HomeMy WebLinkAbout1992-07-07 Info Packet
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 26, 1992
TO: City Council (Memo for Record)
FROM: City Manager
RE: Material Sent to Council Only
Copy of letter from Mayor Courtney to the First Mennonite Church /5~r:t
expressing appreciation for a check for $200.
Memorandum from the City Manager regarding pending development issues. I
Memorandum from the City Attorney regarding appointment of new assistant 530
city attorney.
Copy of letter from D.A.R.E. Officer regarding a recap of the past
year's activities.
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Copies of letters from:
a. David E. Brown regarding Fitzgarrald Mandamus Case
b. Procter & Gamble regarding delay of expansion project
c. Iowa Interstate Railroad regarding relocation of corporate
headquarters to Iowa City.
d. Johnson County Board of Supervisors regarding proposed fly
ash dump site in Benton County.
e. National Employee Health and Fitness regarding Corporate
Challenge awards
Agenda for June 30 meeting of Johnson County Board of Supervisors.
Community Profile for the Iowa City Area, 1992.
Proposed contract with Johnson County for library services.
Minutes .of April 14, May 6, June 3 and June 19 meetings of the Library /5'/(J
Contract Commi ttee.
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CITY OF IOWA CITY.
June 18, 1992
John Bixler, Chairman
First Mennonite Church
405 Myrtle Avenue
Iowa City, IA 52246
Dear Mr, Bixler:
Thank you for the $200.00 payment for municipal services. We appreciate the
thoughtfulness and acknowledgement of the importance your congregation has in our thriving
community. .
Thank you again.
Zl"'
0.". G, ~
Mayor
cc: City Council
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410 EAliT WASIlINOTON STREET. IOWA CITY, IOWA 5224001126' 11191 lJ6"OOO. FAX 11191 JU"009
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 23, 1992
. TO: City Council
FROM: City Manager
RE: Pending Development Issues
il
An application submitted by K-M, c/o John Moreland, for preliminary plat
approval of West Park Subdivision, Part One, a 9.37 acre, 23-10t
residential subdivision located at the south end of Teg Drive east of
Willow Creek Park.
An application submitted by Karl and Leona Buchmayer for preliminary plat
approval of Furrows Edge Acres, an approximate 67.3 acre, 16-lot
residential subdivision located east of Highway 1 and north of Fox Lane
in Newport Township.
An application submitted by Senor Pab10s, Ltd., for preliminary and final
plat approval of South First Avenue Subdivision, a 1.55 acre, 3-lot
commercial subdivision located at B30 First Avenue..
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An application submitted by Ronald and Nancy Harrell for a special
exception to modify the rear yard requirement for property located in
the RS-5 zone at 916 Fourth Avenue.
An application submitted by the Iowa City Korean Baptist Church for a
special exception to permit a child care facility to be established for
property located in the RS-5 zone at 1715 Mormon Trek Boulevard.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 26, 1992
To: The Honorable Mayor Darrel G. Courtney and Members of the City Council
From: Linda Newman Gentry, City Attorney
Re: Appointment of New Assistant City Attorney I . Marsha Weg Bormann
I am pleased to announce the hiring of my new Assistant City Attorney, Marsha Weg
Bormann, who will begin work for the City Attorney's Office no later than July 27, 1992 (and
possibly sooner). Marsha will be hired as an Assistant City Attorney I. grade 52, step 3, for
a beginning salary of $31,824 per year.
Marsha survived a very rigorous recruiting and selection process, with original screening by
Jeff Davidson, Karin Franklin, Casey Cook, Anne Burnside and Monica Moen on May 16,
1992; an interview with me on June 16, 1992; an interview with Steve Atkins, City Manager,
and Tom Scott, Chair of the Planning & Zoning Commission, on Monday, June 22, 1992; and
a final interview with me on Wednesday, June 24, 1992, Marsha was the clear choice
throughout the process.
Marsha comes to us with three years' experience with two large, prestigious law firms
(Armstrong, Teasdale, St. Louis, MO, August 1989 to December 1990; Lane & Waterman,
Davenport, January 1991 to present). She graduated from the University of Iowa Law School
in 1989, with distinction. Although her work has been primarily as a litigator, she has advised
public entities such as school boards and the Mayor's Office of 51. Louis. While a law
student, Marsha worked with the prisoner rights' clinic, so has had Constitutional Section
1983 experience. She ~Iso clerked with Grefe and Sidney, a highly regarded litigation firm
in Des Moines. I spoke with several of my colleagues, and they all highly prized her work.
Marsha is an Iowa City resident, and is eagerly looking forward to not only living in Iowa City,
but also working for this great city. We hope you will welcome Marsha to the City upon her
arrival, and make her feel welcome.
Since Mary McChristy, our new secretary, came to work for us at a time of some
confusion, the City Attorney's Office will be honoring both these new employees at a coffee,
to be held in August of this year. We hope you will stop by, say "hello," and join us in our
new endeavors to provide the City of Iowa City with the level of legal services which the City
deserves.
cc: Steve Atkins, City Manager
Marian Karr, City Clerk
Dale Helling, Assistant City Manager
Department and Division Heads
City Managers' Staff Meeting List
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June 16, 1992
Chief Winkelhake,
It seems appropriate to stop and recap this past school year. I believe some goals and
milestones have been'reached and DARE is rapidly picking up momentum.
This has been an eventful year for Community Relations and the D.A,R.E. IDrug Abuse
Resistance Education) program.
The DARE classroom program kicked off in the fall of 1991 with the first pilot school in the
Iowa City Community School District at Grantwood Elementary. After an evaluation of the
DARE program, it was expanded to two more public schools in the district: Mark Twain and
Horace Mann. Regina also completed their third year with DARE in the second semester. The
DARE graduates total approximately 400 students:
The Iowa City Community School District'has requested to double the number of schools next
year, to six schools in Iowa City. The Coralville Police Department recently trained a DARE
officer, and it appears the Coralville schools will add DARE to their drug prevention curriculum.
The DARE Youth for Action grant has really picked up momentum. DARE students helped at
a celebrity chili dinner, fundraising spaghetti dinner, the bicycle auction, and the DARE
students raised $56.85 for the Rick Berry fund by selling iemonade at the auction. The
University of Iowa women's gymnastics hosted DARE Night III at Carver Hawkeye Arena
where attendance doubled from last year, A DARE "lock-up" was held at the Iowa City
Recreation Center. 368 students from Hills. Lone Tree, Oxford. Solon, and Iowa City
attended. Pizza, pop, swimming, and a volleyball tournament were a tremendous success.
DARE parents and students are asking for more activities. .
The next scheduled activity for DARE students is to march In Coralville's Fourth of July parade
in their DARE t.shirts. The University of Iowa men's athletic department has contacted me
wanting DARE students to help at an Alcohol-Free tailgater September 5, 1992, at the tennis
courts at Kinnick stadium. A mentor relationship is hoped to be achieved by having DARE
students work with U of I athletes Individually.
Community Relations has also grown withthe addition of "Do The Right Thing" where officers
provide pizza coupons from Happy Joe's ivhen people obey the law. S.A.D,D. (Students
Against Drunk Driving) held some thought-provoking panels this spring to try to encourage a
safe prom season.
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Summer has arrived, and I'm looking forward to working with the neighborhood centers and
interacting with some of my former DARE students. I believe DARE and Community Relations
are growing rapidly, and I believe a proactive stance in law enforcement should yield some
very positive benefits for the City and all of the Iowa City Police Department.
Sincerely,
:Ccc-d"'-LJ @Cku..WA
Officer Cathy ockenfelJ,i -'
cc: Captain Strand
ng\winktlhak.
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'HILL.J HAyeK 11896.198l'
JOHN W HAYeH
c. PtTE:R HAYEK
DAVID t. BROWN
. HAYE:K. HAYE:K & BROWN
ATTORNEYS ATLAW
BReMER BUIl.DING
. ZO', CAST WASHINGTON STRHr
IOWA CITY, IOWA !ZZ4Q.J9?6
ARt},COOC JI9
TCl.tPHOHC 331.9606
rAil 338.1316
LISA A. OXl.EY
June 19, 1992
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JUN 22 1992
Linda Newman Gentry
City Attorney
Civic Center
410 East Washington Street
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Re: Fitzgarrald Mandamus case
Dear Linda:
CITY AlTORIIEY'S CmCE
.Enclosed please find a copy of the decision filed June 17,
1992 by the Iowa Supreme Court in the Fitzgarrald Mandamus case.
I am pleased to report that the Supreme Court has vacated' the
Court of Appeals decision and has affirmed, in its entirety, the
District Court judgment in favor of the City of Iowa City.
I have been advised by Bill Meardon that he intends to
further appeal this case to the united States Supreme Court. I
shall keep you advised.
!
I shall assume that you. will make arrangements to report
this favorable Iowa Supreme Court decision to the City Council.
Please let me know if you or any Council members have any
questions about this ruling or the status of the case.
Sincerely yours,
DEB:mec
Br wo'
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Enclosure
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cc: Ron O'Neil
Richard Blum
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Procter&Gamble
Tile Procter &: G"mble MamifacflIri/lg CompallY
low" Cin' Plam
2200 Lower. Mi,scalitle Road
/011'0 City, /011'0 52240
June 23, 1992
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Hr. David Schoon
Economic Development Coordinator
Cicy of Iowa City
410 E. Washington St.
Iowa City, IA 52240-1826 .
Dear David:
This letcerserves as your official notification that Procter & Gamble
intends to continue the delay of the Iowa City Plant expansion project.
We are caking this action in light of current business conditions,
Despite our decision, we wish to reaffirm our committment to continue to
explore opportunities to build our business in Iowa City. We regret the
inconvenience and lost effort this has caused.
We understand that the Iowa Departmenc of Economic Development will
wichdraw the CEBA award in light of this decision and that we have the
option to reapply for these or similar funds in the future should we
expand Iowa CIty Plant business.'
We thank you for your cooperation and look forward to working with you
on future Iowa CIty Plant expansion projects.
Sincerely,
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18 June 1992
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City Manager Steve Adkins
City of Iowa City
410 East Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
,Dear Mr. Adkins:
Iowa Interstate Railroad, Ltd. proudly announces that its
relocation of employees to its corporate headquarters in Iowa City
has been completed. All headquarter functions are now in Iowa
City. .
Iowa Interstate, which. operates rail freight service between
Chicago and Council Bluffs, through the Quad-Cities, Iowa City,
Newton, Des Moines, and Atlantic, also operates branchlines to
Peoria and Milan, Illinois and Pella and Audubon, Iowa. Iowa
Interstate is a subsidiary of Heartland Rail Corporation and
Railroad Development Corporation.
As a result of .the moves to Iowa City since August, 1991, three
employees have transferred from Chicago, three employees moved from
Council Bluffs, Newton, and Rock Island, and eleven new employees
have been hired from the Iowa City area. Iowa Interstate is now
truly an Iowa-based, major regional railroad.
We have made these changes for two principal reasons:
1. We can provide higher quality service to our customers by
making all corporate decisions in one quick, responsive, and
responsible way.
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2. With our customer base, our relationship with our principal
owner Heartland, and the Iowa Railway Finance Authority's
investment in us, Iowa is where we belong. We are delighted to
be here functioning as..a single integrated unit.
Sincerely,
"-",I: '. i! ' t), ;~tc.- i
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Frederic W. Yocum, Jr.
President
cc:
Mr. Darrel Rensink
Mr. Les Holland
, 800 Websler Slreel
Iowa Clly, IA 52240.4806
Generallnlormallon (3191339.9500
24 Hour No, (3191339.9509.
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Johnson County
\ IOWA ~
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BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
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Charles D. Duffy,
Stephen p, Lacina
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
Betty Ockenfels
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June 17, 1992
Mayor Darrel Courtney and
Council Members
410 East Washington Street
Iowa City I Iowa 52240
Dear Mayor Courtney and Council Members:
....
Attached is some information regarding the proposed Fly Ash Dump site in Benton County.
We are forwarding this to you due to the impact it could have on your water.
Representatives of FAACT addressed our Board on June 16, 1992. Their presentation was
very interesting. If you would like to visit with them just give them a call.
Sincerely,
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cliailes Duffy ~. V.-
Chairperson
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913S0UTHDUBUQUEST, P.O, BOX 1350 . IOWACITY,IOWA52244.1350 TEL:(319)356.6000 FAX: (319)356.6086
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IS IOWA ELECTRIC TELLING US
EVERYTHING WE SHOULD KNOW?
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Many people have questioned whether Iowa
Eleclric is giving us all the facts regarding thc
effccts a fiy ash disposal facility woul~ havc on
Ihc land, water and peoplc of surrounding arcas,
Some of us bcgan invcstigating thc issuc on our
own, gathcring infoll11ation from a variclf of
sourccs such as books, govcmment agcncics,
ncwspaper articlcs, univcrsity scicntists, and
pcoplc who havc had Ily ash dumps in thcir
communi tics, As wc sharcd infonnalion, wc
bceamc convinccd that a fiy ash dump would
not be good for Bcnton Counly,
We bclieve IE is preseming a very onc.sidcd
v1cw of fiy ush dumping, Icaving out any
thorough discussion ofthc risks and disadvan.
lages of the proposcd facility. For examplc, IE's
infonnalional matcrial uscs the phrusc "mini-
mizes Ihc environmcntul impoct," but nevcr
.gives us any informal ion about the pOlellllal
environmcnl:~ problems, Thcy mention "trace
amounts of melals," but givc no informotion on
whatthc mctals arc, thc qunnlitics Ihat \vill
build up Inlilc hugc volumc oflly ush they will
bc dumping, or thc toxic effccts of Ihcsc tracc
m~tals if Ihcy arc ingcstcd or inhalcd,
A group of us havc gOllcn togcthcr wilh thc
pUljlosc of researcliing thc information IE is
lenving out and bringing it to thc public, We
wont 011 aspects of thc issuc to bc thoroughly
, discusscd beforc any facility is opprovcd, This
first brochurc presents somc of the informalion
wc, hnvc gathere~ so far.
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,[iJFAACT
. Fly Ash ACtion Team
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The changes inlhc n:gulatioll of r111Jiolll:livc Wa~lc
HrC Propos~d by NUMARC, Ine" H linn Ihat repre.
sents the 54 utilities (including IE) that own and
operatc nuclear power plallls, Tom Pricc, a spokes-
man for NUMARC said, "Therc arc Ihree specific
things wc would cvenlually be rcqucsting: 1!l.l!l!ci
Ihc WH't.e al H utilitv.owncd ,ite, 10 burn it, ur to scnd
illo an ordinary lan~fiIL" Thc malerials are anYlhing
. Just like the fly ash "has to go
somewhere," the decommis-
sioned Duane Arnold reactor
will have to go somewhere, too.
OIhcr thHn nuclcar fuel, including rcactor piping and
parts, sludgcs and fillcrs, contaminatcd oils Hnd
solvcnts. and concrctc used in thc construclion of
nuclc:~ rcactors,
Evcn if IE docsn't have specific plans to dump
rndioaelive waste in Benton County, onec the
rcgulutions urc rdaxcd Ihcy could simply Slart
hauling it to thcir own lundfill without any Hpproval
or notilieation proccss. The faettha! IE is Hsking
our Supcrvisors for permission to run a landfill in
Benton Coullly while their lobby group is asking thc
'NRC for penllission to dump radioactive wustes in
landfills is Hn unsellling coincidence m best,
There is speculation thallhe real motivation behind
the industry's push to deregulate nuclear waste is .
the factthatmHny commercial nuciear reHelors.like
thc one m Duane Arnold. arc appro:lching Ihe end of
their openning Iivcs Hnd will havc to bc dccommis.
sioned and disposed of,
]ustlike thc fiy nsh "IH~ lu go somewhcrc," Ihc
dccommissioned DUHnc Amold rCHctur will have lu
go somewherc, too, That's 13.000 cubic fcct uf
eonlaminatcd conerclc, 1,400 feet of contamin:Hed
reinforcing stccl b:~s, miles of piping and compo.
ncnls, nnd unknown lJuaillitics of oils and SOIVCIIIS,
Do wc \Valli "somewhcrc" 10 bc Bcmon Coullly'!
To conlacl FAACT, phone 454.0055.
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Why We Don't Want '
a Fly Ash Dump in
Benton County
Iowa Electric has parchased 540 acres in Benlon
and Iowa Coulllics and is secking pcrmission
from the Ueutun County Uoard of Supervisors to
opcnnc a Ily :Lsh dump ou 100 acrcs of this laud,
IE says each year they wuuld dump 70,000 tons
of fiy :Llh-a finc, dark grcy to black powdcr
gcneruted by IE's coal burning plants in Ccdar .
Rapids an~ Marshalltown,
As wc guthercd Infollllutlon on this \Vaste
product, if becumc apparcntthal while such a
fHcility would undoubtcdly be bencficiallo IE, it
is not in the bcst illlcrest of Belllon Coullly,
This brochurc dcscribes four possible consc.
qncnces .thc fucility could havc for Bcnton
Connty:
I) thc sile could becomc n financial'liability 10
the peoplc of Benlon Coullly, .
2) pollulaulS ill the l1y ush could causc scrious
water conl:uuination,
J) airborue particlcs of ash could be a health
hazard,
4) thc sile could laler be used for'dumping olher
wastcs, inClUding rUdiouctivc waste.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
EvcnlU is hard prcsscd 10 show huw Imving u
Ily ash dump would bcnelit Uelllon Counly, The
stated bencfitthat it "will cmploy additional
peoplc" secms fcehlc, hardly a sufficicnt rcason
tu risk the pOlcnliallwlI1I such a facility brings
with It, II fcw jobs would bc crealcd, but it is
unlikcly that this ceo nomic gaiu would cvcn
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canccl OUllhc damage Ihe lrucks would dn In nUr
roads, Also. common sense lell, us land values
would suffer (disaslrously, if Ihere were serions
eovironmenlal pro hi ems),
Whal kind of Iiabilily would Demon Coumy
have for any clean up Ihnlmight he required in
Ihe fUlure? Who I would be Ihe counly's responsi-
bility for health prohlems Imced 10 Ihe dump? By
approving lhis requesl, Benton Counly wonld be
emering into a very long relalionship wilh an
induslrial waste facility, There arc many poten.
Iial problems surronnding induslrialwoste, and
Ihey can often.remain hidden for decades, The IE
exeeulives who arc now reassuring us would he
rei ired when Ihe risk 10 Benlon Counly wns jusl
beginning, The pollulanls would evenulOlly leak
oUI and someone would have 10 pay, We ean'l be
sure of Ihe eOSIs-lo Benlon Coumy allhis poin!.
BUI wilh so lillle to gain, Ihe risks don'l seem
wonh laking,
WATER HAZARDS
There is no queslion Ihat fly ash in Ihe quanlilies
Ihal would be dumped in Benlon County wOI!ld
create concenlrations of pollulanls Ihnl could
scriously damage n wnler supply, A sludy
prepared for Ihe Energy and Developmcnt
Administmlion by Ihe Oak Ridge Nationnl
Laooralories showed Ihol samples of fiy ash
.containcd more than 20 lrace clements, including
many hazardous malerinls such as lend, mercury
and arsenic.
Although Ihese clements comprise only a small
pcrcenlage of fiy ash, Ihey can occumulalC and
become significant quaolilies, especially when
Ihe 10101 volume of ash is grcat, The 70,000 Ions
of ash IhallE eSlimates would he dumped in
Denton County each year, for mmple, could
conlain ovcr 32,000 pounds of Icad, The Oak
Ridge report warns tholleachiog ash "may
conslilUle a significaol source of Imee melnl
environmental poilu lion, "
A fiy nsh dump conslilules a serious Ihreallo
groundwalCr and surface water alike, IE's engineers
mUSI devise a syslem 10 conlain Ihis pollulCd wmer
so il doesn'l get away from Ihe dump sile and inlo
nalumlly flowing sources ofwaler, This would be
especially challenging allhe Denlon Counly silC,
IF YOU DON'T WANT THE PROPOSED FLY ASH DUMP,
MAKE YOUR VOICE IIEARO BY WRIT/NO TO:
TilE BENTOII COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS:
Ed Brechl
RR3, Marengo, 52301
Dell Hanson
RR3, Vinlon, 52349
Norman Sackell
RR, Cenler Point 52213
NEWSPAPERS
The Cedar Valley Times
108 E, 51h Slreel, Vlnlon, 52349
The Slar Press
P.O. Box 208, Belle Plaine, 52208
Tho Pioneer Republican
P,O, Box 208, Marengo, 52301
The Cedar Rapids Gazelle
500 3rd Avenue SE, C,R., 52403
which ha,\ 0 high water Inhle and nalural nUIDff 10 Ihe
Iowa River,
And Ihings do go wrong, The effeels of 0 fiy ash spill
on 0 small river were described in an Illinois Slale
Geological SUlvey: Ihe spill killed mosl of Ihe bOllom
dwelling fish as for as 70 miles dowoslream, We also
know of one in SiD nee where 0 privale farm pond io
Iowa was eontaminalCd by IE fiy ash: lesliog
delennined Ihe waler was uosofe for Iivesloek, In Ihe
Joumol of Soil anti \VoIer COIIIcn'O/ioll, Gary A,
Lehrseh and Dole E, Daker write Ihal "h~eaus~ Oy
nsh is highly erodible, fiy nsh disposnl arens nre
pOlenlinlly serious problems," It would he naive of us
10 nSsume it couldll'l happen here,
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AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS
IVe don't know how much fly ash a child or an
adult can inhale wilhoul suffering heallh
problems, We do know Ihal many of Ihe lIaee
elemenls in fly ash arc eXlremely hazardous ,
when inhaled. IVe also know Ihal kids don',
have 10 eal painl chips 10 gel lead poisoning IS
we all believed jus I a few years ago, Their
brains can be damaged jusl from brealhing Ihe
microscopic oirborne dusl from peeling pain!.
Tiny quanlities of some chemicals can have ,
enonnous effecls on human bodies-especially ;
'young developing ones-and many of those are !
presenl in fiy ash. i
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We don', know enough aboullhe effecls of
inhaling this fiy ash 10 subjecllhe residenls of
our farms and lowns 10 Ihe quanlity that will
find ils way inlo our air Ihrough Ihe dry dump. ~,
ing of 70,000 Ions of it every year for 30 years. ,I
Many metals, like lead, accumulate in Ihe body
over a Iifelime-each exposure conlribules to ;:;-
reaching a loxie level. Give~ Ihe pr~senee of ;\
loxic melals in fiy ash, there is real polential for ::
harm, even if Ihe niroorne dusl isn't nOlieeable, ",:
We shouldn'l force Ihis unknown heallh risk on ','
Ihe unwilling families in the dump site area, A
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A FOOT IN THE DOOR I
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NOI only would Ihe risks of pollulants (rom fiy !
ash Ihrealen us for general ions, bUllhere is a
reol possibility IhallE would wanllo use 'he
facility 10 dispose of olher wasles-Ineluding i
radioaelive malerinls-in Ihe fUluie, Since 1985 :
Ihe nuclear induslry has been trying, with some
success, 10 deregulole radioaclive waSles. The
Nuclear Regulnlory Commission is considering,
slnndards thai would nllow as much as a Ihird 01
presenlly regula led wasles 10 be disposed o( in .
landfills and incineralors withoul warning or
labeling,
fcoll/illller/ol/ bock plll/el)
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May 21,1992
Ms patricia Meade
Johnson County Board of Supervisors
PO Box 1350
Iowa City, Iowa 52244
Dear Ms Meade,
ETIc10sed is some information related to Iowa Electric's proposed
fly ash disposal site. We feel that this proposed site has the
potential to affect Iowa City'S water quality.
As you probably know, the Iowa County Board of Supervisors voted
unanimously to oppose the project and also recommended that the
Benton County Board of supervisors do the same.
. We ask that the Johnson County Board of Supervisors consider a
resolution supporting Iowa County's Unanimous decision. Your
support on this matter would be appreciated.
Sincerely,
~~~
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)1), &- 6],301
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Iowa Electric's proposal to install a fly ash disposal facility on 500 acres of land in
southern Benton County has aroused considerable concern and opposition. One of the
main problems the site would bring with it is a threat to water quality.
Fly ash contains a large number of hazardous trace elements, such as arsenic,
selenium, lead and cadmium, As a percentage of the total volume, these elements
appear only in traces. The amount can vary depending on the type of coal being burned
and on the processes of the power plant itself. Unfortunately, even small traces of some
of these elements can present risks, and when a large volume of fly ash is concentrated
in one area, like Benton County, significant quantities of these hazardous elements can
accumulate. Iowa Electric has proposed to dump around 70,000 tons of fly ash annually. .
That amount of ash could contain over 30,000 Ibs of lead, Alter a decade of use, the site
could have 300,000 Ibs of lead in it.
There is no disagreement among authorities that concentrations of fly ash can be
hazardous, The EPA says that, "Coal combustion wastes contain trace elements that at
certain levels could pose a potential danger to human health and the environment if
they migrate from the disposal area.'
In a paper about the effects of fly ash on groundwater, G.H. Groenewold wrote,
"fly ash produces leach water that is very toxic because of extremely high pH and very
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1. l high concentrations of Arsenic, Selenium and Molybdenum. Analyses of groundwater
. samples. , . haVe provided confirmation of the expectations of groundwater quality
degradation."
According to a report prepared by the Illinois State Geological Survey, many of
the elements in fly ash. are "extremely toxic to many organisms via a variety of
mechanisms. Their introduction into the environment via fly ash could therefore be a
significant health hazard,"
Many of the toxic elements in fly ash do not cause immediate traumatic effects in
small quantities. But some of them. such as lead, cadmium and mercury. have
cumuiative effects; they are absorbed and retained by the body: somebody repeatedly
, exposed over time to relatively low concentrations can develop serious health problems,
The chronic effects of absorbing cadmium, for example, include pulmonary emphysema,
cardiovascular disease, and liver and kidney damage. Some of the elements in coal fly
ash, such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel, have carcinogenic forms,
It isn't hard to understand why area residents are concerned about having fly ash
introduced into the environment. Fly ash poses serious health and environmental risks,
The concern is especially acute because the proposed site is located at the head of a
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watershed that drains down the Coon Creek into the Iowa River (see map). A leak of fly
ash, or fly ash leachates, into this water system could have serious, potentially far.
reaching consequences thai could impact not only nearby residents, wildlife and
livestock, but also people living along the Iowa River and wildlife living in it.
In an Illinois State Geological Survey report, the effects of a fly ash spill on a
small river were described: The spill killed most of the bottom-dwelling fish for as far as
75 miles downstream. More than 200,000 fish died and the spill even "essentially
eliminated" insects for three' miles,
There are elaborate containment systems designed to contain materials like fly
ash, to prevent them from polluting the broader environment. Unfortunately, no .
containment system is foolproof.
A fly ash landfill, like other landfills, is basically a bathtub in the ground. Landfills
usually have some sort of liner to impede the movement of the ash and ash leachates
out the bottom of the site. But liners, like bathtubs, leak. The EPA has written that "any
liner will begin to leak eventually." Research shows that even the best available liner
technology. double layered plastic membranes and compacted soil. still leaks in
quantities that could be in the thousands of gallons over a period of several years.
These leaks occur even when everything goes right; additional leaks occur whim liners
fail. Iowa Electric has proposed to use only a clay liner, which Is even less effective.
The toxic elements in fly ash will be toxic for a long time: forever. They will not
disappear, even after a disposal site is no longer in active use. The risks from leaching
and erosion are permanent. Even if a containment system:is carefully maintained while
in active use and leaks are minimized, what will happen when the site is no longer
needed? Will the system be able to contain the harmful trace elements as long as
necessary, until they ar.e no longer a threat, forever?
In sum, there are harmful elements in fly ash that can pollute water and affect
plant and animal life, Since even elaborate containment systems fail, these elements
will inevitably escape into the environment. This risk of environmental, and especially
water, pollution is one of the reasons that communilies do not want fly ash sites in their
areas,
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BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
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IOWA COUNTY, IOWA
P. 0, BOX t2e, MARENGO, IOWA 52301
PHONE (319)6-42'3041
Hay II, 1992
Benton County Board of Supervisors
County Courthouse
Vinton, Iowa 52349
Uear Benton County Board of Supervisors:
As per Hay ll, 1992 the following proposed resolution was passed by
the Iowa County Board of Supervisors: .
Hembers of the Iowa County Board of Supervisors wish
to express their opposition to Iowa Electric I s proposed
fly ash disposal site. A portion of the property involved
lies within Iowa County. There is the potential for
negative long-term economic and environmental impact,
especially with regard to water quality degradation, as the
entire watershed draining the unit flows through our County.
Also, there is evidence that property values would be
reduced, which could in turn depreciat'e the local tax base.
This proposal could create problems beyond our control.
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Because of these long-term risks, we are opposed to
the site. He therefore reconunend that the Benton County
Board of Supervisors vote against Iowa Electric's proposed.
fly ash disposal facility.
Sincerely,
TilE IOWA COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
(;f~, rf (j)~
Perah '. Read, ChairPJrs n.:
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/Jt nes A. Sauter, Hemb
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1:l.J t:8" Mlllll ~( . t',U. au" .;4;1
Marengo, Iowa 52301
Phono31g~~2~232
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. MAYOR
WlIllamJ,Spurrler
CLERK.TREASURER
Kat.,n It HOIChklslI
OEPUTY CLERK
Unda J. Oleon
ATTORNEY
A,L. $010
POLICE CHIEF
Robert L. Olson
STREET SUPERINTENDENT
C.Allen Mlsel
WATER ~ SEWER SUPERINTENDENT
Ronald Doubek
COUNCIL
Gaylon Konslor
Ralph McBrldo
Lloyd Kloyor
Oannls Robllrtll
Robort Young
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April 22, 1992,
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Edwin J. Brecht, Chairperson
Benton County Board of Supervisors
Benton County Courthouse
Vinton, Iowa 52340
Dear Mr. Brecht:
At a special meeting of the Marengo City Council held on April 21,
1992, the following resolution was unanimously passed regarding
Iowa Electric's fly ash disposal facility which is to be located
on the Iowa-Benton County line.
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THE MARENGO CITY COUNCIL WISHES TO EXPRESS ITS OPPOSITION TO IOWA
ELECTRIC'S PROPOSED FLY ASH DISPOSAL FACILITY. THE POTENTIAL ENVIRON-
MENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACT. PARTICULARLY WITH REGARD TO WATER, IS CAUSE
FOR SPECIAL CONCERN IN MARENGO. THE OTHER NEGATIVE RAMIFICATIONS OF
THE SITE,WHICH COULD EFFECT BOTH AREA RESIDENTS IN IOWA COUNTY
AND THEIR NEIGHBORS IN BENTON'COUNTY, INCLUDE REDUCED LAND VALUES
AND TAX BASE, AND VARIOUS TRAFFIC AND ROAD UPKEEP PROBLEMS,
WE ASK THE BENTON COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS TO DENY IOWA ELECTRIC I S
LAND USE REQUEST AND NOT ALLOW THIS FACILITY TO BE BUILI IN
OUR COMMUNITY.
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This action was a result of many concerned citizens in. this community
both in The City of Marengo and the' rural areas. '
Thanking you and the members of the Benton Councy Board of Supervisors
for your attention in this matter.
Sincerely,
fA .O~
Wiru;;-.f." spurrier, :llayor
City of Marengo
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Iowa County Boarsl" of SJ.1perrviso;rs" " "
~ounty c:)t.al 0 !lowo. 1 .:.IOWd <.;ounty
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Iowa Valley Community School District
359 East Hilton Street
BOARD OF EDUCATION Marengo, IA 52301
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Thomas C. Ryan. P,esidenl
Susan Pelelson, VlCu.Plesidenl
Jerry Simmermaker, Director
Oon M. C,onbaul;lh. Director
lawfenceOaniels. Direclor
Lynda K. Johnson. Seaelart
Chas. R. Dillin. T,easurer
SUPERINTENDENT
Lyro R. Kooiker
(J19'6<2.771'
April 21. 1992
Edwin J. Brecht. Chairperson
Benton County Board of Supervisors
Benton County Courthouse
Vinton. Iowa 52340
Dear Mr. Brecht:
SECONOARY PRINCIPAL
Dennis Dougherty. Ph,D.
(J'916<2,m2,
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPAL
TClryHousmnn
i3'916'2.~a'2
ACTIVITIES OIRECTOR
l..1.IIY Nelson
i3'91642.~al~
The Board of Directors of the Iowa Vailey Community School District recommends that the
Benton County Board 01 Supervisors deny Iowa Electric Light and Power Company's land use
request for Uy ash disposal facility to be located on the 10wa.Benton County line.
We believe this disposal facility may impair the public's health and welfare. We are concerned
about potential detrimental effects to our children's health thai airborne fly ash particles could
have, and the possibility of damage to and contamination 01 our water resources in the Iowa
. River drainage from leaching fly ash.
We believe a fly ash disposalfacilily on the 10wa.Benlon Counly line may have a negalive impact
on the future growth, of our school districI and our communily. In addition, we believe the
crealion of this disposal facility allhis localion may cause erosion of property tax values in our
district.
Thank you lor your consideration.
Sincerely,
tcP~
Board of Directors
TR/rsh
Equnhlytolfll
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Van [Iol'lle, 1011'01 52:1-1-(;
April 14, 1992
Edwin J. Brecht, Chairperson
Benton County Board'of supervisor"
Benton County Courthous&
Vinto~, Iowa 52349
Dear Hr. Brecht:
The Board of Directors of the Benton Community school Oi.trict
recommend that the Benton County Board of Supervisors deny Iowa
Electric'. land use request for a fly ash disposal facility. We believe
this facility will impair the public health, safety and general welfare
of the people of .Benton County.
Hore specifically, we object to the additional truck traffic through
small towns where children are walki,g to and from the buses. We are
concerned about the airborne particles of ash that cur child:,c:r. ',.,ill be
subject to, and the possibility of damage to the water "upply from
le~chin9 ash.
We are proud of our comm"niti~s alld our schools. We are constantly
discussing ways to encourage more famil~es to move to Benton County and
bring their children to ~ur schools. We believe allowing a fly ash
disposal facility.to locate in Benton County will have a negative impact
on future growth in our communities a'nd in our Bchools.
B,"o~
Dr. Bruce Ba.te
f>)~,-~n.. 0. . ~,,_<~i~~.
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'. Orahos
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mairs/own. Iowa 52209
Blairstown Community Foundation Inc.
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April 20, 1992
Hr. Edwin J. Brecht, Chairman
Benton County Board of Supervisors
Benton County Court House
Vinton, IA 52349
Dear Mr. Brecht:
The Board of Directors of the Blairstown Community foundation, Inc.
strongly urge the Benton County Board of Supervisors to reject a
land use reques~ by Iova'Electric for a fly ash facility. We believe
this facility lllll impair the public health, safety, and general
welfare of the people of Benton County. Some of our concerns and
objections are as follows.
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1. The safety and welfa~e of our children due to the
increased traffic through our small towns.
2. The deterioration of our streets and roads due to
the i~creased truck traffic.
3. The increased pollution of airborne particles of
ash that we all will be subject to.
4. The possibility of damage to the .water supply from
leaching a'sh.
As you know, the Blairstown Community foundation, Inc. is very
interested in making, not only Blairstown but Benton County, a better
, place to live and work as evidenced by our initiating a recycling
i. center in Blairstown.
We believe allowing a fly ash disposal facility to locate in Benton
County is contrary to our goals of building for the future.
, :
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Protecting tile Post - Building for /he Future
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Letter to Mr. Brecht
./ April 20, 1992
./ Page two
We strongly request the Board of Supervisors to'listen to its
constituencies and vote against the land use request.
SiiZjj /J Alt~~
Ronald Niebes
President
Board of Directors
George Barr
L. It. Clausen
M. Lee Dukes
David Horst
Kathryn ~ubichek
Ronald Niebes
Barbara Norton
Carolyn Mecklenburg
Bob Tranberry
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April 20, 1992
Mr. Edwin J. Brecht, Chairman
Benton County Board of Supervisors
Benton County Court House
Vinton, III 52349
Dear Mr. Brecht:
The Board of Directors of the Development Corporation of Blairstown
recommend that the Benton County Board of supervisors reject a
request from Iowa Electric for use of Benton County land for a fly
ash disposal facility.
We do not believe it is in the best interests of the Blairstown
community or Benton County to grant this request. The public health,
safety, and general welfare of the people of Blairstown and Benton
County would be jeopardized.,
~I
We ask that the Board of Supervisors listen to its constituencies
and deny this land use request.
sincerely,
L (-~
#) _ ~4?'.x
I' 7-:-::;'~ -.
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fl. Lee Dukes'
Secretary-Treasurer
Board of Directors
L. H. Clausen
M. Lee Dukes
Allen Ehrmann
Ed Fry
Rod Kubichek
Ivesley Lively
Ronald Ni,ebes
Neoma Newton
John Whitworth
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Edwi n J. Bn~cht, Chai rperson
Benton County Board of Supf~rvi',ors
81~ntlJn County COlJrthousl;
Vinton. Iowa .S2:~40
Dear Mr. BnJcht:
At the regular council m~~ting on May 11th, 1992 the Van Horne
City Council has made a motion to support r.A.A.C.T.
and to request th~, Oenton County 80iJrl:1 of Sllpl~rvi~lclrs to vote
"NO" on all m1pectB of I:he lClwa Elr.!ctric'(1'litnd wm requ'Jnt
rClr. tile building 01' I:he I']}' 11l;:1I dinpor;al raci I ity wllj,:h i" to
be built 011 the IIJWJ-8E:llton County Linl':.
vIe ask the 8enton Count)' FJoard of Supervison, to deny JOWl
Electric's land use re~JeBt and not allow this facility' to
. be built in our community.
This action is a n~"ult of mallY concerned citizen., in this
community and rural areas.
Thimk you and the mc.mben, of the I'lIJntCITI County 130anl <)1'
SuperviGors ror YOllr atl:c,ntion in I:hir; Il)ill:l:','!r.
Sincerely,
. j!/~ ldL}61
Wayne Eichmeyer, Mayor
City of Van Horne
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National Employee Health and Fitness Day
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June 11, 1992
Off Your Seat and On Your Feet
v
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Cathy Chinander
City of Iowa City
410 E, Washington
Iowa City, IA 52240
Dear Cathy,
The National Employe Health and Fitness Day Committee has completed its judging of
the "Corporate Challenge" participants. There were six large companies (80 or more
employees) and two medium size companies (26-80 employees) that participated.
There were.no small companies (1-25 employees) participating. Other businesses
participated, but did not turn in their Corporate Challenge sheet. Overall, we feel the
Corporate Challenge was a success. This year's winners and awards are as follows:
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Large Company
.Jr1 1 st Place' Seabury & Smith, Individual Participation ribbons
~ 2nd Place. City of Iowa City, Employer Certificate
Other Participants - U of I Hospital & Clinics, Iowa State Bank, Mel and UTA
Medium Size Company
1st Place. City of Coralville, Individual Participation ribbons
2nd Place. Shive Hattery, Employer Certificate
Entries were judged on: creativity, practical application, and the ability to promote
health and fitness on a scale of 0 to 10 (10 being the best). We will distribute prizes for
first and second place finishers the week of June 22. All winners and participants will
be recognized at our organizational breakfast meeting for the 1993 events at a later
date. Enclosed is an evaluation for you to fill out and return to us .
If you have any questions, feel free to call me at 339-3832. Again, thanks to all who
participated.
Sincerely,
.?-//It/" J-
Jeff Schulz
Health Promotion Coordinator
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Mike Moran. Iowa City Recreation Department
Marie Ware. City 01 Coralville Recreation Department
Pat Kulcher . U 01 I Recreation Services
Dick Sieler. Bicyclist 01 Iowa CUy
Doug Stahl. Mercy Hospilal Healih promollon
Jell Schulz. Mercy HospUal Health Promollon
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Rev BY:XERox TaEeo>lER 71:111 ; 6-25-92 3:il5PM;
JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
319 356 60e6~ 3193565aes;~ 1
Jun 25,92 14:59 No.OO? P.Ol/02
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Johnson County
~ IOj _
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charles D. Duffy
Stephen P. Lacina
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
BellY Ockenfels
June 30, 1992
FORMAL MEETING
Agenda
1. Call to order 9:00 a.m.
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2. Canvass of Votes for Clear Creek Community School special election:;-
3. Can".. of vo<" for Lake Crest Manor Sani"1)' Sew" Di'"let .pecial
election.
4. Adjournment.
INFORMAL MEETING
1. Call to order following canvass meeting.
2. Review of the minutes.
3. BusinesS.from the County Engineer.
a) Discussion re: right-of-way for structure r-21-4.
I' b) Other
4. Business frDm [he Dir'ecto~ of Ambulance.
a) Discussion re: Ambulance user fees.
b) Other
5. Busiuess from the County Attorney.
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
Jun 25,92 14:59 No.007 P.02/02
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Ag()ndll 6-30.92
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May 1992
Prepared by:
Department of Planning & Community Development
410 E, Washington SI.
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
(319) 356.5230
Karin Franklin, Director of Planning & Community Development
David Schoon, Economic Development Coordinator
Brenda Welte, Planning Intern
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The table, population by Sex and Age Groups. on page 4 contains an error. The data for the
age group 35-44 years should read as follows:
1980 1990
35-44 Years
Male
Female
7,787
3,889
3,898
13,890
6,950
6,940
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f"\ This booklet contains general demographic information for the Greater Iowa City Area. It is intended to give
1.1 its readers a general overview of the economic condition of the Iowa City Area and the factors which
influence the economy's development. More detailed information may be obtained by contacting the
Economic Development Division of the Iowa City Department of Planning and Community Development or by
consulting the sources cited in this booklet
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Community Profile
Iowa City
PAGE
'MSA . Motropoliton Stotistical AI" os dofinod by tho Canou, Buraau. Tho lowo City MSA i, olso Johnson County,
l All lo..onablo CorD has boon givon to onsulo tho occuracy 01 inlormation containo" in this publicstion, Wo acknowiodgo that printod
J
motoriol is subioct to orrora, Vorificstion 01 inlormation moy bo obtoinod by colling tho lowo City Doportmont 01 Plonning ond Community
~ Dovolopmont 01 by dlraclly chocking ,ourcos citod in booklot.
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INTRODUCTION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
POPULATION ............... I . . . . . . . , . . , . . , t" , . . . . . . . I . . '" . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .
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EMPLOYMENT.WORKFORCE ....,...,...,.."..."..,......,.....,...........
7.
12
15
18
22
24
FINANCE, INSURANCE, & REAL ESTATE. . . . , , . . . . , . . , . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . .. 31
RETAIL.WHOLESALE ,..,......,...,.....,....,.,......,."...".......,.... 32
SERVICE INDUSTRIES ..,......,...,.....,....,.,......,..,..",.....,.,.... 38
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, & UTILITIES, . , , . . , . , , . , . , , . . , . , . .. . . . , . . '. 40
HEALTH .,..........",....,..".....,..,.,.",.,..,.,..".,.,..,........ 48
49
52
55
57
INCOME .,.................... I , . , . . . , . . , . . . . , . . . . . , . , , . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . .
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GOVERNMENT & TAXES ',."."........,..,.,.."....,."..".....,....,..,
INDUSTRY .........."....."......,..".""..,.,..,..,....,..,...,..,.
CONSTRUCTION & MINING ,.......""...,..,.,.....,..,.",.."..,... i , . . . .
HOUSING .. '. . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . , . . , . . , . . , . . . . . . . I . . . . , . . , . . . . . . , .
EDUCATION .........,.,....,.., I . . . . . . . . I . . . . , , . , . , I . , . . , I . I . , . . . . . . , . . ,
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UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. . , . , . . . , . . . , , . . . . . . . . , . . . , , , . , . . , . , . . , . . , . . . . . , . . , . . .
RECREATION & CULTURE .,.,.,.;.,.....,....,...,..,.,..,..,...,.,.......,.
CITY & COUNTYTELEPHONE LISTS ....,...."........,.,..,."..,.....,.......
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I: P()PULA TION
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I': POPULATION 0/= JOHNSON COUNTY MUNICIPALITIES'
n City 1970 1980 1990
(
"~ Iowa City 46,850 50.508 59,738
I) Coralville 6,130 7,687 10,347
U Hills' 507 547 662
Lone Tree 834 1,040 979
I~ North Liberty 1,055 2,046 2,926
I,.j Oxford 666 676 663
Solon 837 969 1,050 ,
,'" Swisher 417 654 645 '.
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Shueyville 154 287 223 I
Tiffin 299 413 '460
,., University Heights 1,265 1,069 1,042
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, Johnson County incorporated 59,014 65,896 78,735
, -\ Johnson County unincorporated 13,113 15,821 17,384
.1
, Johnson County total 72.127 81.717 96,119
'Incorporatod ploco.
SOURCE: U.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, CENSUS OF POPULATION, 1970, 1980, & 1990.
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Iowa City
PODulatlon
Johnson County
PODulatlon
1995
2000
2005
2010
61,400
65,900
69,000
72,900
98,900
105,000
109,600
115,000
~
SOURCE: IOWA CITY DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, MAY 1ge2,
II
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low. City Community Profilo
Compll.d Moy 1992
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SELECTED POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS, 1990
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
Total Population 2,776,755 96,119 59,738
SEX
Male 1,344,802 47,601 29,560
Female 1.431,953 48,518 30,178.
AGE
Under 5 years 193,203 6,157 3,317
5 to 17 years 525,677 13,190 6,758
18 to 20 years 131.299 10,600 9,331
21 to 24 years 152.414 13,267 10,810
25 to 44 years 823,940 33.420 19,305
45 to 54 years 274.428 7,198 3,694
55 to 59 years 122,335 2,674 1,332
60 to 64 years 127,353 2,475 1,268
65 to 74 years 226,961 3,903 2,101
75 to 84 years 143,890 2,332 1,343
85 years and over 55,255 903 479
Median age 34,0 27,3 24.9
Under 18 years 718,880 19,347 10,075
Percent of total population 25.9 20.1 16,9
65 years and over 426,106 7,138 3,923
Percent of total population 15,3 7.4 6,6
HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
Total households 1,064,325 36,067 21,951
Family households (families) 740,819 20,317 10,836
Married.couple families 629,893 17,158 8,917
Percent of total households 59,2 47,6 40,6
Other family, male householder 25,785 755 423
Other family, female householder 85,141 2.404 1.496
Non.family households 323,506 15,750 11,115
Percent of total households 30.4 43.7 .50,6
Householder living alone 275.466 10,026 6,523
Householder 65 years and over 130,964 2,144 1,306
Persons living in households 2,677,235 86,967 51,370
Persons per household 2,52 2.41 2.34
GROUP QUARTERS
Persons living in group quarters 99,520 9,152 8,368
Institutionalized persons 47,841 1,081 385
Other persons in group quarters 51,679 8,071 7,983
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White 2,683,090 89,649 54,410
Black 48,090 1,979 1,516
Percent of total population 1.7 2.1 2,5
American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut 7,349 176 116
Percent of total population 0,3 0,2 0,2
Asian or Pacific Islander 25,476 3,837 3,341
Percent of total population 0.9 4,0 5.6
Other race 12,750 478 355
Hispanic origin lof any race) 32,647 1,435 1,016
Percent of total population 1.2 1,5 1.7
Total Housing Units 1,143,669 . 37,210 22.464
SOURCE: U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990. CENSUS OF POPULATION,
2
lowo City Community Promo
Compilod Moy 1 e92
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II IOWA'S 10 LARGEST CITIES
1970,1980 & 1990
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; 1970 1980 1990
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I 11 1. Des Moines 200,587 Des Moines 191,003 Des Moines 193,187
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, 2. Cedar Rapids 110,642 Cedar Rapids 110,243 Cedar Rapids 108,751
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I . i 3. Davenport 98,469 Davenport 103,264 Davenport 95,333
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I 4. Sioux City 85,925 Sioux City 82,003 Sioux City 80,505
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I 5. Waterloo 75,533 Waterloo 75,985 Waterloo 66.467
6. Dubuque 62,309 Dubuque 62,321 Iowa City 59,738
7, Council Bluffs 60,348 Council Bluffs 56.449 Dubuque 57,546
- 8. Iowa City 46,850 Iowa City 50,508 Council Bluffs 54,315
:
I -- 9. Ames' 39,505 Ames 45,775 Ames 47,198
I ,.., 10, Clinton 34,719 Cedar Falls 36,322 Cedar Falls 34,298
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SOURCE: u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1970, 1980, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION
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I POPULATION BY SEX AND RACE
1.,
Iowa City
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1970 . 1980 1990
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:.oJ Total Population 46,850 50,508 59,738
~. Male 22,770 24,536 29,560
. , Female 24,080 25,972 30,178
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White 45,810, 47,678 54,410
Black 463 990 1.516
Other 577 1,243 3,812
Persons of Spanish Origin N/A 593 1,018
SOURCE: u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1970, leBO, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION
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Iowa City Community Protila
Campi/ad May 1992
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POPULATION BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS
Iowa City MSA
Sex.Aae Groups 1980 1990 l'
Under 5 years 5,311 6,157
Male 2,737 3,136
Female 2,574 3,021
5-9 years 4,503 5,807
Male 2,275 2,928
Female 2,228 2,879
10.14 years 4,966 4,862 ,..-
Male 2,544 2.477
Female 2.422 2,385
15.19 years 8,677 8,758 ~
Male 4,111 4,230 ,
Female 4.566 4,528 I
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20-24 years 16.068 17,630 "
Male 7,928 9.006 ,
Female 8,140 8,624
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25-34 years 18,261 19,530 L
Male 9.449 10,021
Female 8,812 9,509
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35-44 Years 7,787 7,623 ,
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Male 3,889 3,755 ; .
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Female 3,898 .3,868 ! !
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i 45-54 years 5,631 7,198 !"
i Male 2,756 3,548 I
Female 2,875 3,650 L
55-64 years 4.702 5,149 I-
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Male 2,257 2.475 <-
Female 2.445 2,674 "w'
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65- 7 4 years 3,281 3,903 L
Male 1,386 1.778
Female 1,895 2,125 1--
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75 and over 2,530 3,235 I
Male 820 1.052 I ,
Female 1,710 2,183 L
Median 25,5 27.3 I
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SOURCE: U,S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OFTHE CENSUS, 1980 & 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION ,
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lowo City Community Profil. '-
4 Compiled Mey 1992
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MARITAL STATUS, 1990
Iowa City MSA
(Population 15 Years and Over)
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Male Female Total
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Single
Married
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
TOTAL
18,374
17,869
289
436
2,092
39,060
16,660
17,680
372
2,599
2,922
40,233
35,034
35,549
661
3,035
5,014
79,293
SOURCE: U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION
FAMILY TYPE BY PRESENCE OF OWN CHILDREN, 1990
I~wa City MSA
Married-Couple . Female Householder
All Families Families No Husband Present
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. With own children under 18'
Number of children under 182
20,317
10,452
19,290
17,158
8,581
15,896
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'The number of children under 18 yee.. old in femilies with own children under 1 e yeers old.
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2,404
1,567
2,334
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1980 & 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION ..
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lowe City Community Profile
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tho" doto.
SOURCE: U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
6
Iowa City Community Promo
Compi/od May 1992
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PLACE OF RESIDENCE EMPLOYMENT DATA'
Iowa City MSA
State
Resident Civilian Resident Total Unemployment Unemployment
Year Labor Force Emolovment Rate Rate.
1980 43,720 42,190 3.5% 5.7%
1981 44,620 42,510 4.7% .6.9%
1982 45,980 44,040 4.2% 8,5%
1983 48,280 46,570 3.5% 8.1%
1984 53,960 52,640 2.4% 7.0% i
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1985 54,750 53,040 3.1% 7.9% I :j
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1986 58,130 56,590 2.6% 7.0%
1987 59,520 58,310 2.0% 5,5% I
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1988 60,600 . 59.400 1.8% 4,5%
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1989 62,000 61,000 1.5% 4.3% I
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1990 61,900 .60,900 4.2% i
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LABOR FORCE SUMMARY-IOWA CITY MSA
Place of Work Employment Data I
(in thousands)
1980 1981 1982 .1i~ 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 illQ
Total Employment. Nonagricultural 43,0 42,8 43,8 45.4 47,6 48,5 49.4 50,8 51.5 54,3 55,9
Manufacturing 3.3 3,5 3.3 3.7 3.8 3,8 3,7 4,0 4,3' 4,5 4.5 .
