo",,,,~ C. l" ~ ' "'z'r/fif.'i . I h" d I "b ( "
not to conlro t e el'e 0 " ~;~.. ';::"" 1J;) \\ _ - " . """";;'~ .~' taS s IIle tle)O 0 r.11smg
~. ,,;!P r~ ~ '( ,......~.... . ""~'q ~ .
social serl'im," Reduc- .:" ~'*"o \'1> \t; ,i\~"'...~ ~~::;. 'II! 111/ money Iromloc,ll gOl'ernments
tion of such disoarities is " '1J~~\' ,,\\J~~-"':.~ ~~?r~. ". '!o' 10 Ihe !Igislalure, In 1980 the 1'01-
one reason ror sta'te aid 10 lo~ " \ ~!Q \)~ . ~..~~~. ~?~ . ers uSl?d tht! iniliali\'e to pass a law
cal go\'ernments or slate as- ~ ~-1''':;:~ ~~~1;:;~. ~ ~~, cilpping the property tax, usuallv re-
, f ' I I ~. . ...., .,~ ... ,..,...., .-," ,~,,;>,', "" f d p' '1/2 I' h
sumpl10n 0 lormlr OC,l ser- ~~~:-::o-... ::,;;..r;.;~:;.. X'~\" "\~'l' me to as rop.' , t as
, ,~'::--. ........ 1,'3. D u, ,.'.-. k d d d d h
vices. ::"':';"'4:'..:''' ~"t"l'\~~ r\'\\v.......;~."':,.-:!. wor'l! ,1sinten e tore ucet e
~...........: .,:...~ \}'\Vo \\v} ..............:'i~, ....-_.
El'erv elwed of(icial is f.1mil. :-;;",.:::::-,:,,~:;.. ,~,,\l ~ D\e ',~::;;;:4::-,,:;,'~:-, burden of property taxes, Local
. .-:..;..:,.... ~ ~ \" .... ,~..;.~~.-:"; "';';: f'f .. (
iar witli the disadvantages of the ~:4''' .::.~;:;~ \n ~~".~::<.~c:r-::::.:-~~ :-;-::, propertv taxes ell rom ~J,80 or
t d III --:. ;.;.,.?2;:1l \J . ~...~ ~ ~-1z~"'-:' ~ 0'100 f I' .
proper v. lax, an a lomeowners ::~::::::"... "".1,;r.......::.-:: "'''-,,::::-.-'::fi''' ,:;;;, everv ~ 0 persona mcome m
.....~~~"...-'; ..-:....-~:::::...~-:;.... 0'",,-;..................... ......,. .
hm (ellthl disadvantages al one .~;.:!::<':&~~ ~~,1'.'''':- ~~~.-::t 19i910 5134 1111989. Taxpay-
, I B h b 'd ~...x~"''' ~"r.~"'~....o.:. ...-;-...,...,....-"":.. ,. ..-;;~ . 528 b'II'
time or anot ler. ut w at can e 5,11 ~...;..-~~;'" ~~~~ ~,*RP .~~ ers were savmg . I Ion a
th h 'd' A h ""~""............ ., ~~.. ~~ ~~:;.-"~ ~ b 1989 . h
on e ot er Sl e. re t ere any rea- r....:~ ,.-!:;.;. ~:::'~...~...:~~. ;;:~ year V , assummg t at
~'''' .........-....~ ~~;;.::.~ '\ j\ 0:....- .
sons to preserve the traditional.~ ':'?'"~~-:;~ ;;::.:,:;::-;... ~I" ~U \o~ ~, without Prop 2-1/2, properll'
I f . -~ ......;..~ '.. """"" l \1 W ,,,,,,0 ~ Id hi' d'
ro e 0 property taxes In stale .:!F-~.. .~~~~,.. ~ (V' W" ~ ~ taxes \\'ou a\'e c alme
and local finance despite their '::':-':::;0'::. *'P'-:f.~. S\';l; e ~~.\\\r, 4k',~ Ihe same share of persono'
bad press? :$;::::-; '-:;:;;~:i~ f'"",e~~ ",,' ~.#&f.''':; income in 1989 oS in 1979,
Therenrereasonstoval. E.s.:.~j:!- ~~.~:::-' "" ~~~*~~:~ LikeCdli(ornia,Mas.
h So .-....-=. =.tJ: .;:<:...:..~..;~ .....;.o.....~...... ....,:"~~~ ~ "'. h h' d h'
uet epropertvtax. me \:::=..-=.- -. ..._ , ~:".o:""";:~OO;:". ~tI'~.~~:~.:;:~~.~..sac useUsilc leve liS
f h (I . .---.--... - .:,...~......r;"'"""'"",,, ,r:;;.........;;;.: ..~... ..,~ '1"'~ . I' b h'f
o t em are 'isca but .1J=:"'-":--. =:-J ~,;;;~;;.'" ...:::.. ~~r..,.~~~:;.. ~'~2;~:.~, -:~ mlrac e In part v 5 I t.
. I ,;:t ::...=...:......_::1.."' ........... "'....i1';r ~~."...-:.... ~....,.,;.r.:.......~.. #'. . ..
the Important ones are i~:--=-"--. ="J ~?'~r~~ :..0.:....~~. J::.~...o::.~,.... .., lng re\'enue raising
political-that is, Ihey hm to do with local rel'enue tha: property lax reduc- 'from local gOl'ernments 10 the stale.
public policy. It is the political rensons tions lI'ould mean. By contrast, Callfor. State oid to local governments nearly
that make the property tax trulv irre- ni,l and MassachUSetts ow the rears tripled from 1979 to 1989, costing tax-
placeable in slate and local gOl'ernment. hm discomed what happens if you payers 52,6 billion a year more in 1989
First, the fiscal reascn;, Property tax- reduce reliance on local property laxes Ihan in 1979. Thl tax burden shifted, al-
es make up such a large part of state without replacing the rll'enUe, most dollar (or dollar, from local prop-
and local tax collections-over 30 per- In 1978 Californians amended their ertv taxes to state sales and income tax-
cent-that anI' substantial reduction in slate constitution with Proposition 13, IS:
property laxes lakes either large reduc- II'hich capped property taxes 1111 per- Some people might welcome that
tions in gOI'emmenl operations or large cent of market value and limited in. chonge, reasoning that state sales and
increases in other taxes. Where do those creases 10 2 percent a I'ear untillhe income taxes show more growth Ihan
other taxes come from? The other laxes properly changed owners. The Cliif,'r. property taxes do and that many people
generally come from stale gOl'ernmenl, "j,'I~lImal says that Prop 13 sal'es Cali- consider sales and income taxes to be
which means that the blame for lax in- fornia homeowners and commercial fairer than property taxes. But there's a
creases mOl'es from local officials to property owners 515 billion a year-big downside too: The state governments
stale legislators and gOI'emors, moncv eren in California, Ihatturn on the spigot of state aid can
Nebraska, for mmple, has had two Bui al what cost? Before Proposition turn it right off again as well,
rounds of state tax increases in 1990 ,md 13 pmed. counties splnt about 30 per. That's one of the ways state budgets
1991 in order 10 reduce residential ond cent <1f Iheir budglls on "discretionary" got b,ll,lnced in ~lassachusells and New
ulility property laxes and 10 improl'e itelllS Ii,k~ libwils. p,lCks ,1nd roads, York in 1991-by cuts in aid to local
equity across Ihe slate. In 1990 the stale Thc county superl'isors' association reo gomnment, Cities, counties, lowns
increased state income taxes 17.5 per. f'orted Ihatlhe percenlage fell below 5 and school districts in those and other
38 SlateL'lli,I'tu,tS lJ<c,mberl991
IJlItL
....-,.:t.~
, 7 _ , "
("t-:-1 t-I 'b' :' 'I I '",~ I, :,'.1'
, " I' I. .' ,V . .
[- " '~. 1- "
" \ ~" -.., . . ~"j" ,
,I
I
1
.
,
!
i
I
~1,1tl!S $t,'e !ht.'ir f(\fIUn~s :ist? .wd (ill!
along \\'ilh th~ I'kissilud~s oi th~ st.1t~
budget.
It's th~ S,lme in Calilornia, \\'h~re th~
gOI'~rnur and L~gislature increas~d
slale sales .lnd income lax~s sharply to
prol'ide more .lid to :ocal gOl'ernm~nts,
County oiiici,lls in C.1lifornia think nol
enough \l'as done, and Ihey may be
right. But in making that argument they
are repeating a hard fact of Iile for Cali.
fornia counties: They are atlhe mercy
01 state gOl'ernment finances, If Calilor.
nia's fiscal crisis continues, state officials
might haloe to reconsider the decisions
madeln 1991.
And that's the real point aboutlhe
irreplaceability of the property tax,
Property taxes traditionally hal'e pro.
tected the continuity of the bask ser-
I'ic~s local gOl'ernments prol'jd~-Ia\l'
enlorcement and fire iighting, heallh
and building codes, Iibrari~s, streets,
parks and schools-the basic protec-
tions and structures 01 Am~ric.1n com-
munity fiie, S~nator Bob Jauch 01 Wis.
consin says, "Locals can't d~pend on
state and (~deral gOl'ernm~nts-they'lI
protect their own purses, Communities
need their own sources 01 monev,"
Representatil'e Killy Gurnsey 01 Idaho
emphasizes how dependent local ser.
vices are on property taxes, If a new
, property tax limit passes in Idaho, sh~
predicts "there'll be a hue and cry lor
the state to take ol'er senior citizens
centers and youth programs and sup.
port to libraries,"
Property taxes are ideal (or lunding
basic smices because property taxes are
a stable rel'enue source-one that's
there in bad years and good, not subject
to rapid fluctuations because of a year's
economic change, Richard ).Ialloon, an
economist at the Federal Reserl'e Bank
in Chicago, says that for Midwestern
states the "relatil'e stability of the prop'
erty tax has prol'en to be an adl'antage
during the recent recession."
A lot 01 the fiscal problems states
hal'e had in 1990 and 1991 hal'e
been due to the way personal Income
taxes, sales taxes and corporation in.
come taxes respond to a recession, Col.
lections fall last, As soon as corporate
proiits decline, corporation income tax.
es go into Ireefall. Income tax collec.
tions drop as people are laid 011 or in.
comes are cut. Thrifty buying reduces
sales tax collections,
Property taxes hold up beller, pro.
St.t, Lq;tst'I"CS Dec,mber 1991
viding. .15 ~llll:L'{)1l $lly~,.l "St~llJy. ~Iu.~.
gish r~l'enue sourc~ i"r loc.11 gOI'~rn'
ments," E\'~n if property prices drop.
there's a d~lay befor~ prop~rty laxes reo
f1ect decreased mark~t \'alu~s, The
property lax is unril'al~d as :~~ sourc~
oi a steady rel'~nue Slre.1m :hat can /loat
local gOl'ernment serl'ices through good
and lean times.
As a tax that belongs almost entirely
to local government, it can prol'ide in.
dependence for local gOl'ernments as
well as security. State and lederai gal"
ernments are ;uspectto many Ameri-
cans, ~'lal'or James Howaniec of Lewis.
ton, ).laine, sal'S, "II seems that the fur-
ther one gets Irom local gOl'ernm~nt, the
less accounlable are the elected offi-
cials," Boston ~fayor Raymond Flynn
told Congress in February, "It's a lot dii.
ierent in the neighborhoods listening to
the people than it is silling in the st,lIe.
house li;tening to elected officiais,"
Last winter when the White House
!loated a proposal to replace m billion
in local gOl'ernment grants with new
state block grants, New Orleans ~layor
Sidney Barthelmy, president 01 the Na-
tional Le.lgue 01 Cities, responded that
the proposal was upacceptable: "States'
distribution 01 rel'enue does not meet
the needs 01 municipalities and is oft~n
delayed belore being allocated to us,"
The lrustration behind such mavoral
remarks is atlmt partly due to the
mayors' dependence on state and feder.
alfunding, That in turn is partly due to
local governments' lack 01 taxing power,
and that in turn to reduced reliance on
property taxes. ).Iarbe it's time to reo
turn responsibility for services and taxes
to local governments through greater
use of locally levied property taxes,
That may be the best single way to
make government responsil'e and an.
swerable to the voters, and to make I'ot.
ers understand that services cost some.
one money,
This is' not a suggestion that we go
back to the days of 1902, when 86
cents out 01 every dollar state and 10'
cal governments collected came from
property taxes. That's plainly inap-
propriate in a post-industrial society
where much wealth is intangible,
where knowledge is as important a
source 01 income as a broccoli farm or
a two.(amilv house.
Senator Jauch suggests an appropri-
ate role ior property taxes in today's
system of state and local finance: It
ought to be the foundation of the local
-
-. - . --.'--
-
"
re\"~nu~ syslt.!lll, l1ugm~nled by \llh~r
kinds oi t.1\es ,lnd ;IJI~ ,lid. but still :he
underpinning ior n~cessary 10c,1I s~r'
vices, Georg~ Lllimer agre~s; he points
oulth~ key is not to reI)' on rhe properlY
:JX so much IhJt it ctt!J:es seriou$ fisCJI
disparities .1mong communilies,
Senator Jauch and (ormer ~ra\'or LJt.
imer speak from exp~ri~nce in (Viscon.
sin and ~linnesota. where stale gOl'ern-
ments hal'e elaborate programs 10 limit
the regressivity of property taxes, ~lin-
nesota refunds property tax payments
10 individual taxpayers based on their
incomes, up to a maximum oi SI.IOO.
Wisconsin has an eflectil'e program (or
low-income ta,xpai'vrs, altliough, Jauch
notes, the property tax burden conse-
quently is shiited to middle. and upper.
income taxpayers, And, according to
Jauch, the property tax credits hal'e no
political eliect: "All people look at is
their bill, not their credils,"
It's pointless to hope that the property
tax will em be a popular tax, no mat-
ter how much is done to reliel'e burdens
on low-income and elderly people: all
that mailers is that taxpayers tolerate it.
It's important that they continue to do
that.
The practice 01 decreasing local re-
liance on properly taxes has meant more
than reliel to homeowners, It has im.
posed giant costs on stale fiscal and po-
litical systems,
Reduced reliance on local property
taxes increases the relative importance
of slate taxes that are just not as reliable
a source 01 rel'enue when times get
rough, That can mean tremendous
threats for local governments if state
budgets hm to be cut,
Lawmakers at least should remem.
ber that every dollar they agree to send
as a subsidy to local gOI'ernments in-
creases the likelihood 01 another tax
vote in the legislature.
People who are concerned about the
balance of authority among federal,
stale and local governments should reo
member that the power to tax is not just
the power to destroy, as Justice John
Marshall commented. The power to tax
is also the power to create. Shifting the
tax stream from local gOl'ernments to
state and federal gOl'ernments shilts au.
thoritv as well, IVithout a steadv, reli.
able, strong !low 01 rel'enue, local gal"
ernments cannot govern, And the best
possible source of that power to gOl'ern
is the property tax, ~
39
I'tS~..,,,
~JI_
~ . . .
f ,'" '
r-I'f- -'....""
.' ,', : ,', ' ' ,
\~,;" \, .J ,b',' h".j~ ": " :;:
December 1991
CORRESPONDENCE 5
ON FIRST READING 6
How Wet Is a Wetland?
Study Clearly Links Drugs and Crime
Voters Register Dissatisfaction, Doubt
Education 1I'lJl5 One, Loses One
STATELlNE B
LIMITS STAND IN 12
CALIFORNIA
Bu Dalliel.11. We/1l1rallb
I\'ith the stale's high court ruling, legis-
lators are contemplating life lI'ith lerm
limitations, 01 least unlilthev aooeallo
the US, Supreme Courl, . "
A NEW TWIST FOR 14
STATE TAX POLICY IN 1991
By sIet'ell D. Gold
Looks as if the '90s are signalling a
trend in stale income tax policy-a new
concern for fairness, a little less tender
treatment for the rich.
Sl~lt l.lgi.cl4/urn, lilt Sattonal M1sWnr orSt'lf Co\'tm.
mrnl and Policv, II publlshtd lrIonthly by Ihr NatloNI
Con(nmct of SUit LegiJlltum. Its rudrn Include aU of
the IUllan's .l.Ile ltgliblon. ity trp,IItlve sW', gonr.
nOl1lndD\nnbmofCon
514ft lUllS is lndmd In ,~CSL'I (orn-
AlCrcriztd IfSisllllvt In Iton S)1Ifm. Can Sob
/ FrohUn!.II~ll B~.llOO lor LEGISNET Inlonnlll"
Rrqu"ts for permissIon to rrprinllhould be unllo
Shai'onRJndaU a1NCSt.'s Den\'lTofnct.
DIU ,nd chin es of ad Id-b(jinno~
:-:CSl/M1rhtins pWllmL 1Sb3 Bro.1d\f\'ay. Suitt 700.
Oenm, Colorldo 50201 SubscrlpllollS: U.s.-U9 per
Yllr.lorei!n-lll, Sin!I'''PI' 55,25, OpinloOl'"
pressed In this lNgnlnr do not nectmrily unKt the
pollcyoflheS~lionIICon(erenceof5taleLegI5Ialures,
Copyrighl 0 1991, ~allonal Con(mnce o( Stile Legisla.
lUm. All riShbr_ld, ISSSO\l,.(MI,
Pnioolc.ally, SCSL lenU INiUng laDtls 10 oUlslde (Omra'
nlesor orgnltllloM. II you \\'ould prtfcr lhal your
rum' nol tit UKd for thlt P\Ir'rcse. plu~ stnd a lI'nllrR
ftqursllO: SCSL/Muh1lng Depanmrnl, 1!60 Dload.
way,Suilri'OO,DtIWrr,Colorado SOJJ2.
Slal.l.egisl.lUI1S IJ<<ember 1991
St\TE
LEGISUITURES
.\'JlIi,\IlJJCOnftrrn(t\JiSWtltSrlIJlurtS~
Cover: Bruce HIlI~~mJn iar St.tle Legislatures
REVENUE.RAISING 11
PARTNERS
By Jllml'; Ed:1'i!, .\l'~ .md Ill/Ill Sl/lllll/llll
Slate and 10(,11 ~ol'ernments, dosestto
home, provide :he sen'ices most \'isible
and most imFlJrtant to ItlXpayers.
TOO MANY NEEDS, 20
TOO L1nLE MONEY
By ROI/'ll.i K, 5111'11
States hm been Irying 10 make up the
rel'enue lost to local governments since
the federal government bowed out, but
ii's gelting harder, and no relief is in
sighl,
CITIES IN TROUBLE 24
By Scott ,~IIl(k,y
The palmy days of Model Cities are
long gone, and Ihe st,lles can'l iillthe
funding gap, To survive today, cities
may hm to help Ihemselves. '
IlIcuflve DI"c1or
WUli.lmT,PounJ
Dlr.ctor of Publlcallo", and ldUor
KartnHA::SCI
- .~.
Managing Idllor
51'1.1NnRAnJ~11
Anlllanlldllon
,K.\:enf:lh<1 '
. tafieu~'i
ralnaa \\'lJnnj:~t
Contributors
B.u~~ra F~'fltr
Pam Cr\'t~,N:~
~bnlu ,,:~~ .
l..Im"lm~,JI
)Im,,!"'!
CuIT:':::-'il~':
Deb\\'ahw::.\n
Art Director
BMrIMJI'mJn
"
Volume 17, No. 12
SCHOOL FINANCE DEBATtS 29
COME TO SHERWOOD FOREST
By sIerm D, Gold
Fierce baltles om schemes 10 redis-
tribute school funds are raging and Ihe
war for equity isn't om,
WHEN LOCAL BUSINESS 32
BECOMES STATE BUSINESS
By 5,'011 Mack':1
Although quick 10 complain about ied-
eral mand,lles, states impose many re-
quirements on local go\'ernments-
causing considerable friction,
THE TAX THE PUBLIC 31
LOVES TO HATE
By ROIlIlIIi K. 5",/1
Although sometimes called unfair, Ihe
property tax stabilizes local finances
and alloll's locai governments 10 control
Iheir own aifairs.
OPINION 40
,Public campaign financing doesn't
work, writes Majority Leader Dm
Travis, Wisconsin Assembly.
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 42
Mark.tlng and CI"ulallu Manaser
G,i1LJol
AdVtrthln9 501.. Rtprutnfatln
~lIchdle ~facarln~v
Andrtw IMin9 .
Dtnver OffiCI
lS60Bro.1J\\'A\',SulteiOO
Dtn\'et,CoIM~do 5O~O~
IlIlllllll-llOO
W"hlngl.nOffIl.
l+I SonhC'riloISlled,S,IY,
Sull.;oo
Wuhinglcn,D.C.:roJ1
I~O~16~4-:400
Prtlldtnt
5peAl~r
IcknManln
Maine
3
""-115~'-"-
I, ~~I ' 't'-I", I' -,.'~ - , .
, " ", .,., , ", '
~ J. ' .', ; - ... '
I,":";';", ',,'_' ,:,~, I~,', ",- "" ",,~
.' ' ',,-
: 2CDr.sMQI~ESSt~D^YR[G1STtR.JtSE7.199'Z
/J J " ~.,-1 ,: ~
i,14~ .u;'C'U1 l:I~uo.. (.1.)1........
. a
'f1n-{ik.
OPINION
,A n(}lose proposition for Iowa
Concentrating on quality of life
ion mil llld the California (jald
RllIh got all til. pllbUdl)',bu' Il1ey
were no match rOf the Nth inlo
lowL
think tbout thll. For that one
brier moment in h13lory, lowI was
~rhapsthelllO:lt5OU&ht.ilttrplace
onEatth.Aloto(peoplewlJludlo
be here iMre 00 any olher place In
lheworld.llhlnkalxlUtiUometimtS
whtn welalk ilboutlowl's problem
UXlI)'bcin&ju.!ttheoppositt-peo.
pIe leavU\& townsdecllning.
Why did people willI to come
here? It wulhe !and,at coone.lowl
wUllandotabundlJltt. P~ple
thoo!h'll1ey_buIId I good UI.
hm.1l wulllirnpl...thIL
~y gn.'great.pndflll<r Will
fumr. IUJson, mygrelt.&randra.
west. My IlIctStOf1-andmaybe ther,wentorrtotheC!vIIWu,and
youn - wen put of an anwin& then returned to become I rarmer,
happening. People flocked to low.. 100. And when the Urn! came, my
. Thlm who witnessed It were abso-. grandfather look a bride and moved
luulyutonbhed. I tewLOII'MhlpsovertoaCarmofhls
A long time ago when I wu doing own,
tome ~ardI on Iowa history, 1 ran Thing.! started to change whtnmy
ICI"l:lMthI5quottfromtheOskaloosa dadwugrowingup,Thell1ctOrand
nn..,lnlheyearlll6l,-From.ltly hybod l<ed ,"'. ~olll, I' ~dn',
momln' un nlglMall, the covered taler IS fIWIy fa.nr.m to reed the na.
wl30ns an pUllns through this lion anymore, My d.d moved 10
p1ace,"~writftmeantItUtera11y, town and worked In I 11C'tOl')',lIe
You coWd!lton lhe fronllXlrth and llIdmy mom worked hard~ I could
Wlldlcovmd wagougobyaU day go~colltg...ndli'<:1lnv",d~lhe
lon&, JtlteClJlllll. I work In anofncelnl
Itwuea1lldtheGreu>>Jgral:lon. llIMIpoUtanlltL
whkh'll'UlpreaylCClJlllt~P. nw'!tor\oflhehlstoryofloWl
tlon, That Olkalooal wriUr wasn't In InUf3hell. Front fann 10 fwry to
theonlyoaeloootlct,TheBur!1nS' metro Ifta, Sow we'rt It I point
ton Teltgraph e5tlJnaUrd tha120,OOO where Des Molnts and JOM!oOn
lnunlgranu.." PWInI U:rougil 1l!!n!I1nd1(ewolherlrelllredo-
lhIldlyev.ry_ThrKeokuk IngquiunlceIy,bol,,,,,,U""'gil
D1spatdl wrote that "no one can tootfsettl\ed!cllnealmostevery-
1n,,1 up and downlhe MlMlsalp~ where.1l! In 10WL lowl b aIIpplng
'wltJoootbeIngUW1iJl<d.lhelm- In,,,enI,,,",,,,In,,iIlIon~lhe
: mlgraUon ",,""Uy pouring In~ not of lhe!llllon, All tile lI>IngI..
,!oWlfromaUpartJofthemuntry." 1lIteabootJowa-lheptll.achooLt,
The Dubuq\l! Repmu ailed It "an the Cine unlvenlllu, the small
endleu proceslJon, ,'. I mighty tom, lhe comfortable stlndardof
,lI11lyo(InVulol\" UvIng-lrelnjolplldYIl!onl1l
, You NY know thll when editor our ealoomy b growln& at I dower
; llonceGretleypop1lariltdlhesay. ratethanwl\ltionunrhole,
: Ing"Gow....youngman,"Iie"l)' lnereulngiy..wlUnolb..bl.~
,.lIkely had Iowa In mlnd. Betwetn atfordthel\Wll'ltrofUvlngtowhlch
1860 llId 1860 lhe popullllon of we hive betn lCCIlStOmed, You can
'loWlmorethantrlpled,Thtnltnear. ~ltlntheLegi!llture,wherethe
Iy doubled &pin between 1860 lIld only qu~Uon belnS liked lJ: What
1810,evenwlththeClvlIWulnthat can we do w1thoul11'd tetlllot
d~ade, TothJJ~ay,thelXlpulltlon, belter IlthequutJonbelng liked
explO8lOnlnlo,,"aduringUwyean WI!: Whal!hould we ~ doing that
. remaln!one of the most ft/lW'kable we'renol!
even151n Ameriw history, The Ore- 1I0w Me we <<oln<< 10 reverse
IlIlCllAlllDOlll
I'm a flMiener.
lIioolowln.l've
UVedheftallmy
Ufe, If you were
born In Iowa,
you mlyhlve I
family history
notmuchdifrer'
entlrommine,
My 'grut'
srut,grantlfJ.
lherbro>1lh'hb(lmIlJ~J..prr
c:..m~lnlhemJd.18lOatI\Jll\0IlI0,
Tha~wuthetyplcaJpatlU1\ofset.
U""",lnlhoeedays-...nd-and
thIrd'leneratlon Arnerlcw coming
heretrom5UteSoftheOld~orth,
____.. '." . ..' ..' -,0
10Wl't decline'! I'm prttt)'sureyou
don't do ItJun by tuttlngbudgeu
andnothlngel5e,
Sowhaldowedo~Thlnlcbac](to
thai. time wilen the lowapopulalion
wugrowlngbyleap,andbounds,
be(a~ 10ll'a WI! perceh'ed il! mE
plmin Amenca to live abetttr Ufe,
Why don'~ we set out aglln to make
lowalhe kind or pllce that I! per.
ceh'edi3oneoflhebe!1 plact!on
Eanh to li\'e'! Why don't we con'
!Ciously !.e~aOOut trying to do tho!.e
tltlngs herelhlt wWmake people
junllchto U\'ehe:re?
Il b an ovUllmpunC5llo~ I krow,
butltbnotju!tcoinddtncethatthe
groVothreglonsofthLtcountl'Y hap.
pen to be theregionsthalpeople per.
celve uofferlng the good Ule, caU.
fornll, florida. New England,
MIM"'lI. Th. Rocky ~OWI_,
Alewyeanago I wrotealeri~on
rural economic de\'elopment, and
some of the people 1 Interviewed
wert with the USDA's EconomlcRe-
!CarchServlcttn Washington, The)'
do a lot of work on nual demograph.
lc!' and have these maps tha1 !how
In red wherner populatlonloss is
occurring, ThertarehugtswatCheJ
ofred aUoverlhe wesumCom Belt.
allover AppalachlL over the Grtlt
PllirJ, the roral Soulh, But every
onct In I while right In lhe middle of
lheredlhe~'dbeUllitdou.(w~u,
Evrnlnlhe_depr!llO<lf!\lolU,
therewerepatche5ofgrowth,
Look It lhose dOt!cIOH up, and
you would U!ually nnd a lue, or
some mounulnmlery, orsomeoth-
er element thu made that place per-
er!vrdll.goolpilce~Uve,N~1i1
of them are In wanncl1rrwe5, North.
emMlchlganandl~ofother5potS
IntheSortharedoln&weU,
Again,lkoowlt'sanoverslmpUn.
caUon. Thel't!"more to economlc de-
velopmentthan ofrerlng the 800d
ure. But I dothlnk that hu bcen I
neiltcttdtlCttofeconomlcdevelop.
ment In Iowa, Growth o<<urs In
~~~ that :Ie think are Nt! to
CertainlY t mll51 be one lactOr
InJohMon~unty'sSUt\'C55, Inaddl,
Uontotheemploymenttheunlversl.
l)'andtil.l>oopltal5provld.,til'Pre-
sell!t of the unh'enlty atmMphere,
IhelakeandreservolrJu5touulde
town, the Amini Qllonl1'5JlUtdown
the road,the beauUful IOlVll valley,
lmake uus an exutmely nit! place tal
lIve,reoPledon'tjustlolera.tellfel
here:theyW..I"STtollv@here I
The RegUter publlshed a series of
edltorialsl~t fallsuUC5tlngthal
thi!conC\!plofmaklnglowBa~<<er
pla(t!oll\'e!houldbemo\'edlolhe
heart of lowa'seconomlc-dmlop.
menteffolU,ill5teaaofleftonlhe
fringes,Wecnllltthequallty~f.Ufe
strateg)',
It requires a change in lhlnking
aboulwhat'smostlmportlllt,lfyou
have a limited amount or money to
5ptnd,jultmlybeltbpoMlblethlt.
that money b better spent on build.
Ingblke trails In your town to en,
IwIctthequalllyorUIeforgenera,
tlolU to come,In.SlCad ofglvlng an
Incentlveto. fac:torythltmlght pull
UP!takesnextyeu.r~r/lUt"""tl)
1I0w can Iowa be!tenhanct! Its
quaIllyofUre~OuredltorialaIA5tfaU
tcmed out50meldeu, You may have
50me better ont!. Iowa doesn't have
mounlallU,and we don't have sea,
shores. But wllhout a lot ofetfort,
we could bewme the biking and hlk.
lnluall capltaloflhe nation.
We have two of the most magnln.
ctntrh'enonEnrthonourborders,
They haveblutts, wlldUre, ptctur.
esquevlllagu, Why can't they be
wmedinlothrfunctlonalequiVa,
lents of national parks~ They rould
beworld-clwlttractlol\!,lowaonce
/W1vutwetlandJandpralMesthat
ca.nbelW1iallyrtStOred,Wecanfto
C5tlblbh forests In touthem Iowa
andcre.telhanlw~lndu5tryln
tilep""""
We've gotamaU.town UvIn& I life-
nyle lhat I Iotofpeople long for. but
it could 'be even better, We could be-
comeamodelforthenatlonlnmat.
lng new fOn1\! of locIl government
u..'\1elpbolllduu.communll)',
Let me lellve you with one
thought. Qlncentn.t!ng forelOO!lt on
thequallty of life In IhlsSlaLe U 11\0'
losestJ'lugy, It can't be any worse
than what we've been doing, And
even If It falb to I't5lOre growth to
lowl,ltwill make thb I belter place
forthoseofU!whowantlOgoonllv.
Ingh.",
IICHlIDDDIK"dtpu~"""'otn.
RtViJlIr'ltdUoMlpagtJ, 111itiJJrom
lIrtCrlllspfflhklihllOlLlJCityAI'1'd
Chombrr 01 Cornmtre, Communll.,
UudmA/pProgro..
---:l
1'I!7
"' . ,
,. , t:1 C/: It:...,:''~l.. }d ' ',', ,-
I r 1'.',1 ., h " (.D , ,
~..~. ,~_, '. ....:..~". ',~'. . 1-""'"'. ,'.' I , ~
I
"
THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
June 18, 1992
Bill Ambri sco
Darre1 Courtney
Susan Horowitz
Karen Kubby
Dear City Council,
Yesterday's Daily Iowan carried a short article regarding the request from
some folks in Benton County, that you join them in opposition to a fly ash
landfill proposed for their area. I have had some experience with fly ash and
landfills and suggest that you be cautious about such support. It was implied
that fly ash is a quite toxic or hazardous substance. However, it is
classified as a non-hazardous waste by both IDNR and USEPA. A few years ago I
studied groundwater around several old fly ash dump sites and found very
little contamination, even though they were carelessly built (copy enclosed).
I have been involved with landfill design on a professional basis and suggest
that a modern fly ash landfill, built to modern specifications and properly
operated, will have no measurable effect on groundwater and very little
effect upon surface water. It is true that fish will die if placed in fly
ash, but this fs a meaningless scare tactic. Fish will also die if placed in
vinegar, blood, beer, ketchup, flour, sawdust, ---, but it hardly proves that
any of these are toxic substances. In general, the fears expressed are a bit
overblown.
Randy Larson
John McDonald
Naomi Novi ck
This is not to say that a fly ash landfill is without consequence or
potential problems. The heavy truck traffic created by delivery to the site
is probably more dangerous than all other risks combined. And who should bear
these risks? I propose that in a democratic society, that the risks of a
landfill site belong within the area of the people being served. For electric
utility fly ash, this service area is easily defined. Therefore, I suggest
that if the proposed landfill site is outside the utility service area which
is creating the ash, then there is good reason to join in opposition to it.
But if it is located within its own service area, then I would be inclined to
only encourage the concerned neighbors to get into serious energy conservation
to reduce their ash volume, attempt to locate markets to recycle the ash
(which will prove difficult), and perhaps attempt to locate a better geologic
setting for a landfill within their area. "There is no free lunch."
Sincerely,
~~
Lon D. Drake
Professor of Geology
gg
enc.
xc: Melinda McCarty
Iowa Clly, low. 52242
DeparunenlorCeology
Trowbridge H~I
319/335,1818
FAX 319/335,1821
i'/Sf
( , ,
IT - ,- 1-" -
:' 11:1 :t"I' L: ,d, 'TV' ~
',"1,',(. f' ILL, ',-.' " )
f _-',' .- ,,!-, '." . ,,"
Xlllh Nallonal Sympoalum on Mining
UnlVers,ly 01 Kentucky, Lallngton, Kantucky 40506-0046, Septembar /2,27, 1991
;\
,
Self-Attenuation of Fly Ash Landfill Leachates
Or. Lon 0, Drake, Professor
Department of Geology
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA 52242
~
The hydrogeology of two coal fly ash landfills was studied
In eastern Iowa, These sites were selected to span a range of
leakage conditions. The slow-flow site was dammed and
contained a paste of slIt-sized fly ash produced from Illinois
coal. The fast.flow site was not dammed and comprised of
coarse gritty fly ash and bottom ash from mixed mldwestern
coals, Both landfills were emplaced decades ago In upland
ravines, where groundwater recharges locally, flows
subhorizontally and discharges Into surface waters a few
hundred feet downvalley.
Leachate plumes generated within both landfills are
slightly alkaline calcium-sulphate type waters. At their
origins, inside the landfills, these plumes exceed drinking
water standards and recommendations for common anions and
cations. They also have detectable levels of Se, Sr, LI, Be,
B, Ho, As, Zn, Ra-226 and Ra-22B. After flowing a few hundred
feet through undisturbed loess (slits), the Ionic
concentrations of the plumes are partially attenuated by
adsorption, chemical precipitation, filtration and dilution.
At their discharge area Into surface waters, these plumes meet
drinking water recommendations for trace elements, but still
contain elevated levels of common Ions like Ca, Ha, Hg, 504
and C1. In general, these plumes are more benign and also
self.attenuate more rapidly than those from municipal refuse
landfllls In the area. Calculation of dilution factors
indicates no recognizable environmental hazard after the
plumes enter upland surface waters, Flow as groundwater for a
few hundred feet through shallow loess followed by discharge
is in effect a treatment system, If remediation were mandated
for these sites, the technology of choice would probably be
pump.and-treat, which would extract some of the trace metals
for disposal In another landflll and discharge the soluble
common Ions into a nearby dralnageway. The existing condition
is arguably a more permanent and desirable environmental
solution,
Key Words: groundwater, fly ash, leachate, heavy metals,
treatment
Suggested Topical Areas: Groundwater, Water Quality,
Regulatory Impacts
"
,
Introduct Ion
It,js well established that coal contains a
diversity of trace ele.ents, Including heavy
metals. Additional traces are acquired during
mining and handling, During combustion of the
coal in power plants these elements are
concentrated in the1fjrnace residues, mainly fly
ash and bottom ash.' Estimates of coal
combustion residues leeR) produced in the USA
133
It/Sf
i ,- ~- " - I' - '
, 'J ' ' I '
( ~<I ' t1 '1::1, .i'c:,", , : tf, :,
_':": "-.. -. - ,rr-~ ,",'
1u"ng the mt 1ecldt were in the r1nge of 63.68
o,::lon tons/year and proba~ll approach 100
.llIlon tons for this ynr,' These Quantities
'I( exceed all economic uses thlt have leen
:e'I!looed and mosl of the CCR Is permanently
stm~ In hgoons or hndfllled, CCR is_ngt
defIned as a hazardous waste by the tPA;"o
al:hougn concentrlted leachates from coal ash have
been 1emonstrate1 to have toxicological effects on
laooratory fl sh. On the other hand, the
concentration of deleterious elements Is
sufficiently low that fly ash ha~ gften been
reconmended IS a 5011 amendment, ,9 where It
serves as a substitute for agricultural lime.
Until the hst decade, a COnlllon disposal
method in the mldwest was to dike an upland gully
or ravine, fill it with ash and cap with a thin
soil cover, The purpose of this project is to
study the effects of this disposal method upon
groundwater and to evaluate whether remediation
would be worthwhile.
Two upland ravine sites with different
hydrogeologic characteristics were selected in
eastern Iowa, Both were already decades old, with
effects uPon groundwater already established. The
Montoel ler site contains fine'grained CCR and Is
amphced in a silty (loess) landscape, so
groundwater saturates much of the landfill and
flow rates are slow, The Iowa CitV site contains
NORTHWEST
700'
eso'
eeo'
e70'
eeo'
e50'
e40'
a coarse. gritty CCR and Is In a sandy hndscaoe
so groundwater does not saturate most of the
hndflll and flow rates are rapid.
i\
~
The geologic setting was studied WIth dozens
of soil borings in and around each site,
sUDplemented with sampling of nearby roadcuts and
outcrops. The geology is su~arlzed on figures I
and 1. whicn are cross.sections along each ra,lne
axis,
At the Hontpeller site. the CCR was emplaced
behind an embankment dam as a pasty sludge,
between 1964 and 1973. Grain size analysis on my
boring samples indicates that It is a sandy silt.
The coal source was southern Illinois and the CCR
was mainly fly ash scrubber sludge. Lime had leen
added during combustion to capture sulphur so the
CCR contains considerable gypsum. The site was
capped with 1 to 3 feet of 5011 and seeded as
pasture. The CCR Is emplaced over silty loess
which overlies clay-rich ghclal tll1. On the
sides of the hndfill In some areas (outside tne
plane of figure 1) the loess was completely
removed for dam construction and the CCR rests
directly on the tll1. Note on figure 1 that tne
lower 1/3 of the CCR Is now beneath the water
table.
SOUTHEAST
I
','
...... '"...
, "
....
. ,
.....,.. ........:..;:...':...... ':";":'"
:~ ::"~ ...: ',~' , .. . .
" ','
......
e30'
LEGEND
:0 COVER
0 CCR
0 LOESS
~n\;,q TILL
'.'A""~,J"':
0 SANDSTONE
__2__ WATER TABLE
T
MONITORING WELL
20'
10'~
o ' 50' 100' 200'
Figure 1. Geologic cross-section, Hontpelier site
~"'..., "
',' " ..,
\) ~.." '
_M_"
134
-
- ,
(:, 't-/". ..'t-"I.~:-',th' "-. '., , ' ',::-t . ,\-. ::)
i " ," , 'I V ""
t .,' "i. .,,' , "I ,'_ . . \ ..._"
~:.~ .,~"'. ,'_' .~,. .--:-:, l-". ,
At the Iowa City site, dumping of CCR Into the
upland ravine began sporadlcllly about 1962 and
continued steadily from 1968 to 198\. This CCR Is
I mix of bottom ash plus fly ISh. It Is a COlrse
gritty grlnullr materill with Ibundant clinker
chunks from In old chlln'9rlte stoler furnace,
The cOil WIS obtained from diverse sources over
the years, Including Iowa, Klssourl Ind Illinois.
The deposit Ilso contains I few percent rubbish,
mainly demolition debris Ind IIndscapln9
trimmings, The CCR was dumped Into I ravine
aiready overgrown with brush and trees Ind these
are also within the deposit (mostly near the
bottom), No dam was needed to structurally
contain the CCR, although during heavy rains a
small amount was washed Into the small creek
below. In 1987 the filled ravine surface was
reShaped slightly into a series of terraces,
covered with several feet of dirt and converted
into a parking lot, As IIl'Jstrated on Figure 2,
the CCR is emplaced within a silty loess unit
which contains a thick wedge of dune sand.
Clay-rich glacial till underlies the landfill.
Note that this CCR and Its enclosin9 sediments are
Quite free-draining and the water table only
extends up Into the base of the C\~ 1iposit,
Additional details are available. '
WEST
Hvdroaeoloav
A total of 12 shallow monitoring wells .ere
Installed around Ind within the Kontpelier site.
"ith a maxi.,. of 14 operational at anyone time,
Groundwater monitoring and sampling spanned 1983
through 1987, During this time some wells were
damaged and new ones emplaced. The potentiometriC
surface In sUlllller of 1984 is illustrated on Figure
3. Groundwater flows into the landfill from the
north end. combines with rainfall recharge within
the landfill, flows beneath and through the base
of the dam and partially discharges Into the farm
pond downvalley. The clayey till beneath has an
estimated hydraulic conductivity ('K') about 1
orders of magnitude less than thaI of the Silty
loess Ind silty CCR (K silts -10- cm/sec, K
clayey till _10'6 cm/see). Therefore the downward
component of groundwater flow is minor,
At the Iowa City site a total of 28 monitoring
wells were installed between 1983 and 1987,
Including some replacements and specialty
Installations, The summer of 1984 potentiometric
surface is illustrated on Figure 4. Near the base
of the landfill, groundwater enters from the
uphill side, combines with ra I nfa 11 recharge
EAST
LEGEND
0 SILT I LOESS _51__ WATER TABLE
CITill] DUNE SAND MONITORING WELL
.......... T
0 C C R
~ TILL
~ LIMESTONE
Figure 2, Geologic cross. section, Iowa City site
135
II/Sf
,
i ,- -, -, 1'7~ . ,',
i ,"-,." ,",,'
!,: v.l tJ LJ. ' I~, . ~ ":"
',_. ,,-.. .. '
\
\
;t:' \. ~u
I ~-_~~
""... '''I
, 'Il ..8S8'
C 11 ~_.,..
E \ \, .....-, : :7
g ~I I ~
oS,. ~__, \ ~~
-Z~;:/l:.~ I,__..{ 0
; , ~
/0 1\ I,,____.J...~-m'
t \J..... ........-870'
~ I ........0___ ......--ees'
\ 0--880'
\ ",I::.
/'t~ 08
200' ol\~
, / I 'Q
I
,
I
@
200' 0
~---
scal.
Figure 3, Potentiometric surface, Montpelier site
through the CCR, flows under the railroad berm and
discharges Into the small fIrst order stream In
the valley below. The CCR ha! an estimated
hydraulic conductivity of 10' cm/sec and a
significant portion of the annual rainfall
probably recharged t~e landfill area before its
conversion to a parking lot. The hydraulic
conductivity of6the clay-till below Is estimated
to be about 10- cm/sec, so the downward flow
component within the system is minor.
Both sites have well developed geochemical
plumes of the common Ions expected to be leached
from CCR. One example Is illustrated on Figure 5.
In this example the sulfate levels Increase
steadily from the perimeter of the landfill In the
downflow direction, and are swept (south) by the
groundwater flow toward the discharge zone,
Additionalldelails on common Ion distributions are
available. I, Z
Trace Elements
In the summer of 1986 a more chemically
complete sampling program was Initiated at both
~r~:~ \,
Ii
LEGEND
I::. U . UPGRADIENT MONITORING WELL
I::. M . MAXIMUM LEACHATE WELL
I::. D . DOWNGRADIENT MONITORING WELL
o . OTHER MONITORING WELLS
::::::> . GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION
TT"T"mT . LANDFILL PERIMETER
sites to evaluate the trace elements. Using the
previous studies cited above as a guide, three
sampling wells were Installed at each site. An
'upgradlent' well sampled the quality of native
groundwater before It entered the CCR. A 'maximum
leachate' well was positioned to obtain a sample
of the most severely degraded water within the
plumes. A 'downgradlent' well sampled the
groundwater after It had departed the landfill and
before It reached the nearby discharge zone,
These wells are shown on Figures 3 and 4 with
labeled triangles.
At the Montpelier site a pod of CCR Is built
Into the dam, probably from careless construction
practices. and indicating that the dam was being
built while CCR was being deposited. At the
downflow edge of the dam near this pod, a small
spring emerges and supports a little cattail
swamp, A shallow pit was dug Into this swamp,
balled dry and sampled for trace element analysis,
The groundwater sampling protocol used was the
standard method recommended by the Iowa ONR at
136
, ,
i '1-/' 't-I - Ie.. ",-, ,C,t, ': f "
I ' I"'~ ' I' , .-:"', ,V ~:,
i I. .;;...:.. I~. 4" -, . ,0'
. '-., .-~'. '
.
j
i
I
,
i
l
!
~
. .
I
I
Uti 0 0
\ \
\ I
\ c::::;> I
~\ \
\ \
\ \
o \ \
\ 0\0
@
200' 0
~---
JClle
200'
,
Figure 4, Potentiometric surface, Iowa City site
that time, Including decontaminating bailers,
bailing 3 pipe volumes before sampling, cool
storage, samples.to lab In less than 24 hours,
field blanks etc: Plastic pipe and equipment was
used throughout, to reduce metal contamination.
The one standard procedure not followed was field
filtration. The 'maximum leachate' samples had
such a high total dissolved solids content that
they were slightly slimy and clogged the 0.45
micron m1111pore field filter, Therefore all of
the samples were only coarse-filtered (5 microns)
In the field, Similar problems were encountered
in the lab and the samples were fine-filtered with
considerable difficulty. Some small fraction of
trace metals might have been removed with the
slime, but the laboratory (University of Iowa
Hygenlc lab. EPA approved) did not consider It a
serious problem. The field blanks were deionized
distilled water bailed from a large nalgene carboy
using the decontaminated bailer and proceeding
through the same protocol as the we 11 samples.
!\
-t
J
57S' \ 0 57S'
I 0 I
\ \ \
\ \0\ \
\ J( \
\ \} \
\ \ D\ I
" \ . b
\ \ \01
1 '0 I
.....