Durable Goods 0.8 0,8 0.7 0,8 0.8 0,8 0,8 1.0 L2 1.4 1.4
Nondurable Goods 2.5 2.6 2.5 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3.1 3.1 3:2
Nonmanufacturlng' .39.7 39,4 40.5 41.7 43,7 44,7 45.6 46,9 45,7 48.1 49.7
Construction 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.6
Construction and Mining' 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.7 IJ
Transportation.Communicatlon.Publlc Utilities 1.0 0.9 0.9 0,9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4
Wholesale and Retail Trade 7.9 8,2 8.3 8.5 9,1 . 9,3 9,4 10.0 10.4 10.5 10,8
Wholesale Trade 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 , 1.3 L3 1.3
Retai! Trade 6,8 7.1 7,2 7,5 e,o 8,2 8.3 8.7 9,1 9,2 9,6
Finance, fnsurance & Real Estate 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1,4 1.4 1.4
Services 6.3 6,0 6.1 6.3 6,8 7.4 7.7 8,0 8,6 9,6 9,9
Government 21.8 21.7 22,6 23,1 23.8 24.3 24,7 25,1 24.2 25,3 26,2
Federal 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 .1.6 1.6 1.7
State 18,0 17,9 18,9 19.3 19,9 20,2 20.7 21.0 19,9 21.0 21.6
Local 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 2,7 2.9
INonagrlcultural wage and solarv !O)(copt domo61iciliosJ bV plaeo of work.
2Minino omplovmont Is shownonlv In total nonagricultural and nonmonufllcluring 1010ls prior to 1984.
NOTE: Dolei! may' nol odd to tolol duo 10 rounding,
SOURCE: IOWA OEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES, LABOR MARKET INFORMATION UNIT IN COOPERATION WITH THE U,S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
BUREAU OF LABOR STATlSTlcs.le91.
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LABOR SUPPLY & DEMAND
FOR IOWA CITY & SURROUNDING CmES
, Yeer Ending December 31, 1991
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Professional Machlna Bench Structural
Manaoerlal Clerical Sales Service Aorlcullure Processlnq Trades Work Work M/!Q. Total
f Iowa City
I Applicants 1,463 1,656 663 1,249 179 112 325 1,6B3 B02 698 8,830 ,
\ Openings 161 647 272 447 585 31 61 307 321 310 3,142 I
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Ratio 9,09 2.56 2.44 2.79 0,31 3,61 5.33 5.48 2.50 2.25 2.81 I
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I Cedar Rapids ~
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Applicants 3,190 3,4 78 1,632 2,349 2,923 1,622 1,249 1,891 2,014 '3,422 23,770 ;\'
. . " Openings 284 867 878 616 2,613 148 256 225 807 762 7,656 '\ .i
Ratio 11.23 4.01 1.86 3.81 1.04 10.96 4.88 8.40 2.50 4.49: 3,10
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Applicants 69 203 87 187 68 45 148 93 145 115 1,160 ?
to Openings 69 ' 461 ,"
22 49 42 71 51 49 29 15 64 ''..I
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. Ratio 3,14 4,14 2,07 2,63 1.33 0,92 5.10 6.20 2.27 1.67 : 2.52 ,.
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Muscatlne ;i
I Applicants 268 602 192 524 80 391 756 498 292 304 3,909 "
I Openings 64 84 60 161 10 221 99 54 84 94 . 931. 1
Ratio' 4,19 7,19 3,20 3,25 8,0 1.77 7,64 9,22 3.48 3,23 4,20
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!
I SOURCE, LAeOR MARKET INFORMATION, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SERVICES. 1991 .1,
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SELECTED LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS, 1990
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
LABOR FORCE STATUS
Persons 16 years and over 2,131,703 78,541 50,565
In labor force 1.406,503 56,625 34,786
Percent in labor force 66,0 72.1 68.8
Civilian labor force 1.403,883 56,570 34,746
Employed 1,340,242 54,591 33,465
Unemployed 63,641 1,979 1,281
Percent unemployed 4,5 3,5 3.7
Armed Forces 2,620 55 40
Not in labor force 725,200 21,916 15,779
Males 16 years and over 1,013,757 38,667 24,938
In labor force 759,871 29,446 18,113
Percent in labor force 75.0 76,2 72.6
Civilian labor force 757,590 29,396 18,073
Employed 720,821 28,220 17,251
Unemployed 36,769 1,176 822
Percent unemployed 4,9 4.0 4.5
Armed Forces 2,281 50 40
Not in labor force 253,886 9,221 6,825
Females 16 years and over 1,117,946 39,874 25,627
In labor force 646,632 27,179 16,673
Percent in labor force 57,8 68.2 65,1
Civilian labor force 646,293 27,174 16,673
Employed 619.421 26,371 16,214
Unemployed 26,872 803 459
Percent unemployed 4,2 3,0 2,8
Armed Forces 339 5 ..
Not in labor force 471,314 12,695 8,954
. Females 16 years and over 1,117,946 39,874 25,627
With own children under 6 years 163,692 5,552 3,103
Percent in labor force 69.8 69,8 62,9'
With own children 6 to 17 years only 190,115 4,944 2,572
Percent in labor force 81.8 84.9 82,2
CLASS OF WORKER
Employed persons 16 years and over 1,340,242 54,591 33,465
Private wage and salary workers 990,845 31,130 18,529
Government workers 192,239 19,701 13,282
Local government workors 88,170 2,701 1,524
State government workers 74,535 15,428 10,757
Federal government workers 29,534 1,566 1,001
Self.employed workers 146,166 3,517 1,574
Unpaid family workers 10,992 243 80
I.
Tho u.or .hould note thot the.o doto ere bosod on 0 .omplo, .ubioct to .omplino voriobility, ond thot thoro oro limitoliono to mony 01
thooo doto,
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
10
Iowa City Community Profilo
Compilod May 1992
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SELECTED LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 Icontinuedl
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
OCCUPATION
Employed persons 16 years and over 1,340,242 54,591 33.465
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations 128.717 5.461 3,119
Professional specialty 170,539 13.459 9,078
Technicians and related support occupations 40,091 3,347 2,234
Sales occupations 149,618 5,538 3,760
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical 204,146 8,254 5,242
Private household occupations 5,066 160 84
Protective service occupations 13,761 587 .244
Service occupations, except protective and
househoid 176,350 8,284 5,504
Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations 93.780 1.437 202
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations 140,903 3,437 1,548
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 98,227 1,775 909
Transportation and material moving occupations 59,779 1,390 742
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers 59,265 1.462 799
,
INDUSTRY
Employed persons 16 years and over 1,340,242 54,591 33,465
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 103,967 1,547 231
Mining 1,889 60 22
Construction .64,839 .1,949 913
Manufacturing, non-durable goods 98,223 2,324 1,205
Manufacturing, durable goods 136,238 2,046 781
Transportation 54,886 1,133 480.
Communications and other public utilities 28,659 735 381
Wholesale trade 62,371 1,223 568
Retail trade' 231,858 9,382 6,518
Finance, insurance, and real estate 83,035 1,941 1,160
Business and repair services 49,7B6 2,174 1,193
Personal services 35,769 1,527 751
Entertainment and recreation services 13,62B 679 487
Health services 120,633 10,384 6,485
Educational services 129,022 11,817 8,716
Other professional and related services 79,933 4,364 2,908
Public administration 45,506 1,306 666
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tho.o data,
SOURCE: U,S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
11
Iowa City Community Prolilo
Ccmpilod May 1992
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1985
4,659
3,075
39,233
92,436
72,042
20,394
31,810
28,203
79,159
26,263
168,372
429,421
36,179
2,541
390,701
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1988
6,224
2,400
46,979
120.076
89,410
30,666
35.625
36.130
93,022
33,386
227,191
545,711
44,075
3,034
498,602
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1989
6,004
2,517
55,236
129,690
93,897
35,793
42,519
37,261
99,978
34,460
258,443
597,767
47,554
3,224
546,989
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, "Other" consists of the wages and salaries of U.S. residents employed by international organizations and by foreign embassies and
consuletes in the United Stetes,
SOURCE: LOCAL AREA PERSONAL INCOME, 1984.1989, U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
1986 .
. 4,163
2,240
42,732
99,125
76,934
22,191
33,993
28,228
81,701
28.925
184,384
457.446
37,018
2,861
417,567
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PERSONAL EARNINGS BY INDUSTRY
Iowa City MSA
(Thousands of dollars)
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
-) Total pe rsonal income 1,116,062 1.174,020 1.258.333 1,326,523 1,429,829 1,571,920
. , Total earnings by place of work 879,319 919,712 993,007 1,062,151 1,165,403 1,280,961
-J
Less: Personal contributions for
socia I insurance' 41,951 45,799 49,901 54,122 61 ,408 70,200
Plus: Adjustment for residence .5,772 -5,875 .10,242 .8,587 .12,444 .17,629
Equals : Net earnings by place of
resid ence 831,596 868,038 932,864 999,442 1,091,551 1,193,132
Plus: Dividends, Interest, and 181,568 189,664 201,680 197,405 201,563 229,994
rent
Plus: Transfer payments 102,898 116,318 123,789 129,676 136,715 148,794
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Agrlcuitural services, forestry, fisheries,
and other'
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Transportation and public utliitles
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, Insurance and real estate
Services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, 'clvlllan
Military
State and local
1984
4,391
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2,627
47,374
92,896
70,684
22,212
29,753
26,407
77,353
24,033
155,176
398,459
34,350
2,303
361,806
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1987
5,472
2,401
40,612
107,503
81,028
26,4 75
33,416
33,153
85,623
35,551
196,166
494,340
40,989
3,283
450,068
MAJOR SOURCES OF PERSONAL INCOME
Iowa City MSA
(Thousands of dollarsl
,
.~
'Personal contributions for social insuranco lIro included in oarnings by typo and industry but Qxcludod hom porsonol income.
SOURCE: LOCAL AREA PERSONAL INCOME, 1984.1989, U.S. OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
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12
lowo City Community Prome
Complied Moy 1992
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DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOME
Iowa City MSA
IThousands of dollarsl
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Total personal Income 1,116,062 1,174,020 1,258,333 1,326,523 1.429,829 1,571,920
Nonfarm personal Income 1,095,212 1,156,939 1,228,263 1,298,609 1,411,170 1,554,834
Farm Income' 20,850 17,081 30,070 27,914 18,659 17,086
Population (thousandsl' 85.3 85,5 85.2 85.6 86,7 87.9
Per capita personal Income 13,080 13,738 14,770 15,501 16,493 17,890
Idollarsl
-
1Farm income consists of proprietors' net income, the wages of hired farm labor, the pay-in-kind of hired hum labor, and the salaries of
officers of corporate farms.
'Mid vear populetion ..timata. of tha Buraau of th. Cen.us, Estimata. for 1986.88 raflsct r.v;.lon. aveilabla a. 01 Septamb.r 1ge9,
In soma instances, estimates prior to 1986 are not consistent with Ihosa for 1986.88, SEA prepared 1989 county population estimates ,-
based on the Census Bureau 1989 State estimates and on the 1986.88 trend in the Census Bureau county estimates.' :
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SOURCE: LOCAL AREA PERSONAL INCOME, 1984.1989, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
, AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES*
I
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I Johnson County, Iowa
I . Iowa L..
I 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1990
t r-
I Privat6 Industry .Total $264 $275 $281 $295 . $308 $320 $361 l._
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Agriculture-Mining $246 $231 $344 $334 $343 $324 $301 ~
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Construction $354 $378 $383 $408 $425 $418 $436
Manufacturing $410 $443 $454 $471 $484 $496 $504
Transportation & Pub, Utilities $403 $421 $431 $441 $445 $436 $466
Retail/Wholesale Trade $182 $185 $189 $197 $205 $215 $256
Finance, Insuranc6, Real Estate $325 $351 $356 $368 $383 $417 $445 ('
:
Servic6s $244 $253 $258 $275 $287 $306 $303 ~
Government. Total $403 $430 $462 $487 $523 $553 $413
Federal $442 $451 $450 $463 $502 $521 $556
State $418 $449 $489 $515 $557 $590 $527
Local $306 $325 $337 $362 $366 $383 $353
TOTAL. ALL INDUSTRIES $321 $337 $352 $408 $370 ;
$370 $390 L
'Jab In.uranae Cavereg. bV Maier Industry Group. Avarage Vaarly Waakly Wega. I
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SOURCE: EMPLOYMENT & WAGES COVERED BV UNEMPLOVMENT INSURANCE, IOWA DEPT, OF EMPLOVMENT SERVICES, 1990. ~
lowe Cltv Community Profile ~
13 Complied MaV 1992
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INCOME IN 1989
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Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
INCOME IN 1989
Housaholds 1,065,243 36,118 21,964
Lass than $5,000 59,821 2,288 1,765
$5,000 to $9,999 113,277 3,665 2,722
$10,000 to $14,999 I I 1,561 3,681 2,552
$15,000 to $24,999 221,213 6,559 4,Q92
$25,000 to $34,999 194,997 5,707 3,033
$35,000 to $49,999 191,863 5,819 2,953
$50,000 to $74,999 121,339 5, 151 2,894
$75,000 to $99,999 28,894 1,581 915
$100,000 to $149,999 13,932 1,063 610
$150,000 or more 8,346 604 428
Median household Income Idollarsl 26,229 27,862 24,565
Families 746,331 20,478 10,895
Less than $5,000 23,657 544 406
$5,000 to $9,999 41,297 943 626
$10,000 to $14,999 57,394 1,111 664
$15,000 to $24,999 145,911 2,814 1,545
$25,000 to $34,999 153,646 3,290 1,496
$35,000 to $49,999 167,293 4,485 2,035
$50,000 to $74,999 110,146 4,396 2,384
$75,000 to $99,999 26,497 1,399 807
$100,000 to $149,999 12,816 970 541
$ I 50,000 or more 7,674 526 391
Median family Income Idollarsl 31,659 39,606 39,259
Non.famlly households 318,912 15,640 11,069
Less than $5,000 38,291 1,773 1,378
$5,000 to $9,999 73,981 2,607 2,139
$10,00010 $14,999 55,058 2,622 1,923
$15,000 to $24,999 75,617 3,772 2,568
$25,000 to $34,999 39,858 2,356 1,484
$35,000 to $49,999 22,823 1,308 912
$50,000 to $74,999 9,690 714 500
$75;000 to $99,999 1,970 141 83
$100,000 to $149,999 1,013 79 54
$150,000 or more 611 68 28
Median non.family household income Idollarsl 14,190 16,298 15,270
Per capita income Idollarsl 12,422 14, 113 13,277
INCOME TYPE IN 1989
Households 1,065,243 36,118 21,964
With wage and salary income 795,447 31 ,406 19,189
Mean wage and salary Income Idollars1 29,886 32,990 31,045
With non.farm self.employment income 142,564 5,246 3,049
Mean nori-farm self.employment income Idollarsl 13,460 13,734 13,863
With farm self.employmentlncome 100,006 1,616 319
Mean farm self.employment income Idollarsl 12,425 9,263 5,359
With Social Security income 321,229 5,581 3,046
Mean Social Security income Idollarsl 7,939 8,073 8,212
With publlo assistant income 61,798 1,102 626
Mean public assistance income Idollarsl 3,784 3,665 3,498
With retirement income 138,396 3,151 1,952
Mean retirement income Idollarsl 7,040 8,888 9,351
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SOURCE: U,S, OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION,
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lowo Cily Community Prolil.
Compil,d Moy 1992
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GOVERNMENT & TAXES
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MUNICIPAL & COUNTY GOVERNMENT FOR METRO AREA
Form of local government
Iowa City Coralville North liberty Johnson Countv
Mayor- Mayor- Mayor- Board of
Council. Administrator Council Supervisors
Manager
yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes yes
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Comprehensive plan
Zoning Ordinance in effect
Subdivision ordinance with
design standards in effect
Full-time fireman
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J Full-time peace officers
J
SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY, CITY OF CORALVILLE, CITY OF NORTH UeERTY, ANO JOHNSON COUNTY.
,-
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COMPARATIVE PROPERTY TAX RATES
FOR IOWA'S LARGEST CITIES
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,
Cltv Tax Rate'
Waterloo 18.63987
Council Bluffs 16.31734
Sioux City 15.57309
Des Moines 15,39410
Davenport. 14.83000
Dubuque 12.77418
Iowa City 12.67047
Cedar Rapids 12.04563
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i '... 'Tax ralo po, $1,000 .......d v.luo,
I SOURCE: STATE OF IOWA, DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT, FEeRUARY 1991.
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15
lowo Cily Community Profllo
Compil.d M.y 1992
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CITY OF IOWA CITY PROPERTY TAX RATES
-All Overlapping Governments-
(per $1,000 assessed valuation I
'{
1982.82 1982-83 1983.84 1984.85 1985.86 1986.87 1987.88 1988.89 . 1989.90 1990.91
Iowa City
, School District $13,665 $13.657 $13,367 $11.374 $1 L247 $11.381 $10.928 ' $10,817 $11.042 $11.347
, ,
II City of Iowa City $12,241 12.641 11.908 10,652 10.885 10,609 $11.549 $11.695 1.2.028 12,128
I I ,Johnson County 6,185 5.526 5.768 5,164 4.894 4,915 4.912 5,043. I 4.992 5.327
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i ~ Area School .414 .466 .459 .444 .445 .445 .472 .475 .482 ,481
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i :State of Iowa' ' ,015 ,010 .005 ,005 .005 ' ,005 .005
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., . ! Total . 32,505 32.290 31.502 . 27.649 27.481 27.355 27,355 28.035 '. 28.549 29,288
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SOURCE, 'TAX LEVIES FOR JOHNSON COUNTY, IOWA; COMPILED BY THE JOHNSON COUNTY AUOITOR.
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, I 1986.87 1987.88 1988.89 1 989.90 1990.91
, 1991.92 1992.93
"'d
Aggregate Actual $1,243,2 $1,239.5 $1,281.7 $1,367,6 $1,367.5 $1,401.9 $1,548,3
"'1 Value of Real
, I Property
,.".
Taxable Actual Value $1,057,6 $1,071.4 $1,134,8 $1,149,8 $1,202.1 $1,228.4 $1,294,6
.., of Real Property
"
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Real Property $10,5 $11.2 $12.4 $13,3 $13,8 $14,6 $15.6
Tax Levy
..., 80nded Debt $10.5 $7.4 $9.6 $14,5 $; 2,2 $9,8 $7.1
, Ratio of Taxable ,85 ,86 ,89 .84 ,88 .88 ,84
Value to Aggregate
1 Value
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( ;l 'Ali doto forfi,e.1 yoor ondlng Juno 30,
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i " SOURCE: JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR'S OFFICE, MAY 1992,
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REAL PROPERTY VALUATION AND TAX LEVY INFORMATION1
City of Iowa City
(Millions of dollars)
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low. City Community Profilo
Compilod Moy 1 e92
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INDUSTRY
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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1989
Iowa City MSA
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SIC
Code
Number of
employees
Payroll ($1,000) Total number of
Annual establishments
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EMPLOYMENT RANKING OF IOWA CITY AREA EMPLOYERS
Manufacturing
Business
Emolovees
American College Testing, Iowa City ......."..."...............,',..,..,...,.
United Technologies Automotive, Iowa City .,......,.."..,......................
Procter & Gamble, Iowa City ............"..."......,.,..".."......,.....
Rockwell International - Collins Avionics & Communications Division, Coralville .,..,..,.....
National Computer Systems, Iowa City "..,..,.,...,.,...,.............,.......
Oral B Laboratories, Iowa City ....,...,.."...,......,.......,"',..,..."...
861
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Moore Business Forms, Iowa City ,........,.....,.."..........,.............. 277. IAI
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MCI Services Marketing, Iowa City ....,...,....",...,.,."."..........,',... 220 II
Hawkeye Food Service, Coralville ,........,..,.",.",.,."."..,.......,.,... 2 1 8 ~'I
H.P. Smith Paper Co., Iowa City ....."..,."..,....,.,.,..,.."...,.."...,.. 1 50 1'1
Thomas & Betts Corporation, Iowa City .....,..,.,...",.,.".,.,."...,..,',... 1 1 7
H T D .. I C't 100 ;1
ome own alrles, owa I y ."....,..,...."..."......................... ..,I
Banker's AdvertisingfTru-Art Color Graphics, Iowa City . . . , . . . , . . , . . .. . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. 100
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Iowa-Illinois Gas & Electric, Iowa City .,....."..,......,........,...,....,...... 99!"
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Seabury & Smith, Iowa City ..".....,."......,.."........,.....,.........., 98
. Economy Advertising, Iowa City "....,.........,..,...,."."..".. ,. . . . . . , . ., 95 [
Heartland Express, Coralville "".,..".",.,..,.".,.,.".".."..,.......,., 85
Protein Blenders, Inc., Iowa City ".,..,...",.....,..."..",.,...,."......... 80 i:
L.L. Pelling, Iowa City ,..,..".....,..,....".....,...,..,...,......"..,. 77-100
(Winter Employment) ,.........,..,...",........,..,...,...,..,...,., 20-25!'
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Millard Warehouse, Iowa City ."..,.,...."......".."..',...,."..,..,....... 70-
Blooming Prairie Warehouse, Iowa City ,........,.......,.,..,..,......"."..,.. 52;
Hawkeye Medical Supply, Iowa City ..,.,......,.....,...,..,..........,.,. ',' . ., 47'
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SOURCE: IOWA CITY AREA OEVElOPMENT GROUP, INC.. MAY 1992.
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19
lawn City Community Profil.
Compil.d M.y 1992
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EMPLOYMENT RANKING OF IOWA CITY AREA EMPLOYERS
Non-Manufacturing
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,:.oJ Mercy Hospital, Iowa City .................,.......... I . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
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I" Veterans Administration Hospital, Iowa City ....."....",..,. , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , , . ,
i1 City of Iowa City, Iowa City .......................".............,....,...,.
'_I Johnson County Government, Iowa City .....,.,.....",..,.,...............,...
First National Bank, Iowa City ...,...,.....,.."..."............,.....,...,.
-l Hansen Lind Meyer, Iowa City ,..... I . , . . , . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . , . . . . , . . , . , . . . . . . . .
, _ Iowa State Bank & Trust, Iowa City ...,....."",...,.....".......,... , , . . . , .
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Iowa City Press Citizen, Iowa City ...",..,.,..""...".,.,..":.,,.,........
Hiils Bank & Trust, Iowa City .",.."...,.,.. .'. .. . ," , . , . ..' , , , , . .... , .. . , , . .
University of Iowa Community Credit Union, Iowa City ...."..,..,.."..,............
City of Coralville, Coralville ...:.....,........'...........'.......'.'. . . '. . . . . .
Lenoch & Cilek, Iowa City ..,..................,..,..,......",.,...;;....,..
21.773
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1,060
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400
195
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SOURCE: IOWA CITY.AREA DEVELOPMENT GROUP, INC" MAY 1992.
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lowo City Community Prolllo
Compiiod May 1992
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VALUE ADDED PER MANUFACTURING WORKER
Louisiana $101,771 Washington $61,402
New Hampshira $75,891 Arizona $61,374
Alaska $75,135 Maryland $60,851
Kentucky $71,907 Massachusetts $60.493
Iowa $70,204 Georgia $59,147
Texas $69,911 Delaware $58.048
....
Kansas $68,264 . Idaho $57,788 ( ,
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Colorado $65,538 Connecticut $57,467
Indiana $65,247 Oregon $57,222 9
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Oklahoma $65,191 North Carolina $55,802
Ohio $65,177 Tennessee $55,784 l'l
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West Virginia $64,492 Pennsylvania $55,523
Nebraska $64,159 Montana $55,323 ~'I i
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Illinois $64,016 Florida $55,226 , "
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North Dakota $63,571 Nevada $53,979
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, Hawaii $63,202 Alabama $53,706 I: I
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, California '$63,032 South Dakota $53,676
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New York $62,590 Arkansas $52,686 r
Virginia $62,575 Vermont $52,435
$61,883 South Carolina $52,247 r"
. Missouri !
Minnesota $61,871 Maine $51.876
Wisconsin $61,582 Mississippi $47,979 r--
New Jersey $61.561 New Mexico $47,634
Michigan $61,482 Rhode Island $42,746
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SOURCE: STATE & METROPOLITAN AREA DATA BOOK, 1991, u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS.
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Iowa City Community Profilo
Compilod May 1992
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CONSTRUCTION & MINING
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CONSTRUCTION & MINING INDUSTRIES, 1989
Iowa City MSA
SIC Number of Payroll ($1,000) Total number of
Code employees Annual establishments
Mining, total (B) (D) 6
Construction, total 1,122 25,963 188
15 General contractors & operative builders 423 8,204 55
151 General building contractors 335 6,917 31
16 Heavy construction, except building 53 3,380 8
17 Special trade contractors 646 14,379 125
171 Plumbing, heating, air-conditioning 160 4,441 21
173 Electrical work 114 2,718 22
174 Masonry, stonework, and plastering 58 1,000 10
175 Carpentry and floor work 57 846 18
176 Roofing, siding & sheet metal work 74 1. 732 12
177 Concrete work 77 1.380 11
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101 denotee figures withheld to avoid disclosing data lor individual companies,
NOTE: Empioyment.size classas ara indicated as foiiows: A.O to 19; B.20 to 99; C., 00 to 249; E.250 to 499; F.500 to 999; G.1 ,000
to 2,499; H.2,500 to 4,999; 1.5,000 to 9,999; J.1 0,000 to 24,999; K.25,000 to 49,999; L.50,000 to 99,999; M.100,000 or more,
SOURCE: COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS, 1989. U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
BUILDING PERMIT INFORMATION'
City of Iowa City
, ~ i
Year
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
New Construction
# of permits Value
183 11,674,298
173 20,731,156
357 41,257,406
270 26,666,625
146 16,355,519
164 17,112,704
411 16,255,434
206 33,868,849
238 32,035,514
230 34,544,897
227 28,170,971
Reoalr. Remodelina & Additions
# of permits Value
259 2,765,033
227 2,732,600
223 9,536,343
286 4,795,338
266 6,984,220
295 4,586,860
327 6,549.492
308 9,364,929
285 7,353,738
277 9,580,447
365 13,992,461
Total Construction
# of permits Value
442 14,539,231
400 23,463,756
581 50,793,749
556 31 A61 ,963
412 23,339,739
459 21,699,564
537 22,804,926
514 43,233,778
523 40,157,252
507 44,125,344
592 42,163,432
'Figures include residontlal, commorcial, industrial permits, public works, llnd other non.rosidontial slructuros.
SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY HOUSING & INSPECTION SERVICES,
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lows City Community Profllo
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NEW COMMERCIAL BUILDING PERMITS i'l
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Iowa City Coralville 1 North Liberty
Year # Permits Total Value # Permits # Permits Total Value
1981 43 $1.448,108 11 4 $1,559,592
1982 44 .884,734 10 9 448,642
1983 65 3.424.760 31 7 156,060
1984 71 5.458.474 31 7 60,875
1985 59 6,918,943 39 9 742,040
1986 63 5.938,642 24 4 146,340
1987 50 2,955,193 44 2 45,600
1988 59 1,715,851 37 3 873.473
1989 62 2,950,728 39 5 797,000
1990 65 8,815,820 15 8 941,113 i
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1991 54 5,097,546 8 9 377 ,300 ,
'Specific valuaa of Coralvllla building parmit. ara not .aparaled from total valuallon of all parmlt..
SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY HOUSING & INSPECTION SERVICES, CITY OF CORALVILLE, CITY OF NORTH LIBERTY
NEW INDUSTRIAL BUILDING PERMITS
City of Iowa City
Year # Permits Total Value
1981
1982 2 $1, 157,968
1983 9 1,667,288
1984 4 250,000
1985 6 1,692.430
1986 4 . 1,291.430
1987 2 307,000
1988 3 936,000
1989 4 2,826,836
1990 5 247,890
1991 4 749,806
SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY HOUSING & INSPECTION SERVICES
23
Iowa City Community Prolila
Compilad May 1992
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.1 Iowa City Coralville 1 North Liberty
,., Year # Permits Total Value # Permits # Permits Total Value
~ 1981 95 $6,060,903 12 11 $456,942
-. 1982 46 3,110,551 8 10 350,139
1983 145 9,126,502 24 23 974,603
1984 148 10,092,428 21 14 644.415
1985 59 4,680,247 23 14 690,683
1986 82 7,031,554 24 .13 692,093
i 1987 107 8,068,687 31 27 1,076,232
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I 1988 131 14,631,433 30 4 173,988
1989 137 16,959.4 77 39 9 464,842
:..J 1990 136 15,308,497 52 8 384,971
1 1991 143 15,529,175 44 17 991,990
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I SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY HOUSING & INSPECTION SERVICES, CITY OF CORALVILLE, CITY OF NORTH LIBERTY
! n NEW MULTI-FAMILY DWELLING BUILDING PERMITS!
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[ Iowa City Coralville2 North Liberty3
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I 1'1 . Year # Permits Total Value # Permits # Permits Total Value
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I 1981 15 (92) . $2,256,835 15 (102) 3 $172,128
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1982 50 (594) 13,757,066 32 (148) 5 216.478
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~ i 1983 75 (868) 17,418,024 39 (343) 2 91,560
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1984 25 (243) 5,242,800 11 (1711 2 189,994
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1985 5 (88) 2,058,000 1 (8) 2 116,737
... 1986 7 (86) 2,248,692 2 (8) 1 40,525
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. I 1988 3 (70) 1,500,000 2 (8) 1 63,762
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1989 17' (262) 7,582,925 4 (22) 3 496,295
1990 21 (203) 7,168,550 5 (10) 5 447,734
1991 15 (140) 5,950,000 12 (137) 4 280,000
'Number cf dwelling unita in porenthasia,
'Specific voluo. of Coralvillo building pormit. ora not "porotod from total v.luation of all parmit., 'Dot. includo. dupl..as,
SOURCE: CITY OF IOWA CITY HOUSING & INSPECTION SERVICES, CITY OF CORALVILLE, CITY OF NORTH LIBERTY
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Iowa City Community Profilo
Compilod May 1992
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EXISTING SINGLE-FAMILY HOME SALES REPORT
IOWA CITY
January 1, 1991 to December 26, 1991
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SELECTED HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS, 1990
Iowa Johnson Co, Iowa City
OCCUPANCY AND TENURE
Occupied housing units 1,064,325 36,067 21,951
Owner-occupied 745,377 18,999 . 9,823
Percent owner-occupied 70.0 52.7 44,7
Renter-occupied 318,948 17,068 12,128
Vacant housing units 79,344 1,143 513
For seasonal, recreational, or occasional use 14,644 102 32
Homeowner vacancy rate (percent) 1.5 0.8 0.8
Rental vacancy rate (percent) 6.4 2.2 1.7
Persons per owner-occupied unit 2.63 2.70 2,65
Persons per renter-occupied unit 2.25 2,09 2.09
Units with over 1 person per room 16,009 984 708
UNITS IN STRUCTURE
l-unit, detached 852,993 18,279 9,530
1-unit, attached 17,735 1,323 825
2 to 4 units 86,956 3,867 2,593
5 to 9 units 40,745 3.630 2,839
10 or more units 76,761 6,970 5,379
Mobile home, trailer, other 68,479 3,141 1,298
VALUE
Specified owner-occupied units 566,559 13,638 7,996
Less than $50,000 317,781 1.466 674
$50,000 to $99,000 209,703 8,504 5,139
$100,000 to $149,000 27,708 2,358 1.471
$150,000 to $199,999 6,959 828 462
$200,000 to $299,999 3,338 393 212
$300,000 or more 1,070 89 38
Median (dollars I 45,900 76,900 79,ODO
CONTRACT RENT
. Specified rent-occupied units paying cash rent 268.439 16,197 11,912
Less than $250 125,112 2,779 2,067
$250 to $499 129,124 10,649 7.421
$500 to $749 12,343 2,426 2,130
$750 to $999 1,287 258 227
$1,000 or more 573 85 67
Median (dollars) . 261 360 368
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF HOUSEHOLDER
Total, 1,064,325 36,067 21,951
White 1,036,774 33,845 20,129
81ack 15,741 656 496
Percent of occupied units 1.5 1.8 2.3
American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut 2,157 56 37
Percent of occupied units 0.2 0,2 0.2
. Asian or Pacific Islander 6,287 1,347 1,175
Percent of occupied units 0,6 3,7 5.4
Other race 3,366 163 114
Hispanic origin (of any racel 8,926 465 .329
Percent of occupied units 0,8 1.3 1.5
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SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
26
Iowa City Community Profilo
Compllod Moy 1992
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SELECTED HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 (continued)
,.
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
MORTGAGE STATUS AND SELECTED
MONTHLY OWNER COSTS
Specified owner-occupied housing units 571,870 13,690 8,014
With a mortgage 319,340 9,980 5,894
Less than $300 22,268 94 34
$300 to $499 108,125 1,183 712
$500 to $699 96,975 2,830 1,576
$700 to $999 64,554 3,585 2,132
$1,000 to $1,499 21,590 1,751 1,108
$1,500 to $1,999 3,867 343 238
$2,000 or more 1,961 194 94
Median (dollars) 553 761 774
Not mortgaged 252,530 3,710 2,120
Less than $100 10,042 13 5
$100 to $199 122,916 861 429
$200 to $299 92,757 1,696 892
$300 to $399 20,049 819 572
$400 or more 6,766 321 222
Median (dollars) 196 253 267
SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS AS A
PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHDLD INCOME IN 1989
Specified owner-occupied housing units 571,870 13,690 8,014
Less than 20 percent 379,781 8,240 4,905
20 to 24 percent 76,784 2,407 1,307
25 to 29 percent 41,826 1,247 717
30 to 34 percent 22,688 649 421
35 percent or more 48,029 1,080 610
Not computed 2,762 67 54
GROSS RENT
Specified renter-occupied housing units 285,743 16,531 12,095
Less than $200 40,501 846 723
$200 to $299 66,093 2,155 1,600
$300 to $499 127,395 8,655 5,906
$500 to $749 32,932 3,716 2,940
$750 to $999 3,567 635 593
$1,000 or more 990 173 136
I. No cash rent 14,265 351 197
Median (dollarsl 336 412 414
GROSS RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF
HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN 1989
Specified renter-occupied housing units 285,743 16,531 12,095
Less than 20 percent 102,121 4,506 2,802
20 to 24 percent 38,788 2,222 1,431
25 to 29 percent 31,600 1,804 1,341
30 to 34 percent 20,224 1,290 991
35 percent or more 75,373 6,013 5,030
Not computed 17,637 696 500
Tho usor should nots thot thsss doto sro bsssd on 0 sompls, subisot to ssmpling vo,iobillty, snd thot thars oro Iimltolion. to mony 0'
thsss doto.' ,
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
27
lowo City Community Profilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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SELECTED HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS, 1990 (continued)
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
Total housing units 1,143,669 37,210 22.464
YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
1989 to March 1990 11,882 717 392
1985 to 1988 36,834 2,652 1.451
1980 to 1984 66,202 4.739 2,848
1970 to 1979 230,514 9,376 5,259
1960 to 1969 159,930 7,215 4,638
1950 to 1959 147,913 3,736 2,426
1940 to 1949 90,460 l,5BO 1,043
1939 or earlier 399,934 7,195 4.407
BEDROOMS
No bedroom 13,847 1,402 1,136
1 bedroom 120,043 5,512 4,062
2 bedrooms 340,831 12,239 7.490
3 bedrooms . 448,791 11,851 6,546
4 bedrooms 181,475 4,778 2.492
5 or more bedrooms 38,682 1,428 718
Occupied housing units 1,064,325 36,067 21,951
HOUSE HEATING FUEL
Utility gas 698,557 26,515 17,667
Bottled, tank, or LP gas 157,289 2,977 259
Electricity 111,249 4,795 3,345
Fuel oil, kerosene, etc, 58,278 659 81
Coal or coke 372 22 ..
Wood 30,350 514 27
Solar energy 234 14 2
Other fuel 5,437 365 230
No fuel used 2,559 206 140
YEAR HOUSEHOLDER MOVED INTO UNIT
1989 to March 1990 193,0721 10,800 7,840
1985 to 1988 261,722 11,917 7,360
1980 to 1984 143,516 4,363 2,289
1970 to 1979 219,715 4,905 2,517
1960 to 1969 117,101 2,336 1,166
1959 or earlier 129,199 1,746 779
The uoor ,hould noto thot thoeo doto oro bo,od on 0 ,omple, ,ubject to ,om piing voriobllity, ond thot thoro oro limitation, to mony of
thOBo dato,
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
28
Iowa City Community Profilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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NUMBER OF ROOMS, YEAR-ROUND HOUSING UNITS
1980 & 1990
Iowa City MSA City of Iowa City
# of Rooms 1980 1990 1980 1990
1-3 Rooms 7,148 7,805 5,363 '5.819
4-6 Rooms 16.405 18,772 9,567 11.024
7 or More Rooms 7,946 10,633 4,296 5,621
Total 31.499 37,210 19,226 22.464
Median, year-round
housing units 4.8 5,3 4.5 5.0
SOURCE: U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1980 & 1990 CENSUS OF HOUSING.
VALUE OF SPECIFIED
OWNER-OCCUPIED HOUSING UNITS
1980 & 1990
Iowa City MSA City of Iowa City
Value 1980 1990 1980 1990
Less than $30,000 891 215 433 58
$30,000 - $39,999 . 1,053 378 636 165
$40,000 - $49,999 1,755 873 1,077 551
$50,000 - $59,999 2,366 1,709 1,608 934
i $60,000 - $99,999 4,390 6,795 2,780 4,205
, $100,000 - $149,999 847 2,358 468 1.471
I
I $150,000 - $199,999 127 828 67 462
I $200,000 or more -11 482 ~ 250
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,
i TOTAL 11.470 . 13,368 7,087 7,996
!
,
SOURCE: U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1980 & 1990 CENSUS OF HOUSING,
IOWA CITY MSA HOUSING UNITS, 1980 & 1990
1980 1990
Total Housing Units 31,583 37,210
Total Occupied Housing Units 30,220 36,067
. i Owner-occupied 16,335 18,999
Median-value $58,400 $76,900
Renter-occupied 13,885 17,068
Median contract-rent $212 $360
SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, 1980 & 1990 CENSUS OF HOUSING.
29
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FINANCE, INSURANCE & REAL ESTATE INDUSTRIES, 1989
Iowa City MSA
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SIC Number of Payroll ($1,0001 Total number of
Code employees Annual establishments
Finance, Insurance & real estate, total 1.386 28,549 160
60 Depository institutions 581 10,584 12
602 Commercial banks 564 10,340 8
61 Nondepository institutions 87 1,558 7 i
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614 Personal credit institutions (BI (D) 6 i
64 Insurance agents, brokers, & service 267 7,352 39
66 Real estate 264 5,048 76
651 Reili estate operators & lessors 149 2,530 41 I
653 Real estate agents & managers 83 1,538 27
67 Holding & other investment offices (C) (D) 7 I
673 Trusts (CI (D) ,
6732 Educational, religious, etc, trusts (CI (Di 1
101 denot.. flgu,.. withheld to ovoid dieclo.ing data fo, individual componioe,
NOTE: Employmont..izo clo..o. ore indicoted.. follows: A.O to 19; B.20 10 99; C.l00 10 249; E.250 to 499; F.500 to 999; G.l,OOO
to 2,499; H.2,500 to 4,999; 1.5,000 to 9,999; J.l0,000 to 24,999; K-25,000 10 49,ge9; L.50,000 to 99,999; M.' 00,000 or more.
SOURCE: COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS, 1989, U.S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
City of Iowa City
Tvoe of Institution
Number
Total Assets
Banks
Credit Unions
6
1
$1,428,208,959
71,000,000
: I SOURCE: IOWA CITY COMMUNITY QUICK REFERENCE, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEBRUARY, 1ge1,
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Iowa City Community P,otllo
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RETAIL-
WHOLESALE TRADE
Number of Payroll 1$1,0001 Total numbar of
amployaes Annual astabllshments
Ratalltrade, total 8,983 80,070 574
8uilding materials and garden supplies 268 4,030 28
Lumber & other building materials 147 2.454 10
Hardware.stores 69 601 7
General merchandise stores 960 8,625 12
Department stores 834 7,292 7
Misc, general merchandise stores lei IDJ 4
Food stores 1.463 14,687 55
Grocery stores 1,286 13,709 34
Retail bakeries lBI 101 4
Automotive dealers & service stations 760 12,119 70
New & used car dealers 366 B,045 13
Auto & home supply stores 54 736 B
Gasoline service stations 314 2,864 40
Apparel and accessorY stores 424 3,186 ,57
Women's clothing stores 148 1,048 17
Family clothing stores B8 470 9
Shoe stores 118 860 17
Furniture & homefurnishings stores 342 4,73442
Furniture & homefurnishings stores 143 2,019 24
Furniture stores 92 1,241 15
, Radio, television, & computer stores 176 2,215 15
Radio, TV & electronic stores 94 1,238 . .9 .
Musical instrument stores ,IBI IDJ . 3
Eating & drinking places 3.4B5 20,221 164
Eating & drinking places 3,279 19,020 143'
Eating places 2,972 17,483 113
Drinking places 307 1,537 30
Miscellaneous retail 1,223 11,183.137
Drug stores & proprietary stores 277 2,643 17
Miscellaneous shopping goods stores 493 3,703 52
Sporting goods & bicycle shops 92 752 9
Book stores 90 962 8
Jewelry stores 70 665 . 10
Gift, novelty & souvenir shops 121 643 12
Sewing, needlework & piece goods IBI IDJ 3
Nonstore retailers 101 1,,174 10
Catalog and mail.order houses IBI 101 1
Retail stores, n,e,c 232 2,591 33
Florists 90 685 10
, Miscellaneous retail stores, n,e,c, 92 1,343 14
Administrative & auxiliary 58 1,285 8
IDI dcnotlll flgur" withheld to avoid disclosing datil for Individual compllnicl. NOTE: Employmllnl'llzo clllUu arolndiclllad III follows: A-Q to 19; 8.20 to 99: C.100
to 249: E.250 to 499: F.500 to 999: 0.1,000 10 2,499: H.2,500 to 4,999: 1,5,000109,999: J.l0,000 10 24,999: K.25.000 to 49,999: L.50,000 to 99,999: M.
100,000 or moro.
SOURCE, COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS. 1999, U.s, OEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
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Iowa City Community Prolilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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lowo City Community Promo
Compilod Moy 1992
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RETAIL SALES BY BUSINESS CLASS
Iowa City MSA ,
(in millions of constant dollars) "
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I Business Classification 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 . 1989 1990 1991
, I "1
, t Utilities2
I ! - 51.1 51.3 51.7 49.2 50.1 51.1 50.1 48.1
Building Materials2 24.8 22.0 18,6 11.9 12.4 23.0 25.2 15.1
~ General Merchandise 46.1 56.9 57,3 58.4 58.1 56.7 56.8 59.9
Food Stores 1.2 78.3 73.2 86.7 76,2 81.6 84.3 84.6 85.9
Motor Vehicle 18.3 18.0 18.7 19,0 19,1 . 18.9 19.2 18.0
Apparel2,3 15.5 16.5 16.9 17,1 17,5 16.8 16.9 15.9
Home Furnishings 17,0 16,5 14.7 17,5 23.4 24.1 25.3 26.4
Eating & Drinking Places 63.6 64.6 64.3 73,6 68.2 69;1 71.1 72.7
Specialty Stores 47,8 46.5 45.9 46,8 52.7 58.5 59.5 60.5
Services. . 49.9 54.3 57.5 61.7 60.8 67.3 71.1 72.2
Wholesale 29.6 27,2 26.8 36,9 29,3 32.7 28.0 25.4
Miscellaneous 31.8 23,0 21.1 36,7 33,7 30,3 32.9 43.4
TOTAL 473.7 470,1 480.3 505.1 506,8 532,2 544.0 543.0
'Food classification odiustod to includo non.toxobls food ,alas.
'Corolvill, oolos for this cotogary a" includod in miscollon,aus, oxcopt Building Motoriolo for 1986, 1988, 1989 and 1990.
'John,on County solos aut,ido of Iowa City and Corolvill, for this cotogory ora includ,d in miscollonoau" oxcopt Apporol for 1984,
. NOTE: Rows may not oquoltotols duo to rounding Rotoil ,alas flou"s Iist,d in toblos a" for toxoblo rotoll itoms, ,xcopt for odiustmont
to food classification Isoo Footnato 1 ,.
SOURCE: IOWA RETAIL SALES & USE TAX REPORTS, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE AND FINANCE.
34
Iowa City Community Pro fila
Compilod May 1992
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MARKET TRADE AREA INFORMATION, 1990
Iowa City, MSA
Effective Median
Effective Buvina Number of Household
Counties PODulation Income 1 Households Income
Johnson 96,900 1,359,274,000 36,400 $25,680
Linn 169;300 2,567,630,000 65,700 31,314
Benton 22.400 247,071,000 8,500 22,821
Buchanan 20,800 223.466,000 7,500 22.400
Jones 19.400 196,484,000 6,900 22,078
Delaware 18,000 189,216,000 6,400 22.752
Cedar 17,300 178,097,000 6,700 20,836
Iowa 14,500 180 , 603 ,000 5,700 25,214 ,-
TOTAL 378,600 5,141,841,000 143,800 N/A
'Ettectivo Buying In como . 0 torm doveloped by Seles & Marketing Management. EBI is defined as all parsonal income ,,,' par,onol ~
tax, othar non.tox payments, parsonal contributions to social insurance, and any compensation paid to military or diplomelic parsonnol!
stationed overseas. Personal income is the aggregate 01 wages and salaries, other labor-relaled income. proprietor's income, rental L..:
income, dividends paid by corporations, interest income from all sources, and Iransfer payments.
$10,000. $19,999
$20,000-$34,999
$35,000. $49,999
$50,000 & over
23,4
23.3
14.0
18.5
21.7
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EFFECTIVE BUYING INCOME GROUPS, 1990
Income Range
Citv of Iowa Citv
% of Households
. Iowa Citv MSA
% of Households
SOURCE: t991 SURVEY OF BUYING POWER, AUGUST 19,1991, SALES AND MARKETINOMANAGEMENT MAGAZINE.
35
Iowa City Community Profiio
Compiled May 1992
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IOWA CITY MAJOR RETAIL MALLS
-.
Gross Gross
Name Square Footage Type Major Tenants Square Footage
Old Capitol Center 250,000 Enclosed mall Y ounkers .....,.. ., 56,000
J.C. Penney .,..... . 50,000
Pepperwood Place 110,000 Strip mall Econofoods ,. . . , . . . . 45,000
Best Buy . , . . , . . . . . . 19,000
Sycamore Mall 227,000 Enclosed mall . Sears, . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,000
Von Maur ..,....... 44,000
Wardway Plaza 125,000 Strip mall Jacks . . . . . . , , . , . . . 45,000
Eagles. . . , . . . : . . . . . 25,000
SOURCE: COMMUNIl'/ BUILDER PLAN, CIl'/ OF IOWA CIl'/, 1992
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WHOLESALE TRADE, 1989
, Iowa City MSA
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! SIC Number of Payroll 1$1.000) Total number of
i
I Code employees Annual establishments
,
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I Wholesale trade, total 1,169 26.D39 96
I 50 Wholesale trade - durable goods (E) (D) 55
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I 501 Motor vehicles, parts & supplies 80 1.394 9 ,."
I 5013 Motor vehicle supplies & new parts (B) (D) 7
504 Professional & commercial equip. 107 2,830 13 ~,
\ 5047 Medical & hospital equipment (B) (D) 4 ;,j
.' 508 Machinery, equipment, & supplies 75 1,678 11
, 509 Miscellaneous durable goods 72 756 6 J'l
I 51 . Wholesale trade-nondurable goods 676 14.826 39 II
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514 Groceries & related products IEl (D) 5
5141 Groceries, general line (E) (D) 2 I'l
5149 Groceries & related products, n.e.c IB) (Dl 1
515 Farm-product raw materials 73 1,183 8 !'
5153 Grain and field beans IB) (Dl 6 "1
517 Petroleum and petroleum products 79 843 7 ~
5171 Petroleum bulk stations & terminals 79 843 7 toj
518 Beer, wine & distilled beverages 71 1.413 6 i
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5181 Beer and ale (B) ID) 4 , :, ,
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519 Misc. nondurable goods 138 3,118 11 ... ; i
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5191 Farm supplies (C) (D) 9 I
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(01 denotee figur.. withheld to evoid disclo.ing dele for individual com pan;...
NOTE: Employmant..iza cia.... are indicatad a. follow.: A.O to 19; 9.20 to 99; C.l00 to 249; E.250 to 499; F.500 to 999; G.t,OOO:'
to 2,499; H.2,500 to 4,999; 1.5,000 to 9,999; J.l0,000 to 24,999; K,25,000 to 49,999; L.50,000 10 ge,999; M.l00,000 or mora, i
SOURCE: COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS, 1989. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
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37
Iowa City Community Profile
Complied May 1992
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SIC Number of Payroll ($1,000) Total number of
Code employees Annual establishments
80 Health services 10,039 174.493 123
. 801 Offices & clinics of medical doctors 371 12,386 39
802 Offices & clinics of dentists 206 3,197 40
804 Offices of other health practitioners 67 1,549 20
805 Nursing & personal care facilities 381 2,725 7 .
806 Hospitals 8,798 151,971 4
808 Home health care services (C) IDi 4
809 Health & allied services, n.e.c. 79 1.228 4
81 Legal services' 150 . 2,283 34
82 Educational services 182 2,661 9
821 Elementary & secondary schools (B) (D) 3
829 Schools & educational services, n,e,c, (B) ID) 5
83 Social services 1,090 8,006 80
832 Individual & family services 173 2,200 17
833 Job training & related services (C) (D) 1
835 Child day care services (E) (Di 33 ,
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836 Residential care 342 2,518 ,
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86 Membership organizations 410 3,634 83
864 Civic & social associations 116 1,021 28 -
,
866 Religious organizations 223 1,625 41 ..~.'
87 Engineering & management services 1,306 35,699 38
871 Engineering & architectural services (E) (D) 17 r-
8711 Engineering services' 65 2,118 7 !
8712 Architectural services (Ei (D) 7 ;
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872 Accounting, auditing & bookkeeping IB) (D) 9 r- i" :
874 Management ,& public relations IF) ID) 8 . I I I
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8748 Business consulting, n.e.c. (F) (D) 1
Administrative & auxiliary (B) IDi 3.