\
)
\
\,
5eS'
\ \
\ 72S'
7h'0
\
71S'
LEGEND
,
tiu . UPGRADIENT MONITORING WELL ,
I
tiM . MAXIMUM LEACHATE WELL
ti D . DOWN GRADIENT MONITORING WELL
'0 . OTHER MONITORING WELLS
c:::::> . GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION
'lT1TTlT . LANDFILL PERIMETER
-"'-? . STREAM
_. RAILROAD
The analyses for the common Ions and bulk
parameters of this sampling are listed on Table 1,
while the trace elements are on Table 2. Element
and radical analysis unlts,on the Tables are In
mg/l and radiation measurements (alpha and beta)
are in picocuries/1. The 3 blanks Indicate that
contamination and cross-contamination was small,
WI\h one exception, all the blank trace elements
were in less-than.detectable concentrations.
However, 1.2 mg/l of radium 228 was reported for
the Hontpelier blank and It Is not known whether
this is field contamination or a lab error (the
sampling could not be repeated),
The 'upgradient' groundwater analyses from
both sites are mostly as expected. Calcite
(CaC031 is a ubiquitous moderately soluable
mineral in the nallve loesses of eastern Iowa and
the shallow groundwaters are moderately hard
calcium.bicarbonate types of water, The Hg, Fe,
Hn, 5)02 and traces of Ba are also attributable to
.!
137
I'I~f
""
....,...
..... ....". ... ~~
~
(. t~1 cl,' I~,' ',:;-, . n' ~ '. ,:
'/1 I ' I _ .-- ,
' -' . ---.' - . , .
200' 0
r--_-_
scale
200'
,
'\
\
\
\
\
@
LEGEND
CONTOUR INTERVAL'400 MGlLOO4--
LANDFILL PERIMETER ;
rnmn, . i
"
Figure 5. Sulfate Isoconcentrations; Hontpeller site
Table 1. Common Cations and Anions
low. City NMlotlltr
I
, "
I " ; " ;
C~lIIlul Om , , ; , " :E
" .
InltHllgr... . 'l . -; If
u ~ ~ . U ':! ~
Ptr Llur ~ l ~ --
x . ~ x ,
. . :t.; ~.;. ~
~~ "
,..'" 5,7 7,1 7.5 6.1 6.1 6,6 1.0 1.1 1.6 6.7 1I,0.a,5
'hldr~. lU"l: IU'e IS,6'C IS.J'e 17."e 16.9't 17,"c 1'.S'C U,6'C ZI"t
$pt(iflcCord. '1'1 ... l400 I 10 lIe lloe /ICO /'00 IS
'i1WiGl,_nllill III 11/0 SOlO I /6 104 SOlO 1040 1100 110 lCO
:! HIra'4n(c..co,) III "10 1110 Sl,S 1,1 III 1110 lUO 1600 1,0
PAlk.lInltv l 0 0 0 0 I, 0 0 IS 0
- Total Alk.tlnhy III '10 ... l,D / l!l 1Il lOI /4l .
, I l.1 7l ',l ~.I cO.S cO,l 'I ',7 ,/ cO,1
.. I 10 110 110 ~.S cO,l 10 SO /I II 'O.S
" I 11 SI'I 110 1.1 1.6 110 710 no '10 1,/
" I IS ilO '" /,S 1,0 n 140 110 .0,1
'" I 0,01 1,7 1,7 ~.Ol 10.02 0,0/ 0.01 16 1/ 0.01 O.OS
Sol,,. I 0,&1 0,07 0," ~,01 cO,02 ,0.02 -0.02 J,ll 0.26 cO.02 0,1
IS \
''I 0,' ~,l ~,I cO,1 6,/ ',6 10.1 0,4 cO.\ 'S i
, 0.11 O.IS 0,1l cO,1 '0,1 0,' 0./ 0" 0.1 _0.1 1./
" 1.0 lco 100 cO.5 cO,S I 10 II " cO.S 1lO
10, ICO "" 1600 "0,1 "0,1 !l 1700 1200 noo 1,1 ISO
"'1 141 lCO ,,,' l,/06 1.44 '10 1~ 167 /16 1
"l 1.6 0 0 0 0 10,a 0 0 10 0
Toul eN cO,OI -0,01 fO.01 -0,01 co.O\ ,a.ol cO,Ol .0.0\ cO." 0,01 ',I
SOI~I.p 0.01 0,01 0.01 0,01 0.01 0.0\ C.O\ 0,01
IIUS cO.1 cO.l ~.l cO.1 cO.\ cO.\ cO.\ cO.\ cO.\ 0,1 O,S
Sllle. II 1/ Il 0,6 o.s /1 14 " 10 0.1
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I 1001,Chy '~tOfII.r
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Chelle.IOll.! " -
Inlllllio'_l - ; - ;
PI' ~lt.r, I ; ~ ; . - ,
~ , If "
AtD'l., hi' I , ;:
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InPtcocurl.. I , " : ~
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"rllt,r I ~ . ~ 5 -: :I Utn ,
I .~ 0 ~
AI I 10,01 cO.O\ 10,01 '0.01 <0.01 co.ol ,4,01 CO.O\ .0,01 '0.01 O.OS
" I 0,10 O.OS 0." <0.05 <O.OS 0.08 ~O.05 0.1' 0.15 <O.OS "0
'" I cO.oal cO.OOI cO.OOI ctl.OOl cO.lXIl <O.OOt cU01 cO.OOl cO.OOI to.COI 0,01
Ct I <0.01 cO.01 ((l,OI cO.Ol CO.O! 0.01 cO.a1 <1.01 cO.Ol cO,Ol O.OS
Cu I '0.01 ~O.OI cO,DI cO.Ol cO.OI 0.01 0.01 0,01 cO.OI 0.02 1.0
PO I to.ot cO.OI cO.Ol cO.Ol cO.OI (0.01 eMl cO.Ol cO.01 cO,OI O.OS
'1 I cO.DOI .0.001 ((l,COI -0,001 cO.OOl la.DOt <0.001 <1),001 cO.OOl cO.OOI .00/
" I (0.01 cO.Ol ctl.Ol cO.Ot cO.Ol 0,02 cO,OI cO,t'll <O.OS 0.01
II I cO.01 cO.Ol cO,Ol cO.Ol cO.Ol ~o.o, <0.01 lCl,Dl cO.Ol (0.01 O,OS
In I 0,02 0.02 (Q.DI cO.DI cO.DI (Q.DI ~.DI (Q.D1 cO.OI (Q.Dl 5.0
" I <o,OS cD.I -0.1 <0.1 <O.OS cD.DS <O.OS <o,OS (Q.OS cD.OS
5' I 0.12 I.S Q.~Z 10.02 <O.Ol D.l4 /,5 0.5 I.S (Q.02
" I /./ t9.'lI <0,1 <0.1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0.\ 0.11 <0.1
1I I <0.1 /,1 (Q.DI cO.OI (Q.DI cO.Ol 0.02 cO.DI cO.DI cO.al
I. I 0.02 cO.DI (Q.OZ to.DZ <O,Ol cD.DZ .0.02 cD.02 cO.D2 (Q.OZ
, I <O,OS 50 /6 .D.OS <o,OS <O.OS 30 (Q.D2 za cO.05 \.0
t, I CO.OZ to.2 O.OS cO.02 <O.Ol cO.D2 cO.D2 ctI.02 ctI.02 cO.02
" I <0.2 10.2 <0./ cO.2 <0./ <0,/ to.2 <0./ to.l cO.2
y I <0.\ <0,1 to.1 <0,1 <0,1 <0.\ 0.12 'cO. 1 to.l <0.1
.. I <O,OS 0." 0." cO.05 <O.OS 0." 1.7 0.17 0.61 to.DS
GrouAlc:II. <0,4 1/ 3 cO.3 <0./ 5 55 cO.2 3 cO.l I IS
liron hu 2S 35 I 17 <0.1 3 90 11 56 cO.9 I
..226 O.S 0,4 <0,/ 0,/ <0./ <0./ 0.3 0.2 0.3 cO,2 I
..228 cl.O 5.7 cl.O c1.0 cl,O 1.6 cl.D /.1 <0.' 1,/ I
"90 cl,2 cl.2 cl.2 cl,2 c1.2 I 10
minerals In the native loess (whIch was derived
mainly from local limestonel. Fertilizer has been
applied for decades to both upland watersheds,
which at least partially accounts for the observed
levels of NOl' Cl, K and soluble P. Traces 01 Cr,
Cu, Sr and Ho were detected In the upgradient
Hontpeller groundwater, while Zn, Sr, Al and Be
were found In the upgradlent Iowa City
groundwater, The sources for these probably
Include native minerals plus agricultural sources
such as galvanized wire fencing and trace minerals
added to fertilizers and animal feeds.
Bicarbonate IncreaSes while COl declines to
unmeasurable levels within both landfills.
Previous calculations for the Hontpeller slle
Indicate that CaCOl Is being precipitated. Note
that the cattail spring (Hontpeller) sample does
have an elevated COl content and In this shallow
location with access to humic acids and
atmospheric carbonic acid, the mineral calcite Is
probably again dissolving and supplying COl'
The majority of trate elements (Table 2) In
the 'maximum leachate' samples remain below
detectable level. ConspIcuous Increases at the
Montpelier sIte include Se, Sr, L1, B, V, Ho plus
gross alpha and beta radiation. At the Iowa City
site, Sr, L1, B, Ra 228 plus gross alpha and beta
all Increase, 8arium declines at both sites,
probably because BaS04 has a low solubility and Is
encouraged to precipitate by the high 504 content
of the leachate. 8ecause power plant furnaces
oxIdize carbon in a nitrogen.rich atmosphere,
analysis for cyanide (CN) was Included, but none
was detected In any of the samples.
The 'maximum leachate' samples clearly
represent a degradation of natIve groundwater
quality within both sites. Specific conductance,
a bulk measure of total Ionic concentration,
Increases by a factor of 4 at Hontpeller and by 8
at Iowa City, Filterable residue (essentially
total dissolved solids) is a bulk measure of
everything In the sample that will pass the 0.45
micron filter. This increases by a factor of 6 at
Hontpeller and by 5 at Iowa City. The common
anions and cations increase from a small amount to
nearly 2 orders of magnitude, with Increases In
504, HCOl' Ca and Na accounting for the bulk of
the Increase. Nitrate declined slightly at
Hontpeller and greatly at Iowa City.
Oenitrificatlon Is probably the reason for this
decline because the Iowa City site contains a
conspicuous amount of unburned coal plus brush and
other organics whIch would prOVide the neces!lry
carbon source to feed denltrlfylng bacteria,
The 'downgradlent' groundwater quality at both
sites Is evaluated both from the viewpoint of
attenuatIon (by comparison to the 'maximum
leachate' valuesl and to drinking water standards,
because In both cases this groundwater discharges
Into surface water a short disfance downgradlent.
Hany types of reference standards are In use for
different purposes, The comparison selected for
139
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~01s Ituoy is the Nltional Interim Primar)'
Or,n"ng .ater Regulation (NIPOWRI which ,s
:onsider!d to be the presently enforceable
l"""g water regulation. It ,.as first
,stao;isned under tne Safe Orin'ing Water ~ct.
The ~ulk parameters like speCific conductivity and
filterable residue remained high, indicating that
dilution had a minor effect on the plumes over
these short distances,
~mong the common cations, potassium was
attenuated by more than an order of mlgnltude
between the llndfllls Ind the downgrldlent wells.
Given Its grelt solUbility Ind Its strong affinity
for clay mlnerlls potassium Is likely to be
adsorbed rather t~an preclpltlted. Sodium by
contrast, which Is nelrly as soluble IS potlsslum
but less reldlly adsorbed by clays, only declined
slightly, Hagneslum Increlsed slightly Ind Hn
Incr!ased considerably In the downgradient wells
at both sites; so these Ions are apparently being
dissolved from the native sediments by the
S04.HC03 rich leachate. Both Ca and 504 declined
downgradient suggesting deposition of gypsum.
~mong the trace elements, Ba which had
declined In concentration from maximum upflow to
max'mum leachate position, Increases again to
native levels at the downgradlent location.
Selenium. Zn. 51, AI, LI, Be and Vall declined to
below detection levels at both sites, probably
through the combined effects of chemical
preCipitation, adsorption Ind filtration. Boron,
Co. Ho and Ra 228 showed Inconsistent patterns.
increasing at one site and decreasing at the other
and these changes remain unexplained.
The chemistry of the Hontpeller cattail swamp
sample where the re\llnlng dam leaks, Is similar
to that of the nearby 'downgradient" well. Its
temperature was higher, due to close proximity to
the land surface. Its potassium level remained
elevated, probably because the flow path was
mainly through CCR with only small amounts of
clay-bearing sediments to adsorb the potassium.
Carbonate Is beginning to replace some HC03'
probably due to biological processes,
Concentrations of Sr, Al, B, Ho and gruss beta
remained at about maximum leachate levels,
probably reflecting little attenuating sediment
available along this flow path.
Summarv & Evaluation
Chemical analyses of groundwaters passing
through these two upland rlvlne CCR landfills
demonstrates that they elch produce I plume with
high concentrations of common anIons and catIons
In a calcium. sulfate type water. From the
perspective of human health, mobile trice elements
In the leachate Include elevated levels of Se, Sr.
L I. Band Ra 22B. In an earlier stUdy of the
Hontpeller site, slIghtly elevated traces of As
were found In a few monitorIng w!lls, but these
were not detected In this stUdy. 0 Over short
groundwater flow paths of a few hundred feet
through native silts, considerable attenuation of
trace elements took place. InterpretatIon of
di flerent elemental affinities suggests that
dilution was minor and most attenuation was via
adsorption, chemical precipitation and filtration.
The groundwater at the downgradlent monitorIng
wells at both sites, with one exception, met
~~"'\'.:
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drtn'''g water standards (NIPOWRI for all trace
elements for .nicn standards are estaol'shed, The
exceotlon was B levels downgradlent It the Iowa
City site, The detection limits of all the
analytical te,hnlQues utilized by the Univers'ty
Hyge01c lab in 19B6 were at concentrations lower
than the drlnk,ng water standards. Hany otner
trace elements. including Cd. Cr. Pb, Hg, ~g and
V, which remained at undelectable levels at these
sites, are ,nown to be present at concentrationl
of a few ppm on fly ash microspherule surfaces. l
Their lack of detection suggests that geochemical
conditions within these two landfills (sllgntly
alkaline and saturated with 504 and HC03) probably
maintained their solubility at a very low level
(However, It Is pOSSible they were Initially at
undetectably low concentrations or were already
removed by groundwater fl owl, At other s i tel.
with more acidic CCR or more acidic groundwate~
additional trace elements might be moollized in
groundwater,
"
Dilution factors were calculated for the
attenuating leachate plumes at the zones where
they entered surface waters. At the Hontpeller
Site, the ratio of volume of surface water to
plume water passing through this zone ranged from
III to 131/1 oetween dry seasons and wet seasons.
At the Iowa City site this ratio ranged from 17!;
to 735/1 between dry and wet seasons, These
estimates were made for flow rates that were
measured during 19B6 and 19B7, a normal year and a
somewhat wetter. than-normal year, respect I ve Iy.
During the severe drought year of 19BB, surface
water stopped flowing at these zones and the water
table dropped below the stream bed by evaporation,
so no plume water was delivered to the surface
water channel at that time.
If remediation of these landfIlls were to be
mandated to further protect groundwater, the
method of choice would probably be a
pump-and. treat system. Dewatering wells would
extract large volumes of the leachate, which would
be pumped Into a lagoon for treatment. WIth minor
treatment this water would meet standards for
discharge into a nearby waterway. A sludge
containing some of the trace metals would be
produced and Shipped to another landfill. A less
permeable cover (about 2 feet of rolled clay)
would probably be required to reduce raInfall
InfIltration. Present Iowa regulatIons would
reqUire treatment and discharge for at least 30
years.
Although these two landfills In their present
conditIon are not as environmentally conservative
as a new modern CCR landfill with bottom liner,
leachate collection system and Inflow diverters
would be, they are arguably comparable to the
remediation procedures that could be required.
Hany of the plume trace elements are presently
attenuated over a short groundwater flow distance
and the discharge zone prOVides additional
dilution, The cleanup levels attained either way
would be similar. The advantages of the present
system are that they will operate for centuries
virtually unattehded, They also operate at no
energy expenditure, whereas a mandated mitigation
system would lIkely pump millions of gallons over
a 30-year period. Ironically, the electrical
energy to run these pumps would be coal energy,
creating more CCR.
140
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,
Refer'ncel 'ChemiCil ind ToxicologlCil Propertill of COil
Fly Asn,' En'lronmentil Geoloo, Hotel, Ho.
I. J, K, Kuhn, F. L. Fiene, R. A. Cihill, H. J, 105. Illinois Stite Geologlcil Sur,ey, 70 P..
Gluskoter ind H, F, Shimp, 'Abundince of Trice 1983.
ind Hlnor Elements In Orginlc ind Hfneril
Frictions of COil,' En'ironmentil Geoloo, 8, K, R. Olson ind R, L, Jones, 'AgronOmic Use of
1i21u, Ho, 88, 111 Inois Institute Hitunl Scrubber 51 udge ind 5011 is Amendments to Like
Resources, 67 P.. 1980, Springfield Ored9in9S,' Journil of 5011 I
R. R. Ruch, H. J. Gluskoter ind H. F. Shimp, I1Ur Conservillon, pp. 57.60, Jin..Feb, 1987,
2,
'Occurrence ind Oistribution of Potentiilly 9. E. H, Tiylor ind G, E, Schumin, 'Fly Ash ind
VOlitlle Trice Elements In COil,' 1974. Lime Amendment of Acidic COil Spoil to Aid
Reclimition,' Journal of En,lronmental
3. J. H. Fiber, 'u. S. Overview of Ash Production ~, vol. 17, Ho. I, pp. 120'124, 1988,
ind UtillZitlon,' ~~~e:~:;~s of 5th 10. L. p, LeSeur, 'Hydrogeology ind Wiler QUil'lty
International Ash I '11, Athnti, Gi,
pp. 24-28, 1979. of i Fly Ash LindffJ1, Hontpelier lowi,'
Hasters ThesIs, Department of GeOlogy, The
4, T. 8, Edel, p, H. 8erthouex and K. D. Unl,erslty of Iowa, Iowa City, lA, 95 p"
Vespennan, 'Fly Asn is i Potential Waste 1985.
, Liner,' Geotechnl~:; pr~;ti~e f1r wa::itl
,
. 11. J. H, Hartin, 'Coal Combustion Residue, the
I Dlsoosil '87, Pro din. ~': I~~~lail! _
i Conference soons~r~d ~; ;h; ;~~'j~~nt~~i Effects upon Shallow Groundwater In an Upland
I Ra,lne Landfill In Southeastern Iowa,' Hasters
I Eno""rino Di'i i n f h r n ietV
I of Ci,il Enoln"r\. Ann Arbor, HI., Geotecn. Thesis, Department of Geology, The Uni,erslty
! Spec. Pub. 113, R.D. Woods (editor), pp. of Iowa, Iowa City, lA, 114 P.. 1986,
! 447-461, 1987,
1 12, L. L. Spencer and L. D. Drake, 'Hydrology of
, 5. USEPA, Federal Reoistet, Superintendent of an Alkaline Fly Ash Landfill in Eastern Iowa,'
,
I Documents, Wasnington, D.C" Vol. 43, Ho. 243, Ground Water, Vol. 25, Ho. 5, pp, 519.526,
I pp. 58944-59028, December 18, 1978. 1987,
I 6, USEPA, 'Drinking Water Regualatlons and Health 13. R. Knowles, 'Denitrification,' Hlcrobloloolcal
Ad'lsories, "USEPA, Office of Drinking Water, ~. Vol. 6, No. I, pp. 43-70, 1982. ,j'
10 p., brochure, 1990. I
14. T. L. Theis and J, J. Harley, 'EnVironmental
7. J. J. Suloway, T. H. Skelly, W. R. Roy, D. R. Considerations for Flyash Disposal;' 00,
DIckerson, R. H, Schuller, and R. A. Griffin, Vol. 104-105, pp, 47.62, 1979.
,
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Proceedings
1991 National Symposium on Mining
September 22,27, 1991
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Editor: Donald H. Graves
Publishing Editor: R. William De Vore
Spon.oltd by:
UnivetSiiy 01 KenlUcky:
Englneenng Continuing Education
Collego 01 AgriculttJro Oopat1menl 01 ForOlIly
CoIlego ot Enginooting Oopat1menl ot "'nlng Engineering
141
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October 28, 1991
lOll - Dl y~'"
k.\~", no..; to (l'p",,,1
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Department of Civi I and Environmental Engineering
Engineering Building
The University of Iowa
Iowa City IA 52242
Dear Professor,
We have recently I earned that IO~Ja Electric Light and Power
has purchased 320 acres of agricul tural land about two mi les
from our rural resi~ence in Benton County. Upon approval
from the DNR that this farm is geologically suitable and a
Land Use Change from county supervi,or"l IE plans to use the
site, in t~Jent>. acre parcels, as a landfill for bottom and
fly ash from their three coal-burning plants.
The supervisors are enthusiastic about the prospect of this
ash being brought to Bentc'n Cc'unty, They bel ieve that it
can be mixed with road materials in place of rocK or that
the ash could wor'k as rc,ad cover alone. They foresee all of
the gravel roads in the county being firmed up with ash,
IE has been careful to infor'm us that coal e,i,h is not toxic
or hazardous in any way,
I have three questions that I would very much appreciate if,
someone in your department would answer for me,
Just what are the properties of and demical compositions of
bottom ash and fly ash?
Are there any environmental or heal th hazar'd.'?
Is it feasible that bottom ash or fly ash ce,n be used on a
gravel road surface?
Thank yoU and I have 'enclosed an SASE for your convenience.
Cord i all y ,
1Ju;.JCL I1c Cdj
~Ielinda ~IcCart>. (MAT 1969)
RR I
Vinton ,IA 5234$'9
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THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
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November 8, 1991
Nelinda McCarty
R R 1
Vinton, IA 52349
Dear Ms. McCarty,
The UI engineers, asked me to respond to your inquiry because I have had
some recent experience with electric utility ash.
Fly ash is a dark gray to black powder - the color varies mainly with how
completely all the sooty organics are burned out. It is a glass made mostly
of calcium, sodium, and iron aluminum silicates, that has cooled from the
molten state into microscopic hollow spheres. This glass, like a window pane
or coke bottle, is quite i nel't chemi cally. The potent i a 1 concern over fl y.
ash is that as these spheres are blown, tO~lards the chimney during the burning
process the traces of heavy metals in the flue gases condense on the outside
of the spheres. Thus much of the traces of lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium,
-.-origina11y in the coal, get concentrated in a location where it might be
leached out later and carried into groundwater or surface water. The Iowa DNR
classifies fly ash as a non-hazardous waste because in general the quantities
of heavy metals are small, more than in native soils, but still small. At the
same' time,if this material is to be buried in a landfill, the Iowa DNR
requires that the landfill be secure, complete with clay liners top and
bottom, leachate collection system, monitoring wells, etc., to ensure that
none of the heavy metals can get away. Depending upon the coal supply and the
furnace operation fly ash can range from somewhat acid (pH 3.5-4) to quite
alkaline (pH 10-11). The properties of fly ash from a particular furnace
usually remain rather constant as long as the same source of coal is
maintained, If the source of supply is changed or the furnace is modified
(addi ng a 1 imestone injector for example) then the ash propert i es change.
Today about 15% of the nation's fly ash production is used in making concrete,
, which would certainly appear to be a safe way to entomb it. The remainder is
mostly landfi11ed.
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Bottom ash is also mostly glass, which began as molten blobs of
incombustible material that sank down through the burning furnace charge. It
is usually a sooty black smooth or frothy glass that can range in size from
sand to large chunks of clinker or slag. Because it has a small surface area
to weight ratio and it drops down out of the cooling flue gas zone, it usually
does not have a film of heavy metal compounds on the outside. This is
chemically pl'etty safe stuff. It ~Ias formerly used for sanding streets and
sidewalks in winter but the black soot gets tracked everywhere and is
difficult to clean up, Today it is mostly mixed with the fly ash and
landFilled,
low, City, low, 52242
OCp'rlmcnl of Ccolur,y
Trowbil41,cllall
319/335,1818
I'AX 31 '1/335, 1821
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Page 2
November 8, 1991
Some fly ash, when moistened with water, undergoes a heat-producing
reaction and hardens up to become a weak sort of concrete. If loaded in bulk
into 1arge masses it is reasonably stable. I have conducted some casual
weathering and compressive strength tests on several local hardened fly ashes
and find that they weather and crumble to dust slowly in summer rains and
quickly in winter freeze and thaw, when wet. If used as a road surface alone
or mixed in road rock, I am sure that the samples I tested would be quickly
pulverized by traffic back into dust and soon be blol/ing or washing around.
Other fly ashes might be different, but I doubt it. This glassy, sooty dust
is rather irritating to ones eyes and lungs, especially if the pH is 10 or II
so I anticipate people liVing along a road paved with it would get unhappy
qUickly. The heavy metal content should also be considered. The
hardening-when-moistened reaction is one time only and will it will not
reharden in later rains.
My advice would be to proceed stepwise:
I. Obtain a chemical analysis of the ash leachate, especially heavy
metals and pH. The producer should already have this data for his
landfill permit. Take this to the Iowa DNR in Des Moines and see if
they would bless road application for that particular ash. Doc
Hallada is in management in the solid I/aste division and would bea.
good place to start (515-281-6807).
2, If DNR blesses road application, then try test strips. Make the
first one small, perhaps 100 feet long and near someone's home who
will Ilatch it for a year or tllO. Then if its not sat is factory it can
be scraped off and 1andfilled.
In general, I think that it would be great if more uses could be found for
coal ash. It would be much better to treat it as a resource than have to
landfill it. At the same time, I doubt that it will meet the criteria to be
acceptable road rock, but if its free then the price is right and certainly
worth at least considering. The really difficult question involves the heavy
metals and every person will have a different perspective on "how much is
still safe?"
I hope this gets you started to\1ard addreSSing the issue and if you have
'further questions, please write.
Sincerely,
, ,
??~-rL,~~
Lon D. Drake
Professor of Geology
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xc: Jerry Schnoor - Environmental Engineering
Doc Ha11ada - DNR
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PEPPY'S ICE CREAM
1517 D Avenue NE
CEDAR RAPIDS IA 52402
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92 JUI'l 23 PI1 3: 38
GI1'I GLER\\
IOWA CITY. IOWA
23/6/92
To Iowa City Council Members
Dear Council Members,
After the last Council meeting, I took the opportunity to review
the City of Iowa City's ordinance for street vending.
Based on my c6nversation with Anne Burnside and Marian Karr, I de-
termined there was nothing currently in the code that would pro-
hibit PEPPY'S ICE CREAM from operating in Iowa City. PEPPY'S will
therefore be operating in Iowa City.
However, since there are no restrictions or guidelines, PEEPY'S
will voluntarily abide by the restrictions we suggested at the last
meeting.Those are:
(I) Each driver has to have a clean driving record.
(2) No sales on streets where the speed limit is equal to or over
30 mph.
(3) No sales before I I
(4) Each driver has to
Association of Ice
program.
(5) Vans are not permitted to sell in the downtown food court area.
(6) The van is to be properly parked at the curb in a legal parking
space before the vendors attempt to effect any type of sale.
(7) PEPPY'S will keep on file in the office of the city clerk a list
of all drivers and vehicles involved with the operation.
(8) PEPPY'S agrees to save the City of Iowa City harmless from all
liability and place on file a liability insurance policy in:bhe
amount of 1,000,000 dollars, naming the City of Iowa City and
its employees as additional insured against any liability that
may arise in connection with the activities held.
AM or
watch
Cream
after sunset.
a safety film from the international
vendors and complete PEPPY'S safety
We reiterate our willingness to work with the city of Iowa City.
Should the Council decide to put an ordinance in place, we would
be happy to provide copies of what other cities have done.
Our goal is to be able to operate for the months of May, June, July
and August of each year. We would also like to establish a branch
office in Iowa City in the future.
We are looking forward to working on a long term relationship with
the Council and the City of Iowa City.
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PEPPY's ICE CREAM
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
319 356 6066-l 3193565009;" 1
Jun 23,92 15:05 No.009 P.01/04
. 1l-:
Johnlon Counl,
\ IOWA ~
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charles D. Duffy
Stcphen P. lacina
Palricia A. Meade
Richard E. Mycrs
Belly Ockenfcls
June 25, 1992
INFORMAL MEETING
Agenda
1. Call to order 9:00 a.m.
2. Review of the minutes.
a) Discussion ro:
b) Di~cussion re:
c) Other
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Systems Unlimited, Jnc. contract for FY '93,: ~ ~~
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3. Business from the Director of S.E.A.T.S.
4. Business from the Director of Publie Health.
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a) Discussion re: Dental Direct Reimbursement Program.
b) Other
S. Business from Marge Penney, Human Services Coordinator re: state
funding for Mental Heallh/Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities
Brain Injuries/discussion.
6. Business from the County Attorney.
a) Discussion re: resolution abating real estate taxes asses~lbe .
State of Iowa on these parcels: """.
00019018 31194002 39656002
16422002 31197002 39671002
16425002 39500004 39781001
16533002 39601002 39817002
16688002 39618002 64007002
25086002 39619002 63842002
25229002 39621002 63876002
31170002 39645001 63946003
913S0UTHDUBUQUEST, r.O.BOX 1350 row ACITY. IOWA 52244.1350 TEL: (319)3S6.6000 FAX: (319) 356-6086
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
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Agenda 6-2.5-92
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Jun 23,92 15:06 No.009 P.02/04
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b) Discussion re; resolution abating real estate taxes assessed against
lohnson County on these parcels:
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75063000
75064000
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75415000
c) DisC1!ssion re: consent to First Progressive Report, Eloise Leinfelder
trust.
d) Discussion re: 1992. ) 994 Ambulance Deparlment collective bargaining
agreement.
e) Other
7. Business from the Board of Supervisors.
a) Reports
b) Other
8. Discussion from the public.
9. Recess.
---.-.--.....-..-............---......
FORMAL MEETJNG TO FOLLOW
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Jun 23,92 15:06 No.009 P.03/04
I,
JollluolI CounlJ
\ IOWA~
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
June 25, 1992
Charles D. Duffy
Stephen P. Lacina
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
Belly Ockcnfcls
FORMAL MEETING
Agenda
1. Call to order following the informal meeting.
2. Action re: claims
3. Action rc: minutes
4. Action re: IJayrolluuthorizations
5. Business from lhe County Auditor.
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a) Action re: permits
b) Action re: reports
c) Discussion/action re: resolution transferring from lhe General Basic fund
10 the General Supplemental fund. .
d) Other
6. Business from the County Attorney.
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a) Discussion/action re: resolution abating real estale laxes assoosed against
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lhe Slale of Iowa on these parcels: 0
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000J9018 31194002 39656002 w 1=
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25229002 39621002 63876002
31170002 39645001 63946003
913 SOUTlI DUDUQUBST. P.O, nox 1350 lOW A CITY, lOW A 52244.1350 TEL: (319) 356-6000 PA": (319) 356.6086
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
........ ...,.~WI\ 1~L.C.I".U'"!CfI: '(t)ll ; b-C:J-92 3:13PM;
319 356 6096-1 3193565009:" 4 \
Jun 23.92 15 :06 No .009 P .04/04 \
Agenda 6-25-92
l'llge 2
b) Discussion/action re: , resolution abating real estate taxes assessed against
Johnson County on these parcels:
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Discussion/action re: consent 10 First Progressive Report, Eloise LeinfeJder
trust.
Discussion/action rc: 1992.1994 Ambulance Department collective
bargaining agreement, .
Report re:othcr items.
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b) Action re: Goodwill Industries, Inc. contract for FY '93.
c) Discussion/action re: fireworks permit.
d) other
8. Adjourn to Informal meeting.
9. Inquiries and reports from the public.
J 0, Adjournment.
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RECYCLING AND RESOURCE RECOVERY IN IOWA, 1992:
FIVE SYSTEMS
~
The University of Iowa Landfill Hydrogeology class, Sprin& 1992:
Scott Dickson, Darcy Foster, Mike Gilmer, Jim Kralick,
Lyle Misbach, Sanjay Sajjansingh, Meg Schwirtz,
Brian Thompson, Shirley Trier, and Curt Wright,
under the direction of Professor Lon Drake
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PROJECfSU1vWARY..................................................................................................i
INTRODUCTION .........................................;...........................................,...................1
CHAPTER 1:
Ames, Iowa Resource Recovery System......................................................5
CHAPTER 2:
Carroll County Recycling and Resource Recovery.................,................12
CHAPTER 3:
Des Moines Metro Landfill...........................................,......................:........24
CHAPTER 4: .
Iowa Falls, Iowa: The Lundell System (Heartland Recycling)...............32
CHAPTER 5:
. Lee' C~unty_ Sanitary Landfill.............~......,............,..............,........................39
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CHAPTER 6:
Comparison of the Waste Reduction and Recycling Systems..............48 .
APPENDIX:
. Su pplemen tary Infonnation ....~..................................................................,51
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SUMMARY OF
RECYCLING AND RESOURCE RECOVERY IN IOWA, 1992:
FIVE SYSTEMS
Five municipal/county waste management facilities were studied in
Iowa: The Ames Resource Recovery Center in Ames, the Carroll County
Recycling and Resource Recovery system in Carroll County, the Des Moines
Metro Landfill in Des Moines, the Lundell System (Heartland Recycling) in
Iowa Falls, and the Lee County Sanitary Landfill in Fort Madison. Facilities
were evaluated in terms of where they operated within the Iowa Waste
Management Hierarchy, which is a series of operating levels designated by the
state. The Lee County and Des Moines systems are attempting to operate at
the highest level utilizing volume reduction at the source (e.g. minor
recycling is done by the public so that some waste never enters the waste
stream at the site). It was assumed that all sites operate at this level to a
certain degree, however only the Lee County and Des Moines sites have
programs that actively promote public involvement. All sites recycle and
reuse waste, all sites landfill a percentage of their waste, and two sites, Ames
and Iowa Falls, produce fuel for energy recovery. None of the systems studied
utilize volume-based fees at the household level to encourage waste
reduction at the source. All facilities contract to municipalities, but only the
Iowa Falls system operates privately.
All systems are bound by Iowa House File 753, which mandates a 25%
reduction in incoming waste stream by 1994, and 50% reduction by 2000. The
guidelines in this document stress source reduction of waste volume, and
. recycling and reuse as the highest priorities. Managers of all 5 facilities state
that meeting these directives is a primary goal.
A large portion of municipal waste at all sites includes paper, plastic,
aluminum, glass, and ferrous metals, which are recycled at all sites. Rubber is
recycled at the Lee County, Des Moines and Ames sites. Composting facilities
are in use at Lee County and Des Moines Metro, and the Iowa Falls and Ames
systems produce refuse-derived fuel. Various facilities recycle waste oil,
batteries, textiles, cardboard, tin, organics, and hazardous waste (see chart for
details). The Lundell system and the Ames system are currently recovering
the most materials, but operate at a lower level in the DNR hierarchy. The
other three systems, Lee County, Carroll County and Des Moines Metro,
recover between 14-20% of their waste volume. It appears that systems that
separate materials at the plant, whether using automated or non-automated
systems, have a higher rate of recovery than systems based on curbside public
separation, However, these figures may be misleading because the Ames and
Lundell systems have the advantage of being able to reject the wastes that
their processes cannot utilize, whereas the other three systems accept all
municipal waste, including components for which there is no market.
Facilities varied in terms of overall management, recycling methods,
trash analysis, and how the materials were separated when delivered to each
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respective system. Sites typically employ between 15 and 60 people. The Lee
County site employs workers from the State Correctional Facility and half of
the workers at the Carroll County site are from the New Hope Village, a
county facility for the physically and mentally handicapped.
The costs of operating these systems are compared with some difficulty
and the details are given in the individual site reports (see text). The average
reported cost per ton is $60,ranging between $132.70 and $17.50 per ton.
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AMES CARROLL DES MOINES IOWA LEE
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l)VOLUME REDUCflON AT SOURCE ? ?
I.>J 2)RECYCUNG &: REUSE X X X X X
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I,j 3)COMBUSTION W / ENERGY RECOVERY &: RDF X X
4)COMBUSTION FOR VOLUME REDUCflON
I,'" 5)LANDFlLLING X X X X X
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MATERIALS RECYCLED
PLASTIC X X X X X
,~. PAPER X X X X X
Le.l ALUMINUM X X X X X
j"'U, FERROUS METALS X X X X X
I RUBBER X X X
'.... COMPOST X X
GLASS X X X X X
; RDF X X
-.J WASTE OIL X
X
IJ BA TIERlES X' X
TEXTILES X X
CARDBOARD X
:"'1 TIN X
HAZAROOUS WASTE X
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I,'" PERCENTAGE LANDFILLED 12 as 80 30 86
COST PER TON .. $40 $83 $17,SO $25-30 $132
[ I I EMPLOYEES PER SITE IS 2S SO 60 NA
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, SEPARATION AT FACILITY X X X X
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i I'" PUBLIC SEPARATES X X
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INTRODUCTION
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Each day 3.5 pounds of l'efuse is produced by every United States
citizen, which totals 160 million tons each year. This figure is projected to rise
to 193 million tons per year by the end of the century if nothing is done about
the volume of trash being generated (Cook, 1990). This wastefulness is a
byproduct of our consumer society which has grown accustomed to
'convenience', 'ready to use', and 'throwaway' products.
The historically cheap and simple solution to waste. dumping it in a
landfill just beyond the edge of town. is no longer simple 01' ~heap, Landfills
are filling up. In 1985, there were 84 landfills reported in Iowa that received
municipal solid wastes. These disposal sites had a reported remaining
capacity that ranging from 1 to 75 years (Potential for Energy Recovery from
Municipal Solid Waste in Iowa, 1985).
With this grim prospect, alternative methods to the traditional
thoughts of 'bum it' or 'bury it' must be applied. Viable alternatives for
waste disposal are recycling, resource recovery, and simply not making as
much trash in the first place. Many communities are turning to these
alternative methods to reduce waste production.
Recycling is the process by which waste or materials which otherwise
become waste are collected, separated, or processed and reused or returned to
use in the form of raw materials or products. Recycling may involve
composting of yard wastes at a centralized location; drop off centers for
collection of separated wastes; curbside collection of recyclable goods; and
mechanical separation of materials.
Resource recovery is the process by which waste materials are
transformed into substances usable as sources of fuel or substances necessary
to human life or civilization.
In an effort to promote resource recovery and recycling the Iowa
Department of Natural Resources has set a hierarchy for solid waste disposal:
1) volume reduction at the source,
2) recycling and reuse,
3) combustion with energy reCovery and refuse derived fuel,
4) combustion for volume reduction,
5) landfilling.
In addition to the DNR specifications for waste disposal, the Iowa
legislature passed the Waste Volume Reduction and Recycling Act (House
File 753) which calls for a 25 percent reduction of material entering the waste
stream by 1994 and a 50 percent reduction by the year 2000. Beyond the
statewide goals established by this bill, numerous deadlines and prohibitions
have been set. These include:
By January 1, 1990: Development of a strategy and rule making for
white goods and waste oils. For each vehicle registration an environmental
assessment fee of $1.00 will be required. Chlorofluorocarbon based foam
packing products may not be sold, purchased, or used.
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By July I, 1990: A report to the General Assembly characterizing the
waste stream and proposing a strategy for managing each component. Each
city or county must require separation of yard wastes. Beverage containers,
waste tires, lead acid batteries, and waste oil will not be accepted for land
disposal. In addition, lead add battery retailers and oil retailers must accept
waste products at the site of sale.
July 1 1991; Establishment of a polystyrene packing recycling
demonstration project. Land disposal of waste tires is prohibited.
January I, 1992: Establishment of a recycling program to increase the
recycling of packaged products of food service items by 25 percent. Land
disposal of yard waste is prohibited.
April 1, 1992: Rules implementing the provisions of the bill.
July I, 1992: Sale and distribution of plastic boWes or rigid plastic
containers is prohibited unless labeled with a code indicating their plastic
resin. Land disposal of non degradable plastic grocery bags or trash bags
prohibited unless DNR has determined that degradable plastic bags pose a
threat to the environment.
January 1,1993: A 50 percent increase of the recycling of packaged
products or food service items.
January 1,1998: Not previously prohibited, plastic foam products
manufactured with fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons may not be sold,
purchased, or used.
PURPOSE
, The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze and compare
five waste reduction and recycling programs currently underway in Iowa.
The sites chosen represent various stages of development with differing
methodologies, efficiencies, geographic dimensions, and costs. The case
, studies attempt to show both the benefits and the drawbacks of the systems.
P ARTI<:;IP ANTS
Detailed investigations of the waste reduction and recovery systems
were performed by the following teams:
Ames..Darcy Foster and Brian Thompson
Carroll County-Meg Schwirtz and Curt Wright
Des Moines Metro East Landfill-Scott Dickson and Shirley Trier
Iowa Falls-Mike Gilmer and Sanjay Sajjansingh
Lee County-Jim Kralick and Lyle Misbach
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References:
Cook, W.). 'A lot of Rubbish', ~; ~::~~~~ ~~;~d ~:~1' ]2/25/89-]/]/90, pp, 60, 61.
PolenHal (or Ene~1:Y RecovelY I n Iowa. prepared by Gershman,
Brickner, Inc., Washington D.C.. Sept. ]7, ]985, pp. ], 2.
Waste Mana!;emenl and lle(yrlin~ Ach Iowa House File 753
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CHAPTER 1
AMES, IOWA
RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEM
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6
INTRODUCTIQN
In the early 1970's, the city of Ames, Iowa was facing a landfill that
would reach capacity in approximately five years. Instead of designin&
financing and building a new landfill, city officials opted to build a Refuse
Derived Fuel Plant. At this point in time, there were few, if any, models for
plants of this type in the United States. Madison, Wisconsin had a shredding
operation that was studied, St. Louis, Missouri, together with the EP A, was
working on a small scale project producing energy from waste, and the
Eastman Kodak plant in Rochester had a coal and paper combustion boiler.
These systems were studied extensively by a task force composed of three
members of the City of Ames staff and three technical staff from Iowa State.
The results were presented to the city of Ames, which is responsible for all
refuse disposal and also controls the electric utility. The plan was approved
by the city council and subsequently the design, financing and construction of
the plant was conducted by the consulting conglomerate of HDR, Inc.
Construction began in April, 1974 and the center was opened in August, 1975,
at a cost of $5.5 million (Mattheis, 1989).
GEOGRAPHY
The area served by the Ames Resource Recovery Center (ARRC)
includes the city of Ames, Story County, and Iowa State University. In
addition, the National Animal Disease Center and the Iowa State Department
of Transportation also contribute to the system. In 1989, the total number of
people served by the system was estimated at 72,326. The Ames Landfill will
close on 6/29/92, at which time the ARRC will accept refuse from Boone,
Green and Story Counties.
TRASH ANALYSIS AND SORTING METHODS
Municipal waste is brought into the system by private haulers and
individual cars and trucks. At present, the Ames center would like curbside
recycling but the community prefers the present system because it is less
complicated and less time consuming for the public.
Waste is weighed and brought onto the tipping floor. Some materials
are pre-sorted at this point (i.e. not loaded onto the conveyor). These include
hazardous and infectious materials (not accepted), demolition materials
(routed to landfill), junk automobiles (transported to scrap dealer), large
appliances and other bulky metal items, furniture, bed springs, car seats (sold
to local salvage dealer), tires (dealer in Des Moines shreds these), batteries
($0,60 per battery) and waste oil (Individuals can dump up to 5 quarts,
businesses are charged), Some materials that are not separated in this system,
but can be recycled locally are plastic milk jugs (accepted by Story County and
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sold to dealer, recycled into carpet backing in Georgia), glass (accepted by Ames
Recycling Company), and batteries (accepted by Walmart, Target, and K-Mart
at $2.00 per battery). At no charge, this system will accept clear brown glass
and newspaper (Moravetz, 1992).
The remaining waste is mixed with a front end loader, loaded onto a
conveyor, and sent through a hammer mill where it is reduced to 7-inch
chunks. A magnet removes 85% of the ferrous metals, which is 4% of the
total waste stream. This is dumped into a bin and transported to a scrap metal
plant, and the remaining waste is shredded. The larger fractions (over 1.5")
are reshredded. Fine glass, dirt and grit (15% waste volume) are removed
from the waste and sent to the Ames landfill. The shredded waste is then fed
into an "air classification unit" (a vacuum) where lighter material (RDF) is
sucked onto a conveyor belt and transported to a storage bin and heavier
material is passed under a magnet so that any remaining ferrous metals can
be removed. The remaining volume of 10-12% is sent to the landfill ,
(Moravetz, 1992).
The RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) is fed into a waterwall boiler and is
burned with pulverized western coal in a mix of 100-150 tpd of RDF to 650-
1200 tpd of coal. RDF is a lower energy source than coal, however, it has a
lower sulfur content and there is a high percentage of energy recovery. This
process does produce significant residue (Dague, 1988). An electrostatic
precipitator cleans the gases of fumes and particulates. Fly ash is collected
into a bin and some is sold to local cement companies and the remainder is
landfilled (Moravetz, 1992). Slurried waste water and bottom ash are sent to a
holding pond where the solids settle and the clean water is recirculated
through the plant. Solids are then transported to the landfill (Dague, 1988).
The most serious unanticipated problems in the system have been
explosions in the main shredder (possibly caused by aerosol cans) and
conveyor fires. The only current problems are plugs in the conveyor line or
bridging which is the piling up of the extremely light RDF upon itself. This
has been remedied in part by the installation of an air cannon to clear plugs
on the surge bin of the conveyor belt. The addition of screens has also helped
where ground glass would tear the conveyor. Rotating disc screens also
reduced the ash content from 10-20% by weight (Mattheis, 1989).
SYSTEM COSTS AND REVENUES
The City of Ames has a 25 year contract with Story County, thirteen
surrounding communities and Iowa State University to handle their wastes.
Each party equally shares the annual operating and financing costs on a
population basis through tax dollars. Originally door fees were used for
dumping rates instead of tipping fees, however, the plant converted to
tipping fees on July I, 1991 because door fees were not covering costs
(Moravetz, 1992).
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COSTS
1. Gross annual: 1.9 million
2. Annual revenue: 1.4 million
3. Annual tonnage: 45,500 tons
4. Net annual: 500,000 dollars
5. Net per capita; $14.50
6. gross/ton: $4O/ton
7. net/ton: $10/ton
REVENUES
1. Total: $1.4 million
a. RDF: $372,187
b. resold materials: $70,000 (est.)
c. tipping: $400,000 (est.)
i. $lO/ton or share in overall cost based on
percentage of total annual garbage.