Unclassified establishments IC) (D) 113 I
l..~
(Dl denotes figures withheid to evoid disclosing data for individual companies, -
i
NOTE: Employment-size cla"es ara indicated as follows: A.O to 19; B.20 to 99; C.100 10 249; E.260 to 499; F.600 to 999; G.1,000!...
to 2,499; H.2,600 to 4,999; 1.6;000 to 9,999; J.1 0,000 to 24,999; K.25,000 to 49,999; L.60,000 to 99,999; M.l00,000 or more,
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SOURCE: COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS, 19B9. U,S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
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39
Iowa City Community Profila
Compiled May 1992
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COMMUNICA TIONS
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I, TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS & UTILITIES INDUSTRIES, 1989
Iowa City MSA
...,
SIC Number of Payroll ($1,000) Total number of
Code employees Annual . establishments
Transportation and public utilities, total 1,164 26,269 76
41 Local and interurban passenger transit 96 847 4
415 School buses (B) (D) 1
42 Trucking and warehousing 576 12,970 37
-'
421 Trucking & courier services, except air (F) (D) 32
. , 422 Public warehousing and storage (B) (D) 2
~ 4222 Refrigerated warehousing & storage (B) (D) 1
48 Conimunication . 291 6.705 17
;l 481 Telephone communication 79 2,096 11
4813 Telephone communic., exc. radio (B) (D) 9
IJ 489 Communication services, n.e,c, (CI (D) 2
49 Electric, gas & sanitary services (CI (DI 5
-1 493 Combination utility services (C) (D) 1
:..J 4931 Electric and other services combined (C) (D) 1
'1 101 dlnot.. liou,.. withheld 10 avoid dilclosing dala 101 indiyidual companin,
NOTE: Employment'lile elanu lit iodie'lld IIlallows: A.Q 10 19: B.20 10 99: C.laO 10249: [.250 10 499: F.SOO 10 999; 0-\,000 10 2.499; H.2,500 10 4,999: 1.5,000 10 9.999:
J.10,OOO to 24,999: K.25,OOOto ~9.999: L.50,OOO to 99,999; M.l00,OOO or mor..
SOURCE: COUNTY BUSINESS PATTERNS, lee9. U,S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.
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low, City Community Profil,
Compil,d Moy 1992
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TRANSPORTATION
HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION
Iowa City MSA
Hiohways Seryino Iowa City MSA:
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Federal:
State:
Interstate:
6,218
1,965
1-80, 1-380
Motor Freioht Carriers:
Intrastate: 10
Interstate: 40
Local Truckino Terminals:
ABF Freight System, Inc,
All-Ways Interstate Trucking Co,
Block Trucking
Carolina Freight Carriers Corp.
Consolidated Freightways
Daufeldt Transport, Inc.
DFC Transportation Co.
Farmland Industries, Inc.
H & W Motor Express Co.
Milligan Brothers Transport
R.H. Hummer Trucking
Roadway Express
Schweinfurth Transfer
Sharkey Transportation
Transport Corp. of America
Winder Trucking' "
Wintz Trucking
Yellow Freight Systems
L..
Greyhound and Trailways
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SOURCE: THE IOWA CITY WHITE & YELLOW PAGES, U.s. WEST DIRECT. 1992.
Bus Service:
RAIL TRANSPORTATION
Iowa City MSA
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Rail Service:
Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway (CRANDIC)
Iowa Interstate Railroad
Distance to Nearest Piooyback Service:
3 miles
SOURCE: IOWA CITY COMMUNITY QUICK REFERENCE, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. FEBRUARY, 1991.
41
Iowa City Community Prolilo
Compilod May 1992
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AIR SERVICE
Iowa City MSA
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Iowa City Municioal Airoort:
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Distance to City:
Runway:
Equipment:
1 mile
4300 feet hard surface
Unicorn radio, instrument ianding system, VOR & RNAV, and non-
directional beacon
'""I Cedar Raolds Municioal AiroQ!1:
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Distance to Iowa City: 20 miles
Names of commercial airlines
National:
United Express
America West
Northwest Airline
United
Air Wisconsin
Regional:
Air Midwest
American
Enterprise Airlines
TW A Express
All Cargo: .
Airborne Express
Energy Worldwide
Federal Express
United Parcel Seryice
Direct Passenoer Fliohts to:
Denyer
. Phoenix
Minneapolis
Chicago
Kansas City
St. Louis
42
Iowa City Community Prolilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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LENGTH OF TIME GOODS IN TRANSIT TO
~ Miles
.
Atlanta 781
Chicago 200
Cleyeland 541
Denyer 800
Des Moines 110
Detroit 472
Houston 995
Kansas City 300
Los Angeles 1,950
Milwaukee 225
Minneapolis 290
I New Orleans 920
'"I
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I"
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I Omaha 225
!
'j St. Louis 280
I
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Days by
Railroad
(Carload)
3
1
2.5
2
.5
2
2.5
Days by
Motor Freight
{Truckloadl
3
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3
3
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SOURCE: IOWA CITY QUICK COMMUNITY REFERENCE, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEBRUARY 1991.
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n SELECTED COMMUTING CHARACTERISTICS, 1990
[~ Iowa Johnson Co.. Iowa City
I
COMMUTING TO WORK
fll Workers 16 years and over 1,322,064 53.401 32,580
Il Percent drove alone 73.4 59.3 51.7
Percent in carpools 11.9 13.2 11.9
,.'1 Percent using public transportation 1.2 7,6 10.2
I.l Percent using other means 0.9 2.4 3.3
Percent walked or worked at home 12.5 17.6 22.9
,.... Mean travel time to work Iminutes} 16.2 16,4 14.6
U VEHICLES AVAILABLE
Occupied housing units 1,064,325 36,067 21,951
..., None 75,273 2,741 2,069
I 1 332,116 13,211 9,239
I
...J 2 429,628 13,881 7.762
3 or more 227,308 6,234 2,881
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SOURCE: U.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF POPULATION.
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COMMUNICA TIONS
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TELEVISION MARKET AREA
Area of Dominant Influence
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Includes the following counties:
Allamakee, Benton, Blackhawk, Bremer, Buchanan, Butler, Chickasaw, Clayton,
Delaware, Dubuque, Fayette, Grundy, Iowa, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Tama,
Washington, Winneshiek, Grant, WI.
Total Number of Households: 311,300
Total Population: 822,600
Effectiye Buying Income IEBI)': $9,508,686
Retail Sales': $5,050,671
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'Figuro shown in thousonds,
SOURCE: 1990 SURVEY OF BUYING POWER, PART II, NOVEMBER 13, 1990 SALES AND MARKETING MANAGEMENT MAGAZINE
TELEVISION STATIONS -IOWA CITY AREA
Station Network Location Channel
, KGAN CBS Cedar Rapids 2 . .!
KWWL NBC Waterloo 7
KCRG ABC Cedar Rapids 9
KOCR FOX Cedar Rapids 28
WHBF CBS Rock Isiand, IL 4
. KWOC NBC Dayenport 6
WOAD ABC Moline, IL 8
KLJB FOX Davenport 18
CABLE TELEVISION . IOWA CITY AREA
Channel Source
20 ' Iowa City Public Library
25 Locally produced program-
ming
27 Iowa City Community School
Dist,
29 Goyernmental programming
~
Cable Television
Heritage Cable serves Iowa City, Coralville, and University Heights.
Vantage Cable serves North Liberty.
Iowa City Community Profilo
45 Compilod Moy 1992
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NEWSPAPERS . IOWA CITY AREA
Iowa City Press Citizen
Daily Iowan
Cedar Rapids Gazette'
Des Moines Register
Statewide
Iowa City
Circulation
Weekday
16.000
20,000
72,000
82,000
350,000
6.000
Sunday
198,000
3,000
SOURCE: IOWA CITY PRESS CITIZEN. DAILY IOWAN, CEDAR RAPIDS GAZETTE AND DES MOINES REGISTER,
RADIO STATIONS . IOWA CITY AREA
. , Station Location Station Location
,
I
, . KXIC 800 AM Iowa City WMT 600 AM/96.5 FM Cedar Rapids
I WSUI .910 AM Uniyersity of Iowa KHAK 1360 AM/98 FM Cedar Rapids
,
i..'. KCJJ 1560 AM Iowa City KCRG 1600 AM Cedar-Rapids
I I KRUI 89.7 FM Iowa City KCCK 88.3 FM Cedar Rapids
KSUI . 91.7 FM Uniyersity of Iowa KOJC . 89,7 FM Cedar Rapids
I KRNA 93.9 FM Iowa City KOCR 103 FM Cedar Rapids
"KKRO 100.7 FM Iowa City KTOF 104,5 FM Cedar Rapids
I KOKZ 105.7 FM Cedar Rapids
SOURCE: THE IOWA CITY WHITE & YELLOW PAGES, U.s. WEST DIRECT, 1992.
. 46
lowo City Community Profilo
Compllod Moy 1992
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PUBLIC & PRIVATE UTILITIES
Iowa City
UTILITIES
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Teleohone Service
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Local SerYice:
Long Distance SerYice:
U,S, West
AT&T
MCI
National Media
ITI
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US, Sprint
Cherow
National Telephone Service
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SOURCE: IQWA CITY COMMUNITY QUICK REFERENCE, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FEBRUARY 1991.
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Iowa Illinois Gas & Electric Co.
Natural Gas Service
Iowa-Illinois Gas & Electric Co. (local distributer)
Natural Gas Pipeline Co. (pipeline source)
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Water SerYice
City of Iowa City
Water Source: Wells, river
Capacity of plant: 12.5 million gallons per day
Ayerage Daily Consumption: 6.5 million gallons per day
Peak Consumption: 9.75 million gallons per day
Elevated Storage capacity: 7 million gallons
Sanitation
City of Iowa City
Secondary & tertiary sewage treatment plant
Actual Ayerage load: 9 million gallons per day
Actual Peak load: 92 n:Jillion gallons per day
Design capacity: Ayerage load. 14 million gallons per day
No Industrial Waste pick-up ayailable
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47
lowo City Community Profi/o
Comp!lod Moy 1992
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Consulting Doctors
Professional Nurses
Staff (full- and part-timel
lNation's largest university.owned teaching hospital.
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SOURCE: COMMUNITY BUILDER PLAN, CITY OF IOWA CITY, 1992
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HOSPITALS
Unlyersity
Hospitals &
Clinics'
1,213
N,A.
1,520
7,260
Veterans
Administration
Medical Center
Mercy
Hospital
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106
219
180
1,298
169
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NUMBER OF PRACTICING PHYSICIANS, BY SPECIALTY
Iowa City
~
Allergy
Anesthesiology
Cardiology
Cardiovascular Surgery
Dermatology
Emergency Medicine
Faciai Plastic Surgery
Family Practice
Gastroenterology
General Surgery
Internal Medicine
Neurology
o bstetrics/Gynecol og Y
Mercy
Hosoital
2
10
3
2
4
4
3
40
2
3
12
3
7
VA Medical
Center
7
48
17
1
6
27
7
29
87
14
2
Mercy V A Medical
Hosoltal Center
Medical Oncology 1 3
Ophthalmology 5 15
Oral Surgery 4
Orthopedics 7 12
Otolaryngology 4 6
Pathology 3 1"
Pediatric Dentistry 1
Pediatrics 8
Plastic Surgery 1 2
Psychiatry 6 21
Radiology 6 23
Radiation Oncology 2
Urology 2 7
SOURCE: MERCY HOSPITAL AND IOWA CITY VETERANS ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL CENTER, 1992,
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48
Iowa City Community Prolllo '
Compilod Moy 1992
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ENROLLMENT FOR IOWA CITY COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT
1991
'""I
-. Public and Private Schools
~ Number Teachers Enrollment. Grades
Elementary 15 361 5577 K-6
Junior High 2 81 1282 7-8
-, High School 2 142 2291 9-12
Parochial School 1 42 698 K-12
Total 20 626 9848
'""I SOURCE: IOWA CITY COMMUNITY QUICK REFERENCE, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1991.
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AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING (ACTl SCORES COMPARISON'
1987 1988 1989 1990 ' 1991
Iowa City Community .24.2 24.0 24.2 23.5 23.8
-. School District.
State of Iowa 22.0 22.0 21.8 21,8 21,7 .
United States 20,8 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.6
'Compo.lto ACT .COIO..
_.
SOURCE: IOWA CITY COMMUNITY SCHQOL DISTRICT, APRIL 1992.
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Iowa City Community Profilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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High School Graduation Rates
and Post-Secondary Education Attendance Rates
Iowa City Community School District
i'l
SOURCE: IOWA CITY COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT, IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, AND THE CONDITION OF
EDUCATION. 1990, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
Post-Secondary Education
Location
Uniyersityof Iowa
Four-year public university and research facility.
. Kirkwood Community College
Two-year public, coed community college and
yocational and technical training school.
Iowa City Campus. '
Coe College
Four-year priyate, co.ed liberal arts college.
Mt. Mercy College .
Four-year priyate, coed liberal arts college.
Cornell College,
Four-yeBr priyate, coed liberal arts college.
Iowa City
Cedar Rapids
Iowa City
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Mt. Vernon
50
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27,881
Enrollment Distance
Local
9,234
1.324
1,150
30 minutes
Local
30 minutes
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Iowa City Community Profllo
Compilod Moy 1992
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SELECTED EDUCATION CHARACTERISTICS, 1990
Iowa Johnson Co. Iowa City
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Persons 3 years and over enrolled in school 737,729 40.420 30,507
Pre-primary school 58,357 2,029 1,172
Elementary orhigh school 481,502 11,524 5,827
Percent in private school 8.7 7,0 6.9
College . 197,870 26,867 23,508
EDUCATION ATTAINMENT
Persons 25 years and over 1,776,798 53,053 29,537
Less than 9th grade 163,335 2,309 772
9th to 12th grade, no diploma 190.465 2,681 1,035
High school graduate 684,368 11,314 4,846
Some c'ollege, no degree 302,600 9,254 5.069
Associate degree 136,638 4,159 1,967
8achelor's degree 207,269 12,745 8,146
Graduate or professional degree 92,123 10,591 7,702
Percent high school graduate or highor 80,1 90,6 93.9
Percent bachelor's degree or higher 16,9 44,0 53.7
i't
,
Tho usor should noto thot tho so doto oro bosod on 0 ssmplo, subi"t to ssm pIIng voriobliily, ond thot thoro oro IImitotions to mony of
th~so dato.
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SOURCE: U.S. DEPAR.TMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF CENSUS, 1990 CENSUS OF.POPULATION,
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Iowa City Community Profllo
CO!T1pllod Moy 1992
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THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
Student Enrollment by College, 1991
Colleoe
Enrollment
Business Administration
Dentistry
Engineering
Graduate.
Law
Liberal Arts
Medicine
Nursing
Pharmacy
1,238
292
1,237
6.714
712
15,582
1;398
370
338
ENROllMENT BY SESSION AND STUDENT lEVEL'
(\
52
.Iowo City Community Prolilo
Compilod Moy 1992
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UNIVERSITY OF IOWA POPULATION,1991
STUDENTS REGISTERED BY AGE, COLLEGE
UNDERGRAD GRADUATE PROFESSIONAL TOTAL
AGE M W T M W T M W T M W 1
0-17 29 40 69 29 40 69
18 810 1152 1962 810 1152 196?-
19 1314 1453 2767 1314 1453 276' ,
20 1554 1749 3303 1 1 1554 1750 3304
21 1733 1970 3703 13 16 29 9 3 12 1755 1989 3744
22 1362 1362 2724 113 127 240 94 83 177 1569 1572 314~
23 674 548 1222 201 233 434 169 100 269 1044 881 1921i
24 344 249 593 212 234 446 197 133 330 753 616 1369
25 238 169 407 242 220 462 180 107 287 660 496 115;"\
26 161 146 307 245 218 463 150 73 223 556 437 9911
27 142 106 248 233 212 . 445 96 51 147 471 369 840
28 91 95 186 223 174 397 103 33 136 417 302 71~~
29 96 83 179 206 166 372 78 36 114 380 285 661
30 77 71 148 175 134 309 73 41 114 325 246 57,1
31 58 70 128 179 149 328 68 25 93 305 244 549
32 51 51 102 164 110 '274 49 23 72 264 184 44'-\
33 36 56 92 . 140 106 246 40 21 61 216 183 39~1
34 38 41 79 147 102 249 29 13 42 214 156 370
35 31 45 76 113 91 204 19 13 32 163 149 31;1..
36-40 141 187 328 457 442 899 55 34 89 653 663 131\ :
41-45 53 . 117 170 232 343 575 16 12 28 301 472 77'S'
46.50 16 54 70 70 156 226 4 8 12 90 218 30?_
i 50+ --11 ~ ~ ~ --1l2. ..l.1Q ---2 --.1 --.l ~ -1.ll ~
! ~
TOTAL 9063 9859 18922 3398 3316 6714 1432 813 2245 13893 13988 27881 ,
,-
j MEDIAN ,
. ,
I AGE 21 21 21 30 30 30 26 25 26 22 22 2f
-
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS, 1991
ORIGIN UNDERGRAD GRADUATES .. TOTAL PERCENT
Iowa,. 15,327 3,379 18,706 67,1
States Adjoining Iowa 4,100 721 4,821 17,3
Other States 1,120 1,153 2,273 8,2
U.S. Territories 15 12 27 .1 ,
Foreign Countries 605 1.449 2,054 --1.cl
TOTALS 21,167 6,714 27,881 100.0
, ,
. SOURCE: PROFILE OF STUDENTS ENROLLED ATTHE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR, 1992,
Iowa City Community Prolllo
53 Compllod Moy 1992
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UNIVERSITY TUITION
FOR FULL-TIME STUDENTS, PER SEMESTER
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i ... 1980 1985 1990 .1992
, "
I i.1 Undergraduate
I Resident $415 $652 $940 $1,044
I - Nonresident $945 $1,915 $3,110 $3,526
I : I
I "'1 Graduate
, Resident $475 $773 $1,113 $1,239
,
I '"" Nonresident $1,000 $1,998 $3,242 $3,675
I ,
,
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SOURCE: UNIVERSITY OF IOWA, OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR. 1992.
~
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1 UNIVERSITY EMPLOYMENT
-
;] Uniyersity Hosoital Total
Faculty & Institutional Officials 1,982 7 1,989
i...
,.. Professional & Scientific 4,293 1,810 6,103
'i
U General Seryice 4,793 1,914 6,707
r; Students 8.347 -1..ill ~539
J Total 19.415 4,923 24,338
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, SOURCE: UNIVERSITY QF IOWA PAYROLL OFFICE, FEBRUARY 1992.
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Iowa City Community Prolllo
Compilod Moy 1992
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RECREATION FACILITIES
Number of Facilitios in Iowa City Area
,...
Public Golf Courses 5 Indoor Movie Screens 11
Public Tennis Courts 6 Cultural Theatres 3
Public Parks 37 Auditorium-Coliseum 2
Swimming Pools 3 Museums 6
Country Clubs 3 Ball Parks 6
Skating Rinks 2 Bowling 3
(outdoor, ice rinksl Sand Volleyball 4
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AREA CONVENTION SERVICES
-,
Hotels/Motels:
Meetino Facilities
Heartland Inn
Days Inn
Highlander Inn
Holiday Inn
Howard Johnson
Westfield Inn
Iowa House/lMU
23 Properties with 1 ,B64 rooms
# Meetino Rooms
4
13
6
10
4
6
20
AUDITORIUMS
University of Iowa
,.-:
School of Art & History Art Auditorium
Chemistry Building: New
Old
Hancher Auditorium
University of Iowa Shambaugh Auditorium
MacBride Hallltheatre capabilityl
Museum of Art Auditorium
School of Music:
J
Van AII.en Hall:
Clapp Hall
Harper Hall
Room 1
Room 2
Mabie Theatre
Theatre A
Theatre B
City High School Opstad Auditorium
Litlie Theatre
Uniyersity Theatres:
Iowa City Community Schools:
-'
SQURCE: IOWA CITY/CORALVILLE CQNVENTION & VISITORS BUREAU, APRIL, 1992,
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Seatino Caoacitv
220.
433
441
2700 +
242
780
200
700
200
302
153
477
140-170
144
1100
90
lowo City Community Prolilo
Compilod Mov 1992
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HOUSES OF WORSHIP
Iowa City Area
Number Number
Apostolic 2 Jehoyah's Witnesses 1
Assembly of God 2 Jewish 2
Baha'i 1 Lutheran 8
Baptist 7 Lutheran Evangelical Synod 1
Bible 2 Mennonite 3
Catholic 9 Methodist African Episcopal 1 ,-
Charismatic 3 Methodist 10
Christian 9 Missionary ,.,-.
,
Christian Science 1 Nazarene 1 , ,
Church of Christ 1 Non-Denominational 1 I
Church of Latter-Day Saints 3 Presbyterian 3 -<
Episcopal 2 Salyation Army 1 .~
Eyangelical Free , Seventh Day Adventist 1
Foursquare Gospel 1 Unitarian Uniyersalist 1
Friends 1 United Church of Christ 3
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SOURCE: THE IOWA CITY WHITE & YELLOW PAGES, U,S. WEST DIRECT, 1992,
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Iowa City Community Prolllo
Compilod Moy 1992
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PHONE LiSTS
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0 CITY OF IOWA CITY TELEPHONE LIST
For all extensions, use the prefix 356 unless noted differently.
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I",j Airport 5045 Personnel 5026 I
Animal Shelter 5295 Planning & Community Development 5230
o . .: Assessor 6066 Police Alarm 911
I Attorney 5030 Police (routine call) 5275
Auditor 6004 Chief 5271
...., Building Department 5123 Crime Prevention 5299
Electrical Inspector 5127 Records 5287
Plumbing Inspector 5126 Printing Department 5061
Zoning Inspector 5120 Recreation Department 5100
u! Bus Department 356-5151 Sanitation Department 5180 j
City Clerk 5041 Landfill Office 5185 j: ,
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City Council 5010 Senior Center 5220 ] I
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Ciyil Defense 6028 Sewer Maintenance . 5172 . I !
.- Ciyil Rights Commission 5022 Street Department 5180 I
Data Processing 5082 Traffic Engineering 5190 I
j Engineering 5143 Parking Ramps I
Fire Department 5260 Capitol Street . 5092 I
I Chief 5256 Dubuque Street 5092 :
,
I U Fire Alarm 911 Parking Meter Department 5095 i
Forestry Department 5260 Parking Permits 5070 .
Maintenance Building 5107 Parking Tickets 5068
, I .,.- Housing Inspection 5130 Transit System 5151
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, Information 5000 Water Department 5161
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Main Library 5200 Meter Department 5160
._, Mayor's Youth Employment Program 5410 Pollution Control 5170
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Iowa City Community Prolllo
Compllod Moy 1992
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JOHNSON COUNTY TELEPHONE LIST
For all extensions, use the prefix "356" unless noted differently.
Information
Accounting
Assessor
Attorneys
Auditor
Board of SuperYisors
Clerk of Court
Conseryation Commission
Data Processing
District Court
Driyer's License
Engineer
5000
6004
6078
6100
6004
6000
6060
645-2315
6080
. 6060
338.5294
6046
Humane Society
Jail
Juyenile Court Seryices
Landfill
Local Health Department
Recorder
Sheriff
Social Welfare
Treasurer
Motor Vehicle Department
V oter Registration
Zoning
529fi
60:
60'/0
518.5
60/ I
60SJ
6020
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6091
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Compilod Moy 1992
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AGREEMENT FOR UBRARY SERVICE TO RURAL JOHNSON COUNTY
This Agreement is made and entered into by and between the City of Iowa City, Iowa, a municipal
corporation, the Iowa City Library Board of Trustees and Johnson County, Iowa, a goyernmental
subdiYision.
WHEREAS, the City of Iowa City ("Iowa City") has established and proYided funds for a public
library operated by the Iowa City Public Library Board of Trustees; and
. WHEREAS, Chapter 358B,18 of the Code of IOWa (1991) allows the Johnson County Board of
Supervisors ("Johnson County") to contract with a city library for residents of unincorporated
areas; and
WHEREAS, Johnson County wishes to provide the residents of unincorporated Johnson County
the opportunity to participate In the facilities and programs offered by the Iowa City Public
Library,
NOW, THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed by and between the City of Iowa City, the IQwa City
Library Board of Trustees and Johnson' CQunty as follows:
I. SCOPE OF SERVICES
A. The extent and nature of Library services will be determined by the Iowa City
Public Library Board of Trustees, as proYlded by law.
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B. All services 01 the Iowa City Public Library ('Library') will be provided to all
residents of Johnson County, Iowa whQ reside outside the corpora Ie limits of any
city within Johnson County, said Library services to be on the same terms and
conditions as those proYlded the residents of the City.
II. DURATION AND TERMINATION
The term of this Agreement shall commence July 1, 1993 (Fiscal Year 1994) for a period
of one (1) year, and shall be renewed automatically for succeeding terms of one year
each ("Contract Year"), unless writlen nolice to the contrary Is giyen no later than March
1 by Johnson County or Iowa City. Such nolice may be giyen by personal delivery to the
Iowa City Mayor or Johnson County Chair, or by regular mail to said officials. Unless
terminated as proYided herein, "Contract Year" shall run concurrently with the appropriate
budgetary fiscal year for Iowa City and Johnson County, as provided by law.
III.
COMPENSATION
A. Johnson County shall pay to Iowa City each year a portion 01 the real estate tax
askings (commonly referred 10 as 'properly taxes"), which taxes are necessary for
library operations, as requested by the Library Board of Trustees and approved
by the City Council. See Exhibil A for an illustration of this method.
B. The portion of the Library's real estale tax asklngs that the County shall pay to the
City In a specific contract year shall be a percentage of the real estate tax askings
equal to the preceding three'lIscal-year ayerage of the percent 01 total library
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circulation atlributed to residents of the unincorporated area of JohnsQn County,
The three fiscal years used for this ayerage shall be the most recent three fiscal
years and excluding the fiscal year just completed. See Exhibit B lor a description
of this method.
C. All payments made by Johnson County to Iowa City shall occur quarterly,
commencing Qn the first day of July of each Contract Year.
D. Iowa City agrees to maintain records of said operational expenses according to
generally accepted accounting practices. Iowa City and Board of Trustees further
agree to make said records ayailable to Johnson County for auditing and
inspection during ordinary business hours, upon reasonable notice by the County.
IV.
BUDGET PROCEDURE
The City CQuncil for Iowa City shall determine and approye an annual operating budget
for the Library, after preparation and recQmmendatlon by the Library Board of Trustees,
More specifically, Iowa City and Johnson County agree as fQllows:
A. Contemporaneous with the Library Board's submitlal of a proposed Library budget
to the City Manager, the Library Board shall furnish a copy to the County.
B. On or before January 15 of each year, Iowa City shall transmit to Johnson County
a proposed Library budget for the fiscal year which commences on July 1 of that
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year, in anticipation of budget preparation for the Contract Year to run
concurrenlly with the up-coming fiscal year,
C. On or before February 15 Qf each year, Johnson County shall transmit to Iowa
City a resolution of commitment to fund Johnson County's portion of the operating
costs of the Ubrary for the Contract Year which commences on July 1 of that year,
which portion shaU be determined in accordance with this Agreement.
D. .
On or before March 15 of each year, iowa City shaU adopt a final Library budget
for the upcoming Contract Year. In its adoption of a final Ubrary budget, the City
Council will giye consideration to any recommendations receiyed frQm the Board
of Supervisors with respect to real state tax askings. Johnson County shall
thereupon be obligated to pay its share, as determined herein, of the adopted net
budget for the Library's operating costs.
Subsequent amendments to the Library budget during any Contract Year shall not
. increase the obUgation of the County for financial support, unless mutually agreed
to in writing.
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V. MISCELLANEOUS
One member of the Library Board of Trustees shall be a resident of the unincorporated
area of Johnson County and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the approyal of the
Board of Supervisors. Applicants shall submit applications for this PQsitiQn to the Board
of Supervisors, who shall giye copies to the City Council along with the Board's approyed
appointment.
This Agreement shall be filed with the City Clerk of Iowa City and the County Auditor Qf Johnson
County, Iowa.
Dated this
day of
,1992.
JOHNSON COUNTY, IOWA
CITY OF IOWA CITY, IOWA
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By
By
Darrel G. Courtney, Mayor
Charles Duffy
Chairman, Board of Supervisors
Attest:
City Clerk
Attest:
County Auditor/Deputy CQunty
Auditor
~~
, ' Ity Attorney's Office {-.JS--f~
LIBRARY BOARD OF TRUSTEES
n\le)e,lib.agm
By
By
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'EXHIBIT A'
Ubrary's Receipts to Coyer Proposed Expenditures
FY 93
PROPOSED
-------------
-------------
Total Proposed Receipts $ 2,258,509
\ ,
Ubrary Services (Fines, Fees & Sales) -78,4n
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Cable Charge back -33,506 I
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. Real Estate Tax Askings (Property Tax) $ 2,146,526 I
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Apply 10% circulation percentage I
(as modified in future years by .,.....-. ..
three year ayeraging) to determine j, ,
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County's share of real estate tax , ,I. .[
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askings. $ 214,653 ,I
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Fiscal 1993 has been used only for purposes of illustrating the methodology of applying the
CQunty's circulation percentage to the real estate tax aSkings (property taxes) approyed by the
City Council.
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See Exhibit C to show Iowa City's uniform budget procedure/summary.
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"EXHIBIT B'
Example of Formula for Determining the
County's Portion of Ubrary's Real Estate Tax
Asklngs (Property Taxes) lor Iowa City Ubrary Operations
Payable to the City lor Fiscal Year 1994
County's portion will be the 1994 net real estate tax as kings times the three'fiscal'year aye rage
percentage of Ubrary circulation to Johnson County rural residents.'
--------
--------
'The circulation % of Johnson County rural residents ayeraged over three (3) fiscal years shall
be determined as follows:
FY 1993
Fiscal Year just completed. excluded from average.
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FY 1990, FY 1991, FY 1992 - Included in average:
First, determine (from Ubrary maintained data), lor each of these three (3)
fiscal years, the percentage (rounded to the nearest 1/100th 01 a percent)
that the circulation of materials to Johnson CQunty rural residents was to
the total circulation. Then, total the percentages so determined, and diylde
the sum by three (3) to determine the averaged percentage.
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EXPENDITURES:
PERSONAL SERVICES
COMMODITIES:
SERVICES AND CHARGES
CAPITAL OUTLAY
TRANSFERS OUT
TOTAL
RECEIPTS:
PROPERTY TAX
LIBRARY LEVY
LIBRARY SERVICES
JOHNSON COUNTY CONTRACT
'CABLE TV CHARGEBACK
'TOTAL
......."""
. _...~.. -.--.,. .~, ...,...... ,."
" LIBRARY
RECEIPTS"AND EXPENDITURES SUMMARY
FY93 BUDGET --
FY91 FY92 DEPT CITY MGR FY94 FY95
ACTUAL ESTIMATE REQUEST PROPOSED PROJECTION PROJECTION
1,158,909 1,288,042 1,562,017 1,562,017 1,667,857 1,773,869
39 091 42 380 45 665 45 665 47 950 50 350
207:614 223: 500 252:947 252:947 265:895 279:649
238,119 262,345 336,380 336,380 376,725 371,900
3,500 10 1000 61,500 61,500 63,800 65,600
--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
1,647,233 1,826,267 2,258,509 2,258,509 2,422,227 2,541,368
a=aIlClaa... aall:lr::U::Z:Ullall:ll t::a.l:lI:lClc:a._ aaaaa__ a___. -----
FY91
ACTUAL
FY93
CITY MGR
PROPOSED
FY94 FY95
PROJECTION PROJECTION
FY92 .
ESTIMATE
1,379,513
o
87 110
165:266
15,344
---------
1,647,233
aa....a..
1,533,406
o
74 577
185: 000
33,284
---------
1,826,267
.a.......
1,575,017
346,509
78 477
225:000
33,506'
---------
2,258,509
......-.
1,711,847
356,722
78,477
240,000
35,181
---------
2,422;227
.........
1,806,731
367,220
78,477 '$I'!/"
252,,000
36,940
---------
2,541,368
...----.... .
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MINUTES
LIBRARY CONTRACT COMMITTEE
APRIL 14, 1992 - 1 :00 P.M.
COUNTY SUPERVISORS CONFERENCE ROOM
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Library Board: Kent Swaim, Anne Spencer, Tom Gelman
County Supervisors: Cherles Duffy, Steye Lacine
City Council: Bill Ambrisco, Naomi Noyick
MEMBERS ABSENT:
None
STAFF PRESENT:
Lolly Eggers, Linda Gentry, Patrick White
The meeting wes called to order at 1: 1 0 p.m. Naomi Novick agreed to chair the Committee.
A proposal for County to fund the FY1993 library services at $208,526 was submitted by
Ambrisco end Lacina.
It was agreed after discussion that this amount will be recommended to the members'
respectiye bodies. Howeyer, the agreement will include negotiation of a long-term contract
to be approved by all three bodies before August 1. Gentry will draft an agreement.
The Library Board still wants to phase-in increases to make up the FY1993 shortage.
The County would prefer to wait until the legislatiye session is done before looking at a new
contract.
It was agreed to meet again on April 30 to discuss the library's budgeting process. Eggers
agreed to send information to members before the meeting.
Public Discussion:
Jean Fountain spoke of her concerns about rural property tax increases.
The meeting was adjourned at 2: 1 0 p.m.
nt;IIUee4-14.rrin
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MINUTES
LIBRARY CONTRACT COMMITTEE
MAY 6,1992.8:00 A.M.
COUNTY SUPERVISORS CONFERENCE ROOM
(This meeting was rescheduled from April 30.)
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Naomi Noyick, Chair; Charles Duffy, Steye Lacina, Anne
Spencer, Tom Gelman, Kent Swaim
MEMBERS ABSENT:
Bill Ambrisco - John McDonald substituted
STAFF PRESENT:
Lolly Eggers, Linda Gentry
The meeting was called to order at 8:05 a.m.
The library's budgeting process was explained by Eggers and library trustees.
The Superyisors questioned the budget increase that was due to the specialleyy. They felt
that they were not giyen adequate warning, and they would like to ayoid future "surprises."
Other issues that members wished to include in a future contract (FY1994l:
1. County share should reflect multi-year aye rage usage by rural residents.
2. Automatic yearly renewals until written notice to terminate.
3. All expenses will be included; how eyer, a future bond issue will require discussion of
new payment agreement.
4, City residents should not subsidize county users of library.
5, Improyed communication with superYisors on the library's proposed budget.
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Future meetings were set for 8 a.m. on June 3, 17 and 24.
The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 a.m,
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MINUTES
LIBRARY CONTRACT COMMITTEE
JUNE 3, 1992 - 8:00 AM.
COUNTY SUPERVISORS CONFERENCE ROOM
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Naomi NOYick, Chair; Bill Ambrisco, Charles Duffy, Steye Lacina,
Anne Spencer, Kent Swaim, Tom Gelman
MEMBERS ABSENT:
STAFF PRESENT:
None
Unda Gentry, Patrick White, Lolly Eggers
The meeting was called tQ order at 8:05 a,m.
Members discussed a draft contract for City library services to residents of unincorporated areas
of JQhnson County.
Members agreed that the contract will begin with FY1994 and be renewed automatically unless
written notice to the contrary is giyen no later than March 1.
Discussion included "net budget for operating costs," County share of total circulation, frequency
of County payments, date fQr presentation of the library's proposed budget to County, and date
for County commitment of funds to City.
Inclusion of "administrative overhead costs" was discussed, and it was rejected because these
costs are nollncluded In other contracts for services.
White will prepare some proposals for County funding to be discussed at the next meeting.
The meeting was adjourned at 9:35 a,m. after agreeing to meet again Qn June 19, 1992, at 8:00
a.m,
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MINUTES
LIBRARY CONTRACT COMMITTEE
JUNE 19, 1992 - 8:00 A.M.
COUNTY SUPERVISORS CONFERENCE ROOM
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Naomi Noyick, Chair; Bill Ambrisco, Charlas Duffy, Steye Lacina,
Anne Spencer, Tom Gelman, Kent Swaim
. MEMBERS ABSENT:
None
STAFF PRESENT:
Linda Gentry, Patrick White, Lolly Eggers
The meeting was called to order at 8: 1 0 a.m.
Members discussed City/County proposals for a draft contract for City library services to
residents of unincorporated areas of the county.
Members agreed to recommend to their respectiye bodies:
1. That the County pay a portion of the library budget allocation of orooerty taxes. rather
than of the total budget.
2. That the circulation percentage attributed to rural residents be aye raged over three
fiscal years to determine the County share of the library budget.
3. That a member of the Library Board of Trustees be a current resident of unincorporated
Johnson County and be appointed by the Mayor after approval by the Board of
Supervisors.
Duffy and Lacina agreed to recommend to the Superyisors that the County increase its
FY1993 allocation to $210,000.
Eggers will request that the City proyide the rest of the library's requested amount (approx.
$15,500) from fines and fees, which will exceed projected income for this year.
The June 24 meeting was canceled by mutual agreement.
Gentry and White will draft a new contract incorporating the agreed changes. They will meet
on June 24, They will send copies to members of City Council, Board of Superyisors, and
Library Board when the contract is done.
The meeting was adjourned at 9:35 a.m.
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Memorandum from the Finance Director regarding credit report.
Memorandum from the Superintendent of Solid Waste regarding the City's
recyc 1 i ng programs through May 1992,
Memoranda from the City Clerk:
a, Hotel-Motel Tax Schedule
b. Work Session, June 22, 1992
Memorandum from the Animal Shelter SuperYisors regaridng dog complaints,
Minutes of the May 14, 1992, meeting of the Neighborhood Open Space Plan
Committee,
Copy of letter from Catherine Alter of the University of Iowa School of /55~
Social Work,
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: July 2, 1992
TO: City Council
FROM: City Manager
RE: Material in Information Packet
Memoranda from the City Manager:
a, ACT Development Agreement
b, Police and Fire Pension
c. Air Emission Studies - BDI Industrial Park
d. Pending Development Issues
Memorandum from the City Engineer regarding Kirkwood Ayenue construction
schedule.
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Copy of letter from John Hunt of Missoula, Montana, '.
Agenda for the July 2 meeting of the Board of Supervisors.
Agenda for the July 7 informal meeting of the Bd. of SuperYisors.
Information from Bruce Haupert representing Commercial Lawn applicators,
regarding the proposed chemical lawn ordinance, .
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Distributed 7-7-92 .
Board of SuperYisors agenda for formal meeting og 7/9
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: July 2, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: ACT Deyelopment Agreement
At your informal work session of July 6, we will be discussing the proposed agreement with
ACT. The primary purpose of the agreement is to allow ACT to begin the development of
infrastructure in anticipation of their need to construct new buildings to meet their corporate
growth. It is incumbent upon the City to not only plan for the development of ACT and the
oyerall economic impact, but also a transportation system that can satisfactorily suit our
needs well into the future. The proposed extension of First Ayenue to Dodge, a matter that
has been in our 'comprehensiye plan for many years, will be an underlying concern with
respect to the deyelopment process at ACT. While there are no immediate plans for First
Ayenue extended, ACT will seek your assurance that we would not plan to proceed with such
a project that would split their proposed campus plan. Needless to say if we were not able
to come to some agreement, this would affect ACT's oyerall corporate planning and,
specifically, likely prohibit some inyestment,
The alignment of First Avenue does haye alternatiyes available to us, including doing nothing.
As you know, First Avenue extended brings with it many other policy issues that would affect
the property owners up and down First Avenue as well as other goyernmental institutions. in
particular two schools located along that route. The agreement has been negotiated in order
to allow ACT to proceed and haye the city enjoy the economic benefits of their expansion,
while at the same time allow a, future decision on First Ayenue, with the only element being
precluded that we would not choose to split their campus,
There has be~n concern on the part of property owners in the area that the project would
seyereiy limit their respective use of their land, While 'this may be true in the short-term, a
well-planned First Ayenue extension will not only proyide for traffic improyements, but also
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in our judgment not diminish the yalue of the properties in the area. As I am sure you know,
this will be subject to some debate.
ACT is anxious to proceed with this deyelopment agreement in order to begin construction
of some of their infrastructure yet this year. The deyelopment agreement does not preclude
. other First Ayenue options when and if monies were eyer to become ayailable for such a
project.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: July 1, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: Police and Fire Pension
i
As you may recall in January, the State calculated our original police and fire pension liability
to be $17.1 million. That amount was transferred to the State in accordance with their
calculations. Since that time the State has proceeded to review the various liabilities as well
as establish a market yalue of the monies provided. Accordingly, we haye been notified we
must proYide them with approximately $700,000+ in additional funds, that is, the liability is
. now $17.8 million as opposed to $17,1 million. With this final payment authorization to the
State, we haye now concluded our transfer of assets, We will begin a reyiew of the
remaining reserves in accordance with the state laws which regulate our inyestments.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: July 1, 1992
To: City Council
From: City Manager
Re: Air Emission Studies - BDI'ndustrial Park
I spoke with representatives of Procter & Gamble on Tuesday in order to get an update of the
air sampling tests that P&G, United Technologies and HP Smith had planned to conduct. The
sampling equipment was in place in June and shortly thereafter a training program was
conducted with area residents. Approximately one week ago the first and only incident to
date occurred. The notification triggered the sampling process and the emissions captured
from the equipment in place haye been sent to the Uniyersity Hygienic Lab for study. They
expect to receive a report in the next few weeks.
I will keep you adyised,
cc: Marcia Klingaman.
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: June 29. 1992
i
j TO: City Council
I FROM: City Manager
!
RE: Pending Deyelopment Issues
An application submitted by Capitol Implement Co, for a special
exception to permit dwelling units above the ground floor of a
commercial use for property located in the CI-l zone at 702 South
Gilbert Street,
An application submitted by Tom and Mary Hoyer for a special
exception to modify the side yard requirement for property located
in the RS.5 zone at 445 Peterson Street,
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An application submitted by La Casa, Ltd" on behalf of property
owner Robert Sueppel, for a special exception to permit parking
on a separate lot for property located in the CI-l zone at 1200
South Gilbert Court.
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A pre-preliminary subdiyision plat submitted by Plum Groye Acres,
Inc., to annex and subdiyide an approximate ten-acre tract of land
located on the northeast corner of Scott Bouleyard and Court
Street,
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City of Iowa City
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TO: steve Atkins, city Manager
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FROM: Rick Fosse, City Engineer i',--,-, ,.
. DATE: June 30, 1992
RE: Kirkwood Avenue Construction Schedule
It was noted at the June 23, 1992 public hearing that
construction during the fall would reduce the possibility of
damage to trees, This is an important factor when scheduling
construction. However, the following factors should also be
considered,
1. Fall construction would interfere with the Hospice Road Race.
The 5):, 10k and half marathon all use Kirkwood Ayenl.le ~s p,;rt
of their route. Peg MCElroy-Fraser reports that certification
of an alternate route is an expensiye process and, as we
leilrlJed In 1989 on Mall Drive, a temporary surface can cost
about $2,000,00 per block.
2. Fall construction Introduces the possibility of being caught
with an incomplete project by an early winter.
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3. The businesses that have expressed an opinion have requested
mid-summer construction to minimize impact on business,
4. Con:rete that is poured shortly before winter is susceptillle
to salt damage during the first winter. A ~rood example of
this can be seen on Newton Road in front of the Nedlcal
Education aUilding,
These factors will need to be prioritized and a schedule
developed to satisfy as many as possible, An example might be to
construct the commercial areas In mid to late summer and
construct the resld~::.t.lai ct,',,7,; . ilat have trees In early fall.
cc: Chuck Schmadeke
Rob Winstead
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
DATE: JULY 1, 1992
TO: city council and city Manager
FROM: Don Yucuis, Finance Director ~
RE: Moody's Investor, Inc. - credit~eport
Attached you.will find three credit reports from Moody's Investors
Inc, The reports give a rating for the city of Iowa city new debt
issued for the General Obligation Bonds (GO) and the Parking System
Revenue Bonds as well the outstanding Sewer Revenue Bonds,
The ratings for each bond issue are the highest that Moody's will
give and that the City can attain, The GO issue is a Aaa and the
Parking and Sewer Revenue Bonds are rated A.
The credit reports summarize and highlight the key areas that
Moody's analyzes when formulating their opinion and rating,
I am very pleased with the rating from Moodyls, Please call me if
you have any questions.
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Moody's Municipal Credit Report
Iowa City, Iowa
salt:
New Issue
$4,880,000
dale:
Sold June 9
June 16, 1992
General ObflgaUon/Speclal Tax
GenernI Obli8ation/Special Tax
Moody's rall~: Aaa
opInIon:
The favorable employment opponunities offered by .
the Univmity of Iowa, the state university system's
flagship institution, and related service industries and
light manufacturing activity, have provided signifi-
cant stability and moderate growth to the city's eco.
nomic and tax base. City financial operations are
weU-maintained as evidenced by ample GenernI Fund
reserves, an adequate margin within the fund's oper-
atin8 property tax levy, and the city's low level of
rapidly retired debt Moreover, although city officials
project reductions of the General Fund balance over
key facts:
Debt Burden:
Payout, Ten Years:
Average Annual Growth F.V..
FY 1988.92: iii
Per Capita Income as % of Slate,
1979:
1987:
University of Iowa and UnivelSity
Hospital Employees as % of All
JobholdelS in City, 1990:
1.2%
100%
3.1%
101.6%
105.8%
53.3%
update:
Since our last repon dated August 26, 1991, fiscal
year 1991 audited GenernI Fund results confmn city
officials' earlier estimates of another operating sur- .
plus and increase to the General Fund balance. Fiscal
1992 GenernI Fund operations are reponedly in line
with the budget and city officials now project an
~_~fl
the next few years, fund reserve levels and property
tax levy margins are expected to remain adequate and
provide continued financial flexibility. City officials
expect to issue additional general obligation debt
over the next few years; however, tax-supponed debt .
issuance will not significantly increase the debt bur.
den and now identified utility system improvements
are expected to be financed from water and sewer
revenue bonds. These factors combine to result in the
highest credit quality,
Year.end Updesignated GenernI Fund
Balance as % of GenernI Fund Revenues,
FY 1989:
FY 1990:
FY 1991:
FY 1992 (est):
% Change Population, 1980-90:
1990 Unemployment Rates,
Iowa City MSA:
State of Iowa:
(DCalend.lryeaI11986.90;mludcsltlPPl1isalin1991.
25.0%
24,6%
26.2%
19.3%
18.3%
1.6%
4,2%
operating deficit of about S 1 miUion rather than the
S1.76 million originally budgeted. The fiscal 1993 to
1995 Financial Plan projects General Fund operating
deficits for all three years and a related reduction of
the General Fund balance to about 5% of annual
revenue. City officials have updated major water and
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GtllOral OblIgalIon/Sptekll Tax
Julll 16,1992
Iowa City, Iowa
sewer systems' capital n~, in addition 10 those
listed in the ihree-year capital pIan. which are now
estimated at S30 million. Finn schedules for these
improvemenlS are still not decided; however, city
officials exp:ct to use revenue bonds to fund these
system improvemenlS. The bonds now offered will
refund a like amount of outstanding general obliga-
tion bonds to provide about 5154,000 of net present
value debt service savings without advcrely affect-
ing principal payout. All other credit factors remain
materially unchanged,
-
analysis:
Iowa City is a substantially residential community
charncterized by solid population and tax base
growth, modest unemploymem rates, sound general
fmancial operations, and low debt levels: all of which
connibute to the city's prime credil standing. The
University ofIowa and ilS major medical complex
form. by far. the largest employer, and related service
and light indostry add to the siable economic base,
Economic stability is further enhanced by the pres-
ence of the lowa/Illinois Gas and Elecnic Company,
which has been the city's largest IaXpayer for more
than ten years. In addition, there have been moderate
increases in real property growth over the last decade,
interrupted in recent years only by the removal of
personal property from the laX rolls effective 1988;
the large income in 1991 (fiscal 1993) full value is
primarily due to reappraisal. Finaocial operations
continue to be well-maintained, with operating sur-
pluses reported in the Genem! Fund since fiscal ye.1!'
1987. Although a modest operating deficit was budg-
eted for the General Fund in fiscal 1991, audited
results now reveal another operating swplus which
increased the Genem! Fund balance to a level
equivalent to about 26% of revenues. The positive
. difference between budgeted and actual financial per-
formance in recent years is characteristic of the city's
conservative budgeting prnctices, For fiscal year
1992, the city has again budgelfd for an opernting
defici~ however, unlike the past few years, city om-.
cials expect an aclUal operating deficit of about 51
million, repooedly due to use of approximately 52
million of the reserve for civic center capital
improyemenlS. Despite this reduction, the Genernl
Fund balance is expected to remain an ample 19% of
annual revenue. The city's fiscal 1993 to 1995 Finan-
cial Plan now expects Genem! Fund operating defi.
cits in each year. reponedly due primarily 10 funding
of operating expenditures from the reserve, and a
related reduction of the fund balance to about 5% by
June 30. 1995. However, city officials indicate
expendilUreS are conservatively estimated and due to
some expected atnition and foregoing of position-
f1lling, the Genem! Fund balance is not actually
cxpected to decline below 15% of annual revenue by
year-end fiscal 1995, Moreover, city officials indicate
additional fmancial flexibility could be derived from
the 8% to 11% Genem! Fund property tax levy mar-
gin over this period and the ability to implement the
statutory $0,27 emergency property tax levy, if
necessary.
Proceeds of the current offering will be used 10
refund the $4,550,000 callable portions of the now
outstanding Series 1985 and 1986 General Obligation
Bonds, The refunding is undertaken to provide about
$154.000 of net present value debt service savings
and does not adversely affect principal payout Debt
burden is low and expected additional gener.d obliga-
tion debt issuance is not expected to significantly
increase debt levels, City officials expect 10 issue
about $3.7 million of Genem! Obligation Capital
Loan Notes in fall 1992 to provide tlle majority of
fmancing for construction of a new parking rnmp.
Although this debt will be secured from within the
limited Genem! Fund operating tax rate. city officials
expect to pay the debt service from parldng system
net revenue and have passed parldng system rate
increases, effective July I, 1992 to insure revenue
sufficiency. Additionally. city officials have signifi-
cantly increased the expected scope and cost of future
water and sewer system capital projeclS from $ 15
million to about $30 million, primarily due 10 the
need to deyelop a new long range water supply and to
construct a new sewage lIansmission line. Although
schedules for these projects have not been decided.
city officials expect to use revenue bonds to provide
the majority of the projects financing.
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GtntlUl ObllgatlontSpeclal Tax
Iowa City, Iowa
detail. of bond
salt:
Legal Name 01 Issuer. City of Iowa City. Iowa.
Security: General obligation. unlimited ad valorem
laX.
Date 01 BondI: lune 1.1992.
Denomination: 55.000 or multiples.
Annual Maturffles 6/1 ($ 000)
Yeer AA10unt Yeer
1993 5 60 1998
1994 560 1999
1995 540 2000
1996 1.000 2001
1997 530 2002
AY9Iage Ute 01 Issue: 5.6 y=.
AA10unt
S 395
415
435
450
495
rating history:
Noyember.1973:
Aaa November 1971:
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Julll16, 1992
Interest Payable: lune 1 and December 1. begin-
ning December I. 1992.
Can Fectures: Beginning lune I. 1999. at par.
Book.Entry System: The Depository Trust Com.
pany. New Yor\:. to act as securities depository. DTC
will receive paymenlS from city controller. to be
remiued for disbursement to beneficial owners.
Delivery: Expected within 30 days of sale.
Bond Counsel: Ahlers. Cooney. DorweUer. Haynie.
Smith & Allbee. Des Moines.
FlnanclalOfflcer. Donald I. Yucuis. Finance
Director.
Adv1soo: Evensen-Dodge. Inc.. Minneapolis.
Audlfor: Ernst and Young. Cedar Rapids (FY 1991).
. analysl: TIlomas J,O'Donnell
(212) 553.0575
The WOlm1lionhcrein hu bem obuined from 5OCl1ttS believed 10 bcaccun.u: and ~liablc, bu1 beaU5C of lbc possibility orhwnlll an~ meclwlial error, ilJ accuracy oreoolplekntU is nol
gu.lr1lItmJ. MoodY'lnrinpare opiniOlU,l101 ~cndatiol\S La buyot KU, and thar ICCWilC')' is nol guaranlecd. A ntinS lhouldbc wcighallolcly as one fltUlnn ll1illYtUlTIenl decision,
and you .hould nuke your own ltudy and cnlUlllCll or &DY wIICr wh01C &eCUritica or dett oblip1iOlU you eauider t.lying or &elling. M05t luucn of corp:lnle bondI. mtuticipal bonds &lid
nola, prefermi ltock, l/ld eommertial p.aper tihidlll'll n\.cld by Moody',lnvCIUII1 Servict, Inc.luve, prior to IlUivUlB!he rating,lgretd 10 pi)' I foc to Moody', for !he Ipptliulllld llting
IC:rvius. The foc rIlllc:lfrom SI ,000 to SI2S,ooo.