MARKETS
There are extreme fluctuations in the markets for recycled materials. It
is very much based on supply and demand. This often accounts for the
discrepancies between costs and revenues. Operating costs and loan
payments, etc. remain fixed, while markets demands for goods may become
non-existent.
Markets that are the most stable for the Ames system include the sale
of RDF to the utility company. Originally this was meant to produce 200 tpd
of RDF, however, it currently produces 150 !pd. Additional markets are:
. removed ferrous metals: $53,333
- paper: $8553
- tires: $1589
. waste oil: businesses are charged.
Anticipated revenues from many of the recyclable materials declined
during the 1980's, Some examples directly affecting the Ames center are
newsprint recycling. A paper bailer was purchased at a cost of $86,000 and a
building to house the machine ($300,000) was constructed. Currently the
market is saturated with newspaper, lots of local groups compete for
newsprint collection, and some offer curbside service. The increased supply
of recycled paper caused prices to drop dramatically, so any revenues
generated by the paper bailer go straight into operation costs. When the
market drops below the minimum, paper is burned for fuel (Moravetz, 1992).
An aluminum recovery operation at the onset of the project
eventually proved uneconomical after Iowa passed a bottle bill in the 1970's.
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A wood chipping operation has proven uneconomical as the profit
from the sale of wood chips has been exceeded by the cost of operation,
maintenance, and storage of the chips.
EMPLOYMENT
The Resource Recovery Center employs fifteen full-time workers
(Moravetz, 1992).
GOALS
The goals of the Resource Recovery Center were as follows:
1) Conservation of land and material resources, 2) Provide low-sulfur
supplementary fuel to the Ames Municipal Electric Plant, 3) Accommodate
private haulers, 4) Provide a twenty year solid waste disposal system, and 5)
Achieve operation costs similar to a traditional landfill system for a similar
population (Mattheis, 1989).
PUBU~ PERCEPTION
Even though Refuse Derived Fuel bums at only 1 % sulfur, half of the
highest grade of coal (which burns at 2%), the public in general is still opposed
to RDF because of concerns regarding emissions and ash residues. Many
people view any kind of waste to energy system as a competition to recycling
(Sweetnam, 1989). The most vocal opposition however, is usually with
respect to a site location.
As the Ames system was one of the prototype resource recovery
. centers, it has been the target for criticism. It has also been used as a model for
subsequent waste-ta-fuel and resource recovery plants. It also serves as a
clearinghouse for citizen recycling groups and small businesses who can't
find markets for their materials. It is a tribute to the Ames system that it has
successfully functioned as a resource recovery system for 17 years. The Center
conducts thousands of tours per year and is visited by people from many
countries.
~ENDS IN WASTE-TO-ENERGY
New plant construction is continuing. Almost all new plants are quite
large (RDF is produced at 400Jpd or larger, especially in the 50D-I000 tpd
range). In 1984, 82% of the plants constructed were in the 400+ range, and by
1989, 100% of the new plants were in the 400+ range. The economics of scale
occur in refuse processing, siting and development of the project. Large state-
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of-the.art plants offer better long-term environmental and operating histories
(Sweetnam, 1989).
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References:
Dague, R,R., 1988, Noles on solid waste management, for C.E, 524, in Principles of Solid and
Hazardous Waste Management, ISU; Ames, 136 pp.
Mattheis, A.H., 1989, Ames: the granddaddy of RDF, Waste Age, p. 153-158.
Moravetz, Kenneth, Supervisor of the Ames Resoun:es Recovery Center, on site Interview,
February, 1992.
Sweetnam, R.j., 1989, Trends In waste-to-energy, Waste Age, p. 38-41.
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CHAPTER 2
CARROLL COUNTY
RECYCLING AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
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13
INTRODUCTION
The Carroll County Solid Waste Management Commission and New
Hope Village/ Carroll Enterprise Systems jointly operate a recycling program
in Carroll County, Iowa. The program was initiated in 1989. Partial funding
was provided through a Solid Waste Demonstration Project grant obtained
from the Iowa DNR. The operation has since been expanded to include
Audubon, Crawford, and Shelby Counties. The recycling facility and
administrative offices are located in Carroll County adjacent to the Carroll
County Landfill. The facility serves as a processing center for wastes collected
in the four participating Counties. The following discussion contains a
description of the project including its nature, operation, and degree of
success in achieving stated goals.
PROGRAM SETUP AND INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Prior. to initiation of the Carroll County recycling program, a
preliminary analysis was conducted to determine the amount and
composition of the waste stream typically received at the Carroll County
Landfill. The purpose of the analysis was to ascertain the type and quantity of
materials that potentially would be available for recycling and waste
reduction.
Trash Analysis Before Recyc1in~ (Ouantity):
Table I presents the monthly totals for quantities of waste materials
delivered to the Carroll County Landfill during the fiscal year 1988.89.
Accordingly, the total amount of materials accumulated in the landfill for
that year was 14,988 tons1. Future predictions for increase in the total waste
stream due to population growth in the area indicated that, by the year 2000,
, the total amount of waste entering the landfill would increase to 16,553 tons
annually,2 An additional increase to 17,679 tons annually was predicted for
the year 2010.3
lThis amount does not include 578 tons of corrugated
cardboard, computer paper, glass and HOPE plastic diverted
from the waste stream through a preexisting recycling
program. Consequently, the total waste stream amounted to
15,566 for 1988-89,
2Gershman, Recvclina Imo1ementation Plan, Carroll County,
Iowa, Page I-3, December 1989.
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Solid Waste Delivered to
Carroll Solid Waste Commission
Sanitary Landfill 1988-89
(Tons)
Month
July
August
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
TOTAL
FY 1988-89
1,145
1,375
1,246
1,298
1,218
1,022
1,102
883
1,253
1,344
1,574
1,528
14,988
14
Determination of Waste Composition by Material and Source:
The composition of wastes' treated at the Carroll Co. Landfill was
established through inference based on data acquired from actual trash
analyses available from other sites. The data was obtained from studies
condlicted . at Des Moines, Iowa Metropolitan Area, Eau Claire, Wisconsin,
and three small communities in Minnesota and extrapolated for the Carroll
, County facility. Table n contains the derived estimates for waste composition
by percent that typically would have entered the Carroll County Landfill prior
to the present recycling program.
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TABLE III
Carroll County, Iowa
Estimated Waste Composition
(Percent)
Component Residential Commercial Combined2
Newsprint 6.5 4.0 5,4
Corrugated 8.5 5.0 11.4
Mixed Paper 24.5 0.0 27.0
Diapers 2.0 1.0 1.6
HOPE/PET 2.0 1.0 1.6
Other Plastics 7.0 9.0 7.9
Textiles 3.0 2.0 2.6
Food 8.5 9.0 8.7
Wood 5.3 5,0 5.2
Yard Waste 10.0 2.0 6.4
Misc. Organics 10.5 7.3 9.1
Ferrous 3.5 6.0 4.6
Aluminum 0.5 0,5 0.5
Non-ferrous 0.2 0.2 0,2
Glass 3.0 3.0 3.0 "
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Misc. Inorganic 5.0 5.0 5.0 (
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TOTALS 100.0 100.0 100.0
Availability of Materials for R~cling:
Table ill below indicates the amount and type of materials determined
to be potentially available from the waste stream for recycling, The values are
derived through calculations involving estimations of anticipated
participation by residents and commercial establishments, efficiency of
material separation by the waste generators, and availability of recovery
potential.
Participation rates correspond to the degree to which each element of
the community can be expected to contribute to the various categories of
material included in the recycling program. In compiling the information
provided in Table ill, an assumption was made that collection of recyclables
would take place curbside in areas of the County currently served by regular
residential curbside collection service. Additionally, it was assumed that
convenient drop-off opportunities 'would be' provided to serve residents in
rural areas. Values estimated for participation rates in the residential
l,lij, at I-7.
2Combined composition based on 55% residential and 45%
commercial.
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segments range from 60% for newsprint, PET/HOPE (plastics), ferrous
products, aluminum, and glass to 50% for textiles and 30% for corrugated
cardboard products. Commercial establishments estimated to contribute a
higher percentage of corrugated products, but lower percentages in other
categories, i.e., 25%, for PET /HDPE and textiles; 30% and 20% for ferrous and
aluminum respectively. ,
Efficiency of separation rates are based on the proportion of recyclable
materials that participants can be expected to actually set aside for collection.
This factor is included because, although an resident may actively participate
in the recycling program, some potentially recyclable materials may never be
collected because of breakage, contamination or alternative uses in the home.
Availability for recovery relates to the ability of the recycling center to
separate and process materials for the markets. This factor is determined by
the technology available at the processing facility. For example, 100% of all
newsprint, corrugated cardboard, HOPE/PET (plastics), and textiles received by
the processing facilities at Carroll are assumed to be available for recycling.
However, only 88% of aluminum and 96% of glass materials can be
effectively processed.
,The calculated product of (participation rate) X (efficiency rate) provides
a value for (percentage of recoverable materials). The waste stream quantities
for each of the waste components are then multiplied by percent availability
values for each component. The result is then multiplied by the recoverable
percent values previously obtained to arrive at estimated quantities of each
category of material recoverable through the recycling process. Recoverability
values calculated for the components of the Carroll County waste stream are
presented in Table ill,
Table II11
Carroll County, Iowa
Quantities of Recyclables Projected
to be Recoverable FY 1989
(Tons)
Component
. Residential Recoverable Commercial Recoverable
Newsprint
Corrugated
Mixed Paper
Diapers
PET /HDPE
Other Plastics
Textiles
Food
536
701
2,020
165
165
577
247
701
273
126
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74
o
270
1,012
2,024
67
67
607
135
607
81
556
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Wood 437 0 337 0
Yard Waste 824 701 ]35 ]]5
Misc. Organics 866 0 492 0
Ferrous 289 83 405 50
Aluminum 4] 20 34 4
Non.ferrous ]6 0 ]3 0
Glass 247 ]07 202 0
Misc. Inorganics 411 0 338 0
TOTALS 8,243 ],443 6,745 888
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Materials to be targeted for the recycling program were selected on the
basis of potential recoverability, as determined by foregoing analysis, and
marketability. Accordingly, newsprint, mixed paper, corrugated paper
products, PET /HDPE (plastics), textiles, ferrous metals, aluminum, and glass
were the only materials incorporated into the active recycling program.
Although yard waste can be diverted from the landfill, they were not
included in the current recycling operation. The projected yield of
recoverable materials from the 14,988 tons per year destined for the landfill
amounted to 2,33] tons per year (including yard wastes) or 15%, For the
targeted materials alone, the additional materials potentially available for the
recycling market would be ]5]5 tons per year or 10% of the waste stream.
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GOALS
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The underlying goal of the Carroll County recycling program is to
reduce the amount of waste entering the Carroll County landfill by diverting
and recycling a significant proportion of those materials to available markets
nation wide. Specific goals include maximizing diversion of recyclables from
the waste stream; establishing stable markets for the diverted materials;
expanding the operation into neighboring counties; cooperating with other
programs in the state with respect to marketing strategies; increasing public
awareness and participation in the process; increasing the proportions of
residential and commercial wastes recycled; and meeting the State
requirements for waste reduction.
GEOORAPHY
'-' The Carroll County waste reduction program now involves
participation by four adjacent counties. Although the process was originally
established only for residents and commercial establishments in Carroll
County, the program now has expanded to include Audubon, Crawford, and
Shelby Counties. The processing facility located near the Carroll County
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Landfill, handles the recyclables from both residential and commercial.
sources in the regions serviced. Undiverted wastes are handled at the
individual County landfills. Expansion of commercial sources is current goal
of the recycling facility. Substantial effort currently is being expanded to
contact and increase commercial participation.
METHODS
The operation of the Carroll County Recycling Enterprise involves a
program of curbside collection in concentrated residential areas, and drop
boxes for rural residents. At present, only paper; corrugated cardboard
products; PET/HOPE (plastics), glass; aluminum; textiles; and ferrous metals
are recycled. All households in the participating communities are provided
with a collection bin for storing recyclable items for collection. Participants
are instructed to commingle all targeted wastes except textiles/ cardboard and
newspapers. Pickup is scheduled at the same time as normal trash pickup
one day each week for each residential participant. Newsprint, textiles, and
cardboard are collected at the same timet but kept separate from the other
materials. The COmmingled materials then are transported in the mixed state
to the recycling facility where separation is effected by assembly line
techniques. From the outlying counties, each category of recyclables arrives
separately, i.e.. commingled containers on one day and newspapers the next.
From the city of Carroll area, one vehicle with two or more compartments
arrives and dumps the recyclables at the Center, then the waste at the landfill.
General refuse collection in the residential areas of Carroll County is
handled by a variety of arrangements with private haulers. Only one
community in the program, Lanesboro, Iowa, has a municipal collection
arrangement. Most communities are served by a single independent hauler
either privately or municipally contracted. The city of Carroll is served by
, several haulers who operate throughout the community under license issued
by the city. For collection of recyclable materials the Solid Waste
Management Commission of Carroll County has contracted with existing
private haulers and has established a set of guidelines for collection, transport
and delivery to the recycling facility. The materials collected for recycling are
required to be kept separate from the regular waste stream and transported in
vehicles dedicated to the recycling program.
The Carroll County materials recycling facility is designed to receive
and process the materials accumulated and transported to the center by the
contracted haulers. Once the vehicle and the recyclables are weighed, it
partially backs through a large door in the main building. If filled with
commingled recyclables, the vehIcle then empties its items onto the floor at
the Commingled Container Tipping Area. A small front-end loader then
pushes the items into a containment area above a submerged conveyor. The
conveyor rises through a hopper and becomes horizontal upon reaching a
stage where the employees are stationed. Two employees identify HOPE and
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PET plastics and manually remove them to separate bins. The conveyor then
passes under a magnetic separator that picks up ferrous items and deposits'
them into a collection bin. Another employee scans the conveyor for
aluminum products and manually removes them to a container. Two more
employees scan the glass, manually separating the three colors, each into
chutes connected to crushers and collection bins. The non-recyclable residue
is collected at the end of the conveyor. This residue is targeted by the center to
be less than lD % of the material entering the facility. If the vehicle entering
the facility is filled with newspapers, it dumps them onto the main floor
where they are then pushed with a iront-end loader into the newspaper
containment area. The papers are stored there until they can be moved and
processed into animal bedding by the paper shredder and baler.
Once the containers have been separated via the conveyor system, they
are further prepared for shipment to market. Plastics are shredded into fine
confetti-sized pieces and stored in large bins until sold. The corrugated
cardboard, aluminum, and ferrous materials are packaged into mill-specified
size bales. Everything is stored in a large warehouse until sufficient
quantities are accumulated to sell to the various markets.
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Equipment:
The recycling program in Carroll County stresses quality of materials as
one of the most important factors for establishing and preserving stable
markets. Consequently, a critical aspect of the enterprise exists in the
separation process and in the packaging for distribution. The Commission's
first consideration was to design a sorting line that took their disabled
employees into account. This modified system, created by Recycling
Equipment Manufacturing of Spokane, Washington, added non-skid
flooring, ramps, and an enclosed, lowered conveyor belt positioned to
accommodate wheelchairs and to promote safety. For processing, an
assortment of balers are available for packaging cardboard, aluminum, ferrous
. materials, and textile products. The largest one is a horizontal baler with a
floor hopper, feeder conveyor, f1uffer, and automatic tie. It has a dual
purpose in that the baler can be used for metals and cardboard. This baler was
specially made by Recovery Systems of Hopkins, Minnesota to match the
market specifications for weight and size. A smaller shredder and baler
system is used to process newsprint for animal bedding. This equipment is a
conventional John Deere farm baler with a Roto-Chopper shredder,
manufactured by PCR Inc., of Coon Valley, Wisconsin. A small feeder
conveyor made by Recovery Systems completes this system. A separate baling
system is used primarily for textiles, The textiles are baled using a 6O-inch
downstroke baler into t,lDO-pound, 60x48x30-inch bales. By necessity, the
textiles cannot be shredded or impaled in any way so that usable items in the
bales can be sent to underprivileged countries. Two plastic granulators,
manufactured by Recycling Resources of Sheldon, Iowa, are employed to
reduce volume and to prepare the product for marketing. The three colored
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categories of glass are granulated separately in crushers attached to the main
conveyor system, also manufactured by Recycling Equipment Manufacturing.
MARKETS
There are two types of markets available for all classes of recyclable
materials, these include intermediate and final markets, Intermediate
markets include processors of scrap materials and brokers of recyclable
materials. Final markets include manufacturers of finished products made
from recyclables. Highest prices come from the final markets, however, the
quantities must be large and the materials must be ready for manufacture into
other products. Using intermediate markets yields less income but eliminates
the necessity of extra processing,
Marketins Strate~es:
Two strategies appear to have worked well for the Center, attaining
success in marketing their recyclable materials. The first is based upon setting
high, consistent standards for processing. These standards are set internally(
guaranteeing each market the highest quality goods, even higher than
normal market standards.
The second strategy is based on cooperation with other recyclers in the
region to locate and develop additional markets, and to encourage
communication to establish uniform market prices. This strategy protects
recyclers from buyers claiming they can get a lower price elsewhere.
Otherwise, unhealthy competition grows between recyclers, all of whom have
the same goal of reducing landfilled waste. The result of this would increase
financial loss for' all involved.
The Carroll County Commission cites several other factors that
influence finding and retaining quality markets and minimizing financial
loss from the recycling program, These include:!
. purchasing equipment that will allow dealings with national
market rather than equlpment that forces business with local
middlemen,
. building storage areas that will allow holding material until a
complete shipment of one material is ready.
. siting the Materials Resource Facility (MRF) on a main trucking
thoroughfare so transportation costs can be at least partially
offset through the use of "back hauls."
lBixby, S. and Sterns, D., Iowa Department of Natural
Resources Solid Waste Landfill Alternative Grant Recycling
Operation Final Report, page 13, August, 1991.
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-siting the MRF in an area with more than one transportation
option. For instance, having access to a railroad siding as well as
a main trucking thoroughfare can increase market viability.
- knowing your production costs so you know when it is not
feasible to accept a price for a product.
EMPLOYMENT
Half of the labor force for the recycling program is provided by the New
Hope Village which is a Carroll County facility for the physically and
mentally handicapped. Carroll Enterprise Systems which is associated with
the New Hope Village provides services to handicapped adults through
vocational training and job development programs. New Hope Village is a
full partner in the recycling program and was included in the origin~1 plan as
the source of a labor force. Consequently, disabled adults comprise the
primary labor force for the Recycling Center. The workers are contracted .
though the vocational branch of New Hope Village, A total of forty.one
individuals work part-time at the facility, usually broken into eight person
crews working a four-hour shift. The crews cycle into the process throughout
a Monday through Friday work schedule. All of the workers are paid by the
rehabilitation agency on a proportionate basis related to their productivity as
compared to non-handicapped workers. This formula ensures handicapped
workers are paid on an equal basis with non-handicapped workers.
The rehabilitation agency bills the Commission for the costs associated
with providing a labor force. These include reimbursement of the wages paid
to the workers and their supervisors from the rehabilitation agency. As of
May, 1991, the staff cost to the Commission was $6.25 per hour and the client
cost was $2.58 per hour.
This system works very efficiently in terms of having handicapped
employees. It might seem economically wiser to have fewer non-
handicapped workers that could process recyclables faster. However, the rate
at which the handicapped work is equal to the rate which recyclables come
into the Center. It Is the opinion of the rehabilitation staff involved with this
work site, that a complimentary arrangement such as this could be
successfully transferred to similar programs in other communities.1
lBixby, S, and Sterns, D., Iowa Department of Natural
Resources Solid Waste Landfill Alternative Grant Recvcling
Qperation Final Report, August, 1991, Attachment 2,
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COSTS
22
The operation and maintenance costs are provided in the table below,
During the period November, 1990 to January, 1992 the cost of the recycling
program amounted to $359,020.00 while income totaled $109,462. Cost per
ton was $244,558.00 / 2,930 tons = $83.00 per ton.
The cost per resident was established at $2.50 per household above the
regular charge for trash pick up. The income from this fee goes directly to the
trash hauler.
Operation costs are presented under three categories including
Administrative, Processing and Debt Service. The initial set up costs were
provided by a grant from the Iowa ONR. Data shows that current costs
associated with each category are $37.00/ ton for Administrative, $54.00/ ton
for Processing, and $31.00/ ton for Debt Survive for a total cost of $122.00/ ton.
Subtracting average sales revenues of $33.75/ ton, and reimbl\rsement
and processing fees from the other three counties involved and Telecom for
phone book processing, gave the Commission a net loss (cost to rec.yclel of
$83.00/ ton.
TABLE IV1
Recycling Program Costs
Month
Tons
Admin. Praces.
11-90
12-90
01-91
02-91
03-91
04-91
05-91
06-91
07-91
08-91
09-91
10-91
11-91
12.91
01-92
TOTALS
111. $6,725 $6,259
94. $ 5,984 $11,337
151. $4,930 $ 6,948
116. $5,322 $ 9,066
120. $ 4,344 $ 7,205
152. $ 8,259 $ 7,244
160. $ 5,&56 $ 7,m
145. $ 9)00 $10,627
173. $5,965 $ 7,997
165. $5,643 $ 9,568
172. $8,460 $10,240
~. $9~ $9,~
3re, $10,341 $16,257
395. $12,D30 $17,593
392. $5,928 $20,907
2940.
$100,781 $165,853
Debts.
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111'
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$6,111
$91,665
Totals
$/Ton
$19)095 $172
$23,433 $249
$17,989 $119
$20,498 $177
$17~ $147
$21,613 $142
$19,689. $123
$26,445 $182
$20,073 . $116
$21,322 $129
$24,811 $144
$25,lJ02 $8'1
$32,709 $106
$35,734 $ 91
$32,946 $ as
$366,299
$125
lUveling, J, and Bixby, S., from current data titled
operation and Maintenance Costs, February, 1992,
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PUBUC RELATIQ~
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The Carroll County operation stresses the continuing need for focusing
public attention on the recycling program. The initiation of the program
required a considerable amount of effort in order to create public awareness
and to educate the residents to the procedures and nature of materials
involved in the process. One way to increase public participation from the
beginning was to provide each dwelling with a red, plastic container for the
commingled recyclables. The Commission purchased these for resale to each
city and town who, in turn, distributed them with the stipulation that if a
family were to move the container would stay with the house.
A number of techniques were employed to attract public attention to
the program including newspaper ads, brochures, T-shirts, bumper stickers,
billboards, etc. These devices explain all aspects of the recycling process and
show how it applies to West-Central Iowa specifically. According to the
project director, Jim Ulveling, the educational aspect is an important and
ongoing activity that is necessary in order to maintain a high level of
involvement and to ensure use of proper procedures and material
concentration. The Commission runs newspaper ads approximately every
two months to remind citizens of what can and cannot be recycled. The
Commission also employs a Recycling Coordinator who sends this
information to the media and visits the public to increase awareness. The
Coordinator arranges seminars for businesses and interested communities,
and creates presentations for schools, one of the best places to teach about
recycling.
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Since curbside collection of recyclables and Center operations began
, November 5, 1990, the program appears to be achieving its primary goals of
expanding to adjacent counties and establishing consistent markets for the
recycled products. The use of disabled persons in a part-time capacity has
allowed the facility to maintain a fairly reliable and economical work force.
The amount of materials entering the landfill has been reduced significantly.
11 % waste reduction record has been realized In the past two years. This
amounts to nearly 3000 tons of recyclables diverted from November, 1990
through January, 1992. By increasing the amount of recyclables and the
Center's efficiency, the cost per ton to recycle has dropped dramatically from
$123.00 to $83.00.
During April and May 1991, three haulers worked with the
Commission to provide preliminary Information on participation and set-out
rates of their residential customers in both Glidden and Carroll, two of Carroll
County's towns. The results showed that 91% set out garbage while 49-56%
set out recyclables. This data, and other like it, has been used to target areas
that need further public education for the future.
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CHAPTER 3
DES MOINES METRO LANDFILL
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GOALS FOR WASTE REDUCTION:
In 1989, the Iowa Legislature passed the Waste Volume Reduction and
Recycling Act. This law requires that the waste stream entering landfills be
reduced by 25% by 1994, and 50% by the year 2000. In order to comply with the
provisions of this act, the Des Moines Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency
(DMMASWA) has undertaken several recycling programs: a residential drop-
off recycling program, an office recycling program, commercial waste audits, a
household hazardous materials program, a composting facility, and a waste
volume reduction program.
GEOGRAPHIC DIMENSIONS
The opening of the Des Moines Metro Landfill (DMML) in 1970
resulted in the closing of six area dumps. The DMML currenUy has 650 acres
of land, of which 425 acres are under permit by the DNR for landfill
operation. The DMML serves 16 communities within Polk county, Polk
County itself, plus the surrounding conununities of Norwalk, Prairie City,
Adel, and Carlisle. The population of the area served is approximately
331,000. For the last 20 years, the DMML has received 20% of Iowa's solid
waste. The DMML receives 400,000 tons of solid waste per year (1,200 tons per
. day), requiring 83,000 vehicle trips a year for transport from either the
transfer station or the communities.
TRASH ANALYSIS
The DMML handles mainly industrial, agricultural, and residential
wastes. Regional and seasonal trash trends are noted in the DMML service
area. The chart below shows the variation in waste fractions seasonally,
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1IJ diapers
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The DMMASWA contracts private waste hauling companies to collect
and separate solid wastes from the communities. This is accomplished
through curbside pickup and drop-off sites. Curbside pickup includes #1 and
#2 plastics, tin, aluminum, glass (three colors), newspaper, motor oil, office
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METHODS
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paper, and cardboard. There are 17 drop-()ff sites conveniently located
throughout the communities. Drop-sites are available for office paper,
;.- cardboard, and tires. The success of the recycling program relies on the level
; of participation of the residents, businesses, and industries served by the
' "
DMMASWA. Since the waste generated by the community is not subject to
,..... separation of recyclables from non-recyclables, voluntary efforts by the waste
, generators are critical in this system.
' ,
I"'" Toxic Cleanup Day:
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:., The DMMASW A sponsors an annual Toxic Cleanup Day. The Des
Moines area Toxic Cleanup Day is the largest event of its kind in the nation.
I~' Once a year residents are permitted to bring their hazardous wastes to a drop-
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1"1 off site. The agency either recycles the material by giving usable paints,
I.....~ cleaning agents, etc., to people who can use them, or ships the materials off to
a hazardous waste landfill where proper disposal can occur. Over 302,000
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-,orl pounds of toxic wastes were collected at the 1991 Toxic Cleanup Day, of which,
- 68 percent were recycled rather than landfilled. Costs were kept down with
the help of 450 volunteers at the collection centers.
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1991 Toxic Cleanup Day Results
_.-, Material Amount
motor oil recycled 8,800 gallons
lead-acid batteries recycled 43,491 pounds
, antifreeze recycled 495 gallons
I, , oil filters recycled
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corrugated cardboard recycled 1,300 pounds
latex paint recycled 8,900 gallons
I~ household hazardous waste 97,506 pounds
11 properly disposed in an
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The DMMASWA has become aware of the communities need for free
,..... usable paint. In 1991 a Paint Give-Away Day was scheduled immediately
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I following the Toxic Cleanup Day. The Paint Give-Away Day was developed
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to provide needy Individuals with free usable paint and to reduce the amount
of paint which is sent to a hazardous waste landfill. Individuals who wish to
receive paint, can stop by a site and pick up as much paint as desired, More
than 8,900 gallons of usable paint was collected during Toxic Cleanup Day.
During a four day period following the Toxic Cleanup Day, all of the paint
- was recycled through the paint give-away program. In an effort to expand this
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28
effort, the DMMASWA will provide an ongoing Waste Paint Exchange
beginning in May of 1992.
Yard Waste Processin~ Facility:
At the DMML, 30 acres of land has been set aside for a Yard Waste
Processing Facility. This area has been divided into four categories: leaves
and grass, brush,logs, and wood chips. Yard waste is accepted at the landfill
only if the following two criteria are met: 1.) it is received in a separate load,
not combined with any form of waste, 2.) if it is bagged, it must be in 2.ply, 50
gallon paper bags which have been approved by the landfill. Over 10,000 tons
of yard waste are brought to the processing facility annually.
Before the yard waste processing facility began operation, yard wastes
comprised 12.8% of the landfills volume. Currently, no yard wastes are
accepted for landfilling. Maturation of the compost requires approximately 6
months. The compost process achieves a 70% reduction in material volume.
. It is anticipated that a 4 . 4.5 month maturation period may be possible if a
leachate-compost recycling program is successful.
PUBLIC RELATIONS
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The DMMASW A has produced numerous brochures which are
available to the community specifying where drop off sites are located, who
will take household hazardous wastes, and what the individual can do to
reduce the waste volume. In addition to the literature, community education
programs are presented to school children, and the general public by the ,
DMMASW A. --,
A library is available at the DMMASWA main office located on 6th
Street in downtown Des Moines. Materials available in the library include '--.
video tapes, current periodicals, games for children, recycling brochures and
, information concerning the DMML.
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COSTS
The tipping fee for the DMML is $17,75/ton for bo~ solid waste and
yard waste. Yard waste processing fees assessed to individuals hauling yard
waste into the processing center are; $S.OO/load per car or station wagon, and -.
$10.00/load per pickup truck or trailer, The DMML produces 20,000 gallons of
leachate daily, The cost of leachate treatment is $.06/ gallon, . ,
Typical costs of recycling incurred by private hauling companies are; .....
$1.16/month (BFt) for curbside collection, $SO.OO/site cost per pull per month
(WMI) for drop-off collection, and $23.80/ton (WMI) for processing. The ' ,
annual operating budget for 1991.92 at WMI is an estimated $426,600, -
Costs directly to the consumer are; $4,29 for the 18 gallon home storage
container and special yard waste bags are available for $.4(),,50 each. ' ,
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EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYMENT
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Currently, forty individuals are employed at the DMML and ten at the
DMMASW A office. These numbers do not include employees at the various
contracted collection agencies..
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The fate of the compost pile lies with public demand and within the
landfill operation itself. At the present time, the compost is offered free of
charge to the public and agencies. It is also being used at the landfill as a
topsoil cover. Landfill manager Scott Smith, is pleased with the quality of
compost soil produced. He estimates a savings of $100,000 to $200,000 per year
due to use of the compost manufactured at the landfill as opposed to
purchasing topsoil for final cover. He feels that the composting may soon
net a profit. Compost is also sold as mulch for $200 per semi load.
The DMML has waste management contracts with Pirelli-Armstrong
and Firestone in an effort to curtail the numbers of incoming tires. Because
of these contracts, the landfill has cut the amount of incoming defective new
tires from 6,000 tons to 300 tons per year. Waste Management of Iowa shreds
40,000 tons of tire per year. This is expected to rise to SO,OOO tons per year by
1994. A processing plant in Otterdale, South Dakota now accepts new
defective tires from Iowa to fuel a power plant which supplies electricity to
Minneapolis/St. Paul. .
The DMML may have found a market for the leachate that the landfill
produces. An experimental leachate recycling program approved by the DNR
was begun late February, 1992. The experiment involves pumping the benign
leachate from the landfill, and applying it to the compost rows. Up to 3,000
gallons of leachate is applied to each windrow of compost daily. The goals of
the experiment are to produce better compost faster by adding the urea-like
leachate, and ultimately use up all the leachate produced. A saving of
$156,000 per year is expected if the recycling of the leachate is effective.
One of the contracted haulers (BFI), now sells all the collected recyclable
materials bulk to a local broker for $10/ton. At this price BPI is at the break-
even point, recovering their costs of pickup and transportation.
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REALIZATION OF GOALS
From July, 1990 to October, 1991, the curbside pickup program collected
4,133 tons and the drop-off sites collected 979 tons of recyclable material. By
recycling this material, over 7,303 cubic yards of landfill space was spared.
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DMMASWA Tuly 1990 - October 1221 Material Re<:ycled
Material Tons
Newspaper 4,161
Glass 533
Plastic 195
Tin/ Aluminum 233
A study is completed annually to determine if the waste reduction
goals are close to being met. The 1991 DMMASWA study revealed a 13%
reduction in landfilled waste from the previous year, Applying the Iowa
DNR's method of waste reduction determination, yields a 19.5% reduction for
1991. DMML manager Scott Smith feels that though the 25% reduction goal
by 1994 is easily attainable, the 50% reduction goal by 2000 will be very. difficult
to meet. An increasing metro population will definitely have an impact on
the amount of landfill-bound waste, regardless of the effectiveness of public
awareness programs promoting recycling.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to; Scott Smith, manager DMML, Gail Andersen and
Kathy Kendell-Witkowski, of the DMMASWA, and Bob Peterson of BF!.
Ir41
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IOWA FALLS/IOWA
THE LUNDELL SYSTEM (HEARTLAND RECYCLING)
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33
INTRODUCTION
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The Heartland Recycling Company, a privately owned company,
operates the Lundell System in Iowa Falls, Iowa. It consists of a one unit
system operating in a single free standing building. Heartland is contracted to
accept and process municipal solid waste (MSW) from the counties of Hardin,
Butler and Wright. A tipping fee of $42.00/ton has been established. The
facility has been in operation since 1988, but since the initial start up a change
in ownership has transpired. The facility is permitted by IDNR and has
received a composting permit.
The Lundell System uses a process that addresses the Iowa Hierarchy of
Solid Waste Management at multiple levels. In order of priority, the state has
mandated that solid waste be handled by:
1) Volume reduction at the source.
2) Recycling and/or reuse of materials.
3) Combustion with energy recovery and refuse derived fuel (ROF)
production.
4) Combustion for volume reduction.
S) Disposal in sanitary landfills.
The Lundell system uses both recycling and ROF production in it's process of
MSW reduction. Any rejected materials are then landfilled.
Lundell literaltlre promotes the advantages of the system to be in it's
modular components, low operating costs, ease of installation and flexibility.
Flexibility includes the ability to establish multiple unit systems at one site, or
in the case of a large metropolitan area the ability to establish multiple sites
with multiple units.
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GOALS OF THE LUNDELL SYSTEM
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The goals of the Lundell System include:
1) A high percentage elimination of current solid waste being
presently landfilled. At Iowa Falls, a 70% reduction of waste is
achieved by the system. The system eliminates some potential
groundwater contamination problems (enclosed system). The
process allows for a comparatively sanitary method to utilize
municipal solid waste. The Lundell system reduces possible pest
infestations and blowing materials at the site due to the systems
enclosed naltlre.
2) An extension to the life of current operating landfills due to a
volumetric reduction of Incoming material.
3) Job creation in Iowa. At the Iowa Falls location two shifts
operate and cover both processing and administrative duties.
The site has approximately 60 employees.
4) Reduction of energy costs through the use of recycled goods
for raw material.
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5) Collection of MSW can be continued within established
procedures.
THE LUNDELL PROCESS
The Lundell System, in operation at Iowa Falls, uses a two step
approach in the processing of MSW. The system at this location processes 3-
4.5 tons of waste per hour (two shifts are employed) or about 75-80 tons a day.
This figure can be increased by adding addition processing units to the system.
The first step in the process is labor intensive. After the waste has been
weighted it is deposited in the enclosed tipping room. Plastic bags are
manually opened (a mechanical bag breaker was disconnected). The refuse is
then conveyored to a presort table where large objects are removed (paint
cans, aerosol cans) that cannot be sent through the slow speed shredder. After
slow speed shredding for size uniformity, the materials are dropped to a
sorting conveyor where recyclable plastics and metals are recovered.
The remainder of the process is mechanical. Ferrous material is
removed by a series of magnetic belts. This part of the fraction is then crushed,
for recycling. The compost fraction (dirt, grass) is then removed by agitation of
the waste stream and the heavy fraction is removed for landfilling. The
remaining waste stream is dominated by paper that has not been recovered
for recycling. This material after high speed shredding is heated to reduce the
moisture content. The material is then densified and pellets (RDF) are
formed. The Iowa Falls plant generates a pellet 1.5" by 3" and has a moisture
content in the range of 8-11 %. The produced pellet has a 7,000-8,000 BTU
rating. The pellets are then flash dried and cooled for twenty four hours in a
holding area. The RDF can be stored on site for forty eight hours. Pellets are
then transported to a burning facility where RDF to coal mixing is established
at 15%. Combustion of this mixture does reduce sulfur emissions.
A contingency plan exists should the plant become disabled, Upon
shutdown all MSW will be landfill at the Harden County landfill site.
TRASH ANALYSIS
The Iowa Falls Lundell System processes 75-80 tons of solid waste a day.
The yearly approximated volume of solid waste processed Is 26,000 tons. Of
this total 70-75 % Is residential in origin. This Is due to the lack of heavy
industry in the three counties It services. At the present time hazardous
wastes and yard wastes are not accepted. There has been a problem with
medical waste and with ammunition in the waste deposited at the plant.
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The Lundell Systems approximate percentage of materials in the waste
stream includes:
Glass......................2%
Plastics................. 5%
Metals................. 8%
Compost............. 20%
Rejected
material.............l0%
Refuse
Derived
Fuel.. ..............55%
In promotional literature about the Lundell system, the recyclable
fraction of the waste stream is based on a 100 ton per day facility.(Figures for
the Iowa Falls plant were not available) The percentage of materials making
up this fraction includes:
Aluminum............O.25%
Rubber.........................! %
Glass.............................2%
Plastics......................2.1 %
Metals.......................7.5%
Landfill.....................!! %
Baled Paper....",.....36,4%
Compost...............39.75%
COSTS AND EXPENSES
Costs for the processing of one ton of solid waste using the Lundell
System range from $25,00 to $30.00. Costs considered in the analysis include:
1) Capitol expenditure costs. this includes both building and
equipment costs. The amount can vary depending on prevailing
land prices. Equipment costs range from $1.5 million to $1.9
million.
2) Finance costs. total costs are dependent on the prevailing
interest rates.
3) Operating costs. include both direct and indirect costs (FICA,
insurance, workman's comp, vacation, etc.), Direct labor costs are
dependent on the prevailing area wages, Indirect labor costs
should be projected at a rate of thirty percent of direct labor costs.
4) Utilities
5) Maintenance and repair
35
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6) Misc. expenses- this includes delivery expenses ($100 a
semi load to the Hardin landfill for rejected materia!), legal fees,
permits, etc.
REVENUES
A tipping fee of $42.00 per ton has been contracted with the three
counties. The Heartland Recycling plant has secured a buyer for the RDF, (Ag
Processor; Eagle Grove, Iowa). Revenue figures derived from the sale of RDF
at the Iowa Falls facility were unavailable. Additional revenues are realized
through the sale of recyclables. Recyclable revenues (1988 figures):
Product
Revenue
Paper ..............................................$30-$40 I ton
Glass
Clear..................................$2()..$40 / ton
Brown...............................$l5-$40 / ton
Green..................................$5-$40 / ton
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Metals
Ferrous.............................$40-$60 / ton
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Aluminum.................,$0.30-$0.7S/lb
Plastic
HOP (milk bottIe)........$O.06-$O.25/lb
PET (pop bottIe)...........$O.1D-$O.12/lb
Ught............................~.$O.()3..$O.07 lIb
Rub'ber...................................................loss (..)
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The Iowa Falls Lundell System employs approximately 60 individuals.
Included in this figure are management, administration, shift and
maintenance personnel.
This number is slightly inflated due to the facilities inability to process
the targeted tonnage of 100 tons a day. Instead of the Lundell target figures of
8-10 tons per hour the Iowa Falls plant processes only 3-4,5 tons of municipal
solid waste. A second shift is run to complete the dally processing,
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MARKETS
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RDF marketability has in the past presented a problem for a system like
Lundell. Heartland Recycling has overcome this constraint and secured a
buyer for the finished product.
In the recyclable end of the process, unidentified buyers have been
found for the aluminum, ferrous metals, and granulated plastics. Do to the
poor quality of glass produced by the system, a recovery of cost is attempted.
At the present time no buyer has been found for the generated compost. It is
presently being landfilled. Plans are being formulated to explore both the
nursery and landscape markets for possible compost recycling.
At present most of the recyclable material is collected and stored at the
facility until a trailer load is accumulated. This helps to reduce transportation
costs.
ADVANTAGES OF THE LUNDELL SYSTEM
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The major advantage of the Lundell System is the effectiveness at
which it meets the Iowa hierarchy of solid waste management. It addresses
both the recycling of solid waste and the production of RDF in the hierarchy.
Heartland has a reduction in solid waste of 70%. The remaining 30% that is
landfilled can be reduced if markets can be obtained for the compost.
Other advantages include standardized parts, a modular enclosed
system, low operating costs, and flexibility.
Capacity can be increased through the introduction of a multi-unit
system. Collection of solid waste may be continued with present equipment
and established routes.
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DISADVANTAGES OF THE LUNDELL SYSTEM
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The overriding concern with the system is the establishment of
markets for produced RDF. Heartland Recycling has overcome this concern.
Other issues include the volatility of the recycling markets and the inability of
Heartland to sell the composted fraction.
Other concerns include: 1) the inability to process targeted tonnage rates
of solid waste. 2) The system is very labor intensive up front in the beginning
of the process. 3) High maintenance costs- one problem pointed out is the
durability of the system. Some equipment material is too light for the
intended application. 4) Possible hazardous working environment- this
includes dust problems, explosion protection, and possible air pollution
problems. 5) Does nothing to encourage waste volume reduction at the
source, which is top priority in the DNR hierarchy.
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CONCLUSIONS
The Lundell System operated by Heartland Recycling at Iowa Falls
addresses the area of state regulations regarding the preferred handling of
municipal solid waste. The system approaches the problem by recycling,
production of RDF and finally composting rejected material from the MSW.
The Iowa Falls facility reduces landfilling of solid wastes by 70%.
To make the system viable it needs: 1) 75-100 tons of MSW per day, five
days a week, 2) a tipping fee that makes the system economical, 3) markets 'for
RDF and recyclables before plant start-up and 4) permits from IDNR.
If the above conditions can be met the Lundell System may be a partial
answer to the MSW problem. The problem of marketability of RDF and work
place hazards needs to be addressed. Due to the limited number of system
applications more time may be needed to evaluate it's effectiveness.
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CHAPTER 5
LEE COUNTY SANITARY LANDFILL
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INTRODUCTION
The Lee County Sanitary Landfill, located at Fort Madison, Iowa, in the
southeastern part of the state, serves the cities of Fort Madison and Keokuk,
as well as surrounding rural Lee County. Recent landfilling operations began
in 1980 under Sanitary Disposal Permit 56-SDP-7-8Q-P. The 176 acre site is
leased by the Lee County Solid Waste Commission from the Iowa State
Penitentiary at Fort Madison and consists of a "phase 1" landfill (scheduled
for permanent closure later this year), an expansion "phase 2" landfill, a main
office, a recycling center, and a composting area. Lee County's Solid Waste
Commission is a co-operative member of the Great River Regional Waste
Authority along with the Iowa counties of Henry and Louisa, and the illinois
county of Hancock. Ron Mace supervises all operations at the Lee County
Landfill, including both solid waste disposal and the waste reduction,
recycling, and composting program.
The recycling program at Lee County currenUy utilizes approximately
12,100 square feet (sq. ft.) of building space. This consists of 11,700 sq, ft. in the
main recycling center; 8,100 sq. ft. being used for the processing of recyclable
materials, and 3,600 sq. ft. being used as warehouse/ storage/loading space. A
small out-building, with an estimated 400 sq. ft. of space, is where the final
processing and bagging of compost, mulch and wood chips takes place. In
addition to this, 19,800 sq. ft, of further recycling center expansion has been
proposed and awaits funding.
GOALS OF THE PROGRAM
According to project coordinator Ron Mace the overall goals of the Lee
County waste reduction program are simply to comply with the mandates set
forth in the Waste Management and Recycling Act (Iowa House File 753) as
, presented in this documents Introduction. This, in itself, is no simple task,
given that the program is non-profit in nature and its implementation
requires a delicate balance between effectiveness and cost to local taxpayers.
However, Mace did have a head start on planning such a program, since he
began the implementation of his own recycling ideas as early as 1988.
Furthermore, it becomes apparent in conversations with Ron Mace, as
well as others involved in the program, that the more immediate short-term
goals almost always include improving public relations, and increasing
participation in the public, private and industrial sectors of the community.
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TRASH ANALYSIS
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Recyclables entering the Lee County Landfill can be broken down into
several categories, as represented below. Listed with each category is the
amount (in tons) received of that particular type of waste and its percent of
the total recyclable waste volume. The numbers represent averages for fiscal
years 1989-90 and 1990.91. It is not known why food waste was not included
in this breakdown, or if such waste was lIsed in the composting program.
waste type tons %
corrugated (cardboard) 782 15.5%
newsprint 522 11.4%
office paper 111 2.0%
mixed (aluminum, tin, plastics) 222 4.6%
glass 355 7.4%
textiles 171 3.8%
batteries 6.5 .15%
waste oil 25 .6%
ferrous material 244 5.4%
tires 141 2.4%
yard waste 505 8.9%
wood waste 1725 38.0%
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Landfill, as a percentage of the total waste volume. The figure of 38%
deviates significantly from the state average of approximately 4% estimated by
the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. This fact is not lost on the
landfill operators, who, as part of the recycling program, have invested in a
large wood chipper/grinder (discussed in the Methods section). Furthermore,
additional materials, such as polypropylene and vinyl will be diverted and
recycled when cooperation with other county programs makes it more
feasible.
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RECYCLING METHODS
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Curbside Collection:
Residential curbside collection is carried out using vehicle
combinations created by Ron Mace. Each consists of a pickup truck pulling a
modified horse/stock trailer. The pickup bed contains smaller bins for the
lower volume recyclables, such as plastics, glasses, metals, and waste oil. The
trailer contains a row of roll-off bins for paper, tin cans, textiles, aluminum,
more plastics, and whatever else may need to be collected, depending on the
route and day of pick-up. These roll-off bins can be emptied ;1t the recycling
plant by a rotating hydraulic fork lift. These units are used to collect the
recyclables separated by the residents of the communities into burlap bags (for
plastics, tin, aluminum non-beverage containers. etc.) and into five-'gallon
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buckets (for glass). Biodegradable garbage bags or trash barrels may be used for '
paper, cardboard, clothing, or other recyclables which don't require the burlap
or plastic, No commercial municipal collection trucks are used at this time.
Rural sites are served by a drop-off unit, also designed by Mr. Mace.
Ten separate, labeled bins are mounted on a roll-off frame which is accessible
by a truck with a long wheel-base and a hydraulic lift. Each of the bins are
designated to accept different recyclables, including clothing, plastic,
cardboard, paper, and other materials which may be collected at different
times. The bins are removed from the frame and emptied by rotating
hydraulic fork lift.