Copyrighl e 1992 by MoodY'IInVc:ltol1 SCMc:e.loc. Publishing and uecujyeotfieca 1199 Oum Stled, NewYort.NV 10007
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4
Gtlllral Obll;allonlSpeclal Tax
Iowa City, Iowa
debt lacIolI:
Debt Statement as of 6/2/92 ($ 000)
Bonded debt outstanding:
Genernl obligation
Revenue (j]
Current offering (6/9/92)
Gross bonded and direct debt
Less:
Refunded genernl obligations bonds
Revenue bonds (j]
Direct net debt
Overlapping debt
Overa1l net debt
Julll16, 1992
"
Amount
514.550
41.420
4.880
$60,850
4,550
41.420
514,880
3,779
518,659
mIacludes S36.95O.ooo ltYo'tf l'eYClnlC borx!J, S4.43S.DCXl parking ~cnlle bonds and S35.OOO "'Iter l'CYCZlDe bonds. Parking R(VCZlllC Bonds iadooe!he offer
of $1.100.000 Parting System RcvCllUCBcndJ, also ClJ'bids Iune 9. 1992. with will ~(lmd tbcIuly 199~3 mlturiticsof Ihc Outstlllding Series 1986
Pariillg a.v.,uc Balds.
fGr additional inCoomtion, please rdulO Moody's 1 WI MlIllicipal and Government M&nllll. page 2013
Security: General obligation, unlimited ad valorem
tax.
Use of Proceed5: Refund the 54,550,000 callable
ponions of the city's general obligations bonds dated
November I, 1985 and August 1. 1986. This
refunding is expected to provide aboutSI54.000 of
present value debt service savings.
Structure: Declining annual requirements, Iapid
retiremenL The refunding does not significantly ;ilter
payouL
CIP/Futule BotTowIng: City prepares an annually
updated three-year capital improvements plan, The
current fiscal 1993-95 program totals about 58.0 mil-
lion. wltich is down from 512 million in the previous
plan due to substantial completion of the wastewater
treatment plant projecL City officials expect 54.5
million of genernl obligation bonds to fund about
57% of total plan costs with genernl revenue and stale
I
disllibuted road use taxes providing the majority of
remaining financing. In addition, there are other
major projects including those for water, sewer, and
parking systems totaling about 561 million which
have been identified but not scheduled. These
projects include an estimated 515 million for water
system improvements, an estimated 515 million to
expand treatment capacity, and remove ammonia
from sewage, and 54.5 million in parking system
improvements. City officials now expect 10 issue 53.7
million of genernl obligations capital loan notes in
August or September 1992 to fund the parking sys-
tern's improvements but officials have no linn plans
for the financing of the water and sewer system
improvements.
Datau"s: No record.
Short.tenn IloIlowlng: None.
Debt Ratios Rate of Re"r&men' (j]
Net PllI % Median PrIncipal Amount %of
Debt Cap"a Median m F,V, ("Io)(j] Amount Due ($000) Total
Direct 5249 S551 0.9 1.4 In 5 years 5 9,630 64.7
Overall 312 986 1.2 2.6 In 10 years 14,880 100
lDCitics toi!b plpulllion 50,000 to 99,W9. [DOmeraloblis,tionbondl,
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lacfol1:
property
valuation and
lax data:
Qenerol ObllgallonlSpec/a1 Tax
Iowa Clfy, Iowa
Fonn of Government: Seven.member council
elel:ted to four-year overlapping lenns; mayor is
elel:ted from and by council members. Appointed city
manager.
Public Employees: AFSCME represents all admin-
istrative employees except. police. and fire employ-
ees. Police and fire have separale bargaining groups.
June 16, 1992
5
"
Budget provides for 55 police and 51 fIre personnel
among 437 full.time and 65 part-time employees.
Most employees participate in the Iowa Public
Employees Retirement System (IPERS); as of Janu.
ary 1.1992, police and fIre department pernonnel
participated in the newly crealed Municipal Fire and
Police Retirement System of Iowa (MFPRSI).
Iowa City
Levy/Collection Taxable Equallzatfon F.V. % Tax Rate/ Levy % ToIal
Year A. V. (000) [i] Rate (%) (OOO)l!l Change $1.0llOA.V. (000) Collected
1987-88 51.071.402 862 51.242.802 IiJ.O.3 SIl55 512557 .104.6
1988.89 1.134.844 88.4 1.284.448 3.4 11.70 13.711 103.1
1989-90 1.149,807 88.3 1.301.456 1.3 12.03 14.249 101.9
1990-91 1.202.109 87,8 1.369.854 5.3 12.13 14578 100.6
1991-92 1.228.423 875 1.403.830 2.5 12,67 15567 In process
1992.93 1.294.665 83.6 1,548.344 lID 10.3 12.83 16594
fDE1Cludcs tu incrcmml value, which grew {rom uroin liJUl1916to S9.8 milliol1 in fiscal 1992.
12I Penon.1 property mnoved from property v.lu.I~ons in weumcal)'Ur 1986. .rrcaingpropcrty tlus levied in fuaI1988,
D1Approlimltdy 15% of income is luributcd 10 relppraiYl.
Average Annual Growth F.V..1986-90
(FY 1988-92):
1991 (FY 1993) F.V. per Capita: '
l!l3.1% mEldlldeselfCCl,f"pp.inb 1991 (FY 1993,
Largest Taxpayers [i]
lowa/lllinois Gas & Electric
Old Capitol Center Mall
James A. Clark
Southgate Development Company
Proctor & Gamble
Oral-B Labornlories
[DTop tal tUplycTS acc.ounl for 13.81{, oftllllllmblc WtUCd value.
alThc largelllupaycr.tcDUlI1J (oronly4Jt4 or~lll tuable yaluation.
Business
Utility
Shopping center
Real estate
Real estate
Consumer food manufacruring
Real estate
525.919
1991 A.V,
($000)
IiJ 558.290
18.684
16,146
16.032
15.883
12.035
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6
Oelllral ObUgallon/Specla1 Tax
JUllIl6, 1992
;'1
,
Iowa City, Iowa
i lConomlc Population: Iowa CRy
facloll: Land llenslIy
Year Population % Change Area (Sq. Miles!.
1960 33.443 22.8 8.0 4.180
1970 46,850 40.0 21.1 2,220 \
1980 50,508 7.8 21.7 2.325
1990 59,738 18.3 21.7 2,753
Source: u,s. CCMlI Buruu.
Location: Southeastern Iowa. 20 miles south of
Cedar Rapids, 115 miles east ofDes Moines,
Population and Housing Choracteristics: Iowa CRy
S1a1e U,S,
1970 1980 1990 1990 1990 ,i
Population: \
Median age 22.6 24.6 24.9 34,0 32.9 ;,
'I
i % school age 17.0 12.5 11.3 18.9 18.2 l
I ,
,I % working age 68.0 75.1 76.6 58,8 61,7
I % 65 and over 6.5 6.5 6.6 15.4 12.6
!
, No. personsihousehold 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.6
,
! ! Income:
! I Median family income $9.942 $22,325
% below poveny level 12.1 19.7 :
.
Per capita income $3,025 ' $7,247 ,
HOUllng: I
% owner occupied 45.8 47.1 44,8 70.0 641
% built before 1939 23.3
% built since last census 39.3 28.3
Owner occupied median value [i] 523,169 . $61.600 $79,100 545,900 $79,100
Median gross rent $123 $234 $368 $261
Occupied housing unilS III 14,766 18,594 21,951
Source: u.s. CtnJIJI Bureau,
m I9IMOdl)'cIw1ge. 2S'lo: ...~cIw18' 13'lo: u.s. dwll'o 67'lo.
1lI197G-lO 'lo "'''S" 2\.9'lo; 19S~90 dwlge,IS.1 'lo,
Pel Capita Income
Iowa A.l%of
CRy Slale
1979 S 7,247 101.6
1987 11 ,850 105,8
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Gtl1lral 0blJ9affon,11*1a1 Tax
Ju11l16,l992
7
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Iowa City, Iowa
I Labor Market Characterfsllcs: Iowa City
I Labo! Total % Unemployed
Year Force Employmant City . State U.S.
1981 27.677 26,253 5.1 6.9 '7.6
1982 28.523 27,220 4.6 8.5 9.7
1983 29.914 28.761 3.9 8.1 9,6
1984 33,403 32.512 2.7 7.0 7.5
1985 33,915 32.761 3.4 8.0 7.0
1986 35.990 34.955 2.9 7.0 7.0 ".
1987 36,828 36.013 21 5.5 6,2 i
1988 37.462 36.715 2,0 4.5 5.5
19891il 38.325 37.701 1.6 4.3 5.3
1990 38.303 37.615 1.8 4.2 5.5
21911il 37.945 37.000 2.5 5.9 7.2
21921il 39.384 38.629 1.9 4.7 8.1
Souree: Deplnmmt ofLaoor. BIllUU orubar Sl1risties.
rnBuc ycato! CUtmll bmehmart. DIU forprcc.eding yurs may nol be consislc:ttL . .,. . j' ::
a1MoDlhl)'d1unotswoIllUYldjusted. i,',' .' !
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Labor Market Characterlsllcs: Iowa City MSA
Labor Tolal % Unemployed
Year Force Employment MSA Stale U.S,
1981 6.9 7.6
'".. 1982 8.5 9.7
1983 48.277 '46.566 3.5 8.1 9.6
1984 53.960 52.639 2.4 7.0 7.5
1985 54.753 53.042 3.1 8.0 7.2
1986 58.130 56.594 2.6 7.0 7,0
1987 59.515 58J07 2.0 5.5 6.2
1988 60.552 59.444 1.8 4,5 . 5.5 r .
1989l!l 61.967 61.041 1.5 4.3 5.3
1990 61.922 60.902 1.6 4.2 5.5
2f)1121 61.307 59.905 2.3 5.9 .7,2
2192121 63.664 '62.544 1.8 4.7 8.1
Sowte: Deplrtmml ofLabJr, Bwuu or Labar Sl1tistic:s.
moue )'tlror ameal bcDcbm.rt:. Data torprt<<ding yeall may nol be con.risl.cnL
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Gtl1lral Obllg<l!lclll/1peck1l Tax
JUI1I16, 1992
.',
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Iowa City, Iowa
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Largest ~loy81S 1lI1ll
Employees
1991
UnivelSity of Iowa and University
Hospital
Iowa City Community School Dislrict
V A Hospital
United Technologies AUlOmotives
(Fonnelly Shellar.G1obe Corp.)
Mercy Hospital
[DSourte:Offici1lSUltmalL
IDFuIl'Uldpllt-lime.
lEElcludCllcmpcrtf)'anployeea.
20.033
1.185
1.050
1.025
992
American College Testing
Proctor & Gamble
National Computer Systems
City oflowa City [j]
Employees
1991
850
750
600
494
nnanclallactoll: Operctlng Funds Ancnclal Performance (fISCal yeclSended 6/30 $ 000) 1lI
%
Change . ,
\ . .
.'
1989 1990 1991 1990-91 :1
I ,
I Property taxes $13.192 $13,138 513,4"/2 2.5 I
,
I Charges for services 2.090 2,227 2,426 8.9 '.
J
I All other local revenue 2,096 2.Il1 2.214 4.9
I Non.local revenue 1.041 955 1.215 27.2
I
I Transfers in (net) 1,461 988 2.571 160.0
I Total revenue $19.879 519,429 $21.900 12,7
.,
Operating expenditures 14,646 15.684 17,303 103
Debt service 3.034 2,711 2,793 3.0
Capital outlay 470 430 806 87.4
Total expenditures 518.150 518,825 $20.903 11.0
Operating surplus iii 1.582 rn 165 894 441.8
m Gmeralllld Debt Service Fuods (modified ltelUll method or ICCOOIlling), RcvctlllCl mludc oond proceeds; includes net transfers.
III 0...11I Fund o~y.
Q] Includes drecl of I S166,142Iaidw.l cquitytnnsfer 10 Ilo!lecommunicatiol1l pniprictll)' rwd in fuall990 aM I S16,759 It::Silhul cqllityllWrU in fLSal
1991.
1991 Sources of Revenue % 1991 nems 01 Expendnule %
Property taxes 61.5 Community protection 30.9
Net interfund lransfers 11.7 Human development 18,8
Charges for services 11.1 Home and community environment 16,6
Other local reyenue 10.1 Debt service 13.4
Intergovernmental 5,6 Capital outlay 3.9
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QlIlIral OblJgallonlSpec1a1 Tax
JUIlI 16, 1992
9
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Iowa Clly, Iowa
General Fund financial Position ($ 000)
1989 1990 1991
Cash and investmenlS $4,859 55.504 56.503
Operating loans
Other clUTent liabilities [j] III 982 1.437 1.867
Ye:rr-end cash surplus 53.877 $4,067 $4.636 I
Receivables [j] 51.157 51.181 51,2$4 i
Fund balaoce 55,142 55,307 56.201 ,l
Undesignated fund balance 4.204 4.072 4,997 I
lDElcludCldcl~ra'cnue.. I
lZI1ncludel~crorc:nt\aJ1bl1llces. i
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MoodySMunicipal Credit Report
Iowa CI1y, Iowa
r
, ,
New 1m.
51,190,000
sail:
dall: Sold lune 9
1'1
June 11, 1992
Revenue
Parking System Revenue Bonds
Moody'i raIIng: A
PortkIg IyIIIm Rtvtfw
opinion:
The city's significant and stable economic and
employment base, anchored by the University of
Iowa. the SIale'S flagship higher education institution,
has resulted in strong parking system demand. This
facIO!, coupled with proper system financial manage.
men~ including periodic rate reviews and implemen.
tation of neCessary rate increases, has resulted in
ample debt service coverage. The cwrent bond offer.
ing is solely for refunding PUlJlOScs and is expected
to result in about 55 1,000 of net present value debt
service savings and does not adversely affect princi.
kly faclI:
Type System: On and off-street parking.
ServIce Area: Iowa City.
Ayerage Amuollncreases In Tolol
Hours Parked, FY 1988-91:
FY 1990-91:
Tolal8onded Debt outstanding:
Actucl Debt Service Coverage,
1969:
1990:
1991:
Peak Debt ServIce Coverage by
FY 1991 Net Revenue:
2.l2x
5.1%
-1.5%
54,435,000
1.99x
2.00x
2.22x
Updatl:
Since our repon of OclOber 2, 1991, audited fiscal
parking system results have been received and opern.
tions were in line with previously unaudited results,
pal payout City officials expect 10 issue general
obligation capital loan notes in the Fall of 1992 10
provide lhe majority of financing for construction of
a new parking ramp. Allhough this debt will be
secured by lhe General Fund, city officials expecllO
fully fund lhe new debt service from parking system
net revenue. Parking system rates have been
increased, effective luly I, 1992,10 insure system
revenue sufficiency for bolh opernting and all system
debt service requirements.
Payout, Ten Yeall: 82.1 %
Deb! ServIce Reserve Requirement: Lesser of
maximum annual debt service or 15% of principal on
outstanding bonds; fully funded at maximum annual
debt service.
Moody's Rat1ngs,
Iowa City General Obligation Bends:' Aaa
Iowa City Sewer Revenue: A
Iowa City water Revenue: A
including net revenue equal to aboutlWo-times maxi.
mum annual debt service coverage. The bonds now
offered will refund certain outslaJ1ding mawrities of
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Iowa CI1y, Iowa
JUlIIll, 1992
lhe Series 1986 system bonds and are expetled Ie
provide about S51,000 of net present value debt ser-
vice savings, City officals now expect to issue about
S3,7 million of general obligation capital loan notes
in Fall 1m Ie provide the majority of financing for
parking system capilal additions. However, city offi-
cials expect parking system revenue to be sullicient
to fully fund the new debt service requiremenlS and
have increased system rates, effective July 1, 1992, to
insure system revenue sulliciency.
analysis:
The system serves Iowa City and consislS of about
2,710 parking spaces on streelS, open 1015 and in two
sttuctures. Usage of the overall system, primarily
serving downlewn, continued to grow about 5%
annually through fiscal year 1990. In fiscal year
1991, nwnber ofhoUlS parked declined 1.5% but city
oClicials attribute this stagnation 10 demand nearing
system cap3city. City oClicials indicate nwnber of
haUlS parked in fiscal 1992 through April 30, 1992
remained virtually lhe same as the ten.month period
through April 20, 1991 for fiscal 1991. Demand for
parking space reCleclS success in downtown redevel-
opment and lhe usage by some studenlS at the close.
by campus of the University of Iowa. The last rate
increase, in 1996, and the overa1l growth in customer
usage have yielded net revenues more than sufficient
to meet peak debt service requiremenlS. Due to lhe
system demand, lack of surplus capacity, and a
reported waiting list for about 150 monthly permit lot
spaces, city oClicials now expect 10 issue about 53.7
million of genernl obligation capilalloan notes in Fall
199210 provide the majority of financing for con-
Sb'UCtion of a new three tiered parking ramp which
will add 350 nel new parking spaces. This project
will replate city officials' earlier projections of con.
structing second Cloor.; at two existing open 101S.
Although the city will issue genernl obligation debt
. for this projec~ parking system revenue is expected
to fully meet debt service requiremenlS for this pr0-
ject and parking system rates have been increased,
effective July I, 1992, 10 provide parking system
revenue sufficiency.
Proceeds of the cwrent offering will refund
51,135,000 of Series 1986 parking facilities revenue
bonds, maluring Cram July 1, 1993 to 2001. The
refunding is undenaken to provide about 551,000 of
net present value debt service savings and does not
adverre1y affect principal payrnenl
Iowa City is a subslm1tiaUy residential community in
Iowa's south corridor, cluiracterized by solid popula-
tion and tax base growth, above average wealth indi-
ces and modest unemployment rates, sound genernl
frnancial operations and loll' debt levels, all of which
conttibute 10 the city's prime credit slanding. The
University. of Iowa and ilS major medical complex
fonn, by far, the largest employer, and related service
and light indll'itry add 10 the ~Ie economic base.
Economic stability is further enhanced by the pres. .
ence of the IowaJIllinois Gas and Electtic Company,
which has been the city's largest taxpayer for more
than ten years. In addition, there have been moderale
increases in property values over the last decade,
interrupted in recent years only by the removal of
personal propeny. Crom the tax roUs, effective 1988,
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salt:
dtlalls of Ialt
comparable
sail:
rallng history:
RMn..
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.IIN 11, 1992
3
Iowa City, Iowa
Lega Name of llIuer. Cil)' oflowa Cil)', Iowa.
SecuIlty: A lirst lien on net revenue of the Munici-
pal Parking System.
Date of BondI: June 1,1992.
Denomlnatfon: 55,lXX!.
Annual MafurIIIes 7/1 ($ 000)
Year .Amount Year
1993 5105 1998
1994.95 115 1999
1996 125 2llOO
1997 180 2001
Average Ule of Issue: 5.44 years.
Interest Payable: Beginning January I, 1993, and
semmiannua1ly thereafter.
Amount
5135
ISO
155
160
Call Fcah.ros: Beginning July I, 1999, at par,
Reglslrar: The Depooilory Trust Company. Nell
York.
Pcyng ~nt: The Deposilory Trust Company,
New.York.
DelIvery: Within 30 days of sale,
Bond Counlel: Ahlers. Cooney, Dorweiler, Haynie,
Smith. and Allbee, P.C.. Des Moines.
F1na1c1a1 OItIcer. Mr, Donald Y oovis, Finance
Director.
AdvIsorI: Eversen Dodge, Ine.. Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
AucIIor: Emstand Young, Cedar Rapids (FY I~I).
.i
Date of Sale: April 15. 1986.
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Amount: 51.575,lXX!.
March 1990:
NlIfI1986:
A October 1985:
. Baal
Baa
analylt: 1bomas J, O'DamtD
(212) 553-0575
The WOttl1&tiOD herrin has beul o~iDed from JOUrta believed lD be &eaJn\e and ~li&ble. boll bcaa&(l of the pouibility or bumlll md medw1i~1 error. iu lCalncy or compl~ 111101
auaruuted. Moody'. rati:lp 11C opiniCN, 1101 recotllllcnd.t.tiOIllIo wy or &cU, llllIlbci1lC.tUl'1C)' U nol plrwoed. ^ raMllbould be ",riBbed lolcly u cae (adDr in III ilrvcuma'll dcc:i&im.
and youlbould make YOOt ll'Tr'n .lUdy aM cvalllltica of &DY iullU wbNC IeClIritiel or dtb obligatiocu)'Ou amider w)'ina: or ulIinJ. MOlt Wucn of corporuo bMcII. municipal boom_
Ileus, prdemd .tod:, IlId lXllMlemal piper "'Neb loR nted by Moody'.llrvaton ScMce.llIc. hlvt. prior kl RC:Civia,lbc nlilla..pcd to ply . Ice to Moody'. rortbc .ppniullAd IUllII
cavica. Thl lee lIlllca from Sll/1Jto SI15,ooo.
Copyrishl 0 1992 by MoolY'IIo",..Suvi...lo<.l\i~ubinland ..""""m... &199 Clwdi S_ S... YQ~.NY 10001
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June 11,1992
Iowa City, Iowa
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5
Iowa Clly,lowa
,
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rale inc= by independent CPAs or consulting
engineen.
AuthOlIZ8d InvectrnentI: Strong: all funds other
than 0 & M may be inyested in direct U.S. govern-
ment obligations. FDIC insured depositts, cr deposit!
secured by direct U.S. government obligations. No
specific restrictions on 0 & MFund.
system
dtlClfpt\on:
On and off Met paIking primarily in downtown
Iowa City. System now has 2.710 spaces on street!,
open lOIS, and in two parking ramps. Overall system
usage, as measured by holD'S parked, grew by about
5.1 % from fiscal year 1988 to 1991, despite a small
1.5% decrease in fiscal year 1991. City officials
amibute this late:.1 year's lack of growth primarily to
demand nearing system capacity. City officials indi-
cale there is relalively minor system competition
which is composed primarily of University of Iowa
fxilities serving the swdenlS and facuJ.ty.
FY 1988
Hourn paIked (lXXl) . 3.955
m'I1uoos!l^,~lO.I99l;rq>_...lh.....""lb' _p<riod ;'1991.
FYl990
4,661
FYl99T
4.591
FYl992li1
4,012
FY1989
4,131
C1P/FuI1J8l1ollOW1ng: Due reportedly to the high
system demand, lack of surplus capacity and a
reported waiting list for about 150 additional monthly
pel111it paJking spaces: major capital plans now
include the consttUcnon of a new 350 net additional
space. 3.tiered paIking ramp at the location of an
existing loL City officials now expect to issue now
. about $3,7 million of geoernl obUgation capital loan
noteS in the Fall 1992 to provide the majority of
project financing.
admlnJs1rallYt
factors:
GovemIng Body: Council-manager. Seyen.member
council. elected at large to four-year overlapping
terms. Council selects mayor from its memben. The
parking system management is the responsibility of
, Rates: Subject only to city council approval. Most
recent increase effective February 1, 1986. Meter
spaces are 40 cenlS per hour, 30 cents per hour in .
outlying areas. Permit parking siteS are now 530 10
555 per month. Effective July 1. 1992. hourly and
permit space charges will increase 12.:5 to 25% to
provide for supponing the expected genernl obliga-
tion debt service requiremenlS and provide sufliciant
revenue while the new ramp is under consuuction.
the finance director. Appoinied city manager super-
vises 437 full.time and 57 pan-time employees.
Public Employees: System has 24 m's: all are
city employees.
tcClIlOrnIc Populalion: Iowa ClIy
factors: % land Area ,
Year 'Populatlon Change (Sq, Miles) DenlIly I'
1960 33.433 22.8 8.0 4.180
1970 46.850 40.0 21.1 2.220
1980 .50.508 7.8 21.7 2.325
1990 59.738 18.3 21.7 2,735
Source: u.s, CmP. BllftIu'
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1Mn1ll
J.... 11, 1992
Iowa City, Iowa
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Iowa City, Iowa
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Iowa City, Iowa
JIIlO 11, 1992
BalCllC8 Sheet Data (ftscal years ended 6/30 $ 000):
Gross fixed assets
Net fixed assets
Net wOOdng capilal
Long.renn debt
Debt Service Reserve and Debt Service Funds lil
Net funded debt
!DNaofaecroedinletCdpa)'lblc.
'1989
SI0,571
8,553
573
4,975
831
4,144
1990
S10,686
8.356
919
4.795 .
845
3.950
il
-%Change-
1991 1989.90 1990-91
SIO.611 1.1 .0.7
7,965 .2.3 4.7
1.448 00.4 57,6
4.600 .3.6 4.1
870 1.7 29
3.730 4.7 .5.6
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Moody's Municipal Credit Report
Iowa City, Iowa
Updm.
June 16, 1992
Revenue
Moody'I ratfng: A
lewhWfw IondI
opinion:
The sewer service area economy is afforded stability
and moderate growth 'primarily due to the presence of
the University ofIowa, the state's flagship higher
education institution, Although the University is the
system's largest customer. accounting for about 25%
of fiscal 1991 net revenue, the vulnerability associ-
ated with one major customer is offset by the well-
, established name of the institution. Overall system
financial operntions are satisfactory despite the use of
key facl1:
Type ~em: Municipal sewage system.
ServIce Area: Twenty.two square mile city includ.
ing the University of Iowa campus.
Debt ServIce Reserve: Fully funded at maximum
annual debt service.
Debt ServIce, Actual Coverage,
FY 1989:
FYl990:
FYl991:
Rate Covenant: Sum sufficienL
Peak Debt ServIce Coverage by
FY 1989 Net Revenues:
FY 1990 Net Revenues:
FY 1991 Net Revenues:
1.52x
.0.96x
l.20x
1.53x
0.95x
1.16x
updall:
Since our credit report of October 2. 1991. fIscal
1991 auditedfmancial results haye been receiyed and
they confmn that the September 1990 rate increase
was sullicient to provide increased net revenue to
cover annual debt service. Additionally, net revenue,
for the ten-month period ended April 30. 1992. is also
sullicientto cover cumnt year and maximum annual
the sinking fund balance for fIScal 1990 annual debt
service. Subsequent additional rate in=s for lis-
call991 and 1992 have apparently provided suffi.
cient nel revenue for annual debt service and it
appears that the 1990 net revenue shortfall was only a
one.year operation. However, the maintenance of sat.
isfactory system financial operations, particularly
given the projected significant additional bolTOwing.
remains critical to future credit quality.
Ayerage Annual Growth In Number at
Sewer Customers. 1987-91: 1.8%
Largest Customer. The Unlversl1y of Iowa,
~ % of FY 1991 Operalfng Reyenue: I]] 25%
Moody's Ratings,
Iowa City: Aae
Iowa City Parking Revenue: A
Iowa City Water Revenue: A
[!JAppl'OUnu.te.
debt service. The lawsuit with the University of Iowa
is now expected 10 be heard in July 1992. Capital
plans now inciude an additional S4 million for dIe
construction of a sewage Irnnsmission line from the
city's west side 10 the south treabnent planL City
officials expect to use additional sewer revenue
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June 16, 1992
Iowa City, Iowa
analysIs:
bonds for Ibis projec~ however, 00 film schedule for
!his projecllw !leen set
Overnll, the trend of sewer system annual financial
results since lite issuance of lite Series 1986,538.9
million bond issoo Iw been satisfactory. The Ille of
some bond proceeds as capil:llized interest and lite
implementation of si8nificantl1lle increases from
1986 to 1988 provided sufficienl revenue for opera-
tions and debl service ihroU8h fisca1 year 1989. In
conll'3S1, fISCal ye:Jr 1990 net revenue was only 95%
of annual debt service which is a violation of lite sum
sufficienl rate covenant City officials indicate litis
was due to greater-than-expected operating expenses
for lite city's new treaUnenl planl and delays in
implementing funher rate increases due to some
fmance deparunent staff lUIllOver. However, lite
Sinking (Debt Service) Fund balance was more lItan
adequale to cover the shonfall and neither lite
Reserve Fund or improvemenl fund balances were
depleled. In addition, rates were eventually increased
in Seplember 1990 which provided sufficient fISCal
year 1991 nel revenue 10 cover annual and future
maximum annual debt service. Rates were again
increased in Seplember 1991 for fIScal year 1992 and,
consequently, il appears that lite 1990 net revenue
shonfall was only a one-year abemllion and is nOI
indicative of general fmancial deterioration; net reve.
nue for lite ten.month period ended April 30, 1992 is
about 1.05 times maximum annual debt service.
System fmancial operntions lIuoogh this period have
not been hindered by an ongoing lawsuirby lite
system's largest customer, lite Univmity ofJowa.
The universily's is challenging lite city's righlto set
rates which will cover lite costs of capital improve-
ments as weU as lite fairness of rates for regular
sewer services, The univmity reportedly accounted
for abou120% of sewage flows and aboul25% of
operating revenue in fISCal year 1991, The university
is reponed1y seeking a 5300,000 to 5400,000 reduc.
tion in its annual sewer bill as weU as reimbursemenl
of up 10 approximntely 51.2 million of alleged prior
year Oyercharges. This magnitude of annual revenue
reduction, while only about 8.7% of fIScal year 1990
operating revenue, would have lowered net revenue
below annual debt service requirements had lite uni.
versity's positioo prevailed. However, the Iowa SUIte
District Coun in Johnson County ruled in favor of lite
city in January 1991. Currently, lite lawsuit is under
appeal in the Iowa Supreme COIIt and ci~y officials
now expect !his case 10 begin in Iuly 1992, Although
lite outcome remains uncenain, city offJoCi:als indicate
rates would again be increased III provide sufficient
revenue for operations and debl service if lite deci.
sion is reversed,
The sewer system provides secoodary treaunenlto
CUSl:Jmers within lite city limits, Tola! sewage flows
have fiuctuated in recenl years, reponedJy due 10
wealoor changes, and overnll, declined aoout1.8%
annually from fiscal year 198710 1991. Swplus Ireal.
meDt capacity remains available at two pl:ants and
despite peak flows alllte nonhem plant a! aboU196%
oflliestate pennilled 9.4 MGDlreatment level, city
officials have no plans to expand !his capncily. This
plant reportedly could treal up to at least 16 MGD
willi minor system adjustments which would also
resall in a ~vised, state.permitted lreatrnent assess.
ment However, to prevent funhcr increases to sew-
age fiows 10 the nonh plant city officials are now
planning construction of a sewille lransmussion line
from lite city's west-side to the illUllt plar.ll. Mirroring
, lhecity's population growth ovcrihe last decade, lite
number of system cuslomers in=d aoout2%
annually from fiscal year 198710 1991. As previ-
ously mentioned. lite Univezsity of IOMl accounts for
25% of oper:ating revenue. However, the 'iUlnerabil-
ity associated willt ooe large symm customer and its
cumntlawsuil is mitigated by Ilie stability of this
institution, which is the lIagshipof Ihe slmte univer-
sity system, and its need to remain a city sewer
customer, Future capilal plans iIl:1ude an estimated
SII million for improving treattnent quality to elimi,
nale ammonia from plant discharge. This is a state.
wid:: mandatle but Iowa City has unti12000 to com-
. ply. City officials are repmtedly now cOltSidering
projlct specifications, design. and financing methods.
Additionally, city officials estimateS4 maUlon will be
necessary f01l1te sewage ttansmission lirue mentioned
above. One potenliaJ financing mclltod is additional
sewa revenue bonds which. ~ on t.he currently
oumanding S36,9S0.000 revcnoo bonds, would be a
significanl41 % increase.
lalla City is a substantially residenlial cOll11munity in
Iowa's south corridor, characterized by Slo'llid popula.
15;ft;
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June 16, 1992
3
Iowa Clfy, Iowa
don and laX base growth, above average weaJ!h indi-
ces, and modest unemployment rates.
The University of Iowa and irs major medical com-
plex fonn by far !he largest employer, and rela/ed
service and light industry add to the stable economic
base. Economic stability is further enhanced by !he
presence of !he 10waJDlinois Gas and Electric Com-
pany, which has been !he city's largesllaXpayer for '
more lhan ten yws.1n addition, !here have been
modemle increases in propeny values over !he last
decade, inlerrupled in realnl years only by !he
removal of personal propeny from the laX rolls effec.
tive 1988.
ratIng history:
July 1986:
A
i'
ana/yll: Thamas J, O'DonntO
(212) 553-0575
l268lOEOl .
'I
I
The inronnation btmn has been obuinaJ 11WIl1ll~1ta believed to be &Ca1tttc and ~Ii&blc. WI beamc or the pouibilhy othuman Itld mechlnic:al error, iu IUlIney or c:omplctcnw it not
gIlIl1lItetd. Moody'. ratings Ire opinicw, not rc:commmdatiollllO buy or Jell. md tbrir Iccuracy U not gtloIDlII<<d A nling .oould be "'eiped J01cl7 u one rattor in 1D inVtmltnllktidCII,
lIld you .hould make yourOWllllUdyllld culuanon or any issuer ",bOK ucuritica or dd::t obliptims )'OU awidu turin, or Jelling. MOlt Wum or alrpohIC bonds,municipaJ hoods wi
Dota,prctcrred .lock,and eoouocrciaJ paper "hleb are raloJ by Moody'.InvCltOn Saviu, lnc. hive, priQr to rucivinllhe raMS. Ign:cd to P'Y. tee tll Moody'. torlhe 'pplliu.J ltld nlillg
Ktvicu. Thc (ccl1llleJ (rom SIIX1J to SI1S,OOO,
C.plrishl e 1991 by Moody', ~valor15avi...Inc, JlJbliJhiolw OIccuti,,,rn,,, 1l1111u... s..... N.. Vom, NY 10007
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MEMORANDUM
--.
TO:
i FROM:
I
RE:
Chuck Schmadeke, Public Works Director
Floyde Pelkey, Superintendent of Solid Waste
City Recycling Programs - T~ ru~ Q,..
PLASTIC BOTTLE RECYCLING "\.J
Ths City of Iowa City began separate pick-up of plastic milk jugs
on 6/12/89. Twice per week pick-up (Monday & Friday) is provided
at six locations (North Dodge HyVee, Rochester HyVee, Econofoods,
Recreation Center, City Carton Co. and the service building yard)
and once per week pick-up at the Senior Center.
City Carton Co, has been baling the plastic and shipping' it for
processing.
MQNTH WEIGHT
Jul. , 1991 7.33 ton
, Aug. . 1991 6.59 ton
. i
I Sept , 1991 7,49 ton
I Oct.,,1991 7.22 ton
I. Nov. , 1991 6.98 ton
! Dec. , 1991 6.79 ton
i Jan. , 1992 8.33 ton
I
I Feb. , 1992 7.71 ton
,
Mar. , 1992 9.12 ton
Apr. , 1992 8.30 ton
May. , 1992 9.53 ton
.... .
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The City has been providing an automotive waste oil disposal
service at the serYice building at Riverside Dr. & Hwy n6 since
9/22/89. Industrial Service Corp. picks up the City's waste oil.
MQNTH
Jul., 1991
Aug., 1991
Sep., 1991
Oct., 1991
Nov., 1991
Dec., 1991
Jan., 1992
Feb., 1992
Mar., 1992
Apr., 1992
May., 1992
WEIGHT
2.71 ton
3.51 ton
3.01 ton
3.47 ton
5.03 ton
1. 50 ton
.3.14 ton
3.88 ton
4.68 ton
4.37 ton
4.70 ton
.'.'"
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City Recycling Programs - page 2
EAEEE
City Carton Co. has been recycling City office paper per month
since September 19B9.
MQl'J.TH
Jul.. 1991
Apr.. 1992
May.. 1992
WEIGHT
3.20 ton
.96 ton
.18 ton
INCOME
$ 13.70
$ 6.15 pd.
$ .00
C'
TrEES
The City's tire recycling program started on 9/1/89. The tires are
shipped to Rosebar Tire Shredding Co. of Vinton. Iowa at a cost to
the City of $71.00 per ton.
MQl'J.TH WEIGHT EXPENSE
Aug. , 1991 4.70 ton $352.50
Sep. , 1991 2.85 ton $213.75
, Oct. , 1991 2.26 ton $169.50
. ,
,
i Nov. , 1991 ,91 ton $ 69.25
, . Feb. , 1992 2.93 ton $276.75
I,
.1 Mar. , 1992 2.66 ton $152.70
I
. .
,".1 Apr. . 1992 3.66 ton $227.55
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,
BATTERIES
Batteries have been dropped off at the City's Riverside Driye
location since 12/1/88. Batteries are sold to Astro-Lite Battery
Co. of Cedar Rapids.
MQl'J.TH
Dec., 1990
WRIGHT
2.33 ton
INCOME
$ 266.00
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City Recycling Program - page 3
METAL - (WHITE GOODS)
Metal has been collected at the Iowa City Landfill and recycled
beginning 8/1/89. White goods are collected and recycled by Alter
Contractors of Davenport, Iowa.
MQMTH WEIGHT INCOME
Jul. , 1991 34,14 ton $ 757.30
Aug. , 1991 18.84 ton $ 506.20
Sep, , 1991 14.58 ton $ 311,90
Oct. , 1991 . 15.77 ton $ 387.35
Nov. , 1991 27.69 ton $ 828.23
Dec. , 1991 4.95 ton $ 67.83
Jan. , 1992 12.05 ton $ 282.00
Feb. , 1992 20.09 ton $ 567 . 01
Mar, , 1992 12.69 ton $ 303. 96
Apr. , 1992 4.99 ton $ 51.08
May. , 1992 24.71 ton $ 775.36
NEWSPR I NT
The Ci ty. started picking up newspaper on March 28, 1990. Paper is
delivered to City Carton Co. The City pays City Carton Co.
according to the Chicago market price.
MQMTH WIlT GHT EXPENSE
Jul. , 1991 132.41 ton $1,986.00
Aug. , 1991 115.09 ton $1,726.35
Sep. , 1991 126.20 ton $1,892.94
Oct. , 1991 125.10 ton $1,876.50
Noy. , 1991 121.83 ton $1,827.45
Dec. , 1991 142.61 ton $2, 139.15
I Jan. , 1992 113.85 ton $1,707.75
J Feb. , 1992 107.45 ton $~,612.20
Mar. . 1992 141. 51 ton $2, 122.65
I Apr. , 1992 134.26 ton $1,245.15
, , May. , 1992 153.40 ton $1,534.00
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City Recycling Programs - page 4
YARD WASTE
The City started curbside collection for yard waste on May 21,
1990.
MQMTH
Jul., 1991
Aug., 1991
Sep., 1991
Oct., 1991
Nov., 1991
Dee., 1991
Jan., 1992
Feb., 1992
Mar., 1992
Apr., 1992
May., 1992
WEIGHT
165.35 ton
118 . 71 ton
129.76 ton
584.57 ton
703.57 ton
45.76 ton
19.21 ton
21.73 ton
97.35 ton
219.82 ton
276.12 ton
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The City of Iowa City started bin collection of glass in AU~Jst of
1990. The glass is separated by color.
MQMTH WEIGHT
Jul. , 1991 12,40 ton
Aug. , 1991 12,80 ton
Sep. , 1991 12.80 ton
Oct. , 1991 12.80 ton
Nov. , 1991 7.60 ton
Dec. , 1991 9.60 ton
Jan. , 1992 10.80 tori
Feb. , 1992 6.00 ton i
, .
Mar. , 1992 4.92 ton
Apr. , 1992 13.10 ton
May. , 1992 13.40 ton
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City Recycling Programs - page 5
TIN CANS
The City started bin collection of' tin cans in March of 1991.
t:1.QJITH WEIGHT
Jul. , 1991 2. 59 ton
Aug. , 1991 2.54 ton
Sep. , 1991 2. 38 ton
Oct. , 1991 3.82 ton
Nov. , 1991 3.12 ton
Dec. , 1991 2.72 ton I
,
Jan. . 1992 3.16 ton
Feb. , 1992 3.17 ton
i Mar. , 1992 3.41 ton !
1
I Apr. , 1992 3.64 ton
I May. , 1992 3,49 ton
CHRISTMAS TREES
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After the Christmas season of 1988-89 the Ci ty of Iowa Ci ty started
a Christmas tree collection program. The trees are collected at
the curb and chipped into mulch which is then available for public
use. The program was run again this Christmas season.
.
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Jan. .1991
Jan., 1992
WEIGHT
43.57 ton
54.00 ton
EXP~NSE
$9,188.07
$8,136.00
cc: Ed Engroff
Brad Neuman
Carol Casey
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: July 2, 1992
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Marian K, Karr, City Clerk i"'~
Re: Hotel-Motel Tax Schedule
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Chapter 422A of the State Code outlines the steps necessary to implement or increase the
hotel-motel tax. As outlined in the Code, the ordinance is not considered by Council until after
the election. .council must, by resolution, direct the County Auditor to place the question of
the impositionflncreasing of such a tax before the electorate to be voted upon at the general
election in November, The public measure is contained in the Resolution and is the question
that will appear on the ballot. A copy of both the proposed Ordinance and the Chapter in the
Iowa Code authorizing the tax will be placed in the yoting booths, If the electorate approyes
the tax, the Council will then proceed, after the election, to consider the adoption of the
Ordinance imposing the tax.
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The following timetable should be followed for inclusion and implementation of the tax on the
November election ballot:
Deadline for submission of resolution and proposed
ordinance to Auditor .,....,...,..,.....,..,....,.,.., August 26
Election ..."."..,....,............,.,.......,.,. November 3
Notify Slate Director of Revenue . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . , . . . " November 6
If electorate approves the increase:
First consideration of ordinance ,...."..,....,........ November 1 0
Second consideration .......,.....,..,.,.....,...., November 24
Pass and adopt (copy to State Director of Finance) ".,...., December 8
Implementation
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January 1, 1993
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
Date: June 30, 1992
To: Mayor and City Council
From: City Clerk
Re: Work Session, June 22, 1992,7:30 PM, Council Chambers
Mayor Pro-Tem Naomi Noyick presiding. Council members: McDonald, Kubby, Larson, Novick,
Horowitz, Courtney (8:10p.m.). Absent: Ambrisco, Slaffmembers present: Atkins, Helling,
Gentry, Karr, Moen, Burnside, Winkelhake. Tape recorded on Tapes 92.61, Sides 1 and 2.
PLANNING AND ZONING ITEMS:
Reel 92-61, Side 1
Senior Planner Moen presented the following Planning and Zoning items for discussion:
A. Ordinance amendina the Zonina Ordinance bv chanaina the use reaulations from RM.145,
Hiah Rise Multi-Familv Residential, to PRM, Planned Hlah Densitv Multl-Familv
Residential, for an area aenerallv located between Newton Road, U.S. Hlahwav 6 and
Woolf Avenue in an area referred to as the West Side. (REZ 92.0008) (Passed and
adopted)
B. Ordinance amendina the Zonina Ordinance bv chanaina the use reaulations from RM.145,
Hlah Rise Multi-Familv Residential, to PRM, Planned Hiah Densitv Multi-Familv
Besldential, for an' area aenerallV located between Cilnton and Dubuaue streets and
Davenport and Jefferson streets. Includina propertv located at the southeast corner of the
Intersection of Clinton and Jefferson streets in an area referred to as the Near Northslde.
(REZ92.0007) (Passed and adopted)
C. Resolution aoprovina the preliminary and final plats of WestDort Plaza, Iowa Citv, Iowa.
(SUB92.0011l (60.dav limitation period: July 13, 1992)
Larry Schnitijer; MMS Consultants, was present. In response to Horowitz, Moen stated
she would review legal documents to see if the protection from huge signs on the west
side of Wal.Mart would apply to LQt 5. Novick requested that staff check on slgnage
requirements for both frontage lots. Moen noted that this Item will be deferred to Council's
July 7 meeting,
D. Resolution aporovina the final Larae Residential Development (LSRD) plan for Washlnaton
Sauare Condominiums (LSD92-0003)
Jim Glasgow, developer, was present.
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PEDICABS ORDINANCE:
Iowa City Police Chief Winkelhake and Assistant City Attorney Burnside presented information.
Council agreed to change the ordinance to require that the receipt contained both the driver's and
the owner's name. Assistant City Attorney Burnside will amend language In Section 35-23 to read
"and, the name of the owner."
Reel 92-61, Side 1
COUNCIL TIMElAGENDNCOMMITTEE REPORTS:
Reel 92,61, Side 1
1. Kubby referred to the City Manager's June 18, 1992 memorandum regarding Lexington
Street Ayenue and asked if speed humps can be installed. City Manager Atkins stated
he will provide Council with cost estimates to Install speed humps. Larson requested an
engineer's report on how close the speed humps have to be to slow traffic to 20 mph.
2. Kubby requested that copies of the Kirkwood memorandums ( City Engineer Fosse's June
7, 1992 regarding Kirkwood Avenue; Rob Wlndstead, May 20, 1992 _ Kirkwood Avenue:
street width comparisons; and Kirkwood Ayenue area traffic counts) be available for the
public at tomorrow night's (6/23) formal Council meeting.
3. (Agenda Item #21-reissuance of GO bonds) Kubby acquired about Agenda Item #21
regarding reissuance of GO bonds. City Manager Atkins explained that this is final
authorization of action previously taken by Council.
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4. Horowitz stated she needed a substitute to attend the ECICOG meeting on Thursday at
12:45 p.m. and JTP A meeting at 11 :30 a.m. In Cedar Rapids.
5. Novick reported that the final draft of the Library Committee's recommendation will be put
In Council's packet on Friday (6/26) and will be scheduled on Council's formal agenda for
discussion In two weeks (m). In response to Larson, Novick stated that she will include
a note and minutes from the meeting.
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APPOINTMENTS:
Airport Zoning Board of AdJustment. readvertlse.
Board of Electrical Examiners and Appeals _ John Robinson.
Reel 92,61, Side 2
Parks and Recreation Commission - Jennifer Olson.
Library Board of Trustees - Charles Traw.
MINUTE CORRECTION:
Horowitz stated that the June 8, 1992 Council work session she had requested a companion
memo accompany the outdoor service area (special events and festivals) draft ordinance that
would show what the City now pays Into programs that deal with prevention and treatment of
alcoholism or substance abuse. After discussion, Council agreed a brief summary memo should
be prepared,
Meeting adjourned to formal session at 8:30 PM.
Reel 92,61, Side 2
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City of Iowa City
MEMORANDUM
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June 25, 1992
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Floyd Blakely Dog Complaints
This is to update you as to the history and current situation concerning dogs on Hazel Court
and Hickory Court.
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On June 91 received a call from Mr. Floyd Blakely refeiBnce four of his neighbors walking their
dogs on- an off-leash to an empty lot at the top of the hill on Hickory Court. The dog owners
proceed to allow their dogs to run at large and defecate after arriYing on this empty lot. Mr.
Blakely Iiyes at 907 Aspen Court and his empty lot would be located behind his residence.
He was also upset because he would find feces in his yard. He gave me two addresses on
Hickory Court and two on Hazel Court which our department promptly issufJd written
warnings to and asked for this compliance with the leash law and explained that they needed
to dispose of their dogs' waste on priyate or public property. The same day Animal Control
Officer Lynda Barnhart spoke with Southgate Deyelopment and she was told that they own
land in that Yicinity. At the present time they do not object to dogs on their property, but
they will be deyeloping the area soon.
6/10: Mr. Blakely called the Police Department at 8:00 p.m. to report four dogs at large.
When the officer respondea he could not locate any dogs.
6/11: Mrs. Blakely called wanting to know just what to do now. She was adyised to call
when a yiolation was taking place and it was explained to her that she had the option of filing
charges herself. She gaye our office the owner's name of the empty lot' Mr. Dan Sweer,
1140 Spruce Street, She was adyised we would contact Mr. Sweer and see if he had giyen
permission for anyone to have their dog off-leash on his empty lot. Mr. Sweer was contacted
and he told me he had not given anyone permission to use his empty lot.
6/19:. Mr, Blakely called the Shelter in the morning yery upset as he had just had an argument
with one neighbor, a Mrs. Jamie Sherman of 2214 Hazel Court concerning her statement that
she had receiyed permission from the empty lot owner to haye her dog off.leash. He was
irate because she did not clean up after the dog.
Again, on 6/20, Mr. Blakely called the Police Department at 9:00 p.m. stating the neighbor's
dog was at large again, but he did not request an officer, he just wanted it on record.
6/23: I called Mr. Blakely for an update of his problems and he said the situation had
improved somewhat, but if necessary he would pursue a public nuisance complaint for waste
accumulation against the lot owner and the dog owners. This is an ongoing problem at the
present time. "
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MINUTES
NEIGHBORHOOD OPEN SPACE PLAN COMMITTEE
MAY 14, 1992 - 7:30 P.M.
ROBERT A. LEE COMMUNITY RECREATION CENTER
MEETING ROOM B
MEMBERS PRESENT:
Ann BoYbjerg, Casey Cook, John Watson
MEMBER ABSENT:
Dee Vanderhoef
STAFF PRESENT:
Terry Trueblood, Monica Moen, Melody Rockwell, Mary Jo Neff
CALL TO ORDER:
Watson called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. Watson announced that Vanderhoef had
been named to replace Hradek as a member of this Committee.
CONSIDERATION OF THE MINUTES OF THE JANUARY 27. 1992. MEETING:
BoYbjerg moyed to approye the minutes for the January 27, 1992, meeting. Cook seconded.
The motion carried 3.0.
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DISCUSSION OF THE DRAFT ASSESSMENT OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OPEN SPACE NEEDS
OF THE DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED OPEN SPACE DISTRICTS WITHIN THE CITY:
Moen explained that the map showed the staff-recommended boundaries of deyeloped and
developing open space districts. She noted that the 1985 Neighborhood Open Space Plan did
not look at the deyeloped areas of Iowa City. Rockwell indicated that in reYiewing the
deyeloped areas, boundaries were based, in part, on physical barriers, such as major streets,
railroads and riyers. The goal was to try to ensure pedestrian access' to open space within
each defined neighborhood.
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In response to a question from Watson, Moen stated that staff had looked at the established
neighborhoods as weil as neighborhoods that are currently being deyeloped, She said some
established neighborhoods might be divided, and noted how the railroad divides the Rooseyelt
area from the Brookland Park area. She stressed that there were no objections from other
staff members to the proposed boundaries.
In response to a question from Watson, Moen stated that the census tracts are basPod on the
maximum mir"ber of dwelling units or households in a giyen area. Rockwell noted that
commercial areas increasingly haye residential uses aboye the ground floor so in areas where
there is a mix of commercial and residential zones, the commercial zones had been included
as part of the neighborhood open space calculations, Moen added that staff included all zones
that were predominantly residential, but also included commercial zones adjacent to existing
residential zones, where residential uses were known to have been established, Rockwell
suggested that another possible district was the Near Southside area, which is predominantly
commercial, but contains high density residential zones as well as new commercial
deyelopment with residences above the ground floor, Moen stated that the Committee will
, need to consider how much credit should be giyen, to publicly owned land, such as Uniyersity
. of Iowa property in the downtown area. Cook responded that this was an interesting point,
The Uniyersity area near Myrtle, for example, provides a rich open space area for nearby City
residents,
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Neighborhood Open Space Plan Committee
May 14, 1992
Page 2
Cook expressed concern that if the neighborhoods were defined too narrowly, the City might
lose opportunities for exactions of open space. He noted the ayerage population of each open
space district was around 4,000. He suggested that while it was important to look at the
specific goals and objectives ,of each neighborhood, the City shouldn't limit opportunities to
expand open space. He thought there should be a rationale for spreading funds to other areas
as needed. He suggested the Brookland Park, Roosevelt and Miller-Orchard areas could be
combined as well as the Melrose-Emerald and Willow Creek neighborhoods. Moen stated that
if there is a physical boundary, such as a railroad track, the accessibility barrier may preyent
benefits of open space areas from accruing to an adjoining district. Cook stressed that he
would like to plan the districts so that there is flexibility. Bovbjerg responded that the
Committee would need to balance the need for standards with the need for flexibility.
In response to a question from Watson, Moen explained that there could be Self Supporting
Municipal Districts in some of the developed areas to pay for more open space. She explained
that under this concept, the majority of property owners in an area could agree to a tax
assessment in order to provide for open space. Watson suggested that in developed areas,
the City should select sites for parkland and then obtain options or rights of first refusal on
. these properties. He suggested the City could purchase land and sell a portion for
deyelopment in order to finance the purchase cost of the part retained for parkland.
Moen identified the potential open space districts and indicated that staff had used population
figures from the 1990 census, She said future population estimates were calculated based
on the densities permitted in each zone times the amount of undeveloped land in each zone
in each open space district. She explained that staff then estimated the gross open space
need for each district. The Committee would need to determine how much credit should be
giyen for ~xisting open space: parks and schoois.
Rockwell reported that Jerry Palmer of the Iowa City Community School District was
proyiding information on the number of acres of playgrounds and' playing fields at each of the
public schools in Iowa City. Moen said that the Committee needed to consider how much
credit to giye to public property that the City has no control over, such as school property.
She stressed that the public may not always have access and that the facilities may not be
suitable for all ages, i.e. West High School. She suggested it might be best to evaluate these
open space situations on a case-by.case basis. Cook suggested deyeloping agreements with
the School Board. Moen indicated that the City may not be in a position to offer financial
incentiyes for access, BoYbjerg said it would be most useful to designate the West High
campus as open space, only if it were accessible and usable. She suggested that the area of
West High property that might be more usable as open space was the area near the creek and
the Galway Hills deyelopment. Moen stated that the School Board might be reluctant to
relinquish control over school grounds because of the possibility of future expansion needs.
Watson said that the Committee needed to review the current formula of three acres of open
space per 1,000 in population in terms of whether there should be a difference in the
requirement between deyeloped and developing areas. He said the Committee also needed
to review the boundaries of the open space districts and to determine what open space areas
within each district should receive credit and how much credit should be giyen.
Watson noted that it would be difficult to acquire more open space in the developed areas.
He suggested requiring fiye acres of open space per 1,000 in population in the deyeloping
zones and allowing credit for more types 01 alternatiye open space, such as providing access
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Neighborhood Open Space Plan .Committee
May 14,1992
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to existing open space, Cook said if the formula remains at three acres of open space per
1,000 in population for actiye open space, then facilities such as soccer fields and ball
diamonds could be proYided for at the large City-wide parks.
Watson stressed that neighborhood open space is not meant for organized activities. BoYbjerg
stated that since many people in the neighborhood will be inyolyed in these types of actiyities,
it should count towards the open space requirement to some degree. Cook said that if
neighborhood parks are serving as City-wide parks, then maybe they should be expanded to
allow for this function to continue in a safe manner. Trueblood stressed that community-wide
parks can serye neighborhood needs, but neighborhood parks should not serye as community-
wide parks. Cook suggested looking at what an existing park offers, such as picnic space,
playgrounds, and informal recreational areas. He stressed that it would be difficult to justify
expending resources in areas that currently haye a great deal of existing parkland.
The Committee reyiewed the boundaries proposed for the open space districts in both the
deyeloping and developed areas of the community.
DEVELOPING AREAS
CLEAR CREEK:
Watson noted that Coralviile would be serving much of the area to the north of this tract.
Cook stated that the City could have leverage in the deyeloping areas to acquire open space,
but there needed to be a plan as to what property to acquire. Moen expressed some concerns
if a district is too linear and suggested that Camp Cardinal Road could be used to diyide this
district. Cook stated that if districts are defined by population, there could be a bias to
proYide parkland in 11)0re densely populated areas. He suggested that the likely density and
topography of this area would justify retaining it as one district. Moen stated that one goal
of the process will be to generate a map that shows preferred locations for open space. There
was a consensus of the Committee to keep the boundaries of the Clear Creek District as
proposed,
HUNTERS RUN:
Watson asked if the County Care Facility should be included in this district. Rockwell
responded that it was not included in the acreage calculations to determine the projected
population for the district. Watson suggested that as development occurs in this area, it
might be appropriate to haye a new district formed south of Rohret Road. BoYbjerg noted that
there is a possibility that a new elementary school could be constructed in this area. Moen
indicated that annexation south or west of this district would be problematic because of
insufficient sanitary sewer capacity in the area.
WEST HIGH: .
Rockwell indicated that University of Iowa student housing was not included in the population
figures for this district. There was a consensus that the University family housing area
proYided for its own open space needs. There was a consensus that it would be desirable to
acquire open space along Wiilow Creek. The proposed boundaries for this district were found
'to be acceptable.
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Neighborhood Open Space Plan Committee
May 14, 1992
Page 4
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WETHERBY:
Watson asked if the area west of Sand Road should be included. Moen noted that Sand Road
served as a barrier for most people in the Wetherby Open Space District accessing Napoleon
Park, Watson suggested that Napoleon Park should receiye some credit. He recognized the
importance of having the park be pedestrian accessible, but thought this should be balanced
against the existence of undeveloped areas immediately across from Napoleon Park, east of
Sand Road, which are zoned for multi-family residential development. Watson felt the ID-RM
zone would be densely deyeloped so a neighborhood park would be needed. Moen suggested
retaining this area as one district, but concurred with Watson that the Committee might want
to decrease the amount of credit giyen to the park because of access problems. Cook pointed
out the potential to haye a trail to the inner city going north along the Iowa River from
Napoleon Park. The Commissioners also noted that there was nice land south and west of
Wetherby Park that might be acquired if there was an open space deficit for this area.
GRANT WOOD:
There were no changes recommended regarding the boundaries of this district. Watson asked
if there was potential for more wetland dedication. Rockwell responded that the owner of the
Whispering Meadows Subdiyision was eliminating a small wetland area located near the center
of the tract, but was compensating for this by enlarging the wetland area in the eastern
portion of the tract. She noted that there is a wooded wetland area in the western portion
of the tract, and large wetland areas south of the city limits. Watson said if the City annexes
and growth occurs to the south of the present corporate limits, then both the Wetherby and
Grant Wood districts open space needs would need to be re-eyaluated.
VILLAGE GREEN:
Watson and BoYbjerg suggested there might be a need for additional open space in the
western area of this district, The boundaries were retained as proposed for the Village Green
district.
UPPER RALSTON CREEK:
Watson asked why the northern boundary had been shifted south; why it didn't follow the
zone boundary, Moen stated that it was anticipated the area to the north would deyelop for
office park uses, not for residential uses. She also stated that the staff-proposed boundary
was a potential route for a major connecting street. Moen agreed to check the topography
of this area to see if there was a natural, physical boundary, such as a high ridge, that would
define the northern boundary of the district. The Commissioners felt it would be better to
follow the zone boundary until future development dictated otherwise.
HICKORY HILL:
Watson suggested including the RR.1 tract to the northeast. It was determined that Goyernor
Street ~hould serye as the west boundary for the Hickory Hill Open Space District,
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Neighborhood Open Space Plan Committee
May 14, 1992
Page 5
DUBUQUE ROAD:
Cook suggested incorporating the commercial areas in this district to allow for future
possibilities to acquire open space. Otherwise, the proposed boundaries were acceptable.
MAYFLOWER/SHIMEK:
There was a consensus that the proposed boundaries were acceptable.
FOSTER ROAD:
There was a consensus that the proposed boundaries were acceptable.
DEVELOPED AREAS
MELROSE/EMERALD:
Cook stated that the boundaries appeared to be acceptable and the dis!rict did not appear to
haye a deficit of open space,
WILLOW CREEK:
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Cook suggested looking for possible opportunities to extend Willow Creek Park, There was
a consensus that Sunset Street was a reasonable east boundary because of the high leyel of
traffic it carries.
CITY PARK:
Watson noted that the only other possibility to divide this district was along Park Road. In
response to a question from Watson, Moen stated that the RM.145 zone to the south of this
district could be included, because there was access oyer Woolf Ayenue Bridge. There was
a consensus to incorporate the RM-145 zone located south of Highway 6 into the City Park
Open Space District.
BROOKLAND PARK:
Cook noted that the railroad between this district and the Roosevelt district is not as much
of a barrier as it might appear to be because of the access via Greenwood Driye, There was
a consensus to consolidate the Brookland Park and Roosevelt districts,
ROOSEVELT:
This district was combined with the Brookland Park district.
MILLER/ORCHARD:
No changes were recommended for the Miller/Orchard district proposed boundaries.
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.Neighborhood Open Space Plan Committee
May 14, 1992
Page 6
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NORTHSIDE:
There was a consensus to change the east boundary of the Northside district to be Goyernor
Street. The land east of Goyernor Street and north of the south boundary established for the
Hickory Hill district will be included in the Hickory Hill Open Space District.
COLLEGE GREEN:
There was a consensus to make Gilbert Sireet the west boundary of this district.
BOWERY:
There was a consensus to make Gilbert Street the west boundary of this district. Bovbjerg
and Cook stressed the importance of haying' Goyernor as the east boundary because of the
zoning differences between the properties located east and those located west of Goyernor
Street and the amount of traffic on Governor. Watson suggested that it might be possible to
giye some credit for Oak Grove Park to the Bowery district because there is pedestrian access
to the park,
LONGFELLOW:
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The boundaries proposed for this district were found to be acceptable.
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MARK TWAIN:
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There was a consensus to make Gilbert Street the west boundary of this district.
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CITY HIGH:
No changes were recommended for the boundaries of this district.
PHEASANT HILL/LEMME:
There was a consensus that the proposed boundaries of this district were acceptable.
COURT HILL/LUCAS:
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Watson noted that the area east of Scott Bouieyard should be included in the Court Hill/Lucas
district at this time, but it would need to have its own district as deyelopment occurred. He.
stressed that Scott Boulevard was a barrier.
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DISCUSSION OF COMMITTEE COURSE OF ACTION:
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Cook suggested looking at credits given for open space at the next meeting.
DISCUSSION OF FUTURE MEETING DATE:
It was agreed that the next meeting would be on Thursday, June 25, 1992, at 7:00 p.m,
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Neighborhood Open Space Plan Committee
May 14, 1992
Page 7
ADJOURNMENT:
Cook moyed to adjourn at 10:04 p.m. Bovbjerg seconded. The motion carried 3-0.
Minutes submitted by Mary Jo Neff.
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THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
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June 23, 1992.
Marge Penney
Human Services Coordinator
Johnson County Council of GOY.
410 E. Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
'{IA\11~.R,...
Dear~ey: 0
As you may remember, the School of Social Work was ordered last fall to undergo a
reyiew for the purpose of determining whether the undergraduate degree program should
be closed. It giyes me pleasure to report to you that the reyiew is complete, The Reyiew
Team, composed of three professors from within the Uniyersity (professor Carolyn
Cutrona from Psychology, Professor Cary Coyington from Political Science, and
Professor Charles Mueller from Sociology) and two Deans of Schools of Social Work
from other Uniyersities (Dean Patricia Ewalt from Hawaii and Dean Ronald Feldman
, from Columbia) have filed their report with Dean Loewenberg,
In summary, the Committee's findings were that the Uniyersity should:
(I) Deyelop a Ph.D. program. The Committee stated that a Ph.D, program was a
"critical component in the School's future success," necessary to attract and retain
outstanding faculty members, and that a doctoral program would not hamper the training
of bachelor and master level social work students but would enhance its quality,
(2) Retain the B.A. program. The Committee stated that elimination of the B.A.
program would be unwise because it costs yery little, is central to one of the Uniyersity's
slated areas of focus (social change), and plays an important role in service delivery for
the state,
(3) Remoye the School from the College of Liberal Arts, The external reyiewers
felt strongly that the School has been hampered by structural problems and should be
located with other professionally-oriented units or haye independent status,
(4) Search for a new director, The Committee felt that because I will be retiring
as Director on September I, there should be a search for a nationally known scholar from
a strong Ph,D. program who has had prior administratiye experience,
School of Social Work
I.wa Clly, Iowa 52242,1223
319/335,1250
FAX 319/335.171 I
308 NOrlh Hall
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The reyiewers were all struck by the potential for the School's rapid improyement Q!
rapid deterioration, depending on whether the recommendations were implemented or not.
The Report states forcefully that if the School is left with its current level of resources,
its ability to train service providers as well as build social work knowledge about service
effectiyeness will suffer greatly,
The Review Committee Report and my response will be used by Dean Loewenberg to
formulate his recommendations, which will go to Vice President Nathan and President
Rawlings, who will, in turn, make recommendations to the Board of Regents, Because
there is no Regents meeting in August, I expect they will not act on the recommendations
until their September meeting,
I write to inform you of the progress we haye made, and to ask that you write 10 me with
your comments regarding the Reyiew Committee's Report. It would help the School if
you would use your letter to outline the impact on your clients and service pro~rams if
the Committeeis recommendations are not followed. The Uniyersity's central
administration needs concrete eyidence that implementing these recommendations will
serve the State's yulnerable families and indiyiduals.
I plan to collect and forward these letters to Vice President Nathan and President
Rawlings as soon as possible. If you take time today to respond to this request, it will be
greatly appreciated by the School's faculty and students, Thank you yery much,
.Sincerely,
~
Catherine Alter, Ph.D,
Director
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Johnson CounlY
\ IOWA:?
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charles D. Duffy
Slephen p, Lacina
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
Belly Ockcnfels
1. Call to order 9:00 a.m.
July 2, 1992
FORMAL MEETING
Agenda
2, Action re: claims
3, Action re: minutes
4, Action re: payroll authorizations
1
5, Business from Susan Ahrens, Social Worker re: client #A245: contract
for out-of-county placement at North Iowa Transition Center,
Inc./discussion/action,
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a) Action rc: permits
b) Action re: reports
c) Discussion/action re:
d) Other
resolution appropriating amounts for F'l.,'93,
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7, Business from the County Attorney.
a) Report re:' other items.'
8, Busin'ess from the Doat'd of Supervisors.
a) Action re: Ambulance user fees effective on August 1st.
b) Motion authorizing chairperson Lo sign right-of-way contract for
structure 1-21-4,
c) Motion to hold both informal and formal meetings for the week of
July 12th on July 14th, '
d) Discussion/action re: fireworks permit,
e) Other
.,..,9,13S0llTHDUBUQUIlST. P,O,BOX 1350 IOWACITY,IOWA52244.1350 TEL:(319)3S6,6000 PAX:(319IS5R~
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.' . Agenda '.2.92
Page 2
9, Adjourn to informa' meeting.
10, Inquiries and reports from the public,
11. Adjournment.
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
Jul 02,92 14:35 No.008 P.Ol/02
Johlllon County
\ IOWA ~
BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charles 0, Duffy
Stephen P. Lacina
Palricia A. Meade
Richard E, Myers
Reily Oekcnfels
July 7, 1992
INFORMAL MEETING
Agcnda
1. Call 10 order 9:00 a.m.
2, Review of the minutes.
3. Business from the County Engincer.
a) Discussion rc: . weight limit on structure S-31-2.
b) Other
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a) Discussion ro: appointments to Mental Health/Mental. Retardation/
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Developmental Disabilities Advisory Committee and MenIal
Illness/Mental. Retardation/Developmental Disabilities/Brain Injury
Planning Council. ' .
b) Planning regarding Community
process/discussion,
c) . Other
Services appropriation
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5, Business from Cheryl Whitney, Department of Human Servi~jJ ::2 m
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a) Discussion re: Social Service Block Grant, ~.... ;;.
b) Other Y co
6. Business from the County Auditor.
a) ,Discussion ro; concerning the reporting of cash funds and the conduct
of cash counts, '
b) Discussion re: designation of trustees' terms for the Lake Crest Manor
Sanitary Sower District,
c) Other Jt: ~
913 SOIlTHDIlBIlQUEST, P.Q, BOX 1350 IOWA CITY, IOWA 52244,1350 TilL:(31?)3S6,6OQO P^X:(31~)~5
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
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Jul 02,92 14:35 No,008 P,02/02
Agenda 7.2.92
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Page 2
7. Business from the County Attorney.
a) Discussion re: resolution selling public hearing on disposal of county
interest in real estate legally described as Lots 9, 10, and 11 in Block I,
Lyons First Addition 10 Iowa City (Close Mansion), .
b) Other .
8. Business froni ihe Board of Supervisors.
a) Reports
b) Other
9. Discussion from the public.
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10, Recess.
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LAW OrF'ICES OF'
ARTHUR 0, LE.f' 11906-19091
PHILIP"'.LEFr
R, BRUCE HAUPERT
CHARLES T. TRAW
RANDAI.L B. WIL.LMAN
LEFF, HAUPERT & TRAW
~Z2 SOUTH LINN STREET
MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. SOX 2447
IOWA CITY, IOWA
52244.2447
tAX:
TELEPHONE:
(31J11338'7~5'
(3191336-15902
STEVEN E. BALLARD
MARK C. O....NIELSON
June 30, 1992
Ms. Karen Kubby
802 East Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Mr, Bill Arnbrisco
Savings & Loan Building
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Ms. Susan Horowitz
1129 Kirkwood
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Mr. John McDonald
16 South Clinton Street
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Mr. Randy Larson
1902 Broadway
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Ms. Naomi Novick
306 Mullin Avenue
Iowa City, Iowa 52246
The Honorable Darrel Courtney
116 South Dubuque Street
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Ms, Linda Gentry
City Attorney
Civic Center
410 East Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
Mr, Dale E, Helling
Assistant City Manager
Civic Center
410 East Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
~/
Mr, Stephen J, Atkins
City Manager
Civic Center
410 East Washington
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
RE: Pesticide Ordinance
Dear Folks:
I represent the area commercial lawn applicators regarding the
proposed "Commercial Chemical Lawn Application" ordinance.
Notwithstanding this affiliation, I hope you will agree that my
approach to the ordinance is objective.
The issues presented by the use of pesticides are technical and
complex, I have, therefore, tried to put together a set of
materials for your use and likely study, To help you wade through
these materials, I have included a Table of Contents of each
resource, I have also requested that short summaries be prepared
and attached to each resource for a quick overview of the nature
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Page 2
RE: Pesticide Ordinance
of the article or study, I have prepared six of the summaries.
The rest (dealing with scientific data) were prepared by an
objective scientist, a former Iowa State faculty member. We hope
that these materials are helpful to you during the upcoming
discussions and deliberations regarding the ordinance.
Finally, I enthusiastically invite you all to a public forum in
Room A of the Public Library from 7:30 to 9:00 p.m., Wednesday,
July 8, 1992. Linda Gentry and I mentioned this meeting a couple
of weeks ago during an informal Council meeting, We shall have
three to four specialists in various scientific areas as well as a
representative from the Department of Agriculture and from
Extension Entomology, Iowa State University. These folks are
hand-picked because of their objectivity and specialized
knowledge. This is not a political forum, but is solely designed
to impart scientific data to the Council and to the community.
Nancy Seiberling will be moderating, Each presenter will give
some short introductory remarks followed by a question and answer
session. We surely hope you can attend.
Thanks for your interest and concern.
Sincerely,
1E~ ' ''''
R. Bruce Haupert
RBH: jo
Enclosures
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TABLE OF COHTRHTS
IOWA CITY INFORMATIONAL KATWAL
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PAC"I'S ABOUT LAHH cmoo:CALS
1, What You Should Know About Lawn Care Products & Services
Source: Professional Lawn Care Assoication of America
CURREHT REGULATIONS AFFECTING LAWN CHKMICALS
2.
Synopsis of Pesticide Applicator CertificatiQn Materials
Source: Iowa Department of Agriculture Pesticide Bureau
3.
Chapter 206, Code of Iowa, Pesticides
4.
. '
Chapters 44 & 45, Department of Agriculture rules on
pesticide and fertilizer containment, pesticide use, and
notification requirements for urban pesticide applications,
HEALTH EFFECTS OP LAWN CHEMICALS
5, Dislodgeable Residues of 2,4-D on Turf,
Source: C. Bowhey, H, McLeod, G.R. Stephenson
6. Pesticide Exposure - What Is the Risk?
Source: Keith R, Solomon, Shelley A. Harris, Gerry R.
Stehpenson, Center for Toxicology, University of Guelph,
Ontario
7. Latest Research on Airborne Pesticides
Source: Roger A, Yeary, Julie A. Leonard, Chemlawn Services
Corp" Columbus, Ohio
8.
Epidemiology & Toxicology of 2,4-0
Source: Wendell R. Mullison & Gregory G, Bond
Pesticides and Other Agricultural Risk Factors for
Non-HOdgkin's Lymphoma among Men in Iowa and Minnesota
Source: Kenneth Cantor, Aaron Blair, George Everett,
Robert Gibson, Leon Burmeister, Linda Brown, Leonard
SChuman, and Fred Dick
9,
10.
2,4-0 and Dog Cancer, PLCAA Update
Source: Professional Lawn Care Association of America
Complete study is ayailable upon reauest
Newspaper Clipping, Des Moines Register
"Iowan puts contaminated water risk in perspecti ye"
11.
12.
Good Words about Pesticides
Source: C, Everett Koop
/5514
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K1MROIOIENTAL KPFBC'l'S OF 1JJiII CHEMICALS
1). Pesticide Drift: A Problell 1n Iowa?
Source: Chuck Eckermann, Iowa Department of Agriculture
Pesticide Bureau Chief
14. Cape Cod Golf Course study
Source: stuart Z, Cohen, Biospherics, Inc.
15. The Environmental Fate of Pesticides
Source: Thomas Watschke, Pennsylyania state University
16. Evaluating the Runoff and LeaChing Potential of Turfgrass
Pesticides
Source: Richard cooper, Uniyersity of Massachusetts
17, Does Fertilizer/Pesticide Use on a Golf Course Put Water
Resources in Peril? ;
Source: Thomas Watschke, Scott Harrison, and G.W. Hamilton,
Pennsylvania State University
IIAlISFIELD, !lASS. LAWN CHEMICAL ORDINANCE CASE
18, Newspaper clipping, Sun Chronicle, Attieboro, Mass.
"Judge Mows Down Mansfield's Rules.
19. Summary Judgement of Mansfield, Hass, Court Case
EXTENSION PUBLICATIONS
20,
Turfgrass Management
Citizens' Guide to using Lawn Fertilizers and Pesticides
Responsibly
Responsible Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Lawns
21.
22,
23,
Pesticides: Helpful or Harmful?
Source: American Council on Science and Health
24,
Lawn Care Chemicals
Source: American Council on Science and Health
25,
Asses9ing the Quality of America's Water
Source: American Council on Science and Health
26,
Resolution - National Association of State Departments of Agriculture.
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Summary: Reference No.1
This PUblication summarizes information on proper use of
lawn care chemicals, how these products are regulated by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and state governments,
terminology used to describe these products, and techniques such
as Integrated Pest Management which can reduce pest problems with
a minimum of pesticide use.
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Professional Lawn Care Association of America
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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LAWN CARE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
The Professional Lmm Care Assoclatinn of America has compiled this Information for you, lhe consumer, to
answer your questinns about the hllm care products llnd services you use to keep your lalm healthy aad
aUraetive,
NOTE: This information was reviewed with the U.S. Ellvironmelllal Protection Agency prior to its distributiun,
The EP A review of the materials is neither an approval nor an endorsement of the contents.
Q. What are 11Ie roles of proper lawn care pesticide use?
A. A healthy lawn can out-compete most weeds, survive most insect allaeks, and fend off most diseases before these
problems get the upper hand, Pesticides (the generic term for insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) arc meant
to kill or control weeds, non,beoeficial insects, and fungal and other diseases. Tbe benefit of pesticides is their
ability to stop a pest (weed, insect or disease) problem that has become out of control and threatens the health
of your lawn.
Remember tbat pesticides do pose.some risk and their use cannot be made completely safe. You should not be
tempted to rely solely on pesticides as quick-fix solutions to lawn problems. Serious pest problems arc often a
sign that your lawn is not gelting everything it needs, The pests arc symptoms of an underlying problem, You
need to correct the underlying problem at the same time you control the pest, or the pest may return in even
greater numbers than befure. You should keep in mind:
A pesticide is not harmless. Read the entire label and follow label directions completely (including
application rates and tecbniques, all safety precautions including protective clothing, and the reentry
precautions) to minimize potential exposure to the materials.
Use pesticides to call1rol pests, since it is usually impossible to eradicate them.
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Be sure you accuratcly identify the pest so that you can choose the best pesticides for the job, and use
them at the proper time for optimum control.
Spot treat whenever possible. There is no need to blanket the entire lawn 10 cure a localized problem.
Applying more than you need is wasteful and can be environmentally unsound,
Treat problems early. You will have more options and beller results if you stop pests before they
become strongly entrenched,
Store all pesticides (lawn care and other household pesticide products) in a secure location to protect
against accidental contact by family members or pets.
Q.
How safe are llJe lawn care peslicid~l and fertilizers r/Sed by lawn care professiallals and llOmeownClS?
A.
Homeowners should be aware that the use of peslieides and fertilizers docs pose some risk, and their use cannot
be made completely safe. The level of risk posed by a chemical depends on its toxicity and the level of exposure.
Improper or inappropriate use of pesticides and other lawn care products by either the homeowner or the lawn
care professional can increase the level of exposure, which in lurn increases the level of risk posed to human
health and lhe environment.
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Q. What can I do to minimize any risks to me or my family?
A. The simplest way to minimize risk is to limit your exposure tu pesticides. If you appl' pesticides yuurself, read
the entire label and follow all instructions, especially prolective clothing requirer.. ,IS. Be sure to store all
pesticides securely and out of the reach of children and pets. Regardless of whether you or a professional applies
the pesticide, keep people and pets off the treated lawn immediately following use.
Allhough many products used on home lawns have no specific reenlry recommendations prescribed by the
product label, a good rule of Ihumb is to stay off a treated area until it has thoroughly dried, or, if possihle, for
24 hours following a pesticide application, Some granular pesticide labels recommend, or require, that the
materials be watered in. In this case. the area should not be entered until aner the watering is completed and
the area is completely dry. If there arc any special label directions, your applicator should provide this
information at the time of application.
Q. Do lawn care professionals me products dlDt pose greatcr risks than tlJose used by tlJe homeowner?
A. Tbe pesticides regularly used by lawn care professionals arc usually the same as "general use" products available
10 the homeowner. Licensed lawn care professionals occasionally use "restricted-use" products (materials not
available to the general public) to solve pest problems that arc not responsive to general use products. Dc sure
to ask whether any restricted-use pesticides will be included in your program. Your lawn care profcssional
should provide information about the nature of the products applied and their restrictions, the reason for Iheir
use, and the cautions associated with the products.
Lawn care products arc generally labeled with the same rates, the same precautions, and the same usage
information whether packaged for personal or commercial use. The products purchased by lawn care
professionals may be packaged in concentrates for shipping convenience and economy. Bot, before these
producls arc applied.to a lawn, they arc diluted to the same streogth as the ready-to-use products sold directly
to the homeowoer.
Q. mID regulates lawn care products and services?
A. The following arc responsible for regulating lawn care products and services:
111e U.S. Environmental Protecllon Agency (EPA). Under the' Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), all lawn care products that contain pesticides must be registered with EPA
before they can be lawrully sold or distributed. However, an EP A registration is not equivalent to a
recommendation, endorsement, or approval of the product, nor is it a finding of "safety." EP A registralion
means that pesticide registrants have submitted required scientific data conccrning the risks associated with
the use of the pesticide.
Since many pesticides have been available for a long time, the 'review process for these products was done
many years ago using older scientific standards. FIFRA now rcquires that EPA undertake the re-
registration of any pesticide product registered hefore November 1984. This includes updating the
scientific data base necessary to evaluate the risks and benefits, and reviewing that data according to
today's scientific standards. Allhougb the re-registration process is underway, it is anticipated tbat it will
take years to complele. To date, only a few products have been re-registered.
11le Federnl Trade Commission (~TC). The FTC has regulatory powers covering advertising in any
medium, whether transmitted orally or in written form. The FTC requires that all advertising materials and
claims, including sales presentations, musl be scientifically accurate wbile not being deceptive to the
consumer.
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Q. m,at is Inlegratcd Pest Managemcn~ or IPM?
A. An IPM program is one dcsigncd to create a healthy lawn with sumcienl plant strength and density to snrvive
weed, insect and disease attacks with minimum pe>licide use. An IPM program must consider your lawn's
speci~c needs and overall condition. An I PM program requircs the support or proper cullural practices
including:
Proper mowing practices.
Rcgular watering at a rate that cnsures relained moisture levels throughout the root zone.
Core aeration designcd to promote root development through reduccd soil compaction, improve nutrient
and moisture absorption, and discourage thatch devclnpment.
Programmed seeding, sodding, plugging or sprigging to enhance lawn density, and to enbance appearance
by controlling incursions of undesirablc grasses and weeds.
Fcrtili7.lltiun to provide essential nutrients that may be deficient in your lawn.
The pH balancing treatments (lime or sulfur) to achieve proper soil acidity levels and improved nutrient
absorption.
Regular inspection of lawn areas for carly detection of pest presence.
Simply put, IPM is using the best mix of cultural techniques and discreet use of chemical products in a program
of Integrated Pest Management. However, IPM definitions vary among those who use the term. Ask prospective
lawn care services or landscapers about their IPM dcfinitions, proecdures and techniques. Tbis will enable you
to choosc a provider that will deliver thc careyou want. Your cooperation in mowing, watering, and regular
inspections (for early detection) between the lawn care company's visits is imporlantto the success of the IPM
care of your property.
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Q. Who JllOUld I call if I have questions about tile lawn care service or lawn care products I have uscd?
A. If you have professional lawn care, contact the company that is caring for your lawn. If you have a question
concerning products you have purchased for do.it.yourself lawn care, contact the store or lawn and garden
center where the materials were purchased. If you do not obtain satisfactory answers, contact the agency in your
state that is responsible for regulating lawn care products and companies. The U.S. Environmental Proteclion
Agency also has a loll.free number for information on peslicides: (800) 858.7378.
The Pro[essiunal Lawn Care Association of America is a non. profit national trade association representing
approximately 1,000 lawn care companies in the United States and Canada. Organized in 1979, PLCM develops
educational programs, defines industry slandards, and serves as a national voice for the lawn calC industry.
. Who1f l'ou Should KnolV A1Joull.Awn C.ue l'roducts and Sen1cct nlll)' be reproduced for use in articles, flyers. mtlifcrs, or other publications with
1/" implied pernliMion of t'LCM, It'le... inr/ude , PLCM arknolVledgelllcnt,)
If)'Oll IIl'sll to include IlIe f!PA Reyiew St,ltcfllent nith your reprint, the Question and Answer see/ion of IlIe document musl nppcar in its entirely
111th no deletions or additions.
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Slate Gnvernments. Virtually all slales require licensing and tesling before a company can apply pesticides
commercially. Many Slates also evaluate pesticide advertising within their borders. The responsible state
agency is usually the Departmenl of Environmental Protcction or Conscrvation, the Department of
Agriculture, or the Slate Attorney General. If youusc a commercial lawn care or pesl control cnmpany,
we sUggest you be sure the company is licensed by your slate.
Q. 1/ow can / find out w/rcn pesticide applications /rave becn made or will bc made on my lawn or my ncig/rbor'.r
lawn?
A. Upon rcquest, the lawn care professional should provide informlltion to the homeowner and adjacent neighbors
regarding the pesticides used and the applicalion schedule. Most lawn cllre companies will provide informlltion
in advance about the products used in their service prugrams. And, ill some states, they are required to provide
copies of product labels for your information III the time of sale, or upon request. If you have not received II
label for a product you arc interested in, ask your lawn care professional.
Some states require posling following application. Several states offer II regislry, that is, a listing of persons who
wish to be notified when adjacent properties will be treated with pesticides. Even in areas where a registry docs
not exist, good professional companies arc willing to provide notifiealion to iodividuals upon request.
Q. m,at do tlJe tenns 'naturor and 'o,!:anic' mcan widl regard to lawn care products?
A. There arc no universally accepted definitions, but possible definitions of these terms arc:
Natural. A product derived from animal!biological, mineral or plant sources, in a form substantially as it
occurs in nature. The materials may be altered or manipulated to put them in a physical form that allows
them to be efficiently used in the application process by tbe bomeowner or lawn care professional.
O'1lunle. Any substance containing thc clement carbon is, by technical definition, organic. Both naturally
occurring and man-made products may be organic. The common misconception that organic and IIl1tural
have the same meaning may cause the non-technical consumer to believe that a man-made organic malerilll
is natural when it is not.
;
Nutural-Bnscd. Generally used to describe a mixture of materials tbAt includes some materials that may
be properly described as natural. Tbe portion that is natural is frequently undefined. The other portion may
be man-made pesticides or fertilizers.
Orgonlc.Based. Generally used to describe a mixture of materials that includes some organic materials. The
portion of the product that is both organic and natural is frequently undefined. The other portion may be
man-made pesticides or fertilizers.
It is important to understand that "natural" or "organic" products are not free from risk.
If any of the above terms arc used by yonr lawn care professional, nsk what they mean. You also may want to
nsk some of the following questions:
Do the products used or services rendered contain or use any materials that are subject to EP A regulation
and registration? (Any product claiming to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pest (insect, weed or
disease, etc.), requires state and EPA registration and is classified as a pesticide.)
Are these materials man-made or nnturnlly occurring?
Arc weed, insect and diseose controls a part of the product or service?
What proportion or percentage (25 percent, 50 percent?) of the nctive ingredienls and of the totnl
applications are man-made materials?
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Summary: Reference No.2
This document from the Iowa Department of Agriculture and
' Land Stewardship summarizes Iowa regulations affecting commercial
application of turf chemicals and other pesticides including
certification of applicators and continuing education, record
keeping, containment at mixing and storage sites, licensing,
prenotification, and Placarding.
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PESTICIDE APPLICATOR CERTIFICATION
I.
Certification fee..
Commercial:
$30/1 year
$75/3 yeors
$10/1 year
$15/3 yeor
$15/3 years
Public:
Private:
2. Under direct supervision - limited.
3. Certification renewal is by examination every three years.
CERTIFIED HANDlER
I. Employee of 0 licensed applicator or dealer.
2. Handles pesticides In other than unopened containers for the purposes of:
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a. Preparing, mixing or loading/unloading pesticides for application by another person.
b. Repackaging bulk pesticides.
c. Disposing of, pesticide-related wastes, including containers.
PESTlCID€ USE RECOMMENDATIONS
Employer is now responsible for employees making pesticide use recommendations which ore contrary to label
instructions.
PRIVATE GOLF COURSES
Employees of private golf courses who a~ply pesticides sholl comply with the some requirements for employees
applying pesticides for public golf courses including but not limited to certification and notification
requirements.
PRIVATE CERTIFICATION . FUMIGATION
All private applicators purchasing or applying restricted use fumigants ore required to pass ~ category 7C
(fumigation) exam In addition to the private certification exam.
CONTINUING EDUCATION
I. Individuals certified In 7A, 76 or 7C .6 hours required.
2.
All other categories require 4 hours In 1990, 1991 and 1992-
Deglnnlng In 1993 and thereafter 6 hours ore required for 011 commercial applicators.
Carryover will be allowed. ~... ,I. 11(./ . ,:, / !t ,.' :/. l' .,.'-
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Persons certified for the first time ore exJmpI the (lrst year.
3.
4.
5.
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COMMERCiAl APPliCATOR RECORDS
I. Nome and license number of company.
2. Nonie and address of landowner or cuslomer.
3. location of applicafion.
4. Dole of application.
S. Trade nome of pesficjd~~) used.
,6. Tolal quanllty of pesllcide used and concentration or role of appllcollon.
7. Temperalure, wind direcllon and esfimated wind speed.
e. Specifie use of any reslricted use pesllcide.
9. Maintain records for 3 years.
CONT Alt>I::R DtSPOSAl
Triple rinse conlainers and dispose of In a sonilary landfill.
TRIPLE RINSE PROCEDURE
I. Drain for 30 secondSj
2. Add salven I, usually waler -10% of volume;
3., Agitate. Drain for 30 seconds.
4. Repeat en lire procedure two more limes.
S. Puncture container then toke 100 landfill.
.-DNR Solid Waste Hierarchy
BLtK REPACKAGING
I. EPA establishment reglstrallon number.
2. Bulkl More than SS gallons.
J. Annual report to EP A.
4. Dealer authorlzallan.
5. All buik repaCkaging must toke place at 0 registered establishmenl.
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT
I.
Fermanent bulk storage tanks ore required to be diked.
Mixing/loading arees 01 permanent mixing/loading sites ore required to be contained.
Permanent mixing/loading site. Site where pullcides ore stored for more Ihan 30 days and where more
Ihon 300 go lions or 300 poonds 0' pesllcides ore mixed or repackaged.
2.
3.
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PLACARD - RIGHT.Of-WAY
Wordino:
I.
Nome and telephone number of applicator or business.
2. "This area chemically treated. Keep art."
Measurements:
I.
2.
3.
Placard:
10 x 12 inches minimum.
Lettering:
I Inch minimum, contrasting colors, block letters.
Must project 2 feet above gross or 3 feet to top of sign.
Minimum of one sign 01 beginning and end of each block In
residential areas,
Placemenl:
4.
Other:
Minimum of one sign 01 beginning l>ld end of area treated.
PLACARD. GOLF COUlSES
Wordino:
I.
Nome and lelephane number of applicator or golf course.
2. "Pesticides ore periodically applied to the golf course. If desired, you may
conlact your gal f course superintendent or person In charge for further
Information."
Measurements:
I.
2.
Placard:
8 1/2 x II inches minimum.
1/2 Inch minimum.
Lettering:
3. Place near first 'ee of each nine-hole course.
PRENOTIFICATION
i. Upon rOlluest to the applicalor any person may receive prior notification when pesticides ore applied 10
adjacent properties.
2. Upon rOlluest the appllealar sholl provide notification at least the day before scheduled pesticide
application. ,
3. Notification sholl be mode In writing, In person or by lelephone disclosing dote and lime of application.
4. If Individual cannot be reached, lhe applicator sholl leave written notice 01 residence prior 10 application.
PUlLIC PEST CONTROl. PROGRAMS
Exempt from posting rOllulremenls provided that Intended dotes, time and locations Ore announced 24 hours
prior 10 application, Announcement sholl be mode on radio, TV orin Ihe newspaper. An alternative to public
announcement Is 0 prenotification registry.
PRENOTiFICATION. REGISTRY
I.
Registry maintained by 0 municipality of persons rOlluesllng to receive prior notification and updaterl
annually. '
Registry sholl list nome, addrell and telephone number where occupant may be reached during buslnel$
hours.
2.
3.
Registry sholl be mode ovallabl~ to commercial public applicators.
Municipality may choose to make arrangements for shutoffs.
4.
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CANCELED, SUSPENCED, BAN/>€O PESTICIDES
alar
chlordane
dlnaseb
EDB
2,4,5-T
heplachlar ,
DOT
diazinan - golf course, sod farms
toxaphene. all uses except dip vat
lindane - smoke or vaporize"
PESTICIDES RECENTLY REClASSIFIED AS RLf'
bramaxynil
alachlar
cyanaz ine
creosole
inorganic arsenicals (CCA and ACA)
penlachlaraph,nal (PCP)
NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
i. R..identiallawns.
2. Parks, playgrounds and alhlelic fields.
3. Public right-of-ways.
4. Public pest control programs.
5. Golf cau"es.
PLACARD - RESIDENTIAL LAWNS
Wardina:
I.
Name and telephone number of applicator or busin....
2. "This area chemically treated. Keep off. Do not remove sign far twenty-four
hours."
Measurements:
I.
2.
3.
Placard:
4 x 5 inches minimum. weather r..istant.
3/8 inch minimum, contrasting colors, block lellers,
Must project 12 Inch.. above top or gross or 18 Inch.. to top
of sign.
Setween 2 and 5 reet from sidewalk and bock lot line, if '
bcckyard is open.
Lellering:
Placemenll
PARKS, PlAYGROUNDS, ATH.ETIC FIELDS AND SIMILAR AREAS
Wordina:
I.
Name and telephone number or applicator.
2. "This area chemically treafed. Keep off. Do not remove sign for twenty-four
hours. II
Measurements:
I.
Placardl
Lelleringl
Placement:
4 x 5 Inches minimum, weather r..lstant.
3/8/nch minimum, contrasting colors, block Ie lie",
MUlt project 12 Inches above gross line or 18 inch.. to fop of
sign.
2.
3.
Pall Immediately adjacent to areas treated or near
entrances.
POI' in conspicuous manner to provide reasonable
notification.
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PROGRAM APPROVAL
Sponsor submits request to lowc Deportment of Agriculture and Land Stewardship ct least ten days prior to
program date clcng with:
I. Time, dale and place progrQm is to be held.
2. Program oulline listing topics to be covered, amount of time devoted to each topic and principal
instructors.
3. List of training aids used Qnd their producer or Quthor,
4. Esllmated number Qf allendees.
S. .AII CEU cerllficQte of Qllendance forms will be supplied by the Iowa Department of Agriculture ond LQnd
Stewardship.
PESTICIC); DEALER LICENSE
I. Sell any amount Qf restricted use peslleides.
2. Sell more than $10,000 of pestic1deslabeled for agricultural or lawn and garden use.
3. License period: July I through June 30.
4. Annual fee based on O. I percent of tatal annuol sales Qf ALL pesticides said.
S. Minimum annual license fee Qf $25.
C);Al.ER LICENSE ~ AJoIolUAL REPORT
I. LIcense period is fram July I through June 30.
2. Repart is due Octaber I.
3. Report shall list the full trade nome. EPA reglstratian number and gross retail sales fQr each pesticide
with sales Qf $3000 or more.
4. Report shall list tQtal dollar amount for all retQII pes lie ide sales.
S. LQte penolty:
2 percent Qfter October I
4 percent after November I
5 percent after December I and
5 percent addillonal for eQch month following.
RlJ' SAlES RECORDS
I. Name Qnd address Qf purchaser.
2. Certlficallon number and expirotian date. Certification cQtegarles.
3. ProducttrQde name.
4. Quantity.
5. Date of transacllan.
SAlES TO NONCERTIFIEO API'lICA TOR
I.
Name and address Qf cerllfied applicator for whom purchase was made.
Name and oddress Qf purchaser.
2.
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PESTICIDE BUREAU PHQIo,E NUMBERS
CEU PROGRAM REGISTERING/CLASS INFO. . ........... ......... . .........515.281-4339
COMMERCIAL LICENSING/CERTIFICATION. . ......... ... ..... .............515.281.5601
S'alus of, Cerm/catlan .,alus
5'atus of: CEU.
S'atu, of: Company license
Sta'u, of: Containment
DEALER LICENSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 I 5.281.560 I
. ENFORCEMENT...... I........ '" "'" ...... II" "' ............ "", "' I 5IS.2BI.J~81
,Inquire about status of 0 specific co.e
Regi.ter 0 complaint
Pesticide investigators
Sampling questions and .tatus
Low regarding secondary canlainment
PRIVATE CERTIFICATION... III f. .., II....... I I...... .,... I II t. I. I" ',1515.281..433,9
PRODUCT REGISTRATION/STOP SALES ...................................515.281-4339
GENERAL. ............... "' t... . .... I I....... I...... 1.1.... 1.......515..281-8591
OFFICE HOURS 8 A.M. TO 4,30 P.M.
MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY
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Summary: Refe~~nce No.3
"
Chapter 206 of the Iowa code spells out laws affecting
'pesticide sale and use in Iowa, including registration of
products, distribution' and sale, licensing of pesticide dealers,
certification of pesticide applicators, surety bond or insurance
requirements, reports of accidents, record keeping requirements,
confiscation of products violating regulations, and penalties.
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~206.3 - Criminal sanctions for violation of Ch~pter.
206.5 - Certification procedures.
206.12 - pesticide registration requirements.
206.13 - Surety bonds/insurance requirements regarding
commercial applicators.
206.14 Pesticide reporting procedures.
206.15 - Commercial applicator record-keeping requirements.
206,22 - sanctions/penalties.
206.31 - Regulation of structural pest control applicators.
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Ch 206, PESTICIDES
206.1
206.2
206.3
200.4,
206.5
206.6
206.7
206.8 '
206.9
206.10
206.1I
206.12
206.13
206.14
206.15
Tille of Act.
Definitions.
Examination and orders.
Classification of licenses.
. Certification requirements - 'rules.,
License for commercial applicators,
Certified applicators. "
, Pesticide dealer license.
Co.operative agreements. '-,
Licanse renewals - delinquent fee.
Distribution or aale of pesticides.
Registration.
Surety bond or insurance required of commercial
applicator. .
Reports of pesticide a"idents, incidenlJl or loss.
Liccnsee to keep records.
206.1 Tille of Act.
This chapter sholl be known and may be cited os
the "Pesticide Act of IOWa".
IC66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81. ~206.IJ
206.2. Definitions.
When used in this chapter: '
I. The term "pesticide' shall mean (0) any sub.
stance or mixture of substances intended for pre.
venting, destroying, repelling, or mitigating directly
or indirectly any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi,
weeds, and other forms of plant or animal life or vi.
ruses, except viruses on or in living persons, which
the sccretary sholl declare to be 0 pest, and (b) any
substances intended for use as a plant growth regula.
tor, defoliant or desiccant.
. 2. The term "device' means any instrument or
contrivance intended for trapping, destrOying, repel.
ling, or mitigating insects, birds, or rodents or de.
stroying, repelling, or mitigating fungi, nematodes,
weeds or such other pests os may be designated by
the secretary. but not including equipment used for
the application of pesticides when aold separately
therefrom,
3. The term "plant grolUth regulator' means any
substance or mixture of substances intended,
through physiological action, for accelerating or reo
tarding the rate of growth or rate of maturation, or
for otherwise altering the behavior of ornamental or
crop plants or the produce thereof, but ahall not in;
clude substances to the extant that they are intended
as plant nutrients, trace elements, nutritional chemi.
cals, plant inoculants, and soil amendments.
---
!30f)d.
1679
CHAPTER 206
PESTICIDES
Sft abo reference In 1200.7
, ,
206,16
206.17
206.18
206.19
206.20 '
206.21
206.22,
206.23 ..,
206.24
206,25
206.26
206.31
206.32
206.33
Confiscation.
Reciprocal agreement.
Exception to penalties.
Rules. ,
R1stricted uae pesticides classified.
Secretory ,of agriculture - duties.
Penalties.
Advisory commillee ciealed :... duties.
Agricultural initiative.
Pesticide containers dispossl.
through 206,30 Reserved.
Application of pesticides for atructural pest con.
trol.'. , ,
Chlordane - prohibition,
Daminozide - prohibition.
.4. The term "ingredient statement' means ei.
ther:' '
a. A statement of the neme and percentage by
weight of each active ingredient, together with the
total percentage of the inert ingredients. in the pesti.
cide. ,
b. When the pesticide contains arsenic in any
form, the ingredient statement shall also include per.
centages of total and watenoluble arsenic, each cal.
culated as elemental arsenic.
5'. ,The term "active ingredient~ means: ,
a. ,In the case of a pesticide other th'an a plant
growth regulatar, defoliant or desiccant, an ingredi.
ent which will prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate in.
sects, nematodea, fungi, rodents, weeds, or other
pests.. ..
b. In the case of a plant growth regulator, an in.
gredient which, through physiolOgical action, will ae.
celerate or retard the rate of growth or rate of
maturation or otherwise alter the behavior of orna.
mental or crop plants or the produce thereof.
c. In the case of a defoliant, an ingredient which
will Cause the leaves or foliege to drop from a plant.
d. In the case of a desiccant, an ingredient which
will artificially accelerate the drying of plant tissue.
6, The term "inert ingredient"meons an ingredi.
ent which is not an oetive ingredient.
7. The term "antidotc'means tlle .nost practical
immediate treatment in case of poisoning and in.
cludes first aid treatment.
8. The term "person' means any individual,
partnership, association, corporation, or organized
group of persons whether incorporated or not.
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1679
9. Reserved.
10, Reserved.
11. The term 'registrant' means the person reg.
istering any pesticide or device or who has obtained
a certificate of license from the department pursuant
to the provisions of this ehapler. ' , .
12, 'Commercial opplicator' means a person,
corporatian, or employee of a person or corporation
who enters into a contract or an agreement for the
sake of monetary payment and agrees to perform a
service by applying a pesticide but does not include
a farmer trading work with another, a person em.
ployed by a farmer not solely as a pesticide applica.
tor who applies pesticide as an incidental part of the
person's general duties, or a person who applies pes.
ticide as an incidental part of a custom farming oper-
ation.
13. The term 'label' means the written, printed,
or graphic matter on, or attaehed ta, the pestieide or
device, or the immediate container thereof, and the
outside container or wrapper of the retail package,
if any there be, of the pesticide or device.
14. The term 'labeling' means all labels and
other written, printed or graphic matter:
a. Upon the pesticide or device ,or any of its con.
tainers or wrappers.
b. ' Accompanying the pesticide or device at any
time. " '
c. To which reference is made on the label or in
literature accompanying the pesticide or device, ex-
cept when accurate, nonmisleading referenee is
made to current official publications of the United
States department of agriculture or interior, the
Unitcd States publie health service, the state agricul.
tural experiment stations. the Iowa State University,
the Iowa department of publie health, the depart.
ment of natural resources, or other similar federal
institutions or official agencies of this state or other
states authorized by law to conduet research in the
field of pesticides.
15. The term 'adulterated' shall apply to any
pesticide if its strength or purity falls below the pro.
fessed standard or quality as expressed on labeling
or under which it is sold, or if any substance has been
substituted wholly or in part for the article, or if any
valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or
in part abstraeted. ,
16, The term 'misbranded'shall apply:
a. To any pesticide or device if its labeling bears
any statement, design or graphic representation rei.
ativa thereto or ta its ingredients which is false or
misleading in any particular. '
b. To any pesticide:
(I) If it is an imitation of or is offered for sale
under the name of another pesticide., ,
(2) .. If its labeling bears any reference to registra-
tion under this ehapter, when not so registered.
(3) If the labeling accompanying it does not con-
tain directions for use which are necessary and if
complied with adequate for the protection of the
public.
\ .,~''. \. (4) If the Inbel does not conlnin a warning orcau-
~JI...A,.,'.
..... MIll".......
PESTICIDES, 1206.2
..
tion statement which may be necessary and if com.
plied with adequate to prevent injury to living per.
sons and other vertebrate animals.
(5), If the label does not bear an ingredient state.
ment on that part of the immediate container and on
the outside container or wrapper, if there is to be
one, through whieh the .ingredient statement on the
immediate container cannot be clearly read, of the
retail package which is presented or displayed under
customary conditions of purchase.
(6) If any word, statement, or other information
required by or under,authority,of this chspter to ap.
pear on the label or labeling is not prominently
placed tbereon with such conspicuousness as eom.
pared with other words, statements, designs, or
graphic matter in the labeling and in such terms as
to render it likely to be read and understood by the
ordinary individual under customary conditions of
purchase and use.
(7) If in the case of an inseeticide, nematocide,
fungicide, or herbicide when used as directed or in
accordance with commonly recognized practice it
shall be injurious to living persons or other verte.
brate animals, or vegetation, except weeds, to which
it is applied, or to the person applying such pesticide.
(8) If in the case of a plant growth regulator, de.
foliant, or desiccant when used as directed it shall be
injurious to living mnn or other vertebrate animals,
or vegetatian to which it is applied, or to the person
applying such pesticide; provided, that physieal or
physiological effects on plants or parts thereof shall
not be deemed to be injury, when this is the purpose
for which the plant growth regulator, defoliant, or
desiccant was applied, in accordance with the label
claims and recommendations.
17.. 'Certified opplicator' means any individual
who is certified under this chapter as authorized to
use any pestieide.
18. 'Certified private applicator' means a certi.
fied applieator who uses or supervises the use of any
pestieide which is classified for restricted use on
property owned or rented by the applicator or the
applicator's employer or, if applied without eompen.
sation other than trading of personal services be.
tween producers of agrieultural commodities, on the
property of another person.