The Lee Cycle trucks of the curbside collection program serve the cities
of Ft. Madison, Montrose, Keokuk, West Point, Donnellson, Iowa, and
Houghton, lllinois, as well as 2 rural subdivisions and the Hillview Village
senior citizens apartments near Ft. Madison. The bi-weekly schedules for the
areas are as follows:
Mon. Tues. Wed, Thurs. Fri.
Ft. Madison (4146 HH') 1 truck 2 trucks yd waste 3 trucks 3 trucks
Monli'ose, 2 rural 1 truck
subdivisions (495 HH)
Keokuk (4280 HH) 2 trucks 2 trucks 2 trucks 2 trucks 2 trucks
West Point/Donnellson 1 truck 1 truck
(364 HH/340 HH)
Houghton, Ill. (SO HH) contracted hauler
Hillview Village 8 - 9O-gallon roll carts, collected as needed
'households served
Drop-off units are also located in and around the Lee County area.
These units are collected as necessary, and some require weekly pick-up.
Towns and rural areas with permanent drop-off sites include Wever,
Denmark, St. Paul-Pilot Grove, Mt. Hamill, Franklin, Primrose, and Argyle.
These towns fall under the jurisdiction and collection fees of Lee County.
Other permanent sites outside of Lee County, which must pay rent, travel
costs, and fuel usage, include: Farmington, Van Buren County; Wapello and
Columbus Junction, Louisa County; and Carthage, lllinois (2 units).
The recyclables are hauled to one of two sites for initial separation: the
recycling center itself at the Lee County Landfill, or the transfer station located
in Keokuk. The latter is used mainly for paper, which is separated into the
five marketable types (discussed below), although it also accepts drop-off by
residents and does some on site separation of metals, corrugated cardboard,
appliances, and tires before loading onto trucks and hauling to the Lee County
recycling center, where the bulk of the separation is done.
Additional Separation Equipment:
Other equipment is also necessary for the collection of recyclables from
businesses, industries, and institutions. The schools and office-oriented
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businesses in the area are supplied with (or may purchase) desktop trays, 50
gallon barrels for the hallways, and 9D-gallon roll carts for bulk disposal of the
various papers used. Industries and other businesses also have some of the
same units, as well as containers for other types of recyclables. Many of the
industries also have purchased drop-off units to be placed in their parking
lots for their employees' use.
Equipment located at the transfer station in Keokuk consists mainly of
40 yard roll-off containers to store somewhat separated recyclables as they are
dropped off by residents. When adequate amounts for hauling are
accumulated, trucks bring the material to the Lee County recycling center.
As recyclables are received at the recycling center the final separation
takes place. Already sorted materials are placed in their respective areas or
bins where they are stored until marketable loads are reached. Green and
brown glass, and tin and aluminum are separated by hand from the general,
bins. Plastics and clear glass are separated using a combination separator / glass
crusher. The glass is stored in bins, and the plastics are baled using a
horizontal baler and the bales are stored separately according to their
composition: #3 or #5 or other. Textiles/clothing, corrugated cardboard, and
five grades of paper are also separated by hand and then baled. The five .
grades of paper, mostly separated at the transfer station, are: white and colored
ledger, hi-grade CPO, ground wood CPO, and file stock. Other containers in
and around the recycling center are used for waste oils, anti-freeze, tires, and
scrap iron and steel. Yard waste is placed into windrows on the landfill site
and turned into a compost product which is bagged using a commercial
bagging machine and marketed to certain chain department stores, and
landscaping companies. All wood products are ground into four-inch squares
using a tub grinder (purchased in 1990). After the wood has been aged, it is
ground again and mixed with a darker bark material using a two-inch screen,
making a marketable mulch product which can be sold.
Various hydraulic fork lifts (including a rotating one) and bulldozers
are utilized for the moving and distributing of the recyclables and bins on site,
Under the proposed Lee County recycling center expansion (discussed
in under System Cost) a new horizontal baler, an overhead sorting'line, a
better glass crusher and benification system, and a more automated bagging
line will be installed to increase the efficiency of the center and reduce annual
costs of the program. However, this proposed expansion awaits state funding.
SECONDARY MARKETS
The recycling center recovers some of its cost by selling recyclables to
industries which actually do the recycling. Chicago, Dlinois and Gary, Indiana
are two major outlet areas for recyclables in the Midwest. The recycling center
must either be able to maintain a regular supply of a certain recyclable to a
market or be able to join with other recyclers in the area to create such a
supply before a market will open up, Large supplies of products such as
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paper, glass, cardboard, and #3, #5 plastics are easily maintained due to the
high usage by both public and private sectors. But other plastics, waste oils,
anti-freeze, magazines, tires, etc. must either be collectively sold with other
programs or just given away at a loss to the Lee Cycle program. Thus, certain
recyclables are not yet collected by the program due to the overwhelming cost.
As mentioned above, compost, wood chips, and mulch are processed
on site and are also sold to local markets.
PUBUC RELATIONS
Many recommendations for public education and relations are
outlined in the Southeast Regional Waste Authority's grant request to the
Iowa Legislature, and are already incorporated into the Lee Cycle program. A
major focus of education is to promote by advertisements with the local
media; public events and demonstrations showing the goals and ideas of the
program; merchandising of recyclable products and handling containers
(West Point and Donnellson gave burlap bags and five-gallon buckets to each
household at the start of their program); input into the school cunicula (100%
participation by the area schools already); and mailings to residents informing
them of programs, events, costs, etc. Other, more publicity related activities
include press releases by the program itself, including interviews with key
people in the program or political figures in the community; feature articles
on the program or people involved; and public service announcements on
local radio/television stations.
Incentives to increase business and industry, as well as public
awareness and involvement can include: higher tipping fees at the landfills
to make recycling more feasible for the user, higher variable-can rates on
curbside collection routes, waste audits on industries (The Dial Corporation
has instigated and paid for several of these themselves), technical assistance
to industries, and public awarding of congratulations to businesses,
industries, and institutions for outstanding participation in the program.
All of these techniques help to inform and interest the public in aiding
the effort, which has long-term benefits to all involved. In fact, our
observation was that much of the success of the Lee County program was due
to their relentless, yet very well received, public relation campaigns.
EMPLOYMENT
The administrative and office personnel at the recycling center/landfill
site are hired by Lee County and the Lee Cycle program. Ron Mace is the
primary director of the facility, along with Karen Mace, both of whom are also
highly involved in community awareness and education about the program.
Tom Fisher is the Recycling Coordinator for the program and directs the
actions of the haulers and separators as well as collecting the benefit and cost
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data for the Lee Cycle project. Other clerical and secretarial staff keep track of
the incoming waste and maintain records on the program.
The haulers and employees in the recycling center and the landfill,
such as forklift operators, bulldozer operators, and baggers are hired from the
State Correctional Facility at low wages. Sorters at both the recycling center
and the transfer station are handicapped individuals contracted on a
workstudy basis from the River Center Mental Health Facility in Keokuk.
SYSTEM COST
-...,
The total combined cost of the landfilling and recycling operations is
$166.45 per ton of waste received. This is partially offset by assessing a landfill
disposal fee of $33.75 per ton of incoming trash, which covers the day to day
operating expenditures of the solid waste disposal program. Funds for the
start-up of the solid waste disposal project were raised through the issuance of
$1,500,000 in G.O. Bonds by the Lee County Solid Waste Commission.
The cost of Lee County's waste reduction, recycling, and composting
program for fiscal year 1991-92 is estimated to be $100.89 per ton for the
collection and processing of recyclables and $31.81 per ton for composting.
These figures are buffered somewhat by revenues generated by the sale of
processed material (recyclables and compost) to secondary markets. Day to day
operational expenditures for this program are billed to the taxpayers of the
county at a rate of approximately $9.07 per person, or $24.47 per household,
annually. Initial implementation of the Lee County recycling project was
partially funded by a $200,800 grant from the Iowa DNR. Remaining capital
expenditures for building and equipment needs are generally funded by
various grants. A recent grant application to the Waste Management
Authority Division of the Iowa DNR (landfill alternatives grant program) for
$300,000, to upgrade and expand the recycling facilities, was turned down and
will be resubmitted in June, 1992,
Additionally, local businesses periodically make financial
commitments to the recycling program. The Dial Corporation of Lee County
recently purchased three of their own recycling cages, for the collection of
corrugated cardboard, and a rural drop off container to be utilized by their
employee's. The local Dupont Company plans similar purchases.
-'
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REALIZA nON OF GOALS
The Lee County recycling program is well on the way to reaching it's
ultimate goal: Compliance with Iowa House File 753, which requires 25%
reduction of the incoming waste stream by 1994, and 50% reduction by 2000.
For fiscal year 1989-90 (which was under no waste reduction mandate of any
kind) 3612 tons of waste were diverted from landfilling and recycled. This
was 6.9% of the total waste stream for that year. During fiscal year 1990-91
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6545 bf 66466 tons (approximately 10%) was successful removed from the
waste stream, As of March 1, 1992 Ron Mace estimated Lee County's
diversion rate for the 1991-92 fiscal year to be approximately 14%, so far.
However, it is possible that more important goals have already been
met. The Lee County recycling program has worked hard to make recycling
part of the everyday, unconscious, behavior of the community. And, while
there is still work to be done, a strong foundation has been built, possibly
making future environmentally oriented goals all-the-more attainable.
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References:
Fisher, T., 1992, Lee Cycle recycling program report: FiSGll year 89-90 and fiscal year 9O-91,m
35p.
Southeast Iowa Regional Planning Commission grant application to the Great River Regional
Waste Authority Solid Waste Alternatives Program, 1991, 43 p.
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OiAPTER 6
COMPARISON OF THE SOLID WASTE REDUCTION
AND RECYCLING SYSTEMS
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The Iowa Department of Natural Resources has established a hierarchy'
of solid waste reduction and disposal. The Lee County and Des Moines
systems are attempting to operate at the highest level utilizing volume
reduction at the source (e,g. minor recycling is done by the public so that some
waste never enters the waste stream at the site). The Ames and Lundell
systems operate mainly at the third level in the DNR hierarchy, combustion
witil energy recovery, by processing refuse-derived fuel (RDF). This process
further reduces the amount of waste to be landfilled.
The systems that are studied in this project use various methods of
resource recovery. Lee County and Des Moines Metro have a curbside
separation program, Ames has a completely automated separation-at-plant
program, Iowa Falls combines automation with manual separation at the
plant, and Carroll County uses a commingled curbside pick-up with manual
separation at the plant.
An analysis of the costs associated with the various waste reduction
systems investigated in this study, reveals one distinct commonalty between
the programs. All five systems incur costs directly attributable to the
operation that exceed the expenditures that would normally result if the
communities had continued the practice of landfilling the entire waste
stream. Although each of the programs handle the additional costs
differently, these added expenses generally are financed partially through
income from sale of recycled products and partially through direct individual
customer billing or increased charges attached to the tipping fees regularly
received from the waste haulers. In none of the programs examined do the
proceeds from the sale of recycled products generate a profit or even remotely
approach a break even status. Consequently, all communities are required to
fund the recycling programs through the alternate revenue sources which
ultimately involves a cost to the original waste generator~ or the taxpayers. A
comparison of the systems with respect to the actual cost attributable to the
waste reduction system is difficult to construct because of the diverse nature
of the operations involved and the dissimilarity of approaches used in the
calculation of expense/income ratios. Furthermore, since few of the
programs have been in operation for an extended period, any detailed cost
comparisons at this stage are premature and probably would be highly
misleading. However, some general appraisal of the efficiency of the systems
can be made. Accordingly, programs such as those existing in Carroll and Lee
counties that involve curbside separation of recyclables from the regular
waste stream and separate processing arrangements for recyclables appear to
incur a greater cost per ton for the operation of their systems than that
experienced by the entire waste stream processing approach used by the Ames
facility, Employment costs generally consume a substantial portion of the
operational budgets of the waste reduction programs. The Ames operation
requires only 15 full-time employees which may contribute to its lower
reported costs, The Carroll and Iowa Falls programs appear to be more labor
intensive. However, innovative approaches to reduction of employment
costs for recycling have been instituted by those communities. This includes
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a cooperative rehabilitation program for employment of the physically and
mentally handicapped and prison inmate work programs to supplement the
work forces at the two facilities. Such programs have helped to reduce the
employment costs at those facilities which have tended to be more labor
intensive and improve the efficiency of operation. It is difficult to determine
which system has had the greatest public acceptance since most of the systems
have oniy been open for a short time. Carroll County, Lee County, and Des
Moines Metro have received very little criticism. The Ames facility has
received occasional criticism throughout its 17-year history. One of the topics
of discontent with the Ames system is that RDF is in competition with
recycling for paper. In addition, there has been hesitation for the public to
accept facilities that provide RDF to power generating facility in their
communities. The Lundell system in Iowa Falls is struggling financially and
residents may not be willing to pay the current high cost of supporting the
facility.
The Lundell system and the Ames system are currently recovering the
most materials, but operate at a lower level in the DNR hierarchy. The other
three systems, Lee County, Carroll County and Des Moines Metro, recover
between 14-20% of their waste volume. It appears that systems that separate
materials at the plant, whether using automated or non-automated systems,
have a higher rate of recovery than systems based on curbside public
separation. However, these figures may be misleading because the Ames and
Lundell systems have the advantage of being able to reject the wastes that '
their processes cannot utilize, whereas the other three systems accept all
municipal waste, including components for which there is no market.
Recycling programs based on public participation may require a longer
period of time before reaching their specified goal. There is a need for a
strong public relations program in order for curbside and drop-off sites to be a
viable option. None of the systems studied utilized volume-based fees at the
household level to encourage waste reduction at the source. Such incentives
to make separation before pick-up more effective and maximize the recycled
fraction of the waste stream might include charging individual waste
generators based on the volume of waste they produce.
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APPENDIX
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION '
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Reprinted from EPA's Recycling Works! State and Local Solutions
to Solid Waste Management Problems, January 19a9,
STATE RECYCLING OFFICES
For more information about reo
cycling and for additional cop.
ies of R('<'.I'c1in~ lVo,ks!, call
the EPA Solid Waste Hutline
atl,8lJO.424-9346, In D,C.. call
382.3000,
Following is a list of state recy-
cling ollices:
ALABAMA
Department 01 Environmental
Managemant
Solid Wasta Division
1115 Congressman Wm, Dickinson
Drive
Montgomery, AL36130 ,
12i!i1211,noo
ALASKA
Department 01 Environmental
ConserVRtion
Solid Waste Program
P,D, Box 0
Juneau, AK 99811-1BOO
1~71465-2fi71
ARIZONA
Dapartmenl of Environmental
Dualily,D,W,P,
Wasta Planning SecHon, 4th Floor
Phoenix. AZ 85004
16021 25J.Z317
ARKANSAS
Departmant of Pollution Conttol
and Ecology
Solid Waste Division
BOOI National Drive
little Rock. AK 72219
15011562-7444
\ ~'~\
CALIFORNIA
Racycling Division
Dapartmenl of Consal'/elion
81919111 Sttaat
Sacremento, CA 95814
19161 32J'3743
COLORADO
Depertment 01 Heelth
4.210 E, 11th Avanue
Denver, CO 8022ll
{303I320.a
CONNECTICUT
Racycling Progrem
Dapartment 01 Environmental
Protection
Hartford. CT 06106
12ll31SfJ&.8122
OELAWARE
Depertment 01 Natural Resources
and Environmental Conttol
B9 Kings Highwey
P,D, Box 1461
Dover, DE 1m!
13021 J35.4794
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Public Space and Maintenance
Administtadon
4701 Sheperd Parllway, S,W,
Washington, DC 20032
12021 76J.8512
FLORIDA
Depertment 01 Environmental
Regulation
2fiOO Blaimone Road
Tallahnsee, Fl32201
1904148U300
GEORGIA
Department 01 Communily Afflars
46 Marietta St. N,W" 8th Floor
AIIanla, GA 30303
14041656-3898
HAWAII
liltllrConttolOffice
Dapartment 01 Health
21l!i Koula Stteet
Honolulu. HI 96813
IDI548-3400
IDAHO
Department 01 Environmental
lWalily
Hazardous Materials Buraau
450 W, Slale Sttaet
Boisa, 10 83720
12al13J4.58~
ILLINOIS
Ifflnois EPA
land Polludon Conttol Division
2200 Churchill Road
P,D, Box 19276
Springfield, IL62706
12171782,6761
INDIANA
Office 01 Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management
Department 01 Environmental
Management
105 S, Meridian Sttaat
Indianapolis, IN 4622S
13171232-8883
iOWA
Departmant 01 Natural Resourees
Wasta Management Division
Wallace Stala Dffice Building
Des Moines, fA 50319
151512111,Bl76
KANSAS
Bureau 01 Waste Management
Department of Health and
Environment
Topaka, KS 66620
19131296-1594
1~61
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KENTUCKY MINNESOTA NEW HAMPSHIRE
Resources Man!g!menl Branch Pollution Control Agency Waste Management Division
Division 01 Wast! Mmgem!n1 520 Lafayette Road Department 01 Environmenlal
18 R!illy Road Sl Paui, MN 55155 Services
franldor1.KY 4OClOl 16121296-6300 6 Hazen Drive
15021564-6716 Concord, NH 03301
MISSISSIPPI 16031271.2900
LOUISIANA Non.Hazardous W!ste Section
Department of Environmen1lll Bureau 01 Pollution Control NEW JERSEY
Duality Department of Natural Resources Office 01 Recycling
-- P,D, Box 44307 P,D, 80x 10385 Department 01 Environmental
8alon Rouge. LA 711004 Jackson, MS 39209 Protection
15041342,1216 161111961-5047 CN414
401 E, State Slreet
MAINE MISSOURI Trenton. NJ 118625
Office of Wast! Reduction !nd Department 01 Nalural Resources 16lI91292,0331
--' Recycling P,D, Box 176 NEW MEXICO
Department of Economic and JeHerson City, MO 65102 Solid Wasle Section
Community Development 1314)751.3176
,-.., Slale HouS! Sta~on #111 Environmentallmprovemenl
I Augusta, ME 04333 MONTANA Division
'--I 1211712139-2111 Solid Waste Program 11~ SL francis Drive
Department of Heallh and Sante fe, NM 87500
:-1 MARYLAND Environmental Science 15051457-2780
Depertment of Environment Cogswell Building, Room B2IIl NEW YORK
'- Hazerdous and Solid Wast! Helena, MT 5U
Bureau of Waste Reduction and
Administration 14061444-2821 , Recycling
,'""'1 2SOO Broening Highway
, Building 40 NEBRASKA Depertmenl of Environmental
--.i Baltimore, MD 21224 Litter Reduction and Recycling Conservation
50 WolI Road, Room 208
13011631.3343 Programs Albany, NY 12233
MASSACHUSmS Department of Environmental 15181457.7337
Conttol
Division 01 Solid Wllta P,D, Box 98922 NORTH CAROLINA
Mmgement Lincoln, NE 68509 Solid Waste Management Branch
--..) D,E.Q.E. 14021471.4210 Department of Human Resources
I 1 WlnlarSIreet, 4lh floor NEVADA P,D, Box 2091
! -.J Boston, MA 021~ Raleigh, NC 27602
I 16171292-5962 Energy Extension Service
, 19191733,0692
I Dlfice of Community Service
IJ MICHIGAN 1100 S, Williams Street NORTH DAKOTA
Waste Menagement Division Carson City. NV 89710 Division 01 Wasle Management
Depertment of NaMel Resources 17021885.4420 Department 01 Health
I", P,O, Box 3OO2S 1200 Missoun Avenue, Room 3112
Lansing. MI48009 Box 5520
I 15171373.0040 Bismark, NO 58502.5520
'-'
17011224-2368
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SOLID WASTE RECYCLING INFORMATION RESOURCES
(Source: BNA PLUS Custom Research Unit)
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ALUMINUM ASSOCL\TION .
900 19lh Street. N,W.
Suile 300
Washington. D, C. 20006
(202) 862.5100
ASSOCIATION OF I'ET1WLEUM
RE.REFINERS
P.O. Box 427
Buffalo, N.Y. 14205
(716) 855.2212
ALUMINUM RECYCLING
ASSOCIATION
1000 16th Slreet, N.W.
Suite 603
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 785-0550
CAN ~IANUFAcrunERS INSTITUTE INC.
1625 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Suite 500
, Washington, D,C. 20036
(202) 232-4677 '
AMERICAN IRON & STEEL INSTITUTE
1133 15th Streel, N. W.
Suile 300
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 452.7100
COUNCIL ON I'LASTlCS AND
PACKAGING IN TilE ENVIRO~MENT
1275 KSlreet, N.W.
Suite 900
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 789.1310
AMERICAN NEWSPAPER
PUDLISIIERS ASSOCIATION
Box17407
Dulles Airport
Washington. D.C. 20041
(703) 648.1000
COUNCIL ON SOLID WASTE
SOLUTIONS
1275 KSlreet, N.W,
Suite 400
Washington. D.C. 20005
(202) 371.5319
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AMERICAN PAl'ER INSTITUTE
260 Madison Avenue
10th Floor
New York. N.Y. 10016
,(212) 340.0600
FLEXIULE PACKAGING ASSOCIATION
1090 Vermont Avenue, N,W.,
Suite 500 '
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 842.3880
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING
AND ~IATERIALS
1916 Race Slreet
Philadelphia, Penn. 19103.1187
(215) 299.5400
GLASS I'ACKAGING INSTITUTE
1801 K Slreet, N.W.
Suite l105.L
Washington, D,C. 20006 ,
(202) 887.4850
Copyrigh'1l19'JO by The Bur,," of Nalio",' AHa irs, 'nc,
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GOVERNMENT REFUSE COLLECTION
AND DISPOSAL ASSOCIATION
P,O, Box 7219
Silver Spring, Md, 20910
(301) 585-2898
INSTITUTE FOR LOCAL
SELF,IlELIANCE
2425 18th Street, N, W,
Woshington. D,C. 20009
(202) 232.4108
INSTITUTE OF PACKAGING
PIlOFESSIONALS
Reston International Center
11800 Sunrise Valley Drive
Suite 212
Resten. Va, 22091
(703) 620-9380
INSTITUTE OF SCRAP RECYCLING
INDUSTRIES, INC.
1627 K Street, N.W.
Suite 700
Washington. D.C. 20006
(202) 466.4050
KEEP AMERICA REAUTIFUL, INC.
National Headquarters
9 W, Brood Street
Stamford. Conn. 06902
(203) 323-8987
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR
PLASTIC CONTAINER RECOVERY
4828 Park 'Way Plaza Blvd.
Suite 260
Charlotte, N,C. 28217
(704) 357.3250
NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES
1301 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.
61h Floor
Washington, D,C. 20004
(202) 626.3000
NATIONAL POLYSTERENE
RECYCLING COMPANY
1',0, Box 66495
Washington. D,C. 20035,6495
(202) 296.1954
NATIONAL RECYCLING COALITION
1',0. Box 80729
Lincoln. Neb. 68501
(402) 475-3637
NATIONAL SOIT DRINK
ASSOCIATION
1101 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 463,6732
NATIONAL SOLID WASTES
MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION
1730 Rhode Island Avenue, N.W.
Suite 1000
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 659.4613
NATIONAL TIRE DEALERS &
RETREADERS ASSOCIATION
1250 [ Street, N.W,
Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 789.2300
PAPERROARD PACKAGING COUNCIL
1101 Vermont Avenue, N.W.
Suite 411
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 289.4100
PLASTICS INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
277 Fairfield Road
Suite 100
Fairfield, N.J. 07004
(201) 808.5950
CopyrighlO 1m by The Dur,," or N"io",' Mr,;rs, lno,
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PLASTICS RECYCLING FOUNDATION
1275 K Street, N.W.
Suite 500
Washington, D.C, 20005
(202) 371.5319
SOURCE REDUCTION COUNCIL OF
TIlE COALITION OF NORTHEASTERN
GOYERNOnS
400 N, Capital Slreet
Suite 382
Washington, D.C. 20001
(202) 783.6674
POLYSTYnENE PACKAGING
COUNCIL, INC.