19. 'Certified commercial applicator' means a
pesticide applicator or individual who applies or uses
a pestieide or device on any property of another for
compensation.
20. 'Public applicator' means an individual who
, applies pesticides as an employee of a state ageney,
county, municipal corporation, or other governmen.
tal agency. This term does not inelude employees
who work only under the direct supervision of a pub.
Iic applicator.
21. The term 'distribute' meens to offer for sale,
hold for sale, sell, barter. or supply pesticides in this
state. ' '
22. The'term 'hazard' means a probability that
a given pesticide will have nn adverse effect on man
or the environment in a given situiltion, the relative 155 ~
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1206.2, PESTICIDES
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likelihood of danger or ill effect being dependent on
a number of interrelated factors present at any given
time.
23. The term 'permit' means a written certifi.
este, issued by the secretary or the seereUiry's agent
under rules adopted by the department authorizing
the use'of eertain state restricted use pesticides.
24. The term .'pesticide dealer' means any per.
non who distributes restricted use pesticides; pesti.
cide for use by eommereial or public' pesticide appli.
cators; or general use pesticides labeled for
agricultural or lawn and garden use with the excep.
tion of dealers whose gross annual pesticide sales are
less than ten thousand dollars for each business loca.
tion owned or operated by the dealer.
25. The term 'restricted use pesticide" means
any pesticide restricted as to use by rule of the aecre.
tary as adopted under section 20G,20. '
2G. 'Stote restricted use pesticide' means a pes.
tieide whieh is restricted for sale, use, or distribution
under section 455B.491. ,
27. The term 'under the direct supervision of'
means the act Dr process whereby the application of
a pesticide is made by a competent person acting
under the instructions and control of a certified ap.
plicator Dr a state licensed commercial applicator
who is available if and when needed, even though
such certified applicator is not physically present at
the time and place lhe pesticide is applied,
28. The term 'unreasonable adverse effects on
the enoironment' means any unreasonable risk to
man or the environment, taking into account the
economic, social and environmental costs and bene.
lits of the use of any pesticide.
29. 'Chlordane' means 1,2,4,5,G,7,8,8.octa,
chloro.4; 7. methano.3a,4, 7,7 a.tetrahydroindane;
Octo klor: 10G8; VelsicollOG8; Dowklor.
[C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, ~3182; C4G, 50, 54, 58, G2,
~20G.1; CGG, 71, 73,75, 77, 79, 81, ~20G.21
83 Aets, ch 101, 134; 8G Aets, ch 1245, ~G43; 87
Acts, ch 225, ~209-213: 87 Acts, ch 177, ! 1; 88 Acts,
ch 1197, ~1
Ful1h"d.finlllonl....1189,1
206.3 Examination nnd orders.
The examination of pesticides and those products
to which pesticides have been applied for the eontent
of pestieida residues shall be made under the direc.
tion of the secretary, or the secretary's authorized
representative, for the purpose of determining
whether they comply with the requirements of this
chapter and rules adopted under this chapter. If it
shall appear from such examination that a peaticide
fails to comply,with the provisions of this chapter,
and the seeretary, or the seeretnry's authorized rep-
resentative, contemplates instituting criminal pro.
ceedings against any person, the secretary or repre.
sentative shall cause notice to be given to such
person. Any person sa notilied shnll be given an op-
portunity to present the person's views, either orally
or in writing, with regard to sueh contemplated pro.
If>du
ceedings and if thereafter in the opinion of the secre.
tary, or authorized representative, it shall appear
that the provisions of the chapter have been violated
by such person, then the seeretary or euthorized rep.
resentative msy refer the faets to the county attor.
ney for the county in which the violation shall have
occurred with s copy of the results of the analysis or
the examination of such article; provided, however,
that nothing in this chapter shall be construed as reo
quiring the secretary or representative to report for
prosecution or for the institution of proceedings in
minor violations of the chapter whenever the secre.
tary or representative believes that the public inter.
ests will be best served by a suitable notice of warn.
ing in writing.
[CGG, 71, 73, ~20G.7; C75, 77,79,81, !20G.3j
20G.4 Classification of licenses.
1. The secretary may classify or subclassify certi.
fications or licenses to be issued under this chapter.
Each classification shall be subject to separete test.
ing procedures and requirements. However, no per.
son shall be required to pay an additional license fee
if such person desires to be licensed in one or all of
the license c1assifieetions provided for by the secre.
tary under the authority of this section.
2. The secretary in promulgating rules under this
chapter shall prescribe standards for the eertifica.
tion of applicators of pesticides. In determining
these standards the seeretary shnll take into eonsid.
eration standards of the United States environmen.
tal protection agency and is authorized to adopt by
rule these standards, "
[C75, 77, 79, 81, ~20G.41
206,5 Certification requirements - rules.
1. A commercial or public applicator shcll not
apply any pesticide and a person shall not apply any
restricted use,pestieide without first complying with
the certification requirements of this chapter and
such other restrictions as determined by the seere.
tary. '
2. The secretary shall adopt, by rule, require.
ments for 'the examination, reexamination, and cer.
tification of applicants.
3. Commercial applicators shall choose between
one-year certification fcr which the applicator shall
, pay a thirty dollar fee or three.year eertifieation for
whieh the applicator shall pay a seventy.live dollar
fee. Public applicators are exempt from the thirty
and seventy.five dollar certification fees' and instead
arc subject to a ten.dollar annual certification fee or
a fifteen dollar fee for a three.year certification. The
commereial, pub lie, or private applicator shall be
tested prior to initial certification. In addition, a
commercial, publie, or private applicator shall be reo
examined every three years following initial certifi.
cation before the applicator is eligible for a renewal
of certification. However, a commercial, public, or
private applicator need not be certified to apply pes.
ticides for a ~eriod of twenty.one days from the date
/55fJ
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,1681
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of initial employment if the commercial, public, or
private applicator is under the direct supervision of
a certified applicator. For the purposes of this sec.
tion, 'under the direct superuision of' means that
the application of a pesticide is made by a competent
person acting under the instructions and control of
a certified applicalor who is physically present, by
being in sight or hearing di,slance of the supervised
person. , ,
4. A commercial applicator who applies pesti.
cides to agricultural land may, in lieu of the require.
ment of direct supervision, elect to be exempt from
the certificstion requirements for a commercisl ap.
plicator for a period of twenty.one days, if the appli.
eator meets the requirements of a private applicator.
The test shall inelude, but is not limited to, the area
of safe handling of agricultural chemicals and the ef.
fects of these chemicals on groundwater, The seere.
tary shall also adopt, by rule, the criteria for the
allowance of the selection of the written or orsl ex.
amination by a person requiring certification.
5. A person employed by a farmer not solely as
a pesticide applicator who applies restricted use pes:
ticides as an incidental part of the person's general
duties or a person who applies restricted use pesti.
cides as an incidental part of a eustom farming oper.
ation is required to meet 'the' certification
requirements of a private applicator.
6. An employee of a food processing and'distri.
bution establishment is exempt from the certifica.
tion requirements of this section provided that at
least one person holding a supervisory position is
certified and provided that the employer provides a
prOgram, approved by the department, for training,
testing, and certification of persorinel who apply, as
an incidental part of their duties, any pesticide on
property owned or rented by the employer. The sec.
retary shall adopt rules to administer the provisions
of this paragraph. ,
7. An employee of a food processing and distri.
bution establishment is exempt from the' certifica.
tion requirements of this seetion provided that at
least one person ,holding a supervisory position is
certified and provided that the employer provides a
program, approved by the department, for trainiog,
testing, and certification of personnel who apply, as
an incidental part of their duties, any pesticide on
property owned or rented by the employer, The sec.
retary shall adopt rules to administer the provisions
of this paragraph. ,
a. The secretary may adopt rules to provide for
license and certification adjustments. including fees,
which may be necessary to provida for an equitable
transition for licenses and certifications issued prior
to January 1,1989. The rules shall also include a pro.
vision for renewal of certification and for a thirty.
day renewal grace period. The secretary shall also
adopt rules which allow for illl exemption from eerti.
fication for a person who uses certain services nnd is
not solely a pesticide applicator, but who uses the
services as an incidental part of the person's duties.
[C75, 77, 79, aI, ~206.5J'
a7 Acts, ch 225, ~214; aa Acts, ch 1 169, ~2; aa Acls,
eh 1197, ~2: a9 Acts, ch 296, ~20
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PESTICIDES, 1206.6
206.6 ' License for commercial applicators.
I. Commercial applicator. No person shall en.
gage in the business of applying pesticides to the
lands or property, of another at any time without
being licensed by the secretary. The secretary shall
require an annual license fee of not more' than twen.
ty.five dollars [or each license. Application for a li.
cense shall be made in writing to the department on
a designated form obtained from the department.
Each application for a license shall contain informa.
tion regarding the applicant's qualifications and pra.
posed operations,' license classification or
classifications for whieh the applicant is applying.
A person who applies pesticides by use of an air.
eraft and who is licensed as an aerial commercial ap.
plieator in another state shall apply pesticides in
Iowa only under the direct supervision of a person
holding a valid IOIVa aerial commercial applicator's
license. The supervising aerial commercial appliea.
tor is jointly liable with the person who is licensed
as an aerial commercial applicator in another state
for damages. The supervising applicator shall imme.
diately notify the secretaiy of the commencement
and of the termination of service provided by the suo
pervised applieator. However,'a person licensed in
another state as an aerial commercial applicator may
operate independently if the person acquires an aeri.
al commercial applicator license from the secretary,
posts bond in an amount to be determined by the
secretary, and registers with the department of
transportation. The person is liable for damages.
2. Nonresident applicator. Any nonresident ap.
plying for a license under this chapter to operate in
the state shall file a written power of attorney desig.
nating the secretary of state as the agent of such
nonresident upon whom service of process may be
had in the event of any suit against said nonresident
person, and such power of attorney shall be so pre.
parad and in such form as to render effeetive the ju.
risdiction of the courts of this state over such
nonresident applicants. A ,nonresident who has a
duly appointed resident agent upon whom process
may be served as provided by law shall not be reo
quired to designate the secretary of state as such
agent. The secretary of state shall be allowed auch
fees as provided by law for designating resident
sgents. The secretary shall be furnished with a copy
of such designation of the secretary,of state or of a
resident agent, such copy to be certified by the secre.
tary of state.
3. Examination far eommercial applicator Ii.
cense. The secretary of agriculture shall not issue
a commereial applicator license until the individual
engaged in or managing the pesticide application
business and employed by the business to apply pes.
ticides is certified by passing an examination to demo
onstrate to the secretary the individual's knowledge
of how to apply pesticides under the classifications
the individual has applied for,' and the individual's
knowledge of the nature and elTect of pesticides the
individual may apply under such classifications. The
applicant successfully completing the certification
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1206.6, PESTICIDES
requirement shall be a licensed commercia! applica.
tor, . '. : " . '
4, ' Renewal of applicant's license. The aecretary
of agriculture shall renew any applicant's license
under the classifications for which such applicant is
licensed, provided that all of the applicant's person.
nel who apply pesticides are certified commercial ap' ,
plica tors. ": , '" " ,
5.' Issue commercial applicator license. If the sec.
retary finds the applicant qualified to apply pesti.'
cides in the elassifications for which the applicant
has applied and if the applicant files the bonds or in.
surance required under section 206.13, and if the ap.
plicant applying for a license to, engage in aerial
application of pesticides has met all of the require.
ments of the federal aviation administration, the de.
partment o'f transportation, and any other
applicable federal or state laws or regulations to op.
erate the equipment described in the application, the
secretary shall issue a commercial applicator license
limited to,the classifieations for which the applicant
is qualified, which shall expire at the end of the cal.
endar year of issue unless it has been revoked or sus.
pended prior thereto by the secretary for cause. The
secretary may limit the license of the applicant to the
use of certain pesticides, or to certain' areas, or to
certain types of equipment if the applicant is only so
qualified. If a license is not issued as applied for, the
secretary shall inform the applicant in writing ofthe
reasons. .
6. Public applicator. ,
a. All state agencies, counties, municipal corpo.
rations, and any other governmental agency shall be
subject to the provisions of this chapter and rules
adopted thereunder concerning the application of
pesticides, '"
b. Public applicators for agencies listed in this
subsection shall be subjcct to certification require.
ments as provided for in this section. The public ap.
plicator license shall be valid only when such
applicator is acting as an applicator applying pesti.
cides used by such entities. Government rescarch
personnel shall be exempt from this licensing reo
quirement when applying pesticides only to experi.
mental plota.' Public '. ageneies or municipal
corporations licensed pursuant to this section shall
be licensed public applicators, '. ,
c. Such ,agencies and municipal corporations
shall be subject to legal recourse by any person dam.
aged by sueh application of any pesticide, and such
action may be brought in tha county where the dam.
age or Borne part thereof occurred.
[C66, 71, 73, 1206.5; C75, 77, 79, 81, 1206.61
83 Aets, ch 101, 135, 36i 87 Acts, ch 225, 1215-217
. ..... ,
206,7 Certified applicators.' '..,:",
1. Rcquirement for certification.' A commercial
or public applicator shall not apply any pesticide
without first complying with the certification stan.
dards.
2. Certification standards. Certification stan.
dards shall be adopted by the secretary to determine
1582
, the individual's competence with respect to the ap.
plication and handling of the restricted use pesti.
eides. In determining these standards, the secretary
shall take into consideration the standards of the
United States environmental proteetion ageney,
3, ' Reasons for nal,qualifying. If the secretary
does not qualify the applicator under this seetion the
secretary shall inform the applicant in writing of the
reasons therefor.
[C75, 77,79, 81,'1206.71
87 Aets;'eh 225, ~218
208.8 Pestieide dealer lieense.
1. ' It shall be unlawful for any person to act in the
capacity of a pestieide dealer, or advertise as, or as.
sume to act as a pesticide dealer at any time without
first having obtained a license from the secretary
which shall expire at the end of the calendar year of
issue. A license shall be required for each location or
outlet located within this state from which such pes.
ticides are distributed. Any manufacturer, regis.
trant, or distributor who has no pesticide dealer
outlet licensed wi'thin this state and who distributes
such pesiicides direetly into this state shall obtain a
pesticide dealer license for the manufacturer's, regis.
trant's, or distributor's principal out.of.state loca.
tion or outlet.
2, A pesticide dealer shall pay the greater of a
minimum annual license fee of twenty. five dollars or
an annual license fee based on one. tenth of one per.
cent of the gross retail sales of all pesticides sold at
retail for use in this state by the pesticide dealer in
the previous year. The annual license fee shall be
paid to the department of agriculture and land stew.
ardship, beginning July 1, 1988, and July 1 of each
year thereafter. The secretary shall provide for a
ninety. day graee period for licensure and ahall im.
pose a late fee of two percent of gross retail sales
upon the licensure of a pestieide dealer applying for
licensure during the period July 2 through July 31,
a late fee of four percent of gross retail sales upon the
licensure of a pesticide dealer applying for licensure
during the month of August, and a late fee of five
percent of gross retail sales upon the licensure of a
pesticide dealer applying for licensure during the
month of September. A licensee shall pay a fee of
twenty.five dollars for the period July 1, 1987,
through June 30, 1988. '
The initial twenty.five dollars of each annual Ii.
cense fee shall be retained by the department for ad.
ministration of the program, and the remaining
moneya colleeted shall be deposited in the agricul.
ture management account of the groundwater pro.
tection fund.
3. Provisions of this section shall apply to a pes.
tieide applicator who sells pestieides as an integral
pnrt of the applicator's pesticide' application service,
or any federal, state, county, or municipal agency
whieh provides pesticides only for its own programs.
4. Application for a license required for manu.
faeturers and distributors who are not engnged in the
retail sale of pestieides shall be accompanied by a
156~
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1583
twenty-five dollar fee for each business location
within the state required to be licensed, and shall be
on a form prescribed by the secretary.
[C75, 77, 79, 81, fi20u.8]
87 Acts, ch 225, 9219, 220; 88 Acts, ch 1156, fi1
206.9 Co-operative agreemeats.
The secretary may eo.operate, receive grants. in.
aid and enter into agreements with any agency of the
federal government, of this state or its subdivisions,
or with any agency of another state, or trade associa-
tions to obtain assistance in the implementation of
this chapter and to do all of tbe following:
1. Secure uniformity of regulations.
2. Co-operate in the enforcement of the federal
pesticide control laws through the use of state or fed.
eral personnel and facilities and to implement co.
operative enforcement programs.
3. Contract for monitoring pesticides for the na-
tional plan.
4. Prepare and submitstate plans to meet federal
certification standards.
5. Regulate eertified applicators.
6. Davelop, in conjunction with the Iowa cooper-
ative extension service in agriculture and home eco-
nomics. courses available to the public regarding
pesticide best management practices.
ICu6, 71, 73, fi206.11; C75, 77, 79, 81, fi20u.9]
87 Acts, ch 225, fi221
206.10 License renewals - delinquent fee.
, If the application for renewal of any license pro.
vided for in this ehapter ia not filed prior to the first
of January in any year, a dalinquant fee of twanty-
five percent shall be assessed and added to the origi.
nal fee and shall be paid by the applicsnt before the
renewal license shall be issued. A delinquent fee shall
not apply if the applicant furnishes an affidavitcerti.
fying that the applicant has not applied pesticides
after the expiration of the applicant'a license. All Ii.
eenses issued under this ehapter shall expire Decem-
ber 31 eaeh year.
IC75, 77, 79, 81, 9206.10)
206.11 Distribution or sale of pesticides.
I: It shall be unlawful for any person to distrib;
ute, give, sell, or offer for sllle within this state or de-
liver for transportation or transport in intrastate
commerce or between points within this state
through any point outside this state any of the fol-
lowing:
a. Any pesticide which has not been registered
. pursuant to the provisions of section 206.12.
b. Any pesticide, if any of the claims made for it,
or if any of the directions for its use, differ in sub-
stance from the representations made in connection
with its registration. '
e. Any pestieide if the composition thereof dif.
fers from its composition as represented in con nee-
tion with its regiatration, unless within the
discretion of the secretary, or the secretary'a autho-
rized representntive, a chnnge in the labeling or for-
PESTICIDES, 1206.11
mula of a pesticide within a registration period, has
been authorized, without requiring a reregistration
of the product.
d. Any pesticide, unless itis in the registrant's or
the manufacturer's unbroken immediate container,
and there is affixed to such cantainer, and to the out.
side container or wrapper of the retail package, if
there be one through which the required information
on the immediate container cannot be elearly read,
a label bearing the following:
(1) The name and address of the manufacturer,
registrant, or person for whom manufactured.
(2) The name, brand, or trade. mark of said arti.
cle.
(3) The net weight or measure of the contents
subject, however, to such reasonable variations as
the secretary may permit.
(4) An ingredient statement as required in aec-
tion 206.12,
(5) The date of manufacture of products found
by tha sacretary to be subject to deterioration be-
cauae of age.
e. Any peslicide which contains any substance or
substances in quantities highly toxic to humans; de.
termined as provided in section 206.6, unless the
label shall bear, in addition to any other maller re-
quired by this ehapter:
(I) The skull and cross-bones.
(2) The word "poison' prominently, in red, on a
background of distinctly contrasting color.
(3) A statement of an antidote for the pesticide.
(4) Instructions for safe disposal of the container
when the used eontainer is found by the secretary
after publie hearing to be hazardous to humans or
other vertebrate animals.
{. Any standard lead arsenate, basic lead arse-
nate, calcium arsenate, magnesium arsenate, zinc ar-
senate, zinc arsenite, sodium fluoride, sodium
fluosilicate and barium fluosilieate unless sueh pesti.
cides have been distinctly colored or discolored as
provided by regulations issued in accordance with
this chapter; or any other white powder which the
secretary, or the secretary's authorized representa.
tives, after investigation of and after public hearing
on the necessity for such action for the protection of
the publie health and the feasibility of such color-
ation or discoloration, shall, by regulation, require to
be distinctly colored or discolored; unless it has been
. so colored or discolored; provided, that the secretary,
or authorized representative, may exempt any pesti-
cide to the extent that it is intended for a particular
use or uses from the coloring or discoloring required
or authorized by this section if the secretary or rep-
resentative determines that such coloring or discol-
oring for such uso or uses is not necessary for the
protection of the public health or safety.
C. Any pesticide which is adulterated or mis-
branded. '
2. It shall be unlawful:
a. For any person to dctnch, alter, deface, or de-
stroy in whole or in part, any label or labeling provid.
cd for in lhis chapter or the rules promulgated 1!J5C,
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hereunder, or to add any substance to, or take any
substance from a pesticide in a manner that may de.
feat the purpose of this chapter. ,
b. For any person to use for the person's own ad.
vantage or to reveal, other than to the secretary, or
officials or employees of the state or officials or em.
ployees of the' United States department of agrieul.
ture, or other federal agencies, or to the courts in
response to a subpoena, or to physicians, and in
emergencies to pharmacists and other qualified per.
sons for use in the preparation of antidotes, in accor.
dance with such directions as the secretary may
prescribe, any information relative to formulae of
products acquired by authority of section 206.12.
c. , For any person to interfere in any way with the
secretary or the secretary's duly authorized agents in
carrying out the duties imposed by this chapter.
3, It shall be unlswful:
a. To distribute any restricted use pesticide to
any person who is required by law or rules promul.
gated under such law to be certified to use or pur.
chase such restricted pesticides unless such person
or the person's agent, to who'm distribution is made,
is certified to use or purehase such reslrieted pesti.
eide. Subjeet to conditions established by the secre.
tory such certification may be obtained immediately
prior to distribution from any person designsted by
the secretary. , ,
b. For any person to use or cause to be used any
pesticide contrary to its labeling or to rules of the
state of Iowa if those rules ditrer from,or further reo
strict the usage. '. "
c. ,For any person to handle, transport, store, dis.
play, or distribute pestieides in such a manner as to
endanger human beings and their environment or to
endanger food, feed, or any ather produets that may
be transported, stored, displayed or distributed with
such pesticides. ' ,
d. For any person to dispose of"diseard, or store
any pesticides or pesticide containers in such a man-
ner as to cause injury to humans, vegetation, erops,
livestock, wildlife, pollinating insects. or to pollute
any water supply or waterway. ," ,.'.'
,4. The secretary may suspend an spplicator's Ii.
cense pending inquiry, and, after opportunity for a
hearing, to be held within ten days, may deny, sus.
pend, revoke or modify any provision of any license,
permit or certification issued under this ,chapter, if
the secretary finds that the applicant or', the holder.
of a license, permit or certification has committed
any of the following aets, each of which is declared
to be a violation of this chapter,,!iQwever, any Ii.
censed or unlicensed person shall be subject to the
penalties provided for by section 206.22. .
a. Made a pesticide recommendation or applica-
tion inconsistent with the labeling, ' ,
b. Applied known ineffective or improper mate-
rials,
c. Operated faulty or unsafe equipment.
d., Operated in afaulty, careless or negligent
manner.
e. Neglected or, after notice, refused to eomply
--
.1:"'&'&--.-.--
1584
with the provisions of this chapter, the rules adopted
hereunder, or of any lawful order of the secretary.
{. Refused or neglected to keep and maintain the
records required by this chapter, or to make reports
when and as required.
g, Made false or fraudulent records, invoice or
reports. ,
h. ,Refused or neglected to comply with any Iimi.
tations or restrictions on or in a duly issued license,
permit or certification.
i. Aided or abetted a licensed or an unlicensed
person to evade the provisions of this chapter, con.
spired with sueh a licensed or an unlicensed person
to evade the provisions of this chapter, or allowed
one's license, permit or certification to be used by an.
other person.
j. Made false or misleading statements during or
after an inspection concerning any infestation or in.
fection of pests found on land.
k. Impersonated any federal, state, county or
city inspector or official.
IC97, ~2588; SSI5, ~2588; C24, 27, 31, 35, 39, i
31B3, 31B4; C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, ~206.2, 206.3; C66,
71, 73, ~206.3; C75, 77, 79, BI, i206.11]
206.12 Registration.
I. Every pesticide which is distributed, sold, or
offered for ssle for use within this state or delivered
for transportation or transported in intrastate com.
meree between points within the state through any
point outside this state shall be registered with the
department of agriculture and land stewardship. All
registration of products shall expire on the thirty.
first day of December following date of issuance, un.
less such registration shall be renewed annually, in
which event expiration date shall be extended for
eaeh year of renewal registration, or until otherwise
terminated: provided that:
a. For the purpose of this chapter, fertilizers in
mixed fertilizer.pestieide formulations shall be con.
sidered as inert ingredients.
b. Within the discretion of the secretary, or the
secretary's authorized representative, a change in
the labeling or formulae of a pesticide may be made
within the current period of registration, without reo
quiring a reregistration of the produet, provided the
nama of the item is not changed.
2. The registrant shall file with the department
a statement containing:
a. The name and address of the registrant and
the name and address of the person whose name will
appear on the label, if other than the registrant.
b. The name of the pesticide.
c. An ingredient statement in which the accepted
common name and percentage by weight of each ae.
tive ingredient is listed as well as the percentage of
inert ingredients in the pestieides. A separate inert
ingredient statement containing the common name
of each inert ingredient listed in rank order occord.
ing to weight of each inert ingredient in the pesticide
shnll nlso be submitted to the secretary. Except as reo
quired by subsection 4, the registrant is not required
15Sfl
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1585
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to state the percentage composition or specific
weight of any inert ingredient within a pesticide. The
information required by this paragraph shall be sub.
mitted in a manner and' according to procedures
specified by the secretary.
Upon written request by the director of the de.
partment of natural resources, the secretary shall
provide e copy of the ingredient statement and inert
ingredient statement to the department. Upon writ.
ten request by the director of the center for health
effects of environmental eontamination, the secre.
tary shall provide a copy of the ingredient statement
and inert ingredient statement to the center. .
The identity of a specifie inert ingredient in a spe-
cific pesticide shall be treated as a confidential trade
secret if the following two conditions are met: the
registrant states, at the time of registration, that the
inert ingredient is a confidential trade secret; and
three or fewer registrants are using a partieular ae.
tive ingredient in a registered pesticide. The secre.
tary, the director of the department of natural
resources. and the director of the center for health
effects of environmental contamination shall treat
the presence of any inert ingredient in a particular
pesticide that meets the two conditions as confiden.
tial. This section does not prohibit research or moni.
toring of any aspeet of any inert ingredient. This
section does not prohibit tha public disclosure of reo
search, monitoring, or data relative to any inert in.
gredient so long as such disclosure does not link an
inert ingredient to a particular brand of pesticide
registered in this state.
d., ,A complete copy of the labeling accompanying
the pesticide and a statement of all claims made and
to be made for it including directions for use.
e. A full description of the tests made and results
thereof upon which the claims are based, ifrequested
by the secretary, In the case of renewal or reregistra.
tion, a statement may be required only with respect
to information whieh is different from that furnished
when the pesticide was registered or last rereg.
istered.
3, The registrant, before selling or offering for
sale any pesticide for use in this state, shall register
each brand and grade of such pesticide with the sec-
retary upon forms furnished by the secretary, and
the secretary shall set the registration fee annually
at one-fifth of one percent of gross sales within this
state with a minimum fee of two hundred fifty dol.
lars and a mllIimum fee of three thousand dollars for
each and every brand and grade to be offered for sale
,in this state except as otherwise provided. The annu.. ,
al registration fee for products with gross annual
sales in this atate of lass than one million five hun.
dred thousand dollars shall be the greater of two
hundred fifty dollars or one.fifth of one percent of
the gross annual sales as established by aJJjdavit of,
the registrant. The secretary shall adopt by rule ex-
emptions to the minimum fee. Fifty dollars of each
fee collected shall be deposited in the treasury to the
credit of the pesticide fund to be used only for the
i pUrpose of enforcing the provisions of this chapter
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PESTICIDES, 1206.12
and the remainder of each fee collected shall be
placed in the agriculture management account of the
groundwater protection fund.
4. The secretary, whenever the secretary deems
it necessary in the administration of this chapter,
may require the submission of tile complete formula
of any pestieide. If it appears to the secretary that
the composition of the article is such as to warrant
tbe proposed claims for it and if the article and its
labeling and other material required to be submitted
eomply with the requirements of this chapter, the
secretary shall register the article.
5.' If it docs not appear to the secretary that the
article is such as to warrant the proposed claims for
it or if the article and its labeling and other material
required to be submitted do not comply with the pro.
visions of this chapter, the secretary shall notify the
registrant of the manner in which the article, label-
ing, or other material required to be submitted fail
to comply with this chapter so as to afford the regis.,
trant an opportunity to make the necessary correc.
tions.
6. Notwithstanding' any other provisions of this
chapter, registration is not required in the case of a
pesticide shipped from one plant within this state to
another plant within this state operated by the same
person.
7. a. Each licensee under section 206.8 shall file
an annual report at the time of application for licen-
sure with the seeretary of agriculture in a form speci-
fied by the seeretary of agriculture and which
includes the following information:
(I) The gross retail sales of the pesticides sold by
the licensee at retail for use in this state.
(2) The individual label name and dollar amount
of each pesticide sold at retail for which gross retail
sales of the individual pesticide are three, thousand
dollars or more.
b. A person who is subject to the household haz.
ardous materials permit requirements, and whose
gross annual retail sales of pesticides are less than
ten thousand dollars for each business location
owned or operated by the person, shall report annu.
ally, the individual label name of an individual pesti.
cide for which annual gross retail sales are three
thousand dollars or more. The information shall be
submitted on a form provided to household hazard.
ousmaterials parmittees by the department of natu.
" ,ral resqurces, ,and the department of natural
resources shall remit the forms to the department of
agriculture and land stewardship.
e. Notwithstanding the reporting requirements
of this section, the secretary of agriculture m~y,
upon reeommendation of the advisory committee
created pursuant to section 206.23, and if the com.
mittee declares a pesticide to be a pesticide of special
concern, require the reporting of annual gross retail
sales of a pesticide. " '
d. A person who sells feed which contains a pes.
ticide as an'integral part of the feed mixture, shall
not be subject to the reporting requirements of this
section. Howaver, .a person w~o manufactures fee/55(,
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1206.12, PESTICIDES
which contains a pesticide as an integral part of the
feed mixture shall be subject to the licensing require.
ments of section 206.8. .
e, The information eollected and included in the
report required under this seetion shall remain con.
fidential. Public reporting eoncerning the informa.
tion collected shall be performed in a manner which
does not identify a specific brand name in the report.
[C66, 71, 73, ~206.4; C75, 77, 79, 81, ~206.12) ,
87 Acts, eh 225, ~222, 223; 88 Acts, eh 1156, ~2-4;
90 Acts, ch 1133, ~ I ... ..
Special report of Inert lnrrtdienu (onll.lnrd In pelt/tldu diltributcd, Klld,
orotferedforlalcftom IgMkl 1990;p(nlltyforullnrorrcvu/inrinfolltl.llion
aoreporud;90Acu,ch 1133, 12 ' ,
Subucllon 2, pilip_ph t amended
206.13 Surety bond or insurance required of
commereial applicator.
The secretary shall not issue a commereial appli.
cator's license as required in section 206.6 until the
applicant has furnished evidence of financial respon.
sibility with the secretary consisting either of a sure.
ty bond or a liability insurance policy or certification
thereof. Such surety bond or liability insurance poli.
cy shall provide coverage to pay on behalf of the in.
sured all sums which the insured shall become legally
obligated to pay as damages as a result of the pesti.
cide operations of the applicant. However, the surety
bond or .liability insurance policy will not apply to
damages or injury which are either expected or in.
tended from the standpoint of the insured. Any such
liability insurance policy shall be subject to the in.
surer's poliey provisions filed with and approved by
the commissioner of insuranee. The surety bond or
liability insurance policy submitted as evidence of fi.
nancial responsibility need not apply to damages or
injury' to agricultural crops, plants, or land being
worked upon by the applicant.'. ' ,
, The amount of the surety bond or liability insur.
ance as provided for in this section shall be not less
than fifty thousand dollars for property damage' and
public liability insurance, each separately. Such
surety bond or liability insurance shall be main. ,
tained at not Jess than that sum at all times during
the licensed period. The secretary shall be notified
ten days prior to any reduction at the request of the
applicant or cancellation of such surety bond or lia-
bility insurance by the surety or insurer. The total
and eggregate of the surety and insurer for all claims
shall be limited to the face of the bond or liability in.'
surance policy. .. " . " ' ,
[C75, 77, ,79, 81, ~206.13J ;,
"'206.14 Reports of pesticide accidents, Inci.
dents or loss." " ' "
I. The secretary may by rule require the report- .
ing of significant pesticide accidents or incidents to
a designated state ageney. '
2. Any persen claiming damages from a pesticide
application shall have filed with the seeretary on a
form prescribed by the secretary a written statcmcnt
c1niming that the person has been damagcd.
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a. This report shall have been filed within sixty
days after the alleged date that damages occurred. If
a growing crop is alleged to have been damaged, the
report must be filed prior to the time that twenty.
five percent of the crop has been harvested. Sueh
statement shall contain, but shall not be limited to
the name of the person allegedly responsible for the
applicstion of said pesticide, the name of the owner
or lesseo of the land on which the crop is grown and
for which damage is alleged to have occurred, and the
date on which the alleged damage Occurred.
,b. The secretary shall prepare a form to be fur.
nished to persons to be used in such cases and such
form shall contain such other requirements as the
secretary may deem proper. The secretary shall,
upon receipt of such statement, notify the licensee
and the owner or lessee of the land or other person
who may be charged with the responsibility of the
damages claimed, and furnish copies of such state.
ments as may be requested. The secretary shall in.
spect damages whenever possible and when the
secretary determines that the complaint has suffi.
cient merit the secretary shall make such informa.
tion available to the person elaiming damage and to
the person who is alleged to have caused the damage.
3., The filing of such a report or failure to give no.
tice shall not preclude recovery in an action for dam.
ages and shall not affect the limitations of actions set
forth in chapter 614. Nothing herein shall prohibit
an action for damages for bodily injury or death to
any person.
o. The filing of such report or the failure to file
such a report shall not be a violation of this chapter.
However, if the person failing to file such report is
the only one injured from such use or application of
a pesticide by others, the secretary may, when in the
public interest, refuse to hold a hearing for the deni.
ai, suspension or revocation of a license or permit is.
sued under this chapter until such report is filed.
b. Where damags is alleged to have occurred, ths
claimant shall permit the secretary, the licensee and
the licensee's representatives, such as surety or in.
surer, to observe within reasonable hours the lands
?r nont4rget organism alleged to have been damaged
, In order that such damage may be examined. Failure
of the claimant to permit such observation and ex.
amination of the damaged lands shall automatically
bar the elaim against the licensee.
4. The secretary shall require, by rule,that veter.
inarians licensed and practicing veterinary medicine
in the state promptly report to the department a ease
of domestic livestock poisoning or suspected poison.
ing by agricultural chemicals.
[C73, ~206.13, 455B.I02; C75, 77, ~206.14,
455B.102j C79, ~206.l4, 455B.132i C81, ~206.J4)
206.15 Llcensce to keep records.
The sccrstary shall require commercial applica-
tors and certified commercial applicators to main.
tain records with respect to application ofpcsticides.
Such relevant information ns the seeretary may
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1587
deem necessary may be specified by regulation. Such
records shall be kept for a period of three years from
the date of the application of the pesticide to which
such records refer, and the secretary shall, upon re"
quest in writing, be furnished with a copy of such reo
cords forthwith. ,
IC75, 77, 79, 81, ~206.151
'206.16 Confiscation.
1. Any pesticide or device that is distributed,
sold, or offered for sale within this state or delivered
for transportation or transported in intrastate com.
merce or between points within this state through
any point outside this state shall be liable to be pro.
ceeded against in any district court in any county of
the state where it may be found and seized for confis.
cation by condemnation.
a. In the ease of a pestiCide: '
(I) If it is adulterated or misbranded.
(2) If it has not been registered under the provi.
sions of section 206.12.' ,
, (3) If it fails to bear on its label the information
required by this chapter. ,
(4) Ifit is a white powder pesticide and is notcol.
ored as required under this chapter. '
, b. In the case of a device, if it is misbranded.
2. If the article is condemned, it shall, after entry
of decree, be disposed of by destruction or sale as the
court may direct and the proceeds if such article is
sold, less legal costs, shall be paid to the state trea.
surer; provided, that the article shall not be sold con.
trary to the provisions of this chapter; and, provided
further, that upon payment of costs and execution
and delivery of a good and sufficient bond condi.
tioned that the article shall not be disposed of unlaw.
fully, the court may direct that said artiele be
delivered to the owner thereof for relabeling or Ie'
processing as the case may be.
3, When a decree of condemnation is entered
against the article, court costs and fees and storege
and other proper expenses shall be awarded against
the person, if any, intervening BJI,claimant of the ar.
ticle, " .
. 4. When the secretary has reasonable cause to
believe a pesticide or device is being distributed,
stored, transported, or used in violation of any oflhe
provisions of this chapter, or of any of the prescribed
rules under this chapter, the secretary may issue and
serve a written "stop sale, use, or removal", order
upon the owner or custodian of any such pestieide or
device. If the owner or custodian is not available for
servics of the order, the secretary may attach the
order to the pestieide or device and notify the regis.
trant. The pesticide or deviee shall not be sold, used,
or removed until the provisions of this chapter have
been complied with and the pesticide or device has
been released in writing under conditions speeified
by the secretary or the violation has been otherwise
disposed of as provided in this chnpter by a court of
competent jurisdiction.
[C60, 71, 73, ~200.10; C75, 77, 79, 81, ~206.16)'
PESTICIDES, 1206.18'
200.17 Reciprocal agreement.
The secretary may waive all or part of the exami.
nation requirements provided for in seetions 206.6
and 206.7 on a reciprocal basis witb any otber state
which hss substantially the same standards.
IC75, 77, 79, 81, ~206.17]
,206.18 Exeeption to penalties,
1. ,The penalties provided for violations of sec.
tion 206.11, subsection 1, shall, not apply to:
a. Any carrier while Iswfully engaged in trans.
porting a pesticide within this state, if aueh carrier
shall, upon request, permit the secretary or the sec.
retary's designsted agent to copy all records showing
the transactions in and movement of the articles.
b. Public officials of this state and the federal
government engaged in the performance of their of.
fieial duties.
c. The manufacturer or' shipper of a pesticide for
experimental use only:
(I) By or under the supervision of an agency of
this state or of the federal government authorized by
law to conduct research in the field of pesticides. '
'(2) By others if the pesticide is not sold and if the
container thereof is plainly and conspicuously
marked "for experimental use only - not to be sold",
together with the manufacturer's name and address;
provided, however, that if a written permit has been'
obtained from the secretary, pesticides may be sold
for experimental purposas subject to such restrie.
tions and conditions as may be set forth in the per.
mit. '
2. No article shall be deemed in violation of this
chapter when intended solely for export to a foreign
country, and when prepared or packed according to
the specifications or directions of the purehaser, If
not so exported, all the provisions of this chapter
shall apply.
3. The provisions of section 200.0 relating to Ii.
censes and requirements for their issuance shall not
apply to any farmer applying pesticides for the faro
mer or with ground equipment or manually for the
farmer's neighbors; provided, that:
a. The farmer operates farm property and oper.
ates and maintains pesticide application equipment
primarily for the farmer's own use;
b. ""The farmer is not rsgularly engaged in the
business of applying pesticides for hire amounting to
, a principal or regular occupation and that the farmer
shall not publicly claim to be a pesticide applicator;
c. The farmer operates the pesticide application
equipment only in the vicinity of the farmer's own
property and for the accommodation of the farmer's
neighbors.
4. The licensing requirements of section 206.0
shall not apply to persons using hand.powered or
self'propelled equipment not exceeding seven and
one.half horsepower as determined by rules promul.
gated by the, department to apply pesticides to lawns,
or to ornamental shrubs and trees not in excess of
twelve feet high, as an incidental part of taking care
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1206,18, PESTICIDES
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of household lawns and yards provided, that such
persons shall not publicly hold themselves out as
being in the business of applying pesticides, and that
such persons do not apply restricted use pesticides
or state restricted use pesticides, restricted 10 use
only by certified applicators., ,
5. The provisions of seetion 206,6 relating to Ii.
censes and requirements for their issuance sholl not
apply to 0 doctor of veterinary medicine applying
pesticides to animals during the normal course of
veterinary practice; provided that the veterinarian is
not regularly engaged in the business of applying
pesticides for hire amounting to a principal or regu.
lor occupation or does not publicly claim 10 be a pes.
ticide applicator; and that the veterinarian does not
apply restricted use pesticides, or state restricted use
pesticides, restricted to use. by certified applicators
only,
. [C66, 71, 73, g206.8; C75, 77, 79,81, g206.I8]
206.19 Rules. ,
The deportment ahall, by rule, after public hearing
following due notiee:. .
1. Declare as a pest any form of plant or animal
life or virus which is unduly injurious to plants, hu.
mons, domestic animals, articles, or substances. ,
2. ; Determine the proper use of pesticides includ.
ing but not limited to their formulations, times and
methods of application, and other conditions of use.
3. Determine in cooperation with municipalities,
the proper notice to be given by 0 commereial or pub.
lie applicator to occupants of adjoining properties in
urban areas prior to or after the exterior application
of pesticides, establish a schedule to determine the
periods of application least harmful to living beings,
and adopt rules to implemen\ these provisions. Mu.
nicipalities sholl cooperate with the department by
reporting infractions and in implementing this sub.
section. ,
4. Adopt rules providing guidelines for publie boo
dies to notify adjacent property occupants regarding
the application of herbicides to noxious weeds or
other undesirable vegetation within highway rights.
of.way. . , ' ,
,5. Establish civil penalties for violations by com,
mercial applieators. " " , , ;',
[C66, g206.6; C71, g206.6, 206.12; C73, g206.I2,
455B.l02; C75, 77, g206.19, 455B.102; C79, g206.I9,
455B.132; C8I, g206.I9j .; "
87 Acts, eh 177, g2; 87 Acts, ch 225, g224; 88 Acts,
ch 1118, g2
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206.20 Restricted uso pesiicides clossificd. '
The secretary sholl determine, by rule, the pesti:
eides to be classified os restricted use pesticides. In
determining these rules the secretory sholl take into
consideration the pesticides classified as restricted
use by the United States environmental proteetion
agency and is authorized to adopt by reference these
classifications.
" [C75, 77, 79, 81, g206.20J
-~0- ~~.{~),.~~~CIS, c1~ 177, g~; 88 Acts, ch 1118, g3
1588
206.21 Sccretary of agriculture - duties.
1. The secretary is authorized, after public hear.
ing following due notice, to make appropriate rules
for carrying out the provisions of this chapter, in.
c1uding rules providing for the collection and ehemi.
cal examination of samples of pesticides or devices.
2. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions
and the requirements of this chapter and the rules
made and notices given pursuant thereto, the secre.
tary or the secretary's authorized agents, inspectors,
or employees may enter into or upon any place duro
ing reasonable business hours in order to take peri.
odic random samples for ehemical examinations of
pesticides and devices and to open any bundle, pack.
age or other container containing or believed to con.
tain a pesticide in .order to determine whether the
pesticide or device complies with the requirements
of this chapter. Methods of analysis shall be those
currently used by the Association of Official Agricul.
tural Chemists., ,
3, The secretary of agriculture, in eooperation
with the advisory committee created pursuant to
section 206.23, shall designate areas with a hislory
of concerns regarding nearby pesticide applications
as pesticide management areas. The secretary shall
adopt rules for designating pesticide management
areas.
IC66, 71, 73, g206.6; C75, 77, 79, 81, g206.21)
87 Acts, eh 225, g 225
206.22 Penalties.
1. Any person violating section 206.11, subsee.
tion 1, paragraph '0 ", shall be guilty of a simple mis.
demeanor.
2. Any person violating any provision of this
chapter other than section 20G.II, subseetion 1,
paragraph '0', shall be guilty of a serious misdemea.
nor; provided, that any offense committed more than
five yeara afUir a previous conviction shall be consid.
ered a first offense; and provided, further, that in any
case where a registrant was issued a warning by ,the
aeeretary pursuant to the provisions of this ehapter,
aueh registrant shall upon conviction of a violotion
of any provision of this ehaptar other than section
206.11, subscetion 1, paragraph 'a', be guilty of a se.
rious misdemeanor; und the registration of the arti.
cle with reference to which the violation occurred
',.. shall terminaUi automatieally. An article, the regis.
tration of which has been terminated, may not again
be registered unless the artiele, its labeling, and other
material required to be submitted appear to the see.
retary to comply with all the requirements of this
chapter,
3. Notwithstanding any other provisions of the
section, in case any person, wilh intent to defraud,
uses or reveals information relative to formulae of
products acquired under authority of section 206.12,
the person shall be guilty of a serious misdemeanor.
[C6G, 71, 73, g206.9; C75, 77, 79, 81, g206.22]
Appliullonofpt'nlltYfllDvlllllnllnconntctlllnwllhlptt'l.l,tjlurl.oflnut
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1689
206.23 Advisory committee ereated - duo
ties.
I. An advisory committee to the secretary is ere.
ated. The advisory committee shall have the follow.
ing members:
o. The dean, college of veterinary medicine, Iowa
State University of science and technology, or the
dean's designee;
b. The dean, college of medicine, University of
Iowa, or the dean's designee;
c. An entomologist, botanist, geneticist, horti.
culturist, agronomist and two persons representing
the general puhlic appointed by the secretary. Ap.
pointive members of the advisory commitlee shall
serve terms of four years.
2. The advisory committee shall assist the secre.
tary in obtaining scientific data and co.ordinating,
agrieultural chemical regulatory, enforcement, re.
aeareh, and educational functions of the state. The
advisory committee shall recommend rules regard. ,
ing the sale, use, or disuse of agricultural chemicals
to the secretory.
3, The advisory committee shall adopt rules reo
lating to its procedures, and meelings under the gen.
eral supervision of the secretary.
4. The members of the advisory committee shall
be reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses in.
curred by them in the discharge of their official duo
ties.
IC81, i206.23]
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206.24 Agricultural initiative.
A program of education and demonstration in the
area of the agricultural use of fertilizers and pesti.
cides sholl be initiated by the secretary of agriculture
on July 1, 1987, The secretory shall coordinate the
activities of the state regarding this program..' ,
Education and demonstration programs shall pro.
mote the widespread adoption of management prac.
tices which protect groundwater. The programs may
include but ore not limited to prOgrams targeted to.
word the individual form owner or operator, high
school and college students, and groundwater users,
in the areas of best management practices, current
research findings, and health impsets. Emphasis
ahall be given to programs whieh enable these per.
sons to demonstrate best management practices to
their peers. '
87 Acts, ch 225, i226
206.25 Pestlcldo containers disposal.
The deportment of agrieulture and land steward.
ship, in cooperation with the enviranmental protec.
tion division of the deportment of natural resources,
shall develop a program for handling used pesticide
containers which reflects the state salid waste man-
agement policy hierarchy, and sholl present the pro-
gram developed to the general assembly by February
1, 1988.
87 Acts, ch 225, i227
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PESTICIDES, 1206.31
206.26 through 206.30 Reserved.
206.31 Application of pesticides for strue-
tural pest eontrol.
1. Definitions. Notwithstanding section 206.2, as
used in this chapter with regsrd to the application of
pesticides used for structural pest control:
a. "Commercial applicator' means a person, or
employee of a person, who enters into a contract or
on agreement for the sake of monetary payment and
,agrees to perform a service by applying a pesticide
. or servicing a device but sholl not include 0 former
trading work with another.
b. "Public applicator" means an individual who
applies pesticides os on employee of a state agency,
county, municipal corporation, or other governmen.
tal agency.
c. 'Structurol pest control" means controlling
any pests in, on, or around food handling establish.
ments; human dwellings; institutions such as schools
'and hospitals; industrial establishments, including
warehouses and grain elevators; and any other struc.
tures in adjacent areas.
2. Additional certifieation requirements. A per.
son shall not apply a restricted use pesticide used for
structural pest eontrol without first complying with
the certification requirements of this chapter and
other restrictions as determined by the secretary.
The secretary shall require applicants for certifi.
cation as commercial or public applicators of pesti-
cides applied for structural pest eontrol to toke and
pass a written test. '
3. Examination for commercial applicator li.
cense. The secretary of agriculture sholl not issue a
commercial applicator license for applying pesticides
for structural pest control until the individusl en.
gaged in or managing the pesticide application busi-
ness or employed by the business is certified by
passing an examination to demonslrate to the secre.
tary the individual's knowledge of how to apply pes.
tieides under the classifications the individual has
applied for, and the individual's knowledge of the na.
ture and effect of pesticides the individual may apply
under such classifications.
4. Renewal of applicant's license. The aecratary
of agriculture sholl renew an applicant's license for
applying pesticides for struetural pest control under
the classifications for which the applicant is licensed,
provided that all of the applicant's personnel who
apply pesticides for structural pest control have also
been certified.
5. Rules and fee. The seeretary shall adopt by
rule, pursuant to chapter 17A, requirements for the
examination and certification of the applicants and
set a fee of not more than five dollars far certifiea.
tion.
87 Acts, ch 177, i4: 88 Acts, ch lll8, i4; 88 Acts,
ch 1197, i3 '
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1206.32, PESTICIDES
206.32 Chlordane - prohihitioa. '
I. A person shall not offer for sale, sell, purchase,
apply, or use chlordane in this state, on or after Jan.
uary I, 1989. ,
, 2. The department, working in eonjunetion with
the department of natural resQurces. shall identify
existing stocks of chlordane, shall formulate recom.
mendations for the safe disposal of existing stocks of
chlordane, and shsll make those recommendations
available to the owners of existing atocks of ehlor.
dane. ,
, 88 Acts, ch ilia, !1
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1500
206.33 Daminozide - prohibition.
A person shall not offer for sale, sell, purchase,
apply, or use a pesticide containing daminozide in
this state if the pesticide is aold, purchased, epplied,
or used for purposea of enhancing or improving a
product produced to be consumed.
89 Acts, eh 127, ~I; 90 Acts, ch 1260, ~24
Stcllon.mcndcd
CHAPTER 206A
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY REVIEW BOARD
"
20BA.l
208A.2
208A.3
208A.4
208A.6
208A.6
, DefinlUona.
What deemed odultoratcd.
What deemod misbranded. , '
Inspection by deportment,
Samples - enalysls.
Rules.
-
n.pul,dbySIOA..h illS. I 112
Such 4~~U
CHAPTER 207
PAINTS AND OILS
Rtpul,d by S1OA. ch 1101.13
, CHAPTER 208 ,
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Rtpul,d by 660A. ch 131.1 Z
CHAPTER 20BA
"
MOTon VEHICLE ANTIFREEZE ACT
208A.7
208A,8
208A.O
208A.1O
208A.ll
20SA.12
List of spproved brends.
Advertising restricted.
Prosecution.
Fees remitted.
Penalty.
Citation of chapter.
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summary: Reference No.4
Chapters 44 and 45 contain additional Iowa regulations
'affecting pe!lticide use. These include watertight dik.ing and
containment requirements at pesticide and fertilizer storage and
mixing sites, details of pesticide registration requirements and
fees, label requirements, license and certification standards for
pesticide applicators, recordkeeping requirements, precautions to
protect bees, reporting of sales, dealer licenses, noUf ication
and placarding of urban pesticide applications, prenotification
registry 1 and regulations affecting specific pesticides.
~45.3 _ Registration requirements for pesticides distributed
for sale in Iowa.
45.22 _ Licensing, testing and certification standards
for applicators.
45.22(5) - continuing Education Requirements.
45.22(7) - supervision Standards.
45.26 - Record-keeping Requirements.