1025 Connecticut Avenue. N.W,
Suite 508
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 822.6424
STEEL CAN RECYCLING INSTITUTE
Foster Plaza X
680 Anderson Drive
Pittsburgh, Penn. 15220
(412) 922.2772
(800) 876.7274
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RUBBER MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION
1400 K Street, N. W.
Suite 900
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 682.1338
TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF
PULP & PAPER INDUSTRIES
P.O. Box 105113
Atlanta, Ga. 30348
(404) 446.1400
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SOCIETY OF THE PLASTICS
INDUSTRY, INC.
1275 K Street, N.W.
Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20005
(202) 371.5200
TIRE RETREAD INFORJl.IATION
BUREAU
26555 Carmel Rancho Blvd.
Suite3 .
Carmel, Calif. 93923
(408) 625.3247
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SOLID WASTE INFORJl.IATION
CLEARINGHOUSE
P.O. Box 7219
Silver Spring, Md. 20910
(800) 677-9424
U.S. CONFERENCE OF Jl.IAYORS
1620 I Slreet, N.W.
4th Roor
Washington, D.C. 20006
(202) 293.7330
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Reprinted from EPA's Bibliography 01 Municipal Solid Waste Management Alternalives. AugUS11989,
PERIODICALS AND UNCLASSIFIED SOURCES
Source
Publisher fLocalion
BioC,I'cle
Box 35\
Emmaus. PA 18049
Fibre Murker News
156 Firth Avenue
New York. NY 10010
Mill TlUde JOIlr/wl
3505.111 Woudhead Drive
Northbrook. I L 60062
Official Board Markers
III East Wacker Drive
16th Floor
Chicago, IL 60601
Rccyclillg Today
156 Fiflh A venue
New York, NY 10010
Recyclil/g Times
Suile lIJOO
\730 Rhode 1~land Ave,
Washinglon. D,C, 20004
Resolllce Reco"e!)' Repllrt
5313 38th 51.. N,W,
Washington. D,C, 20015
Resollrce Recyclil/R
P,O, Bux 10540
PUrl land. OR 97210
Re,lOlIrce Recol'el)'
Naliunal Leauue of Cilies
1301 Pennsvlvania Ave.. N,W,
Washingtun. D,C, 20004
Scrap Age
3605,\11 Wundhead Drive
Nurlhhruuk. IL 6{)()62
Scrap Tire New.r
Recycling Research. Inc,
133 Mounlain Rd, .
Suffield, LT 06078
Solid lI'asw alld PI/we/,
Hel Puhliculion~
4111 Archibuld SI.
Kan~us City, MO 11411\
Bux 111(,7, Blair Stalion
Silver Spring. MD 2119111
1730 Rh..de Island, N,W,
Suile 512
Wa~hin~llln, D,C, 20036
Solid Wa.rw Repolf
Wusle .4ge
\6\'i-\
Fucus
Sewage sludge and yard waste
Cllmpusling
Textile und waSle paper
industries
Secundurv Iiber lrade
journal '
Secondary Iiber trade
journal '
Magazine IIf scrup malerials
emphasizing non.fermus melals,
Newspaper nf recyding market
Newsleller III' the waste. In.
energy induslry
Describes post.consumer
wasle recycling dfmls
Designed fur local guvernment
wasle managemenl decision makers
Coneenlrates un ferrous
scrap recycling
Cuvers lhe recovery, recycling, and
disposal of scrap tires,
Waste'lt\.energy magazine
General ~olid waSle
oewsleller
Oenml m:,uazine on all
a~pccls III' "ilid waSle
manag~menl
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1730 Rhode Island Ave" N,W,
WashinHlon, D,C, 200U4
(,255 B~rlield Road
Allaola, GA 30382
Focus
Magazine nf disposal oplions
General magazioe on all
aspecls of solid waSle
maoagem~nl
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TRANSFER STATION COSTS - does not include scales
Audubon County
Crawford County
Shelby County
$115,883
$ 92,828
$ 85,400
The Crawford and Shelby County transfer stations were both built
by the same company so I am assuming their construction costs were
similar. Eldo may have a bill on the Shelby County building left
to payor to send to me.
HAUL COSTS - $45 per hour ACS contract with Koster Grain
October
November
December
January
S2.511.00
S2.265,00
S3.083.00
S3.364.00
99 tons
90 tons
136 tnns
148 Ions
S25 per Ion
S25 per ton
S23 per Ion
S23 per ton
BY COUNTY BY MONTH
Counly
Monlh Tons Tl1Insfer cosl S per Ion
October 14.33 S 517.56 S36,18
November 13.38 $ 465.37 S34.78
December 25,36 S 757.25 S29,86
January 28.49 $ 854.70 $23.43
October 47,59 SI.018.86 S21.41
November 41.40 S 912,00 S22.03
D&ember 55,325 SI.021.62 S18.58
January 57.015 $1,710.45 S23.84
October 37.36 $ 974.31 S26.08
November 35.71 $ 887.62 $24,86
December 55,325 S 1.303.63 S23.56
January 62.035 $1.861.05 S21.48
Audubon
Cl1lwford
Shelby
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SECONDARY MATERIAL MARKETS
MATERIAL NAME OF CONTACT TELEPHONE
TYPE ORGANIZATION PERSON NUMBER
Corrugated City Carton Co. Andy Ockenfels 800-272-6112
3 E. Benton Street
Iowa City, IA 52240
Corrugated Consolidated Packaging John Huprich 319-372-3152
1510 18th Street
Fort Madison, IA 52627 :
."-.
Corrugated Jefferson Smurfit Marty Liebforth 708-260-3600
Container Corp. of America
450 E, North Avenue
Carol Stream, IL 60188
Corrugated Stone Container Corp, J. M. Clayton 404-621-6700
2150 Par lane Drive
Atlanta, GA 30345
Corrugated Quincy Recycle, Inc, 'Keith Stokes' 217-224-2754
526 S. 6th Street
Quincy, IL 62301
,
Newsprint Quincy Recycle, Inc, Keith Stokes 217-224-2754 \...-
526 s, 6th Street i-'-
Quincy, IL 62301
Newsprint City Carton Co. Andy Ockenfels 800-272-6112
3 E. Benton Street
Iowa City, IA 52240 --
NewsprInt Consolidated Packaging John Huprich 319-372-3152 (-',
1510 18th Street !
Fort Madison, IA 52627 '-..--
Newsprint FSC Paper Co. Larry Domark 312-389-8520 r".',
,
Alsip, IL 60658 I I
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Newsprint U, S. Gypsum
Sperry, IA ,
'-..
Newspr in t Mason City Recycling Ctr Dean Hess 515-423-2155
1410 S. Monroe I"
Mason City, IA 50401 '--'
Aluminum Feinbergs Aaron Feinberg 319-372-1634
1311 18th Street
Fort Madison, IA 52627
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Tin Cans
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SECONDARY MATERIAL MARKETS- ( CONT. )
Feinbergs
1311 18th Street
Fort Madison, IA 52627
AMG Resources
459 N, Cline Avenue
Gary, IN
AMG Plant
St. Paul, MN
Pittsburgh, PA
North Star Steel
Hwy. 38 & Greens Road
Wilton, IA 52778
Ferrous Scrap Alter Metal
2333 Rockingham Road
P. 0, Box 3068
Davenport, 'IA 52808
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--, Plastics
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Plastics
White Paper/
Computer
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Aaron Feinberg
Rick Gabey
Keith Smith
Bob Chevalier
Ed Kappler
Dennis Battrum
John Gentzkow
John Dinkman
Jefferson Smurfit John Rubey
Container Corp. of America
450 E.North Avenue
Carol stream, IL 60188
Eaglebrook Plastics
2600 W. Roosevelt Road
Chicago, IL 60608
Iowa Plastics
304 N, Main
Sioux Center, IA 51250
Midwest Plastics
811 Collins Road
Stoughton, WI 52589
Wellman
P. O. Box 188
Johnsonville, SC 29555
Jefferson Smurfit
Container Corp. of America
450 E. North Avenue
Carol Stream, IL 60188
Andy Stephens
Perry Van Gorp
David Kolitz
Gary Fish
Clifton W. Cox
Marty Liebforth
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319-372-1634
219-949-8150
612-739-6080
412-331-0770
Jim Orndorff
612-731-5628
319-328-3606
708-260-3600
312-638-0006
712-722-0692
608-884-3433
803-386-2011
708-260-3600
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Computer
Paper
Mixed Paper
Glass
Glass
Glass
Textiles
Textiles
Textiles
Textiles
Tires
Tires
Tires
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SECONDARY MATERIAL MARKETS- ( CONT . )
City Carton Co,
3 E, Benton street
Iowa City, IA 52240
Hubert Fibreboard
Booneville, MO
Ball Incon
1200 N, Logan
Lincoln, IL 62656-1707
OWens Brockway
streator, IL
Quincy Recycle, Inc.
526 s. 6th street
Quincy, IL 62301
Andy Ockenfels
Jerald Hubert
Steve Robinson
Dave Drapp
Keith Stokes
Central States Wiping Cloth Barry Clark
2804 s, 148th Ave.
omaha, NE 68144
Central States Wiping Cloth Tom Clark
Central States Plant
420 DeSoto
st, Louis, MO
Harry Kaufmann Co.
1544 Iron Street
N, Kansas City, MO 64116
Stuart Rags, Inc.
530 N. W, 28th st.
Miami, FL 33127
Rosebar
West D Street
P. O. Box 106
Vinton, IA 52349
Maust & Sons
Fibre Fuels
Preston, MN
Ag Products Terminal Co.
P. O. Box 670
Fayette, IA 52142
Harry Kaufmann
Eleanor Icaiser
Barb Merchant
Bob Maust
800-272-6112
816-882-2704
217-735-1511
815-672-3140
217-224-2754
402-333-1688 . .
314-421-4487
816-421-8244
305-573-2555
319-364-0063
507-765-2188
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SECONDARY MATERIALS MARKETs-CaNT.
River City Metal Products Dan Mahair
319 S. 14th Street
Keokuk, IA 52632'
319-524-7871
Safety-Kleen
1800 78th Ave. W.
Rock Island, IL 61201
Philips Pallets
Keosauqua, IA
Davina De1Vichio 309-787-2621
Mike Philips 319-293-2590
Bob Ullrich
QUincy, IL
Safety-Kleen
1800 78th Ave. W,
Rock Island, IL 61201
Bob Ullrich 217-224-2492
217-224-2754
Davina De1Vichio -309-787-2621
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H.\l'ERIAlS HARKETED: 1IO'I000ER 5, 1990 I'IIIIl1lGH JULY'31, 1991
HARK!:l'S
Jefferson Smurfit
ClMha Paper stock
Siouxland Recovery
CCC Recycling
Other
Corrugated cardboard
HDPE
PSI'
Textlles
Iowa Re<:ycled Plastics
???
Central states Wiping
Tin Cans' Proler International
Re-Harket Inc.
Ferrous and aluninun scrap Quandt Auto salvage
Redeenllble, cans and bottles Carroll RedelDjltion Center
Glass
Newspaper
!'Om
Spencer Recycling
Hid America
ClMha Paper stock
Parco Insulation
AnlDllI bedding
LBS. SHIPPED
PRICE/UIIIT
\19 to \35 per ton
793,340
64,880
\.14 per jXltmd - white
\.12 per jXltmd - natural
\.08 per jXltmd - colored
none shipped
28,580
\90 per ton
r"] r;::J
REVENUES
\11,544.84
\ 7,232.00
\1,286,00
80,700
\58 to \65 per ton \ 2,m.20'
dellvered
\.37 per jXltmd \ 274,91
as dictated by law \ 163.35'
743
388,160
BULK
\20 per Ion - clear
\20 per Ion . brolll\
\15 . \20 per ton - green
GAYIDPJlS
\16 per ton, any color
177,920
\5 10 \15 per ton
603,603
Ave. \,02 per jXlund
2,137,926
, Revenues do not reflect the cost of transjXlrting baled tin cans to the DIlrket.
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\ 3,639,73
943.26
\12,072.00
\39,497.29
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Approxl..te
Distance to
Study Area
Coapany Contact
Packaging CorporatIon 75 miles
of America
South Siegel ~treed
lama; IA 53239
(515)4B4-2BB4 · .'
Contact: Allan Atchison
r' Qua Illy Insu latlon In areas
,
I 1930 Easton Blvd.
! Des' Holnes, 'A 50316 '
i. (515)266-2677
i Contact: Belly South
I,
Waldorf Corporation 250 lIllles
2250 Wabash Ave.
St, Paul, HH 55114
(612)641-4725
Contact: D lei Johnson
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TABLE 11-6
(Continued)
POTENTIAL FINAL MARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
ftaterla Is
Purchased
Material
SpecificatIons
"Inllll.
Quantltles
Price
Hews (11)
Clean, Baled
20 Tons
157/Ton
Hews
loose or Bundled
Hone
120/Ton
.........\ ,~
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Pickup Assistance Contract
Yes
Ho
Hews loose-Ba led, Sk Idded Hone Harket Ho Ho Ho
Corrugated loose-Baled, Skidded Hone Harket
Computer Printout loose-Baled, Skidded Hone Harket
WhIte ledger ' loose'Baled, Skidded Hone Harket
Colored ledger Loose-Baled, Skidded Hone Harket
Hlxed Paper Depends of Quality Hone Depends on Quality
, Yes
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Coopany Contact
Anchor Glass Container
1955 De lan9 Road
Gurnee. IL 60031
, (311)2H.\000
Anchor Glass Container
Shakop,e. Hlnnesota
(611)m.50DO
Conlact: frank Reid
,
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, O.ens illinois
, 901 Harth Shabbora St,
. Streater. IL 61364
'(815)611.3141
Contact: Larry Toler
I';
tABLE n.6
(Continued)
POTENTIAL FINAL MARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
Appro.i..te
Distance to
Study Area
325 miles
250 miles
325 miles
Alcoa Recyclln9 Co, (nc. 175 miles
825 f IrstAvenue
Rock Island,ll 61201
(309)786.5119 .
Contact:, Brlan'Herg
Reynolds Aluminum 'In area
Recycling Company
Des Haines. fA
(515)110.6153
Contac t: Jerry Jack Ie
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Haterlals
Purchased
Green Glass
,ADIber Glass
Clear Glass
Green Cu llet
Clear Cullet
AlUMinUM
Aluminum
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Haterlal
SpetlflcaUons
Processed, Crushed
Processed. Crushed
Processed, Crushed
Crushed
Crushed
Loose/Crushed Cans
Sorted
II
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Hlnllll.
Quantities Price
25 Ton/Truck 140/Ton
90 Ton/Rail 140/Ton
140tTon
ISO/Ton
Truckload 140.50/Ton
or gay lords
11,000 lbs. 11,340/Ton
Truckload
11,OOO.I,200/Ton
. "
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Pickup
Ho
Yes
Yes
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TARLE 11.6
(Continued)
POTENTIAL FINAL MARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
Approllaate
Distance to IIaterlals "aterlal "InIIlJI ,
i
Coopany Contact Study Area Purchased SpccU Icat Ions Quantities Price Pickup Assistance Contract I
' !
Century Plastics 175 .lIes NOPE Batt les Baled 5,000 Ibs. $l60/Ton No No No I
i
Bo. 51 i,
,
lIay(leld. HN 55940 1
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(507)417-3132 ,~
Contact: Stephen Becvar 1
[j "
Eaglebrook Plastics, Inc. 325 miles HOPE Batt les Baled or Reground None S240/Ton Yes yes Yes, 3-5 yrs. , !
. I,. 2600 Roosevelt Rd, I .'J
Chlcago,.ll 6060B I
I I
I , (312)63B-0006
I'
i Contact: Andre~ 5tephens "
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1: Interplastlc Corporation 250 miles PEl Batt les R~ground Truckload !420IT on Yes Yes No
I 2015 NE Broad~ay St,
i Hlnneapolis, HN 55413
I
(612)331-6B50 I
i
Contact: Sharon F isi
, Hld~e51 Plast ICI ' 300 miles NOPE Plait ICI Granulated None l320/Ton Yel No No
Haterlal. Inc.,
P.O. BOl 332
Edgerton, WI ,
(60B)8B4.3433
Contact: ' Gary A. Fish
'Iastlc Recycling, Inc. PET Batt les Baled Truck load $l35/Ton
oR3. BOI IB2
lu.a falls. IA
(515)648-5073 II0PE Batt les Baled Truckload mO.200ITon
:ontact: Floyd V. IIalD01er
~ Other Plastics Baled Truck load 10.SOITon ,~ '
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POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATE MARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
, , Appruxlaate
.... OlsUnce to IIaterials Haterlal Hlnl...
Coapany Contact Study Aru Purchased SpeciflCitlons Quant it les .' Price Pickup Assistance Contract I
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City Carton Company 125 miles He~s Baled, Loose "SID/Ton Yes Yes Yes
J East Benton Slreel
Iowa CIty. IA 52240 Corrugated Ba led. Loose S20/!on
(319)351-2B48
Contact: John Oeienf el Wh Ite ledger " ,loose S60/!on
, " "
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file Stock loose $IS/Ton ,
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Co~talner Round Up In area Green'Glass loose Hone 'S.07/Bottle No Ho I
.. 5925 HW 54th Ct, I".'
. Clear Glass Loose Hone S,07/Bpttle ,
" Johnston. IA ,:~
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1(515)276-5171 Ij
Amber Glass Loose Hone s';07/Bottle r
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Aluminum loose Hone S.03/Can " !
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.. T.ln Cans loose S.05/Can
Hone
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PET Batt les ' loose ,. Hone S,03/Bottle
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Gra lnek 'Oun III so miles Corrugated loose , Hone $l5/Hel Ton Yes Ho Yes, 3 Years
"
1428 H, 19th Ave. East "
Hewton. IA 5020B Compuler Prlnlout loose Hone pO/Hel Ton
. (515)792.1484
"- Contacl: Hax Gra lnek Aluminum Hone $I,OOO/Ton
~ or Sid Ounltl
Heavy ferrous N/A Hone pO/Het Ton
,""
Batteries Whole $I/Each
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TABLE n-6
(Continued)
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POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATEMARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
ApproxiJlate
Distance to Haterlals hterlal Hlnl...
C..pany Contact Sludy Area Purchased ' Specifications Quantlt les Price Pickup Assistance Contract
Hid America Recycling In area Corrugated Hone Hone 10-10/Ton Possibly Possibly Yes
Co~pany (depending
1100 East Aurora Ave. White Ledger on markets)
Oes Holnes. IA
(515)265-1208 CD lored Ledger 10-10/Ton q
Contacl: Jeff. Buer (depending :~
I on markets) ,
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(Sister Company to Green Glass Color-sorted, Hone lllfTon 1 ;
I .j Container Recovery, contaminant free. ,
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i Inc. & same address] Clear Glm loose Dr crushed Hone llllTon !j
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AIIlber Glm ' Crushed Hone lllfTon I
Aluminum Hone Hone $I.300-1,400/1on 1
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PET Bott les Baled Hone 10: accept,
but don't pay I
, HCSPIast Ics 125 miles PET Bott les Whole Hone Harket Yes Yes Yes ,
,
i 1210 9lh St. SW
i Cedar Rapids, IA 52404 HOPE Bott les Whole Hone Harket
,
1
I (319)363-2112
I Contact: Ver lIn Eaker ,Other Plastics Whole Hone Harket
I
I PIast Ic-Cyc. Inc. 135 miles 1I0PE Bott les Ground. clean, free lruckload $lOOlTan Ho Ho Ha
I 4623 S, 20th Street of paper and metal
Omaha. HE 68101
I,
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i PaperStack of Iowa In area Computer Printout Baled or In gaylards Hone 140-60fTan
i
: '\. 230B Sunset Road White Ledger Hone 120fTan
i~ Des Haines. IA
1~(515)243.r6
'~aClt.' ) HIGreaor roo' Co lared Ledqer ) Hone 115/Tan
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POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATE l'tIARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
Coapany ConI act
Appl'1Il hute
Distance to
Study Area
"aterials
Pun:hmd
Anlerlcan Recycling. Inc. 130 miles Aluminum
1201 W. Broadway
Council Bluffs. IA 51501 Tins Cans
(112)32B-1551
Contact: Debbie Bittner, ' B I-Heta I Cans
Vice President
Heavy Ferrous
Batteries
Bell Salvage, 30 miles Aluminum
500 Freel Drive
/.Ies. Iowa 50010
" (515)212~9312. Tin Cans
I , 'Contact: Gene R, Bell
I Owner,
I BI-Hetal Cans
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I lIeavy Ferrous
j Brass
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l Copper
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~ Batteries
" Appliances
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TABLE n.6
IIaterlal
Speclfiutlons
"Inl...
Q<lantitles
Clean of ferrous
and other meta I
Hone
Hone
Hone
3' liB' max, size
Hone
Het-Whole
Hone
Loose
H/A
Loose
H/A
Loose
H/A
Loose
H/A
Loose
Hone
Loose
Hone
Loose
Hone
On Pallets
Hone
.....
Price
1900/1on, ,
130/Ton "
130/Ton
15DITon
ISOITon
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\ '
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Pickup AssIstance Contract
Yes" Ho
Yes
Yes
11,000/ Yes
Het Ton
Accept but
don't purchase
Accept but
don't purchase
110/Het Ton
IBDD/Ton
!I,BOO/Ton
19DOITon
130/1on
Loose
Truckload lID/Ton
Quanti ties
--~---
Yes. 1 Year
Yes
Yes,S Years'
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TABLE ll-6
(Continued)
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Haterlals
Purchased
. .
Haterb 1
Specifications
POTENTIAL INTERMEDIATE MARKETS - CARROLL COUNTY, IOWA
Approxl...te
Distance to
Study Area
CI.lno Recycling Co, In area Hews (It) loose or Bundled
201 5,[, 6th Street
Des Moines. lA 50309 Corrugated loose or ba led
(515)243-696
Conlact: Hlllla. Eo Best Computer Printout Unprocessed
Hh Ite ledger Sorted
Co lored ledger Sorted
Hlxed Paper (from Unsorted
commercial sources)
Hlxed Cultet Crushed
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Green Cullet Crushed
Clear Cultet Crushed
Amber Cultet Crushed
Aluminum Sorted
PET Batt les Unprocessed
IIDPE Boll les Baled or Bundled
Other Plastics Boxed or Bundled
HlnllUll
Quantities Price
12D/Ton
12D/Ton
lBO/Ton
16D/Ton
16D/Ton
liD/Ton
500 lbs. IS/Ton
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Pickup Assistance Contract
100 lbs.
IS/Ton
liS/Ton
IUD/Ton
Hone
lBDD-I.2DD/Ton
100 lbs.
16D-140/Ton
100 Ibs.
12DO-I.6DDITon
100 Ibs.
1I00-I,200ITon
Yes
Yes
Yes, 20 )1!ars
for some
materials;
lymfor
paper
products
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