45.50 _ posting/Notice Requirement Regarding:
45.50(1) - Residences
45.50(2) - Golf Courses
45.50(3) _ parks, Playgrounds, and Athletic Fields
45.50(4) - public Rights-of-Way
45.50(6) _ specifications Regarding Notification Signs
45.50(7) - prenotification Registry
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lAC 7/27/88, 4/17/91 Agriculture and Land Stewardship[21]
Ch 44, p.1
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CHAPTER 44
ON.SITE CONTAINMENT
OF PESTICIDES, FERTILIZERS AND SOIL CONDITIONERS
/prior '0 712111I. '" ll-<h 91
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PESTICIDIlS
21-44.1(206) Definitions. Where used in these rules:
Bulk pesticide. Bulk pesticide means any registered peslicide which is transported or held
in an individual conlainer in undivided quantities of greater than 55 U.S. gallons liquid meas-
ure or 100 pounds net dry weight.
Bulk repackaging. Bulk repackaging means the transfer of a registered pesticide from one
bulk container (containing undivided quantities of greater than 55 U.S. gallons liquid meas~
ure or 100 pounds net dry weight) to another bulk container (containing undivided quantities
of greater than 55 U.S. gallons liquid measure or 100 pounds of net dry weight) in an un-
altered slate in preparation for sale or distribution to another person.
Mobile containers. Containers designed and used for transporting pesticide materials.
Nanmabile containers. All containers not defined lis mobile.
' Permanenl pesticide storage and mixing site. Site where pesticides arc being stored for more
than 30 days per l'ear and at which more than 300 gallons of liquid pesticide or 300 pounds
of dry pesticide are being mixed, rcpackaged or transfcrred from one container to another
within a 3Q.day period.
Secondary, containment. Any Structure ,used to prevent runoff or leaching of pesticide
materials. "
21-44.2(206) On-slle containment or pesticides. Commencing two years after the adop.
tlon of these rules, all nonmobile bulk pesticide storage containers shall be localed within a
waterlight secondary containment facility.
Commencing two years after the adoption of these rulcs, all mixing. repackaging and
transfer of pesticides from one container to another performed at a permanent pesticide storage
and mixing site shall be done within a containment area. The designated site shall be paved
with asphalt or concrcte and be elevated above surrounding area or curbed so as not to receive
runoff from surroundillg nreas that would overlond recovery system and shall slope to a dis-
charge pointtltat allows matcrials 10 now to a watertight containment slructure in compliance
with rule 21-44.JO(206)
21-44.3(206)* Design plans and sp~lflc~tlons. Design plans and specificatioQs' for facilities,'
,. : required under these rule's shall bli,5ubl)1itlCd to lhe Iowa dcpartment of agriculture and land
' stewiudship prior to the siart of construction, along with certification from an Iowa rcgistered
engineer (as defined ,In Jowa Code chapter /14) that the designed facilities will comply with'
all requirements of these rules.
A person may deviate from the requirements of lhese rules if such deviations are clearly
noted on the design plans and specifications, along with certification from an Iowa registered,
englnecr thallhese deviations will not reduce lhe effeclivcness of lhe facilities in protecting
surface or groUndwalers. '
21-44.4(206) Cerllrlcatlon or construction, Upon completion of conslruction, certification
by the owner or owner's agent shnll bc made 10 the Iowa department of agricullure and land
stewardship lhatlhc facllllics wcre constructed in accordnnce with rules 44.2(206) to 44.1 J (206)..
If departmental investigation. subsequent to the completion or construction, detennincs the
constructed facilities werc not constructed in accordance with lhe submilled plans and speclfi.
callons or the requiremenls of these rules. the owner shall correct any deficiencies In a timely
manner as set forlh by lhc department.
. err",lvt dll. otlllllll6 dtlllw Uvtntl dIll bl'''' ,dmlnhllllivt rul.. ",I.. <ommlll" ,'1', 11I11/16 m",lnl.
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lAC 4/17/91
Agriculture and Land Stcwardship[21]
Ch 44, p.i
The department may exempt any person rrom a requirement under rules 21-44.2(206) to
21-44.11(206) if an engineering justification is provided demonstrating variations from the
requirements will result in at least equivalent effectiveness.
21-44.5(206) New pesllcide storage and mixing site loeation. New permanent storage and
mixing sites as defined in subrule 44.1(3) shall be selected in accordance with requirements or
the Iowa department of natural resources. The new site, if located in a nood plain, shall
be protected from inundation from noods. New permanent pesticide storage and mixing sites
shall be located a minimum of 400 feel from public water supply wells or below ground level
finished water storage facilities and a minimum of ISO reet from private water supply wells.
.J,,'
21-44.6(206) Pesticide storuge and mixing site. Each site shall comply with those ordinances
and regulations enacted by the city or county affected by such location that related to the location
of such sites. All sites and facilities where nammable pesticides are stored shall comply
with state and federal fire protection rules and regulations, inciuding the National Fire Pro.
tection Standards (Standard 30) ror slorage of nummable liquids.
21-44.7(206) Secondary containment ror uonmobile bulk pesticide storage and mixing. Base
and walls of secondary containment facilities must be constructed of concrete, steel or other
impervious materials which are compatible with the pesticides being stored ~i11 maintain
their integrity under fire conditions. Storage containers must be anchored, as necessary. to
prevent notation or instability in the event of discharge into the secondary containment facility.
Routine inspection is required to ensure against cracks or other conditions that may reduce
the effectiveness of the containment facility. Cracks that occur in a secondary containment
structure must be repaired with an acceptable sealant. and other repairs shall be made as needcd
to maintain the effectiveness of the containment facility.
, The diked area shall not have a relief outlet and valve. The base shall slope to a collecting
, spot where precipitation water may be pumped out. provided the liquid is not contaminated
with pesticides. If contaminated with a pesticide. the liquid shall be disposed of in accordance
with applicable hazardous or solid waste requirements or field applied according to the pesti.
cide label instructions.
44.7(1) Storage in other than an enclosed structure. '
o. Secondary containment for non mobile bulk liquid peSticide storage located in Qther than,
an enclosed structure shall be cOnstru~ted with a:v9lume sufncieni to contain a minimum of: , "
"110 percent of'the enpaci,tY of the largest,single container; plus the space occupied by 'other'
tanks loented within the secondary' c~ntainment structure. , ,
, b.' Secondary containment for nonmobile bulk dry pesticide stornge located in other than
an enclosed structure shall be constructed to contain any releases of dry pesticide. The secon.
dary containment will,have as a minimum a six.inch high curb separated horizontnlly from
the stornge vessel a minimum of three reet. Provisions shall be mude foi the collcction of
rainwater, and rainwater shall not be allowed to accumulate in the containment structure.
44.7(2) Storage in an enclosed structure. '
, O. Sccondary containment ror non mobile bulk liquid pesticide storage located in an enclosed
structure shall be constructed with a volume sufficient to contain a minimum of 100 percent
of the capacity of the largest single container, plus the space occupied by other tanks located
within the secondary containment structure.
b. Secondary containment for nonmobile bulk dry pesticide storage located in an encloscd
slructure shall be constructed to contain any releases or dry pesticide. The secondary contain-
ment will have as a minimum a six.inch high curb separaled horizontally from the storage
vessel a minimum of three feet on an open side. Nonmobile bulk dry pesticide storage tanks
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Ch 44. p.2a
Agriculture and Land Stewardship[21]
lAC 4/17191
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may be constructed within three feet of a permanent wall provided the wall is lined with an
impervious surface which contains and directs any spilled material into a containment struc-
ture. according to the engineer's design plans.
44.7(3) Precipitation must not be allowed to accumulate in the secondary containment
facility. Failure to properly maintain secondary containment facilities may subject the firm
to state and federal regulations related to hazardous waste generators.
44.7(4) Discharges into a secondary containment facility must be promptly recovered to
the maximum extent possible. Failure 10 properly manage discharge may subject Ihe firm to
pesticide misuse regulations and possibly to regulations related to hazardous waste generators.
44.7(5) Peslieides shall be handled in a manner that minimizes the movement of pesticide
dusts. aerosols and vapors from the pesticide storage and mixing site. The fOllowing dust control
measures shall apply to bulk dry pesticide storage tanks:
a: Primary vents on all tanks must be equipped with a dust filter. Filters shall be capable
of handling 500 cubic feet pcr minute air now. Primary filtration systems may bc mounted
on the tank or on the delivery truck. .
b. Filters shall retain all particlcs greater than ten microns in size and retain greater than
90 pcrcent of particlcs between threc and ten microns in size.
c. Pressurc relief valves shall bc enclosed in a filtcr arrangcment capable of retaining 100
pcreent of ten micron particlcs. Filters shall be maintained on a regular basis and replaced
when nccessary 10 maintain thc proper filtering capacity.
d. Tanks and loading areas and all plant site transfcr syslems shall be equippcd with fit-
tings which facilitate elosed system handling.
44.7(6) Discharge of pesticides from a secondary containment facility shall be recovered
to Ihe maximum extent possible. The Iowa department of natural resources. th~ county sheriff
or local police shall be contacted as soon as possible, but not later than six' hours of onset
. or discovery of spill.
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lAC 4/17/91
Agriculture and Land Stewardship[21 J
Ch 44, p.3
21-44.8(206) ,Pesllclde slorage and mixing slle eontalners. Containers used for pesticide
slorage and handling shall be of materials and construction compatible with the pcslicide stored
and the conditions of Storage and maintained in a manner as,to minimize the possibility of
a spill. ,
44.8(1) Storage container labeling and protection. Upon delivery of the bulk pesticide,
the registered product label shall be affixed in a prominent location on the bulk pesticide storage
container and designed to remain intact and legible through active use of container:
Locking devices are required on bulk pesticide storage containers and all valves shall be closed
and locked when the facility is left unattended.
Containers, pipes and valves must be protected against reasonably foreseeable risks of damage
by trucks and olher moving vehicles.
44,8(2) Reserved.
21-44.9(206) Transportation of bulk pesticides. Bulk pesticide containers shall meet all
applicable slandards of the appropriate state and U.S. Department of Transportation laws
and regulations.
44.9(1) Mobile bulk pesticide containers shall be secured to prevent significant movement
during transportation.
44,9(2) Mobile bulk pesticide containers shall bear the regislered product label for the
material contained therein.'
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21-44.10(206) MWng, repackaging and transfer of pesticides. Pesticides shall be mixed.'
repackaged and transferred in a manner that will prevent unreasonable adverse effects to humans
or to the environment. Physical and chemical properties. including volatility, toxicity and
Ilammability, shall be considered in the mixing. repackaging and transfer of pesticides.
44.10(1) Spilled, leaked or unchecked pesticides.
a. Liquid pesticides that are spilled, leaked or otherwise unchecked during the normal oper-
ation of permanent pesticide storage and mixing sites (including the mixing, repackoging and
tronsfer of pesticides) must dischnrge or drain into a watertight catch basin from which dis-
charges arc to be recovered, including discharge from any empty pesticide containers not rinsed
according to label.
b. Dry pesticides that are spilled or otherwise unchecked during normal operation of per-
manent pesticide storage and mixing sit,es (including the mixing, repackaging aad transfer of
pesticides) must be located within an operational containment area that is curbed and water-'
tight to facilitate the recoyery of any prodUCt spilled., . , '. ' "
,499(2) 'Alfwashing of pesticide handling and application equipment performed ai a per-
manent pesticide storage and mixing site shall be conductcd within an area which drains to
a watertight containment strUcture. No pesticide rinsates or wash waters from pesticide equip-
ment shall be disposed of through storm sewer systems; and no pesticide rinsates or wash watcrs
shall be disposed of through sanitary sewer systems without a Nalional Pollutant Discharge
Eliminotion System Pennit; and no pesticide rinsotes or wash woters shall be disposed of through
sanitary sewers connected to 0 publicly owned treatment works without prior approval of the
sanitary sewer authoriiy and in accordance With the discharge limitations of a pretreatment
agreement or sewer use ordinance.
44.10(3) Prior to remling, bulk pesticide containers must be thoroughly cleaned except
when a sealed or dedicated recyclable bulk pesticide container is reOlled with the same labeled
pesticide product as the preccding product.
'44,10(4) All drainage Into a containment structure shall be monitored and properly managed.
All rinsates and minor spillages related to pesticides which have not resulted from a container
failure and which accumulated In the secondary containment structure shall be disposed of
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Agricultur~ and Land Stewardship[21]
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lAC 2/27/88
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as provided by the product's original labeling. If contaminated with a pesticide product that
Is labled incompatible because of chemical characteristics, the pesticide bureau of the Iowa
department of agriculture and land stewardship shall be contacted for guidance.
44.10(5) All pesticide handling facilities shall be equipped with adequate personal protec-
tive equipment as required by each label of each pesticide handled and as needed for the num-
ber of employees handling these pesticides. Emergency first.aid provisions shall be maintained
in an area Immediately accessible by all employees,' if and when needed.
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lAC 7/27/88,4/17/91 Agriculture and Land Stewardship[21)
Ch 44, p.4
44.10(6) Field mixing and transferring of pesticides, including field rinsing of equipment,
is exempted from the on-site containment provisions of rule 21 -44.2(206). Ri9Sates shall be
field applied at rates compatible with pesticide product labeling. No mixing and transferring
of pesticides and rinsing of equipment shall be conducted on public highways. roads and streets.
21-44.11(206) Dlslrlbulion oC bulk peslicldes. Bulk repackaging for sale or delivery may
be made provided the establishment conducting the transfer, sale or delivery shall comply with
FIFRA, Section 7 (registration of pesticide producing establishments).
44.11(1) There shall be no change in pesticide product labeling, except for the addition of
the required EPA establishment number and net contents statementi or identity of the party
accountable for the integrity of the product. i.e., the manufacturer or registrant as evidenced
by the assigned EPA product registration number.
44.11(2) A written letter of authorization from the registrant is required for the bulk
repackaging.
,44.11(3) Bulk repackaging may be made only into containers which conform with rules
21-44.B(206) and 44.9(206) and which mect the approval of the seller of the pesticide.
44.11(4) Scales or meters used for bulk pesticide sales shall meet the specifications, toler.
ances and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices as specified by
the (owa department of agriculture and land stewardship. bureau or weights and measures.
44,11(5) Appropriate measures shlill be taken to prevent contamination of product when
meters or other devices are used to dispense pesticides,
These rules arc intended to implcmelll Iowa Code section 206.19
44.121044.49 Rescrved.
FERTILIZERS ^ND SOIL CONDITIONERS
21-44.50(200) On.site contalnmenl of ferlilizers and soil condilloners. Effective February
18. 1987, all new construction of fertilizer and soil conditioner facilities shall provide secon-
dary product containment as specified in rules 21-44.51(200) to 21-44.58(200). Effective
February lB, 1997, ten ycars after the adoption of these rules, all fertilizer and soil condition.
er facilities shall provide secondary product containment as specified in these rules.
21-44.51(200) Definitions.
"Mobile con/ainers." Containers designed and used for transporting fertilizer or soil con.
' ' ditioner materials: , ' : ' , " , ' , ,
, "Non mobile con/ainers." All containers not defined as mobile. '
"Permanent slorage site." Location where nonmobile containers are used for fertilizer and
soil conditioner storage in quantities of 5,000 gallons or more. One container or a combina-
tion of containers with a volume of 5,000 gallons or less is exempt.
"Secondar)' containment." Any structure used to prevent runoff or leaching of fertilizer
or soil conditioner materials. , ' '
21-44,52(200) Design plans and speclflcalions. Design plans and specifications for facili. '
ties required under these rules shall be submilled to the Iowa departmcnt of agriculture and land
stewardship prior to the start of construction. along with certification from a registered engineer
(as defined In Iowa Code chapter 114) that the designed facilities will comply WiLh all requite.
ments of these rules.
A person may deviate from the requirements of these rules if such deviations are c(early
noted on the design plans and specifications, along with certification from a registered engineer
that these deviations will not reduce the effeCtiveness of the facilities In prOtecting surface or
ground waters. , ' .
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lAC 7/27/88
,Agriculture and Land Stcwardshipl21)
Ch 44, p.5
0,21-44.53(200) New fertJlizer or soil conditioner storage sile location. New permanent storage
sites as defined in rule 21-44.51(200) shall be selected in accordance with the requirements
of the Iowa department of natural resources. The tl,ew site, if located in a floodplain, shall
be protected from inundation from floods. New pelmanent ferrilizer and soil conditioner
storage sites shall be located at a minimum of 400 feet from public water supply wells or below
ground level finished water storage facilities and a minimum of 150 fect from private water
supply wells.
21-44.54(200) Cerlificallon of construction. Upon completion of construction, ccrtifica'
tion by the owner or owner's agent shall be made to Ihe Iowa department of agriculture and
land stewardship that the facilities were constructed In accordance with rules 21-44.52(200)
to 2J-44.58(2oo). If departmental investigation, subsequent to the completion of construction. '
determines the constructed facilities were not constructed in accordance with the submiued
vplans and specifications or the requirements of these rules, the owner shall correct any defi.
ciencies in a timely manner as set forth by the department. '
The department may exempt any person from a requirement under rules 21-44.52(200)
to 21-44.58(200) if an engineering JUStification is provided demonstrating variations from
the requirements will result in at least equivalent effectiveness.
21-44.55(200) Secondary containment for liquid fertIlizers and liquid soli eondllloner storage.
All liquid fertilizer and soil conditioner storage facilities, except anhydrous ammonia storage
facilities, as defined in rule 21-44.51(200) shall be located within a secondary containment
structure. The secondary containment structure shall have a volume 20'percent greater than
the volume of the largest storage tank within the area. plus the space occupied by the other
tanks in the area. and may be constructed of earth, concrete. or a combination of both.
, ' " 44.55(1) Secondary containment structures constructed entirely or partially of earth shall
V comply with the following minimum requirements:
a. The soil surface, Including dike, shall be constructed to prevent downward water move.
ment at rates greater than 1 x 10.' cm/sec., and shall be maintained to prevent downward
water movement at rates greater than 1 x /O-j cm/see. The method of achieving a satisfac-
tory seal shall be determined by a registered engineer. , ,
b. Dike shall be protected against erosion. If the slope is 30 degrees or less, grass can be
sufficient protection, provided it does not interfere with the required soil sea!, If greater than
30 degrees, other methods of erosion protection shall be used. '
c. Top width of dike Shall be no less than 2V1 feet. The slope should be no greater than
45 degrees. ' ," ,
, , 'd. The diked area shall not ~ave a relief Qutlet and valve. The base shall slope to a collect.
ing spot where Storm Water can be pumped over the berm. provided the liquid is not contami.
'0nated wlt,h fertilizer or soil ,conditioner materials. If contaminated with liquid fertilizer or
soli conditioner, the liquid shall bc field applied at normal fertilizer application rates or trans-
ferred to auxiliary storage tanks.
e. Storage containers shall be anchored or placed on a raised area to prevent notation or ,
instability In the event of diSCharge into the secondary containment facility.
44.55(2) Secondary containment structures constructed of concrete shall be watertight and
comply witli the following requirements: , '
a. The base of the containment structure shall be designed to support all tanks and their
contents.
b. The diked area shall not have a relief outlet and valve. The concrete base shall be sloped
to a collecting area for recovery of fertilizer material. Storm water may be discharged over
the containment wall, provided the liquid Is not contaminated with fertilizer or soli condition.
er material. If contaminated, the liquid shall be field applied at normal fertilizer application
y'rates or transferred to auxiliary storage tanks. , .
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Agriculture and Land Stewardship[21]
lAC 7/27/88
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c. 'Storage containers shall be anchored or placed on a raised area to prevent flotation or
instability in Ihe event of discharge into the secondary containment facility.
d. Routine inspeclion is required 10 ensure against concrele cracks. Wher~ cracks exist,
storage integrity shall be maintained wilh acceptable sealant.
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21-44.56(200) Secondary containment for nonllquid fertilizers and soli condUloners. Non-
liquid fertilizer and soil conditioner stored in a totally enclosed building are exempt from the
requirements of Ihis rule, Unless stored in a totally enclosed building, all nonliquid fertilizer
IlIld soil conditioner materials shall be stored within an area which drains into a secondary
containment structure. The secondary containment stru~lure shall have a volume sufficient
to retain the equivalent of 12 inches of runoff from the area drained Into the containment
Slructure. This minimum storage volume may be provided within the containment struc-
ture or in auxiliary storage tanks, and may be constructed of earth. concrete. or a combina-
~~~ '
44.56(1) Secondary containment structures constructed entirely or partially of earth shall
comply with the fOllowing requirements: .
a. The soil surface, including dike, shall be constructed to prevent downward water move.
ment at rates greater than 1 x 10-' cm/sec., and shall be maintained to prevent downward
water movement at rates greater than I x 10-1 cm/see. The method of achieving a satisfac-
tory seal shall be determined by a registered engineer.
b. Dike shall be protected against erosion. If the slope is 30 degrees or less. grass Cllll be
sufficient protection, provided it does not interfere with the required soil seal. If greater than
30 degrees, other methods of erosion protection shall be used.
c. Top width of dike shall be no less than 2\1 feet. The slope should be no greater than
45 degrees.
d. The diked area shaJI not have a relief outlet.
e. All liquid IlIld other material collected shall be field applied at normal fertilizer applica-
tion rates or trllllsferre'd to auxiliary storage tanks.
44.56(2)' Runoff collection structures conSlructed of concrete shall comply with the fol.
.. lowing requirements: "
a. The base of the structure shall be maintained to prevent downward water movement.
b. The diked area shaJI not have a relief outlet.
,c. All liquid IlIld other material collected shall be field applied at normal fertilizer applica-
tion rates or trllllsferredto auxiliary storage tanks. , " '
, These rules arc intended to implement Iowa Code section 200.14.
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21-44.57(200) 'Fertilizer I~aillng, urihiadlng, and mixing area.
44.57(1) AU loading, unloading, and mixing of liquid fertilizcr or liquid soil conditioners, '
unless performed In ,the field of application, shall be done within a containment area. The
containment area shall be large enough to prevent spillage onto unprotected areas and paved
with asphalt, concrete, or other impervious material. It shall slope to a recovery systcm that
, will allow collected materials to move to a containment structure which complies with rule
21-44.55(200). In addition, the area shall be so constructed, using curbs or other means,
ns to prevent spllled materials from running out of the containment area. Any contaminated
liquid or material shall be field applied at normal fertilizer rates or used in a liquid mixing
operation.
44.57(2) AU loading or mixing of nonliquid fertilizers or nonliquid soil conditioners at per.
manent storage sites shall be done in an area paved with asphalt, concrete or other impervious
materials. The area shall also be so constructed, using curbs or other means to prevent run-
on or runoff of storm water generated by a four-inch rain. The area shall contain a recessed
catch basin so that conliuninated water can be moved to storage tanks or a secondary contain. .
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Agriculture and Land Slewardship[21]
Ch 44, p.7
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ment area. Uncontaminated rain water, ice, or snow can be discharged as storm water. Any
cOOlaminated water or other materiats shall be field applieu at normal fertilizer rates or used
in a liquid mixing operation.
44.57(3) A spill containment structure will nOI be required if loading, unloading, or mixing
of a nonliquid fenilizer or nonliquid soil conditioners is done entirely within an enclosed build.
ing and no washing operations are conuucted within the enclosed area.
44.57(4) 'Unloauing of all types of equipment and loading of railroad cars with nonliquid
fertilizer or nonliquid soil conditioners shall be exempt from the cOOlainmeOl area provisions
of subrule 44.57(2) provided any materials spilled during the unloading/foading operations
are promptly cleaned up and fed back inlo the unloading/loading system. ,
44.57(5) ,Rules21-44.2(206)10 21-44.11(206) shall apply when fenilizers or soil condi-
tioners and pesticides are combined.
44.57(6) Fenilizcrs and soil conditioners must be handled in a.manner Ihal minimizes dusl
and vapors from movcment off of the site.
., "
21-44.58(200) Wash wllter and rinsllles. All washing of fertilizer and soil conditioner han.
,dling and application equipment at permanent storage sites shall be conducted within an area
which drains into a containment structure which complies with rule 21-44.55(200). No fer.
tilizeninsates or wash waters from fertilizcr or soil conditioner equipmeOl shull be disposed
of through sanitary or storm sewer systems. Field wlllhing of fenilizer or soil conditioner
' equipment is permissible and encouraged if performed at the site of final fertiliw or soil con-
ditioner application for a given day and no runoff from the wash site occurs.
These rules are intended to implement Iowa Code section 200.14.
[Filed 9/19/86, Notice 7/2/86-published 1018/86, effeCtive 11/12/86]"
(Filed 12/29/86, Notice 11119/86-published 1/14187. effective 2I18/87J
[Filed emergency 2/18/87-published 3/11/87, effective 2/18/87J
[Filed emergency M/8S ufter Notice of 61l/88-published 7127/88. effcctive 7/8/88J
[Filed emergency 3121/91-published 4/17191, effective 3121/91)
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Ch45,P.l
Agriculture a~d Land Slewardship(211
lAC 1I/15/g9
CHAPTER 45
PESTICIDES
IAPpmcd.llch9.1~1) IORI
IPriar '0 7/211" ue A'f/tuliurr Ofplrlm~nl JD-Ch 101
21-45: 1(206) Ddinilions and standards.
45.1(1) The following definitions are hereby adopted.
"Certified handler" means a person employed by a licensed commercial applicalor, non.
commercial applicator, public applicator, or pesticide dealer who handles pesticides in olher
than unopened containers for the purposes Qf preparing, mixing or loading pesticidcs for appli-
cation by another person, repackaging bulk pesticides or disposing of p,esticide.relaled wastes
from these activilies. '
"Defoliant" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for causing the leaves
or foliage to drop from the plant with or wi thou I causing abscission.
"Desiccant" means any substance or mixture of substances Inlended ,for artificially
accelerating the drying of plant tissue.
"Fungi" means all nonchlorophyll.bearing thallophytes, that is, all noncholorophyll.bearing
plants of a lower order lhan mosses and liverworts, as for example, rusts, smuts. mildews,
molds, yeasts and bacteria except those on or in living man or other animals.
"Fungicide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, de.
stroying, repelling or mitigating any fungi.
"Herbicide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, de.
, stroying, repelling or mitigating any weed or undesirable plant.
"Insect" means any of lhe numerouS small invertebrate animals generally having the body
'more or less obviously segmented. for the most part belonging to the class Insecta, comprising
six.legged. usually winged forms, as for example, beetles. bugs, bees, nies and to other allied
classes of arthropods whose members are wingless and usually have more than six legs, as
for example, spiders, mites, ticks. centipedes and wood lice.
"Insecticide" means any substance 'or mixture of substanm intended for preventing, de.
slroying, repelling or mitigating any insects and related furms which may be present in any
environment whatso'ever.
"Nematocide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for prevenling, de-
stroying, repelling or mitigating nematodes or subterranean pests.
"Nematode" means invertebrate animals of the phylum nemathelminthes and class nematoda,
that is, unsegmented round worms with elongated, fusiform or saclike bodies covered with
cuticle and Inhabiling soil. water, plants or plant parts; mal' also be called nemas or eel worms.
"Noncommercial applicator" means any person who applies restricted use pesticides on land.!
or property owned, rented or leased by the applicator or the applicator's employer, This defi.
nition shall not apply to private applicators using restricted use pesticideS In the production
of, agricUllural comJ:llodities.
"Rodent" means any animal of the order-Rodentia, including. but not limited to. rats, mice,
rabbits, gophers, prairie dogs and squirrels.
"Rodenticide" means any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing. de.
stroyinl, repelling or mitigating rodents or any other vertebrate animal which the secretary
shall deslinlte to be a pest. ' '
"Use 01 a ptjtlclde contrary to Its labeling" means to use any registered pesticide In a man.
ner not permitted by the labeling provided that the phrase shall not include: '
I. Applying a pesticide for agricultural or horticultural purposes only at any dosage, con.
central ion or frequency less than that specified on the labeling.
2. Applying a pesticide for agricultural or horticultural purposCS only agaiosl any target
pest not specified on the labeling if the application is to the crop. animal or site specified on
the labeling unless the labeling specifically stales that the pesticide may be used only for the
pests specified on the labeling; or
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Agriculture and Land Stewardshipl211
Ch45.p,la
3. Employing any method of application not prohibited by the labeliog for asricultural or
hOllicullural purposes only. '
4. Mixing pesticides or mixing pesticide with a fellilizer when such mixture is not prohibit.
ed by the labeling for agricultural or hOllicultural purposes only.
"Weed" means any plant which grows'where nor wamcd.
45.1(2) Addilional definitions and standards which are consistent and applicable to Ihe
pesticide ACI shall be Ihose established by the Association of American Pesticide COOlrol
Officials.
21-45.2(206) Methods of analysis. The current melhods of analysis of the Association of
Official Analytical ChemiSlS of NOllh America shall be adopled as Ihe official melhods
insofar as they are applicable, and such,other methods shall be used as may be necessary to
dctermine whether the product complies with the law.
21-45.3(206) Reglstralion required. No person shall distribute, give, sell or offer to sell
any pesticide which has not been registered with the dcpallment of agriculture and land
stewardship.
45.3(1) Registration fees. All pesticides distributed for sale in the state of Iowa shall be
registered pursuant to Iowa Code section 206.12. The registration period shall be January
I through December 31 of each year. The annual registration fee for each brand and grade
'of pesticide shall be a minimum of 5250 and a maximum of 53000. Intermediate fees shall
be determined by multiplying the gross dollar amount of annual sales in Iowa for each pesti-
' cide product by one. fifth of I percent or 0.002.
Each regimant shall submit an application for registration au forms approved by the secre.
tary of agriculture. The registration fee for each product shall be submitted with tbe applica-
tion for r~gistration. Application for new or initial registrations of pesticide produClS shall
be accompanied by the minimum registration fee of 5250.
45.3(2) Renewal/ees. Peslicide product registration renewal fees shall be based on the
previou! year's gross annual sales with the dollar value derived from the first level of distribu.
lion for each pesticide product sold in the state of Iowa. Each registrant shall be responsible
for determining total annual Iowa sales data for each pesticide product sold in Iowa whether
the pesticide product is distributed for relail sale in Iowa by a manufacturer or from a distrib.
utor or wholesaler in the state or from OUtside Ihe state. Registration renewal fees for pesti.
cide products registered for sale and use in Iowa shall be based on one. fifth of I percent'
of the dollar amount of the total sales for each peslicide producl sold. Registration renewal
fees shall be a minimum of 5250 and a maximum of 53000 per peslicide product for each regii.
tration period., ' ,
The annual saJes,data for each pesticide product registered in Iowa shall be maintained on'
file for a minimum of three years with the registrant and shall be made available for audit
Upon request by the department.
45.3(3) exemption/rom minlmum/ee. A manufacturer or registrant of a pesticide product
. may file a requcst for an exemption to the minimum product registration fee of 5250 and the
secretary may srant an exemption to the minimum registration fee for a period not to exceed
one year provided that at least one of the following conditions is met:
a. The application is for pesticide product renewal registralion: and the lotal annual sales
In Iowa are less than 520,000: and no similar pesticides are registered in the state. A similar
pesticide shall be of similar composition and labeled for a similar use pattern provided that
the applicant submits a signed affidavit renecting gross annual sales in Iowa of the pesticide
produced for the previous year.
b. The pesticide product is formulated or comprised of naturally occurring substances in-
cluding, but nOllimlted to, plant or animal derivatives or microorganisms, and which has an
oral LD50 toxicity of 5000 milligrams per kilogram or greater. '
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Agriculture and Land Slewardship{2t)
lAC II/tl/89
c. Pesticides registered undcr [he authority of Section 180f [he Fcder.u Insecticide, Fungicide;
Rodemicide Act (FIFRA) for emergency. crisis or public hcalih quasamine situations, when
the secretary of agriculture initiates tbe application.
d. Pesticides registmd under the authority of Section 24(c) of FIFRA when the sccretary
of agriculture initiales Ihe application. .
45.3(4) Penalty jar nonregistered pesticides.
a, Any pesticide distributed in Iowa which is not registered in the state shall be subject 10
SlOp Sale, Use or Removal Order. A penalty shall be assessed the registram equal 10 25 per.
cem of the registralion fee due to the department. Upon receipt of the required registration
fee due and the required penalty, Ihe pesticide product may be released for saie in Iowa for
the effective regiSlration period. '
b. A manufacturer or registrant shall not be subject to penalties for nonregistered discon.
tlnued pesticide producls if adequate proof can be provided to lbe department indicating thai
all distributors and retailers handling a discontinued Peslicide product were properly notified.
45.3(5) DisContinued pesticides. Discontinued pesticide product regiSlrations shall be
renewed for a minimum of two yeass after the product is discontinued; and the pesticide product
registration renew.u application shall idemify discominued products. Any regislrantlhal dis. ..'
continues registralion of a pesticide product sh.ul accept the return of any product in its origi.
n.u unbroken comainer that remains in the channels of trade after the registration expires.
This subrule shall nOt apply to registered CUStom blended pesticide products.
45.3(6) Registration renewal grace period. The registration period shall be January I
through December 31 of each yeas. However, a registrant shall be granted a grace period
ending on the first day of Masch of each year for registration renewal. A registrant shall be
assessed a late fee equaling 25 percent of lhe registration fees due by the registrant deliverin8
an application for registration renewal after the first day of Masch of each yeas. Application
for registration renewal shall be made on forms prescribed by the secretary and certified by
the registrant.
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code SectiOD 206.12. .'
21~5.4(206) , Registration or products. Two exact copies of the labeling of each proposed
product shall be submilled with the application. Also, there shall be submilled an iDgrediem
Slatement, which shall comply with the provisions of 45.13(206) herein, the proposed direc.
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Asriculiure and Land Stewardshipl~1J
Ch ~i. p,2
, lions for use of the product, and a list of Ihe specific pests, for control of which il is to be
sold, if such information is not contained in the labeling. Other pertinent information .on,
ceming inert ingredients and physical properties of the product shall also be included on reo
quest by the secrelary.
21-45.5(206) Registration, general application of. A regislration of a pesticide is held 10
. apply to the product even though manufactured at or shipped from other Ihan Ihe
registered address. When a product has been registered by a manufacturer or jobber, no
registration shall be required of other sellers of Ihe product so registered, provided
shipmen IS or deliveries thereof are in the manufacturer's or registrant's original unopened
'and properly labeled container.
21-45.6(206) Revoeation, suspension or denial of regislralion. Any of the following causes
is sufficient to justify revocation or suspension of regislratlon or denial of application of renewal
of an expired/expiring registration of a pesticide.
1. If the labeling bears any statement, design or graphic representation relative thereto,
or to its ingredients, ,which is false or misleading in any panicular;
2. If the product is found to be an imitation of, or illegally offered for sale under the
name of another pesticide:
3. If the labeling bears reference to Iowa registration number:
4. If the labeling accompanying the pesticide docs not contain directions for use which
are necessary and, if complied with, adequate for the protection of the public;
5. If the label does not contain a warning or caution statemeot which may be necessary
and, if complied with, adequate to prevent injury to humans and other vertebrate animals:
6. If the label does not bear an ingredient statemenl on that part of the immediate
container and on the outside container or wrapper, if there be one, through which the
ingredient statement on the immediate container cannot be clearly read under customary
conditions of purchase. Provided, however, the secretary may permit the ingredient
statement to appear prominently on some other part of Ihe container, if the size or form of
the container makes it impracticable to place it on the pan of the retail package which is
displayed;
7. If' any word, statement or other information required to appear on the label or
labeling is omitted or not prominently placed thereon and in such terms as to render it
likely to be r,ead and understood under customary conditions of purchase and use:
8. If an insecticide, nematocide, antibiotic, bactericide; fungicide or herbicide is found to
be injurious to humans or other useful verlebrate animals or t~ vegetation (except weeds), to
which it,ls app'lied or to' the 'person applying such pesticide when used as directed or.in "
accordance with commonly recognized safe practice: or if a plant regulator. defoliant or
desiccant when used ~ directed is found to be,injurious to humans or other vertebrate animals,
or vegetation to which It is applied; or to the person applying such pesticide: provided, however,
that physical or Jlhyslological effect on plants or parts thereof shall' not be deemed to be
injurious, when 'this Is the pUlpose for which the plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant.was
applied in accordance with label claims and recommendations;
9. If the pesticide is misbranded; , ,
10. If the registrant has been guilty of Fraudulent and deceptive practices In the evasion
or attempted evasion of the pesticide Act or any rules promulgated thereunder; provided,
however, that no registration shall be revoked until the registrant shall have been given an
opportunity for a hearing by the sCl:retary.
Special local need registrations and permits. State registration of pesticides' pursuant to
Section 24(c) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act as amended by Public
Law 92.516 October 21, 1972, Public Law 94.140 November 28,1975, and Public Law 95.396
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Agricuilure and Land Slewardshipl~ II
,lAC 7/27/88
September 30, 1978, or any special us~ permit issued pursuant to revisions of the Federal In.
'secticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act as amcnded by Public Law 92.516 OClober 21, 1972,
Public Law 94.140 November 28, 1975, and Public Law 95.396 September 30, 1978. lr Ihe
Pesticide Control Act, Iowa Code chapler 206, may be denied. amended or revoked I\hen the
secretary has made a determina,ion as follows: That such action is necessary to prevent
unreasonable adverse effects 10 humans or Ihe environment, taking into account the economic,
social and environmental COSIS and benefits of the use of allY pesticide; or that "special local
need" which necessitated the registration or permit no longer e.\ists. Expiration of 24(c) regis.
trations and all special use permits'shall be governed by Iowa Code section 206.12. ,
"Special Local Need" means a pest problem (exisling or likely to occur wilhin a state)
which cannot be effectively controlled because:
(I) There is no pesticide product registered by EPA for such use; or
(2) There is no EPA.registered pesticide product which, under the conditions of use within.
the stale, would be as safe or as efficacious for such use within the, terms and conditions of
EP A registration; or
(3) An appropriale EPA.registered pesticide product is not available,
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 206.12, 206.11 "and 206.9, along with
the cooperative enforcement program entered into between the stale of Iowa and U.S.E.P.A.
pursuanllO Sec. 24(c) of the. Federal lnseclicide. Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act amended
as of September 30,,1978.
21--45.7(206) Changes in labeling or ingredient statement. Changes in the labeling or
ingredient statement in registered pesticides shall be submitted in advance to the secrelary
for approval. The registrant must describe the exact change desired'and proposed elleclive
date and such other pertinent inlormation that justily such changes. Alter the effective date 01
a change in labeling or ingredient statement the product shall be marketed only under the new
claims or ingredient statement, except that a reasonable time may be allowed by the secrelary
lor disposal 01 property labeled stocks of the old product. Changes in the composition shall not
,be allowed il such changes would result in a lowering 01 the prnduct's value as a pesticide.
,21--45.8(206) Label requlremenls. Each package of pesticide sold separately shall bear a
complete label. The label shall contain the name, brand or trademark of the product;
name and address of the manufacturer, registrant or person for. whom manufactured;
directions for Use which are necessary and If complied with, adequate for protection of the
public; statement of net content in terms of weight or measure in general Use: and an
ingredient statement. The label, 01 every pesticide, if necessary to prevent injury to humans,
.. other animals and useluJ.vegelation, must, contain a w.arning of'Caution ~Iatement, in'
nontechnical language based on the hazard involved in the use of the pesticide. In addition,
any pesitcide highly toxic' to humans shall be labeled with a skull and crossbones and wi th the ,
' 'word "poison" prominently in red on 'a background of distinctly contruting color: the
first.aid antidote for.the poison shall be given and instructions for safe disposal of
containers, .
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21--45.9(206) Directions for use-when necessary. Directions for use are required whenever
they are necessary for the protection of the public. The public includes nOI only users of pes.
ticides but also those who handle them or may be affected by their use, handling, or storage.
Dlreclions for use are considered necessary in the case of mOlt small relall containers which
go into the hnnds of users, and In the case of larger containers with the following exception:
Directions may be omiUed if the pesticide Is to be used by manufacturers in their regular
manUfacturing processes; provided, the label clearly shows that the product is intended for
Use only in manUfacturing processes and bears an ingredient Slatement giving the name and
petcentage of each of the active ingredients.
ISSY
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Agricu!lure and Land Slewardshipl~ I)
eh 45, p.4
,21-45.10(206) Olher claims. No claim shall be made for producls in any written, printed
or graphic matter accompanying [he product at any tim~ which diifer in substance from WrII.
ten representations made in connection with regimalion.
21-45.11(206) Name of producl. The name of Ihc produclshaJl appear on Ihc labeling 50
as not to emphasize anyone ingredient or otherwise be miskading. II shall nOI be arranged
on the label in such a manner as to be c,onfused with othcr lerms, trade names or legends.
21-45,12(206) Drand namcs, duplication of, or infringemenl on. A brand name is distinc.
tivc with refercnce to the material to which it applies and the registration of a pesticide under
thc same brand name by two or morc manufacturcrs or shippers should be dcnied or
refused. This principle applies also to the registration of brand names so similar in
character as to be likely to be confused by the purchaser. In the event the same name or a
"closely similar one is offered by another manufacturer, the secretary may decline the said
name a second time, for registration unless required to do so by an order of court.
, ' .
21-45.13(206) Ingredient statement.
45.13(1) Location 01 ingredient statement. The ingredienl statement must appear on
that part of the label displayed under customary conditions of purchase except in cases
where the secretary determines that, due to the size or form of the container, a statement
on that portion of the label is impractical, and permits such statement to appear on another
side or panel of the label. When so permitted, the ingredient statement must be in larger
type and more prominent than would olherwise be possible. The ,ingredient statement must
run parallel with other printed matter on the panel of the label on which it appears and
must be on a clear contrasting background not obscured or crowded.
45.13(2) Namcs of ingrcdients. The well.known common name of the ingredient must be
given or, if the ingredient has no common name, the correct chemical name. I f there is
no common name and the chemical composition is unknown or complex, the secretary may
permit the use of a new or coined name which the secretary finds to be appropriate for the
informalion and protection of the user. If the use of a new 9r coined name is permitted, the
secretary may prescribe the terms under which it may be used. A trademark or trade name
may not be used as the name of an ingredient except when it has become a common name.
45.13(3) Percentages of ingredients. Percentages of ingredients shall be determined by
weight and the sum of the percentages of the ingredients shall be one hundred. Sliding scale'
forms of ingredient statements shall not be used.
45.13(4) Designation of ingredients.
'a. Active IngredientS" and inert Ingredients shall be 50 designated, and the term "inert '
, ingredlent'~ 'shall appear In the same size type and be equally as promineill iIS the term
'''active Ingredients". '
h.,!f the name but not the percentage of each active Ingredient is given. the names of the
active and' Inert Ingredients shall respectively be shown in the descending order of the
percentage of each present in each classification and tbe name of, each Ingredient sh~1I be
given equal prominence. '
, 45.13(5) Active ingredient content. As long as Ii pesticide is subject to the Act the percent.
ages of active Ingredients declared In the ingredient statement shall be the percentages of such
Ingredient! In thc pesticide.
21-45.14(206) Net contents. Each packagc of pesticidc shall show thc net weight or meas-
ure. of content, either stenciled or printed on the package or container, or on a tag
attached thereto, Indefinite statements of content such as ". . . . oz. when packed" shall
. not be used. Statements of liquid measurc, or of specific gravity or densi!)' of liquid
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Agriculiure and land Slewardship[211
lAC 7/27/88
preparations. or expression of composition in terms of pounds per gallon shall be made on
the basis of 6B'F. (20'C.) except when other basis has been established tbrough trade
custom.
21-45.15(206) Coloration of highly lodc materials. The white powder pesticid~s hcrein.
arrer named shall bc colored or discolored in accordance with this rule. Provided.
how~ver, that any such white powder pesticide which is intended solely for use by a textile
manufacturer or commercial laundry, cleaner or dyer as a moth.proofing agent, which
would riot be,suitable for such use if colored and which will not come into the bands of the
public except when incorporated into a fabric. shall not be required to be so colored or
discolored In accordance with this rule. The hues, values and chromas specified are those
contained in the Munsell Book of Color, Munsell Color Company. 10 East Franklin Street,
Baltimore, Maryland.
45.15( 1) The coloring agent must produce a uniformly.colored product not subject to change
in color beyond the minimum requirements during ordinary conditions of marketing and storage
and must not cause the product to become less effective or cause damage when used as directed
or in accordance with commonly recognized safe practice. "
45.15(2) Standard lead arsenate, basic lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, magnesium
arsenate, zinc, arsenate, zinc arsenite and barium fluosilicate shall be colored any hue.
except the Ylllow.reds and yellows" having a value of not more than eight or a chroma of
not less than four or shall be discolored to a neutral lightness value not over seven.
45.15(3) Sodium fluoride and sodium fluosilicate shall be colored blue or green having
a value of not more than eight and a chroma of not less than four or shall be discolored to
a neutral lightness value not over seven.
45.15(4) Other white power pesticides may be required to be colored or discolored after,
investigation and public hearing,
45.15(5) The secretary may permit other hues to be used for any particular purpose if
the prescribed hues arc not feasible for such purposes, and if such action wUl not be
injurious to the public.
45.15(6) The coloration requirements above shall apply to the materials named therein and
not to nonhlghly toxic mixtures consisting of other ingredients with highly toxic materials.
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code section 206. t I.
21-45.16(206) Illegal acl.!. All pesticides, whether registered or not, sold or offered for sale
shall comply with the provisions of section 206.11(1) of the pesticide Act.
The secretary shall cxamil!e pesticides fro~ time to time, and If it appears at aoy tim,e
,that a pesticide faUs to comply with any pro~lon of the pesticide Act. notice may-be 'give,n
to the,' manufacturer orstUer thereof and an opportunity to prestnt views either orally or
in writing about the alleged vio)alion. If it then appears that the provisions of this Act have
been violated, a 'statement of the facts may be scot to the county attorney In the couoty In
which the vlo,latloo.o(cumd for the purpose of instituting criminal proceedings.
21-45.17(206) GUlrantee or pesticide. , ,
45.17(1) Any manufa,Clurer or distributor or other person residing In the United States
may furnish to any penon to whom It sells I pesticide I auarantee that the pesticide lVU
lawfully registered It the time of sale Ind delivery to such penon, and that the pc,ltlclde
complies with IU the requlremenlJ of the Act Ind rules herein.
45.17(2) No reference to or suggestion that a guarantee of regiSlration has been given,shall
be made In lhe lahcling of any pesticide.
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Agriculture and Land SI~wardshipl211
Ch 45, p.6
21-45.18(206) Shipments lor experlmenlal use. A pesticide shipped or delivered for ~,xperi.
mental use shall not be considered a violation of section 206.11(1) of the peslidde Act.
45.18(1) When Ihe pwicide is shipped or delivered for exp~rimental use und~r lh~ super.
vision of any federal or Slale agcncy auchorized by law co ~onduct research.
45.18(2) Dy others if the pesticide is not sold and if the contain~r thereof is plainly and
conspicuously marked "For Experimental Use Only-Not To De Sold".
45.18(J) Or provided Ihat a written permit has been obtained from the secretary either
specific or general subject to such restrictions or conditions as may be set forth in the
permit. The application for such a permit shall contain such information as may be
required by the secretary: and in addition the proposed labeling thereon shall bear (1) the
prominent statement "For Experimental Use Only" on the container label; (2) a caution or
warning stalement which may be necessary and if complied with adequate for the protection
of those who may handle or be exposed to the experimental products: (3) the name and
addr~ss of the applicant: (4) the name or designation of the formulation: (5) if the pesticide
is to be sold, the statement of the names and percentages of the principal active ingredients
in the product.
45.18(4) A pesticide intended for experimental use shall not be offered for general sale
by a retailer or others, or advertised for general sale.
21-45.19(206) Enforcement. .
45.19(1) Collection of samples. Samples of pesticides and devices shall be collected by
an official investigator or by any ~mployee of the state who has been duly designated by the
secretary, by entry into any place during reasonable business hours.
45.19(2) Notice of apparent violation. If from an examination or analysis a pesticide
appcars 10 be in noneompliancc with the pesticidc Act, a writtcn stop 'sale, use or rcmoval
noticc will be initiated by the secretary or the sceretary's duly appointed authority, The
notice shall state the manncr in which the product fails to mcct thc requircments 01 the Act
and the rcgulations and that thc recipient shall be given an opportunity to offer such
writtcn explanation as thc recipient may desire.
45.19(J) Any person may obtain an opportunity to present relevant arguments or com.
ments by submitting a written requcst within twenty days from the date of mailing of the notice.
45.19(4) The secretary may suspend an applicator's license. permit or certification
pending inquiry and, after opportunity for a hearing, may deny, suspend, revoke or modify
any provision of any license, permit or certification issued under this Act, upon receipt of
.Information frol11 the environmental proteetion ageney that the applic~tor has been
convicted un'der. the criminai' provision of ,Section 14(b) of FIFRA, or has been assessed a
civil pena,lty under Section 14(a),of F1FRA., "
21-45.20(206) H~zardous rodenUcldcs: Before the rodenticides sodium nuoracetate (1080),
thallium sulfate, and phosphorous pastes are to be used by any federal. state, county, municipal,
or public officers, or their deputies, employees, or agents, In their official duties in peSt con.
trolj or licensed pest control operators for use in thei.r service workj the applicator shall notify
the department of agriculture and land stewardship prior t~ use, qf: (I) The location or site
where the rodenticide is to be used: (2) Date the application Is to be made: and (3) The
amount of hazardous rodenticide to be used. At the lime of notllieation the licensee must
give lL\Surance that the cerUfled applicator understands the hazards of the product, the
standlU'd operating procedures as provided by the manufaeturer, and, assure the department
that the certified applicator will comply with all label precautions. Failure to comply with this
rule may result in the suspension or revocation of the applicator's Ilce~5C.
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Agriculture and Land Stewardshipl211
lAC I I 1lS/89
21-45.21(206) Highly toxic. A pesticide which falls within any of the fOllowing categories
when tested on laboratory animals (mice, rats and rabbits) is higbly toxic to humans within
the meaning of these principles:
45.21(1) Oral toxicity. Those which produce death within 14 days in half or more than
half the animals of any species at a dosage of 5{) milligrams at a single dose. or less, per
kilogram of body weight when administered orally to ten or more such animals of each
species, ,
45.21(2) Toxicity on inhalation. Those which produce death within 14 days in half or more
than half of the animals of any species at a dosage of 200 parts or less by volume of
the gas or vapor per million parts by volume of air when administered by continuous
inhalation for one hour or less to ten or more animals of each species, provided such
concentration is likely to be encountered by humans when the pesticide is used in any reason.
ably foreseeable manner. ,
45.21(3) Toxicity by skin absorption. Those which produce death within 14 days in half
or more than half of the animals (rabbits only) tested at a dosage of 200 milligrams or less
I. per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact with the bare skin
for 24 hours or less to ten or more animals.
45.21(4) Designation as highly toxic. Provided, however. that the secretary may exempt
any pesticide which meets the above standard but which is not in fact highly toxic to humans,
from these principles with respect to pesticides highly toxic to humans. and may after a hearing
designate as highly toxic to humans any pesticide which experience has shown to be so in fact.
45.21(5) Human data. If the secretary finds, after opportunity for hearing that available
data on human experience with any pesticide indicates a toxicity greater than thai indicated
from the above described tests on animals, the 'human data shall take precedence and if that
protection of the public health so requires, tbe secretary shall declare such pesticide to be highly
toxic to humans lor lhe purposes of this Act and the regulations thereunder.
21-45.22(206) Ucease and certlllcation standanb for pesticide applicaton. No person shall
engage in the business of applying pesticides to the land or property of another at any time
without being licensed and certified by the secretary. No person shall apply any restriCled
use pesticide without first complying with certification standards or unless the application is
made under the direct supervision of a certified applicator as specified in this chapter.
45.22(1) License/or commercial, noncommercial and public applicators. Defore a license
is issued, each commercial, noncommercial and public applicator shall demonstrate compe.
tence by qualifying for a commercial. noncommercial and public applicillor's license by suc.
cessfully completing the appropriate certification examinations administered by the secretary
, to demonstrate knowledge regarding thepolential for pesticides contaminating groundwater
,', aquJfeis a,nd proper pesliclde handling practices that will aid in preventing the contamination
of groundwater aquifers, caJJbration. Integrated pest management, recognition of common
, pests to be controlled, timing arid methods of application, interpretation of label and labeling
infonnation, safety precautions and preharvest Dr reentry restrictions, specific proced~res to
be used in disposing of pesticides and containers, 'and related. legal responsibilitY under the
c1as.lifications for which such applicant Is to be licensee!.
a. Bxamlnation scores for Indlviduals not completlnll certification requirements or paying
the required fees shall be malntalned on me 85 valid test scores for a maximum of one year
followlnll the date each examination was sucCCS5fuliy completed.
b. Certification categories whleh are added to an Indlvldual's cunent certlfication shall ex.
, plre on the same date the Individual's current certification card expires. ..
45.22(2) Certification of commercial, noncommercial and public applicators.
a. In ordrr to be certified, each commercial Dr public applicator who will apply any pestl.
cldes and each noncommercial applicator who will apply restricted use pesticides shall demon.
strate a fundamental knowledge of principles and practices of pest control and safe use of
pesticides by Pas.llng a test equal to that required of commercial applicators In 40 C.F,R. 17J.4(b)
and (c) 85 revised 85 of July 1, 1988.
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Ch 45, P,g
b. A person who employs noncommercial applicators shall apply for a noncOmmercial.ap.
plica tor's license; and all noncommercial applicalors shall be certified by successfully com.
pleting the appropriate exams for Ihe type of reStricled use peslicide applications being made
and shall be required to pay the certiticalion fee of SlO for a one.year certification or 175
for a tbree.yeas cenification for each employee cenified. Noncommercial applicalors shall
be subjecllo the $25 annual license fee. The provisions of Iowa Code section :!06.1) relaling
10 licenses and requiremenls for their insurance shall nOI apply to a noncommmial applica.
lor, providing that the noncommercial applicalor:
(I) Is a full.time employee of a privately held enlity.
(2) Shall not publicly claim 10 be a commercial pesticide applicalor nor engage in the busi.
ness of applying pesticides Other than as an employee of a company on company propeny.
c. ,Separate examinalions shall be taken and passed for each classification or ~alegory in
which the commercial, noncommercial or public applicator inlends to bccome cerlified, in.
cluding Ihe fOllOWing; #Ia-Agriculture Weed GOnlrol, Nib-Agriculture Insect COnlrol, #tc-
Agriculture Crop Disease Control, #Id-Fruit and Vegetable Pest Control, #Ie-Animal Pesl
COnlrol, #2-Forest Pest COnlrol, #30t-Ornamental and Turf Pest Control, #3t- Turf Pest
Control, #30-0rnamental Pest Control, #3g-Greenhouse Pest COnlrol, #4-Seed Treatment,
#5-Aquatic Pest COntrol, #6-Right.of. Way Pest Control, i'7a-General and Household Pest
Conlrol, i'7b- Termite Control, i'7c-Fumigation, i'7d-Community Insect COnlrol, i'7e-
Wood Preservatives, #8-Public Health Pest Control, #9-Regulatory Pest COnlrol, and
#ID-Demonstration and Research Pest COnlrol.
45.22(3) Certification of private applicators. Each private applicator who will apply are.
stricted use pesticide shall demonstrate a fundamental knowledge of the potenlial for pesticides
COntaminaling groundwater aquifers and proper pesticide bandling praclices that will aid in
prevenling the cOnlaminalion.of groundwater aquifers, pest problems and pest COnlrol prac.
tices as specified in 40 C.F,R. 171.5 as of July 1, 1988, by passing a fundamenlal examinalion
administered by the secretary covering recognition of common pests to be controlled and damage
caused by them. inlerpretation of label and labeling information, mixing and application of
. peslicides in accordance with label instructions inClUding proper concentralion of pesticide to
be used and calibralion of application equipment, inlegrated pest management, local environ.
mental situations that shall be considered during application to avoid contamination, specific
procedures to be used in disposing of pesticides and containers, recognition of poisoning
symptoms. procedures to follow in case of a peslicide accident, safe handling of agricultural
chemicals and the efIecll of lhese chemicals on groundwater/surface water and related legal
responsibility. . ,
a, A private applicator shall pay an initial cenification fee of S 15 for a period not to exceed
three years. .. ,
, 'b. Each private applicator's certificate shall be renewed upon evidence thaI the applicator
has taken and passed a wriuen examination similar and equal to that required for initial cer. '
' tification and paid the required cenification renewal fee.
c. A private applicator who purchases or uses any grain fumigant which is classified for
restricted use shall meet the commercial cenification requiremenll for the #7c-Fumigation
calegory. Upon successfully completing the category #7c-Fumigallon cenlfication require.
menu, the private applicator's certification card will be so designated. The category #7c desig.
nallon will remaIn valid until the private applicator's certification card expires. To renew the
category #7c certification, a private applicator shall successfully complete Ibe required certifi.
calion examinations. ,
45.22(4). Renewal of license c1a.ss/jicatlon and certification.
' a. Each commercial, noncommercial and public applicator's license elassification shall ex.
pire annually on December 31 and shall be renewed upon payment of the reQuired license fee
provided that all of the applicant's personnel who apply pesticides ase certified commercial,
. noncommercial or public applicators and are certified in the appropriate classifications cover.
In8 their pesticide application aCtivities.
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Agriculture and land SIewasdship(211
lAC t1l15/89
b. Each commercial, noncommercial and public applicator's certification shall expire De.
cember 31 of the first yeas for those applicators applying for a one.year certification, and
December 31 of the lhird year for those applicators applying for a three.year certification and
shall be renewed by the secretary upon receipt of evidence that the applicator has passed a
written examination similar and equal to that required to obtain initial certification and has
paid the required certification fee. A 3D-day grace period from the date of expiration will
be allowed for the renewal of commercial, noncommercial and public applicator's certification.
c, Any person who attempts 10 misrepresent anyone or altempts to use unauthorized as.
Sislance in passing any examination shall be denied the privilege of laking any examinalion
for lhe period of one yeas.
d. The secretary may revise certificalion periods for pesticide applicators with certification
fees adjusted 10 renect an equivalent certification fee based on fees currently established in
order to provide a more uniform distribution of pesticid~ applicator certification renewal dates.
45.22(5) Continuing education requirements. Deginning January I, 1990, the fOllowing
requirements IIjll apply to licensed commercial. noncommercial and public pesticide applicators:
a. Credi,t hours. Each employer of certified commercial, noncommercial and public pesti-
cide applicators and handlers shall provide continuing education training. Certified pesticide
applicators and handlers shall receive a minimum of four hours of continuing education train-
ing credits each calendar year. Notwithstanding the requirements of this paragraph. a person
certified in any categories which include category na-General Household Pest Control,
category nb- Termite Control, or category nc-Fumigation shall receive a minimum of six
hours of continuing education training credits each calendar yeas.
(I) A certified applicator and handler may accumulate more than the minimum hours of
conlinuing education credit required and apply these to subsequent years provlded,that the
training credits have been received within three years of the year they are submitted with the
employer's pesti~de applicator license renewal application.
(2) BeginnIng January I, 1993. all cenified applicators and handlers will be required 10 receive
six hours of continuing education lralning credits annually.
b, Training topics. Continuing education training shall be relative to the type of pesticide
applied by the employee and shall include, but not be limited to, any of the fOllowing:
(I) Groundwater/surface water protection.
(2) Emergency planning and response.
(3) Calibration.
(4) Environmental protection from hazards ass()(liated with pesticide use.
(5) Personal safety and public safety related to pesticide use.
(6) Endangered species proteClion. , .
(7) Worker protection,
(8) Food safety. "
(9) Proper pesticide waste disposal. , '
(10) Proper disposiIJ of pesticide containers. .
(II) Pesl recognition, biology and habiu.
(12) Integrated pelt management.
(13) Reading and InterPretation of labeling.
(14) Alternative nonchemlcal controls.
(IS) Pollonlng prevention, symptoms and first ,aid.
(16) Applicable laws and regulations.
c. Approval of sponsor's programs and activities. Sponsors of training programs shallsubmlt
an outline of their proposed program and a request for departmental approval at least ten
days prior to the dale the program is to be held, The department shall evaluatc each proposed
program and grantlinal approval for all qualifying programs. A continuing education activi-
ty shall be qualJfied for approval If thc secretary detcrmlnes thath cowtitutcs an organized
program of leamlng which contributes directly to the professional competency of the li;ewee.
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Ch 45. p,Sb
Sources of lraining may includ~ Iowa State University cooperative extension service. slate
and national trade lI5socialions, supplier or distributor seminars, pest control company for,
mal training programs and pesticide applicator training me~tings.
d. Exemption. Employees who are certified initially are ex~mpt from continuing educa.
tion requirements the first year tbey are cerlified.
45.22(6) Report 'of licensee. Each licensee shall file with the company's or agency's pesti.
cide applicator license renewal application a certificate of personal attendance form fUrnish~d
by the department and validated by the educational institution or organizalion sponsoring the
training program for each certified applicator and operator.
45.22(7) Standards for supervision of non certified applicators by cerrified private and com.
mercial applicators. Certified appiicators whose activities indicate a supervisory role mUSI
demonstrate a practical knowledge of federal and Slale supervisory requirements, including
labeling, regarding the application of restricted use pesticides by noncertified applicators,
The availability of the certified applicator must be directly related to the hazard of the situ.
ation. In many situations, where the certified applicator is not required to be physically present,
"direct supervision" shall include verifiable instruction to the competent person, as follows:
(a) detailed guidance for applying the pesticide properly; and (b) provisions for contacting
the certified applicator in the event the certilied applicator is needed. In other situations. and
1I5 required by the label, the actual physical presence of a certilied applicator may be required
when application is made by' a noncertified applicator.
45.22(8) License application-contents. Each license application submiucd pursuant to
Iowa Code section 206.6 shall include a complete list of all employees who may apply pesti.
, cides. Any changes regarding the stalUs of the employees named on the application or new
employees shall be reported immediately to the pesticide section of the Iowa deparnnent of
agriculture and land stewardship.
45.22(9), Exemptionfrom certification. An employee of a public agency who applies pes.
ticides clll5sllied for general use and which are in ready.to.use formulations shall be exempt
,from the certilication requirements of Iowa Code chapter 206 provided, that the application
of pesticides is an incidental pan of the person's duties.
45.22(10) , Pesticide use on private golf courses. Employees of private golf courses who
apply pesticides shall comply with the same requirements for employees applying pesticides
for public golf courses including, but not limited to, certilication and notllication requirements.
45.22(11) Oral certification examination. A private applicator may request certilication
by oral examination in lieu of a wriuen examination. A written request shall be submitted
to the secretary or an authorized representative describing in detail the reasons an oral exami.
nation is requested in lieu of the written exam. ,Oral examinations will be administered by
appointment only. '
, The oral exam shall cover the same c,ertilication standards as the written exam, and a mini.
l1)um,pll5sing grade shall be 70 percent ,of the questions answered correctly.
As a prerequisite for an oral exam, the secretary may' require the applicant to attend a pri.
vate applicator'training program sponsored by the Iowa State University cooperative exten.
sian service.
45.22(12) Temporory exemption from certification. A commercial, noncommercial, public
or private applicator need not be certilied to apply pesticides (or a period of 21 days from
the date of initial employment if the commercial, noncommercial, public or private applicator
is under the direct supervision of a certllied applicator. Except for subrules 45.22(13) t~
45.22(15), "under the direct supervision or' means the application of a pesticide is made by
a competent person acting under the instructions and control of a certilied applicator who,
is physically present by being in sight or hearing distance of the supervised person.
45.22(13) Temporary exemption for ccrrificarionfor agricultural applicators. A commercial
applicator who applies pesticides to agriculluralland may elect to be exempt from the certifi.
cation requirements for a commercial applicator for a period of 21 days from the date of ini.
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Agriculture and Land Stewardship!211
lAC \ 1/15/89
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lial employment if the applicator mccts the requirements o[ a private applicator. A commercial
applicator who applies pesticides 10 agricultural land and clectS to take advantage of the ex.
emption as provided for in Iowa Code section 206.5 shall worK under the instructions and
control of a certioed commercial applicator. The supervising applicator is not required to
be physicallY present but shall be immediately available if and when necessary.
45.22(14) Employees of food processing and distributian establishments. An employee
of a food processing and distribution establishment is exempt from the certification require.
ments of Iowa Code section 206.5 provided the following conditions are met:
a. The employer has at least 'one person holding a supervisory position that is a certtned
applicator. '
b. The employer provides a program approved by the department for training, testing and
ceuineatiOn of personnel who apply, as an incidental past of their duties. any restriCled use
pesticide on property owned or rented by the employer.
c. The exempt employee applies pesticides under the dir~t supervision of a certioed appli.
cator. "Under direct supervision" shall not require the physical presence of the supervising
certified applicator, if the supervising applicator is immedialely available if and when needed.
45.22(15) Certified handler.
a. Certined handler. Each person employed by a licensed commercial applicator. noncom-
mercial applicator, public applicator. or pesticide dealer who handles pesticides in other than
unopened conlainers for the purposes of preparing. mixing or loading pesticides for applica-
tion by another person. repacKaging bulK pesticides or disposing of pesticide. related wastes
from lhese activities shall become certified by taking and passing an examination as prescribed
by the secretary.
, b. A certined handler shall demonstrate a fundamental knowledge of the potential for pes-
ticides contaminating groundwater aquifers or surface waters and proper handling practices
that will aid in preventing the contamination of groundwater aquifers or surface waters,ad-
verse effects on the environment and any other personal or public hazards associated with
the use of pesticides by passing a fundamental examination adJninistered liy the secretarY cover-
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lAC 11/15/89
Agriculture and Land Stewardship[2t}
Ch 45. p.9
accordance with label instructions including propcr concemralion of pesticides to be used and
locat environmental situations that shall be considcred durii..' handling of pesticides 10 avoid
contamination, specific procedures to be used in disposing of pesticides and comainers, recog.
nition of poisoning symptoms, procedures to follow in case of a pesticide accident, safe han.
dling of pesticides and the effects on groundwater and surface water, the proper use of personal
safety equipment and related legal responsibilities.
c. A certified handler's cenification shall expire December 31 of lhe first year for those
operators applying for a one.year certification and December 31 of the third year for those
operators applying for a three.year certification and shall be renewed by the secretary upon
receipt of evidence that the applicator has passed a written examination similar and equal to
that required to obtain initial cenification and has paid the required cenification fee. A 3D.day
grace period from the date of expiration will be allowed for the renewal of the certified han.
dler's certification, and a 21.day grace period from the day of initial employment shall be
allowed to meet the certification requirements.
d. A certified handler employed by a licensed applicator shall work under the direct super.
vision of a certified commercial, noncommercial or public applicator employed by the same
firm or agency. "Under direct supervision" shall not require the physical presence of the super.
vising certified applicator in reference to agricultural crop pesticide.applications, if the super.
visor is available if and when needed.
e. A certified handler shall not act in the capacity of a supervisor of other cenified handlers
or certified applicators.
This rule Is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 206,2, 206.4, 206.5, 206.7, and 206.31.
. ,
21-45.23(206) Sale or posStsslon of thallium. No person shall sell or possess any thallium
or thallium compound exceptJederal. Slate. counly, municipal officers or their deputies for
use in their official duties in pest eontrol; research or chemical laboratories in their
respective fields; regularly licensed pest control operators for use in their own service work;
properly registered ant, mole and rodent poisons containing thallium expressed as metallie
not more than one percent; wholesalers or jobbers of pesticides for sale to the
aforementioned persons; or for export.
"
21-45.24(206) Warning, caution and antldnte statements. In order to promote uniformity
between the requirements of the Iowa pesticide Act and requirements of the several stales
ahd the federal government, section 206.21 of the Iowa pesticide Act provides for the
adoption of rules and regulations in conformity with those prescribed by the United States
department of agriculture. Warning, caution and antidote statements required to appear on
labels of pestleides under the pesticide Act shall conform to the warning, caution and
antidote statem~nts required under interp,retallon !Sand revisions thereof of the regulations
for the enforcement of the federal Imectlelde, fungicide and rodenticide Act, which
interpretation IS and revisions thereof are hereby incorporated into this rule by ihis'
reference and made a part hereof. '
.
.
21-45.15(206) Imlantlon of pests, The secretary declares the following to be pests:
1. Any insect, rodent, nematode. fungus, weed, or
2. Any form of plant and animal life, Vlrui, or other microorganism, except viruses or
other microorganisms on or in living man or olher ,living animals, which exists under
circumstances that make It unduly Injurious to plants, man, domestie ilnimals, other useful
vertebrates, usefullnvenebrates, or other articles or substances.
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tAC 7/"7/88
Agrkuliure and Land Stewardshipl"11
CI, 45, p.IO
'21-45.26(206) Recordkeeping requirements, Commercial applicators and relail dcalers shall
mainlain records Wilh respect to application of pesticides for a period of three years from Ihe '
date of application of the pesticides to which the records refer: and shall furnish copies to
the secretary upon request in writing.
45.26(l) Recoil dealers-sales 10 certified applicators, Each rCltricled use peslicide retail
dealer shall maintain at each individuai dealership records of each transaction where a restrkled
use pesticide is made available for use by Ihat dealership to a certified applicalor. Re~ord
of each Iransaction shall include the following information:
a. Name and address of the residence or principal place of business of each person 10 whom
the pesticide was made available for use. ,
b. The certification number on the document evidencing that person's certification, the slate
(or other governmental unit) that issued the document, the expiration date of the wtifi~ation
and the categories in which the applicator is certified, if appropriate.
c. The product name, EPA registration number granted under section 24(c) of the FIFRA
(if any) on the label of the pesticide.
d. The quantity of the pesticide made available for use in lhe transaction.
e. The date of the transaction. .
, 45.26(2) Sales 10 uncertiJied persons. No dealership may make a restricted use pesticide
available to an uncertified person unless the dealer or dealership can document that lhe restricted
use pesticide will be used by a certified applicator and the dealer or dealership maintains the
records required in this subrule. ' Each restricted use pesticide retail dealer shall maintain records
at each individual dealership of each transaction where a restricted use pesticide was made
available to an uncertified person for use by a certified applicator. Records of each lransac.
tion shall be maintained for a period of 36 months after the date of the transaction and shall
include the following information:
a. The name'and address of the residence or principal place of business of the uncenified
person to whom the restricted use pesticide is made available for use by a cenified applicator.
b. The name and address of the residence or principal place of business of the cenified
applicator who will use the restricted use pesticide.
c. Theeenified applicator's certification number, the state (or other governmenlal unit)
that issued the certification document. the expiration date of the certification and the categories
in which the applicator is certified, if appropriate.
d: The product name. EP A registration number and the state special local need registration
number granted under section 24(c) of the FIFRA (if any) on the label of lhe pesticide.
e. The quantity of the pesticide made available for use in the transaction.
j. The date of the transaction. ,
45.26(3) Commercial applicators. Every commercial a'pplicator shall make, or cause to have
made. offieerecords of all application, activities' on each pesticide applied which shall include
. the following: ' ,.' ,
a. .The name and license number of the licens~. '
b. The name and address of the landowner or customer.
c. Address of the place of application of restricted use pesticide.
d. Date of pesticide application.
e. Trade name of pesticide product used.
/. The quantity of pesticide product used and ,the concentration or rate of application.
, go If applicable, the temperature and the direction and estimated velocity of wind at time '
of application to any outdoor area. .
h. Use of "restricted use" pesticide.
This rule Is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 206.11(3) and 206.15.
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, AgricullUre and Land Slewardship(211
lAC 7.'27/88
21-45.27(206) Use of high volatile esIC1S. The use of high volatile esters formulations o[
2,4:D and 2,4,5.T, the alcohol fraction of which contains five of fewer carbons, shall be
prohibited in the counties of Harrison. Mills. Lee. Muscatine and thaI part of Potta'
wallamie county west of Range 4t West of the 5th P.M. to become effective upon filing.
21-45,28(~06) Emergency single purchase/single use of restricted pesticide. The department
shall issue a temporary certificate 10 privale applicators for a single purchase/single use of
restricted pesticides in situations declared to be 'an emergency by the department, upon rcccipl
of the following completed and signed affidavit.
21-45.28(206) EMERGENCY USE OF A RESTRICTED USE
, PESTICIDE BY A PRIVATE APPLICATOR
Emergency Single Purchase/Single Use of Remicted Pesticide-Affidavit.
The Label which 1 have read, indicates:
Brand name of pesticide:
Federal Registration Number:
Name of Active Ingredient(s):
Percentage of Active Ingredlentls):
If the pesticide product is to be mixed with a carrier, show the amount of pesticide
product per gallon of tank mix:
Application rate per acre:
Name pest to be controlled:
At what stage of development is the pest 01091 easily eon trolled:
State degree of hazard (signal word):
Describe safety equipment required:
What is the recommended antidote for this product:
List environmental precaution shown on label:
Length of time until re-entry, if given:
Preharvest interval days required:
Describe method of container disposal:
I wish 10 make application of this pesticide on (date)
and I hereby swear under penalty of perjury that I understand the above labellnforrnation
and warnings'.
(name of private applicator)
..
" ,This rule is i11tended to implement Iowa ~ode section 206.4, 206.5.
21-45.i9(206) Application or gen'iral use pesticide by nonllcensed commercial appllcalor.
'A person may apply a general use pestiCide witnoul satisfying the licensing requiremeqts of
Iowa Code chapter 206, upon presenting evidence 10 the secretary of applying the pesticide
under the direct superiision of a licensed commercial applicator or a public applicator.
21-45.30(106) Restricted use pesticides c1wlned. Pesilclde products containing active
. Ingredients clwlfied as restricted use arc limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a
certified applicator. The pesticide use classification as promulgated by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency In 40 C.F,R., Section 162,31, revised as or July I, 1983, Is
. hereby adopted In Its entirety by this reference.
This rule Is intended to implement Iowa Code scellon 206.20.
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Agriculture and Land Stcwardshipl1lj
Ch ~5, p.12
21-45.31(206)' Application of pesllcldes toxic 10 bees. Owners of apiaries, in order to prolect
their hives from pesticide applications, shall register the telcphone number where Ihey can
be reached and the locations of bee yards on forms, DOA #10, Apiary Registration Form pro.
vided by the department, with the Stale apiarist, before April I of each year, Within 30 days
Ihereafter, the department shall provide each ASCS office with information of such locations
indicating township, seclion and range of bee yards in thai COUnty, along with the lelephone
number of each registered Owner,
, Prior to application of any pesticide that indicates on its label that it is toxic to bees, the ap.
plicator shall determine if the field is within a two mile radius of any registered bee yard by
contacting the county ASCS office or by calling 5151281.3561 during hours when the ASCS
office is not open.
The applicator shall give notice to Ihe owner, Ihe owner's agent or a member of the owner's
family at least twenty-four hours and no more than seventy-two hours prior 10 such applica.
lion. Owners of apiaries, in order to protect their hives from such pesticide applications, shall '
allend the telepbone designated on the Apiary Registration Form: or in the event that Ihe
owner. the owner's agent or a member of the owner's family will not be available at the
designated telephone number, said owner shall call 5151281-5136, provide an alternative
telephone number where they can be contacted, and be available at that number.
If an applicator, after diligently allempting to do so, is unable to reach the owner or other
appropriate person at either telephone number, he/she shall call 5151281-3561. A represent-
ative of tbe depanment shall make one additional allempt to give proper notice by again call.
ing both telephone numbers. ff the applicator and the department are not successful in contact-
ing and notifying the owner. the owner's agent or a member of the owner's family by calling
both telephone numbers, tbe owner of the apiary shall be deemed to have b,een duly notified;
and the applicator may apply the chemicals as requested.
Pesticides may be applied earlier than twenty.four hours and later than seventy-two hours
after notification of bee owner. with consent of the bee owner.
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code section 206.1l(3)"b" and "c."
21-45.32(206) Use of DOT and ODD. Pesticides containing dichloro diphenyl trich.
loroethane (DOT) or dichloro diphenyl dichloroelhane (ODD) shall not be distributed, sold
or used except for control of pests of pUblic health imporlance and pest subject to state or
federal quarantines where applications of pesticides are made under the direct supervision of '
public health officials or stale or federal quarantine officials.
21-45.33(206) Use ollnollanlc arsenic.
45.33(1) Rome use. Formulations of inorganic arsenic containing more thlUl one percent
arsenic (expreSSed as elemental arsenic) shall not be distributed orso!d lor use as'a pesticide in' .
or around lhe homdor the purpose ill preventing, destroying or repelling any weed, rodent,
. insect or other pests. . '.. .'
45.33(2) Other uses. FormuJalions of Inorganic arsenlc shall not be distributed or sold for'
use as a peslicide"for the purpose ofprevenling, destroying or repelling any weed, rodent, insect
or other pests, u'nJess there are no acceptable alternative methods 01 control available: as
delermlned by the department. Where no aceepl4ble alternative methods 01 control are
available, and an inorganic arsenic lormulalion Is approved for use by the department, such
approval shall include specific contlllions designed to protect the appllcator, as well as the
ptibllc health, and wellll'll: and a permit must be secured by the user from the department prior
to the application or use 01 the product. '
21-45.34(206) Use of beptachlor. Peslicides contalnlng heptachlor shall not be distribut.
ed, sold or used for the purposes of preventing; destroying or repelling mosquitoes or flies.
'Ob}caJoa nltd 9/11119, Kf ln~n lAC 1013179; objtc1lon rudoplN by lilt Admjnlstllll~e Ruin Rcvlrw Commllltf 1/1/91.
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Objeclion ~S.J I
"
On September 12, 1979, the Administrative Rules Review Commillee voted the following
objection:
The Adminislralive Rules Review Comminee objects to agriculture department rule
30-1 OJ I ' relaling to application of pesticides toxic 10 bees on the grounus the rule is beyond
,the authority of the department. The rule appears as ARC 0469 in Vol. II, Number 3, lAB,
August B. 1979. In essence the rule provides for mandatory reporting system 10 be followed
prior to the application of pesticides harmful to bees. It is the opinion of the comminee
chapter 206 of the Code relating 10 pesticides neither implicilly or explicitly authorizes such a
program, Chapter 206 in essence establishes a Iicensing'program for commercial applicators
and'is additionally designed to ensure that all applicators use the producl according to
manufacturer's instructions. II does not contemplate a mandalory warning system prior to the
use of these chemicals.
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Agriculture and Land Stewardship(211
Ch 45, p.t)
21-45,35(206) Use of lindane. Formulations of pesticides containing lindane or crystalline
lindane shall nOI be distributed. sold or used when the lindane is prepared, identified, pack.
aged or advellised to be vaporized through the use of thermal vaporizing devices.
~1-45.36(206) Reports 01 livestock poisoning. Any person practicing veterinary medicine
under the provisions 01 Iowa Code chapter t69 encountering a case of poisoning, or suspmed
poisoning, of domestic livestock lhrough injury Irom conlact with, exposure to, or ingestion of
any biological or chemical agent 01 compound, shall immediately report by telephone or
telegraph such poisoning to the head 01 Ihe veterinary diagnostic laboratory of Iowa state
universil}' of science and technology who shall immediately notily the state veterinarian of any
such reports. Reporls made pursuant to this rule shall be confirmed in writing as provided in
45.36(2).
45.36(1) Verbal report. The verbal report of a case of such poisoning shall provide infor.
mation on as many of the items listed in 45.36(2) as available data allows.
45.36(2) Written report. The wrillen report of a case of such poisoning shall be submitted
within forl}"eight hours, with one copy 10 Ihe department and one copy 10 the veterinary
diagnostic laboratol)', and shall contain the following in/ormation on forms provided by the
veterinary diagnostic laboratol)' or the department:
a. Location of inCident.
b. Time and date of incident.
c. Number and type of livestock affected.
d. Poison agenl, known or suspected.
e. Localion 0/ source 01 poisoning. '
f. Type and degree of poisoning.
g. Name, mailing address and telephone number o/liveslock owner.
h. Whether release or poisoning agent is continuing.
i. Wbether poisoning agenl is on land or in waleI'.
j. Any other inlormation thai may assist in evaluation of the incident.
k. Name and address 0/ reporting veterinarian.
45.36(3) Subsequent /indings. All subsequent findings and diagnostic results shall be sub.
milled as soon as they become available.
21-45.37(206) Approval of use of Inorganic arsenic lormulatlon. There arc two stages,in
obtaining approval for the use of an inorganic arsenic formulalion pursuant to rule 45.33(206).
First, the advisory committee must approve the use 01 the lormulatlon in the state lor a
particular pest. Then, each individual desiring to use the approved formulation must secure a
permit lrom the department. The required procedure is sel out in this rule. ", ,,','
,45.37(1)' Who' may apply. Any person may apply for approval for the use of an in9rganic "
" arsenic formulation 10, control a specific pest or,pesls pursuaritlO rule 45.33(206).
45.37(2) Form of application, All such applications shall be made in .wriling, signed by lhe
appllcanl. and shall specily:
a. Common name or scientilic name 01 pesl or pesls to be controlled with the lormulation,
b. Crops which the pesl or pests endanger, ' " '
c. Chemical name or inorganic arsenic formulation for which approval'is requeSled,
d. Why there arc no acceptable alternative methods 01 controlling the pesls avaJIable,
e. Rale 01 application nccded for control,
f. Number 01 applications needed annually lor control,
g. Name, address and lelephone number 01 the applicant.
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, Agricuhure and Land Stewardshipl~ II
lAC 7 1~7 188
45.37(3) Hearings, when held.
a. Applications for approval shall be considered at public hearings by the advisory committee.
b. The committee shall grant, modify, or deny the request for approval within seventy.two
hours of the conclusion of ehe hearing.
'45.37(4) Conditions of approval. Approvals shall be valid until revoked by the depanment.
a. In its approval, the committee shall specify:
(I) The inorganic arsenic lormulation to be used.
(2) The pesls for which it may be used.
(3) The crops on which it may be used.
(4) The maximum number of applications to be made annually, and
(5) Information to be submitted to the department following use 0/ the formulation.
b. The committee shall also specify ehe conditions designed to protect the public heallh and
welfare as conditions for the issuance of a permit by the department. Such conditions shall
include, but not be limited to:
(I) That the permit applicant has sustained or wiU 'likely sustain damage from lhe pest for
which control is approved,
(2) Topographical requirements to ensure minimal runoff into waters of the state.
(3) Minimum separation distance of area to be treated from waters of the state.
(4) Minimum distance of area eo be treated from property not under control 01 applicant,
(5) Grass or other plant cover to prevent erosion on slopes to which the formulation is
applied. '.
45.37(~) Permits. After an application for approval is granted, any person may use the
.formulation approved, provided that a permit is obtained from the depanment. The
department and the commillee shall review at least annually its approvals 0/ uses of inorganic
arsenic fonnulations and shall revoke an approval whenever it finds an acceptable allernative
method of eontrol is available,
Rules 45.33 to 45.37 are intended to implement Iowa Code sections 2p6.19. 206.20 and 206.23.
45.38 to 45.44 Reserved,
21.....j5.45(206) Elhylene dlbromlde (ED B) residue levels In food. The following is the max.
imum allowable residue levels of Ethylene dibromide (EDD) for each of the three primary tiers
of grain products:
45.45(1) For raw grain. the level should not exceed 900 parIS per billion.
45.45(2) Intennediate level products-nour. various mixes for preparing baked goods, soft
cereals and other products that would nonnally require cooking or baking be/ore eating-the
level.should not exceed 150 parts per billion;
,45.45(3) ,For ready~to-eat producls-<:old cereals, snack foods, bread and all baked goods-
..'ttie'level should not exceed 30'parls:per billion.' , , ' . ,
, . 45.45(4)' Foi baby food, zero (0) tolerance-no' acceptable level of EDD'is permissible.
, ,45.45(5) For fruit, the level should not exceed 250 parIS per billion tolerance for the lotal
Crull and should not exceed 30 parts per billion In the edible portion of the Cruit.
,This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 189.17.206.21 and 190,2.
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lAC 11/15/89
Agriculture and Land Stewardshipl2l]
Ch 45. p.15
21-45.46(206) Ust of peslicide Command 6EC. The pesticide Command 6EC Herbicide
EPA Reg. No. 219.1054 (active ingredient: 2.(2.ChlorophenY/J melhyl-l, 4.dimelhyl.
3.isoxazolidinone.. .64.3"10) or any identically formulated compound shall be soil incorpo.
rated immediately fOllowing application. The mcthod of application shall be limited 10 ground
equipment.
.
21-45.47(206) Reporting of PesUclde sales. Commercial pesticide applicators, pesticide deal.
ers, pesticide manufacturers and pesticide distributors with the exception of manufaclUrers
or distributors that distribute pesticides for resale purposes only shall submit annual repons '
to the Iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship by October I of each year on
forms approved by the secretary of agriculture except thaI pesdcide manufacturers or pesti.
cide distributors that distribute pesticides only for resale purposes shall not be required to submit
a report. The reports shall include information related to the gross dollar amOUnt for all pes.
dciaes sold at retail for use in this state. The repons shall also list the individual label name,
EPA registration number and the gross dollar amount of each pesticide sold at retail for Which
gross ietail sales are $3000 or more.
This rule is intended 10 implement iowa Code sections 206.6. 206.8 arid 206.12.
21-45.48(206) Dealer Ilceose fees. A dealer license fee for initial application for a dealer
license shall be $25. The annual dealer license renewal fee shall be based on one-tenth of one
percent of the gross annual sales of all pesticides sold the previous fl5Cll! year or S25, whichever
'is grealer. The fiscal year shall begin July 1 and end June 30 of the following year.
45.48(1) A pesticide dealer license expires on June 30 of Cllth year. However, a grace period
beginning July l,and extending to October I of each year shall be allowed for renewal of pesti-
cide dealer licenses. A late fee of 2 percent of the license fee due based on the gross pesticide
relail sales shall be imposed upon the Iicensllle of a pesticide dealer applyina for liccnsllle renewal
during October; a late fee of 4 percent of the license fee due based on the gross pesticide retail
sales shall be imposed upon the licensure of a pesticide dealer applying for licensure renewal
during November; a late fee of 5 percent of the licen.!e fee due based on the gross pesticide
retail sales shall be imposed upon the licensure of a pesticide dealer applying forliccnsure renewal
during December; and an additional 5 percent penalty for each month thereafter shall be im-
posed. The application for renewal shall be considered complete once the required fees and
reporu have been su bmilled to the department.
45.48(2) The annual license fee for manufacturers or distributors distributing pesticides
for resale purposes only shall lie S25. License fees required by this rule shall be due July 1
of each year. , ',' .
Thb'rule is intended to,lmplementlowa Code sections 206.6, 206.8 and 206.12.
,21-45.49(206) Pesllcfde use recommendallolU. Person.! making pesticide use recommen- '
datiolU shall be famlliar with the safe and proper use of each pesticide for which recommen.
dation.! arc made and shall not make any recommendations which are contrary to label
irutrucdoDl. The employer or licensee shall be responsible for all pesticide use recommenda.
tlolLl made by their employees which are contrary to Jabellnstructions.
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code sections 206.2, 206.4, 206.5, 206.6, 206.7 ,
and 206.31. ,
21-45.50(206) Nol1flcallon requirements for urban pesllcfde appllcallnlU. AU commercial
or public applicators who apply pesticides within urban areas In municipalities shall post or
affix notification signs at the stan of the application and for at least 24 hours following the
application or longer if required by the reentry direcdoDl on the pesticide label(s). The reo
quirements of this rule shall not apply to the application of pesticides wilhin a structure or
. within six feet of the OU15ide perimeter of a structure and to pesticide applications made by
the homeowner or tenant to their property. _
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Ch 45, p.16
Agriculture and Land Stewardshipl2tl
lAC It1l5/89
'.'
For purposes of enforcement of this rule the term "municipality" shall include any ehy or
developed residential area in the stale. The term "urban" shall mean any area wilhin or be.
longing to a city or developed residential area.
45.50(1) Residential (awns.
a. Notlficalion signs shall project at least 12 inches above the top of the grass line or 18
inches to the cop of [he signs.
b, The notification sign shall be posted ,on a lawn or yard between twO feet and five feel
from the sidewalk or Slreet. Residences that have unfenced or open backyards shall be posted
within two feet to five [eel from the back lot line.
c. When landscaping or other obstructions prohibit compliance with the minimum distances
specified, the notification signs shall be posted in a manner that is reasonably within lhe intent
of this subrule.
'45.50(2) Golf courses. Signs including'posters or placards shall be posted in a conspicu.
ous manner near the first tee of each nine.hole course. The sign shall be constructed of a
weather.resistant material and be a minimum size of 81-\ inches by II inches, The lellering
shall not be less than V. inch, The sign shall read "Pesticides are periodically applied to the
golf course. If desired, you may contact your golf course superintendent or person in charge
for further information." The sign shall be displayed prior to the application of any pesticide
on the golf course and left In place for at least 24 hours following anY pesticide application,
Where pesticide labeling requires specific notification or reentry restrictions. the applicator
shall comply with the label instructions,
45.50(3) Parks, playgrounds and athletic fields. For parks, athletic fields, playgrounds
or other similar recreational property, the notification signs shall be posted immediately adja.
cent to areas within the properlY where pesticides have been applied and at or near the en.
trances to the property where pesticides have been applied. The notification signs shall be
pla~ed in a,conspicuous manner to provide a reasonable nolification to the public.
45.50(4) Public rights-oj-way.
a. Notice of the applicalion of pcslicides to public rillhts-of.way ~f highway!, roads. street!.
alleys, sidewalks and recreational trails wilhin the corporate limits of municipalities shall be
posted In a manner that provides reasonable notice to the occupants of'properties immediate.
Iy adjatcnt to lhe area being treated. A minimum of two signs shall be posled to denote the
beginning and the end of the area being treated. , Within developed residential zones, at least
, one sign shall be posted at the beginning and one at the end of each block. Signs shall be '
placed in a manner to be readable from the adjacent property.
b. Public rights-of.way bordered by a chain link fence, noise wall or other structures or
enclosures that bar pedestrian access shall be exempt from the posling requirement.
, c. The liceJOOl pesticide applicator perfonning the applicallonshall make pesticide'appli-
cation schedules and other community right-ta:know information avililable to the public upon
request at'the applicator's place of tiwlncss during regular'business hours.
d. The notification signs used for posting public right!-of-way shall consist of a weather-
r~istant poster or placa!d measuring at least 10 inches by 12 Inches with lettering measuring
, . a minimum of I inch. Notification siglll shall project at least 2 feet above the lop of the grass
line or 3 f~ to the top of the SigOl. The words "This area chemically treated. Keep ofr'
sball be used for poaling public right!-of.way.
45.50(5) Public pest control programs. Pesticides applied for or by any municipality for
the control or abatement of pests related to public health programs such B1 mosquitoes or
other pest control programs shall be exempt from posting requirement! provided that lhe In.
, tended dates, time and locations arc announced to the public In a coOlplcuous manner at least
24 hours prior to the application. The announcement shall be made on,a major radio station,
TV station, newspaper or any other means of mll.ls communication that would normally reach
the resident! of that city or developed residential area,
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lAC 2/7/90
Agriculture and Land Stewardshipl~IJ
Ch 45. p.l?
45.50(6) Notijication signs.
a. The notification signs shall be' of a material that is rain.resistant for at least a 24.hour
period and shall not be removed by the applicator for at least 24 hours from the time pesti.
cides are applied or longer if required by the label of the pesticide applied. Each property
owner, tenant, agent or person in charge of the property shall be provided wilh instructions
that the notification sign is required to remain in place for a minimum of 24 hours following
the pesticide application. When the labeling of the pesticide(s) applied requires a reentry reo
striction more than 24 hours, the sign shall be left in place for the specified periO'd restricting
reer~ry. After the required posting period has elapsed, all notification signs sbould be removed
by either a representative of the business, organization, entity or person making said applica.
tion or the owner, agent, person in charge of the property, or their representative, to which
tbe pesticide was applied.
b. A5 a minimum, unless otherwise specified. the following information shall be printed
on the notification sign in contrasting colors and block letters:
(I) The name and telephone number of the business, organization. entity or person apply.
ing the pesticide; and
(2) The words: "This area chemically treated. Keep off. Do not remove sign for twenty.
four hours." A5 an alternative. a universally accepted symbol and text approved by the secre.
tary that is recognized as having the same meaning or intent as specified in this paragraph
may be used. When the labeling of the pesticide(s) applied requires a longer reentry restrie.
tion it shall be so stated on lhe notification sign.
The lettering for notification signs used for posting residential, commercial or public lawns
or gardens or other similar areas shall measure at leaslthree-cighths inch. The lettering for
notification signs used for right.of.way areas required to be posted shall measure at least one
inch. '
c. The notification sign used for posting residential, commercial or public lawlLI or galdelLl
or other similar areas shall consist of a sign or placard measuring at,leasl four inches by five
inches with letters measuring a minimum of three-eighths inch.
d. The label and other information normally associated with the use of the pesticide(s) be.
ing applied to any urban area that is required to be posted shall be provided to any individual
upon request. '
e. A commercial or publie applicator who applies a pesticide with labeling that requJres
further maintenance after application shall provide the homeowner or agent in charge Of
property with a copy of the complete label of the pesticide(s) applied if requested and ilLltruc.
tiolLl on proper maintenance pnx:edures.
/. Officials of the municipalities affecled by this rule shall cooperate with the department
in enforcing the requJremenl.l of thLI rule and shall report any infractiolLl to the department.
45.50(7) Prtnot/jication registry.' In lieu of the requirement for public notification as s~'
fied '45.5 5. a munici . lain a re 'st of rsons requesting t~i~e',
notifieation prior to pes cide applications and orovide notification to thOle U1 Vt u at le:ut '
. 24 houn rior 10 a ticide a li '. n made ad acentlo their propert . .-
a. A muniClp ty may also choole to make arrangemenl.l w t I osc persons upon request
to refrain from applying pesticides to adjacent properties in lieu of prenotification;
b. The reaJstry shall be updated annually and contain at least the name. addrCl.l, and tele.
phone number where occupant may be reached during normal bwlnCl.l hours. The re&istry
shall be made available upon request to licensed commercial and public pesticide applicators.
. c. PrIor notification of pesticide application to IaWlll, park.!, playarounds and athletic fields
located in urban areas.
(I) Any neighbors whOle property abul.l or Is adjacent to the property where pesticides are
applied by a commercial or public applicator may receive prior notification of a pesticide appli.
cation by contacting the applicator and providing their name, addrCl.l and telephone number.
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Ch 45, p.IS
Agriculture and Land SIewardshipl211
lAC 3/7/90
(2) At least the day before a scheduled pesticide application, a commercial or public appli.
cator shall provide notification to a person who has requested notification pursuant to
45,50(7)","(1), such notification to be made in writing, in person or by telephone, diSclosing
the date and approximate time of day of application.
(3) In the event that a commercial or public applicator is unable to provide prior notifica.
tion to a neighbor whose property abuts or is adjacent to the property because of the absence
or inaccessi~i1ity of the individual, at the time of application to a customer's lawn, the appli.
cator for hire shall leave a written notice at the residence of the person requesting notification.
which shan provide the information specified in subrule 45.50(6), paragraph "d."
d, Prior notification of pesticide application to golf courses.
(I) Any landlord or resident with property that abuts or is adjacent to a goif course may
receive prior notification of an application of pesticides by contacting the golf course superin-
tendeOl and providing the landlord or resident's name, address and telephone number.
(2) At least the day before a scheduled application of pesticides, the golf course superinten.
dent shall provide notification to any person who has requested notification pursuant to
45.50(7) "d"(I). Such notification may be made in writing. in person or by telephone, dis-
closing the date and approximate time of day of application.
(3) In the event that the golf course superintendent is unable to provide prior notification
to a landlord or resident because of the absence or inaccessibility of the landlord or rcsident
at the time of application, the golf course superintendent shall leave a written notice with the
landlord or at the residence which shail provide the information spceified in subrule 45,50(6),
paragraph "d."
This rule is intended to implement Iowa Code section 206.19.
'21-45.51(206) Restrictions on the distribution aod use or pesticides conlalolng the active
Ingredleot alralioe or any combination or active Ingredients Including atralinl.
45.51(1) Atrazine is the common name for the pesticide chemicaI2-chloro-4-cthylamino.
6-lsopropylamino- 1 ,3.5 triazine.
45.51(2) All pesticides containing the active ingredient atrazine or any combination of active
ingredients Including atrazine distributed for sale or use in Iowa shall be classified as restricted
use pesticides. All pesticides containing the active ingredient atrazine shall be remicted for
retail sale to and use by certified pesticide applicators only.
45.51(3) A pesticide dealer selling a pesticide containing the active ingredient alraz!ne shall
file an annual report listing the Cull trade name of the pesticide product, EPA registration
, number and total volume in gallons or pounds of product sold. This report shall be included
with the annual report required under rule 21-45.47(206), Iowa Administrative Code.
45.51(4) Atrazine use limitations. '
a. ,The application rale for,the actual active ingredient alrazine shall be limited to three pounds
, , or les,s ac!ual active ingredient per acre per calendar year with the exception where further
relllictloru on the maximum allowable appliCation rates of the active ingredient atrazine apply.
. b. Pesticides or any other substance containing the,active ingredient alrazine shall not be
applied within SO feet of a sinkhole (outer edge of slope), wen, cistern, lake, water impound.
ment or other similar areas. This Includes. but is not limited to. abandoned wells, agricuitur.
al dralnage welis and drainage well surface Inlets and drinking water wells.
c. Pesticldes, or any other substance containing the active Ingredient atrazine unless han.
died In the original unopened contalner shall noi be mlxed,loaded or repackased within 100
feet oC any wen, cistern, sinkhole (outer edge of slope), streambed, lake. water impound men I
or other !imilar areas. This includes, but Is not limited to, any well. whether in use or aban.
'.
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lAC 317/90
Agriculture and land Slewardship(2tl
Ch 45, p.19
" doned. including agricultural drainage weUs and drainagc well inlels. This paragraph shall
not apply where pesticides arc handled in compliance with the secondary containment of pes.
ticide mixing and loading sites as specified in 21-Chapler 44, Iowa Administrative Code.
d. Alrazine mixing, loading, and equipment cleanout shall be carried out in a manner thai
meets the secondary contamment requirements in 21-Chaptcr 44, Iowa Adminimative Code
or in the field of application provided all other restrictions are followed regarding the applica.
tion of atrazine or rinsates Containing atrazine to labeled use areas. Equipment and container
wash waters shall be applied to labeled usc areas or used as pan of dilution makeup watcr
and applicd 10 labelcd usc areas in accordance with the label instructions and any olher rc.
strictions that may apply.
e. The fOllowing areas shall be designated as pesticide management arcas regarding Ihe ap.
plication of pesticides containing Ihe activc ingredicnt atrazinc. The applicalion of Blrazine
shall be limited to no more than one and one.half pounds of the actual active ingredient atra.
zine per acre per calcndar year in the following dcsignated arcas:
(I) All of AUamakec, Clayton, Dubuque, Floyd. Humboldt. Jackson and Winneshiek
counlies.
(2) AU areas within thc townships of thc fOllOWing countics:
COUNTIES TOWNSHIPS
Poyner
Douglas, Fredericka. Jackson, Jcffcrson. lafayettc, Polk. Washington
Bcnnezcttc, Butlcr, Coldwater. Dayton, Fremont. Piusford
Owen, Ponland
Dradford. Chickasaw, Deerficld
Elk River, Hampshirc
Bremcn, Colony, Delhi, Elk. Milo, North Fork, Oncida, South Fork, Union
Auburn, Clcrmont, Dover. Eden, Fairfield, lIIyria. Pleasant Valley, Union,
Westfield, Windsor
Albion, Chester, Forest City, New Oregon, Vernon Springs ,
Castle Grove. Clay, Hale, LoveU, Oxford, Richland. Washington and Wyoming
Sherman '
Marion
Burr Oak, Cedar, Liberty, Mitchell. NeWberg, Osage, Otranto, Rock, Saint
Ansgar, Union, West Lincoln
Pocahontas Garfield '
Worth Darton,' Kensctt' .
Wright Grant. Lincoln, Wall Lake'
J, Persons conducting r~eilrch with atrazine sha'll be exempt ,from the use limitations
dC.!cribcd in this rule provided that sueh research is under thc supcrvision of a fcderal or slatc
ascncy or educatiOnal institution authorized to conduct rcsearch and are propcrly ccrrified.
45,51(5) Bclt" managcmcnt practlccs. The department of agriculturc 'and land stcward.
' shJp and thc Iowa Statc Univcrsity cxtcnsi6n servicc shaU jointly develop and implcmcnt a
set of best managcmcnt practlm (BMPs) and a targcted'education program aimed at prcVent.
in, further contamination of aroundwater wl!h atrazinc. Thc pestlcldc appUcator certlfica.
tlon training and testlns proarams shall Includc information rclated to the atrazine BMPs.
45.51(6) As ncw Information becomes avallablc, changcs In atrazinc usc or management
shall be reevaluated periodically. ,
This rulc Is intendcd to Implemcnt Iowa Code scctlons 206.19, 206.20, and 206.21.
Black Hawk
Brcmer
Butlcr
Cerro Gordo
Chickasaw
Clinton'
Delawarc
Faycttc
Howard
Jones
Kossuth
Linn
Mitchcll
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Ch 4S, p,20
Agriculture and Land Stewardship[211
,i
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,lAC 1/23/91
[Filed December 2, 1963; amended May IS, 1964]
[Filed 5/21/76, Notice 12/15/75-published 6/14176, effective 7/20/761
(Filed without notice 12/21176-published 1/12/77, effective 2/171771
. (Filed 2/17177, NOlice 1/12177-published J/9177, effective 4/141771
lFiled 5/25177, NOllce 212JI77-published 6/15177, effeetive 7120177)
[Filed 6/10177, Notice 4/20177-published 6/29177, effective 8/41771
[Filed 6/26/78, Notice 5/17/78-published 7/26178, effective 8/30178)
[Filed 7/2]179, Notice S/2l79-published B/BI79, effcctive9/12179]
[Filed 1217179. Notice 9/S/79-published 12/26179, effective 1/30/BOI
[Filed emergency 11l0/Bo.:-published 2/20/BO, effective 1/30/80)
[Filed 3/28/80, Notice 2I20/BO-pubUshed 4/16/80, effective 5/26/801
!Filed 4/23/80, Notice 3/19/8(}-published 5/14/80, effCClive 6/18/80)
[Filed 9/26/80, NOlice 8/20/8(}-published 10/15/BO, effeclive 11/19/801
IFiled 1/13/84. Notice 12/7/83-pubUshed 2/1/84, effective 3/7/8410
[Filed emergency 2/1O/84-published 2/29/84, effeclive 2/10/84)
(Filed emergency 3/9/84-published 3/28/84. effective 3/9/84/
[Filed 4/6/84, NOlice 2129/84-published 4/25/84, erleclive 5/30/841
(Filed 5/4/84, Notice 3/28/84-published 5/23/84, effeclive 6127/841
[Filed emergency 6/19/86-published 7/16/86, effective 6/19/86)
[Filed 8/28/86, NOlice 7/16/86-published 9/24/86, effeClive 10/29/86]
(Filed 10/31186, Notice 6/18/86-published 11/19/86, effective 12/24/86]
!Filed 1/22/88, Notice 1I/4/87-published 2/1O/BB, effeclive 3/16/881
[Filed emergency 7/8/88. after Notice of 6/1/8B-published 7/27/88, effeclive 7/8/B8J
[Filed 8/23/88. Notice 6/29/88-published 9/7/88, effective 10/12188]
(Filed 10/26/89, Notice 8/23/89-published 11/15/89, effective 12/20/89It
(Filed emergency 1/1O/90-published 217/00, effective 1/10/001
!Filed emergency 2/IS/9IJ after Notice of I/lO/9IJ-published 3/7/00. effeclive 2/15/001
[Filed emergency 1/2/91-published 1/23/91, effective 1/21911
"
or.oARe',
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Summary: Reference No.5
Humans or pets could be exposed to residues of lawn
chemicals by entering lawns after treatment. This study
investigates how easily residues of several lawn herbicides (2,4-
D, mecoprop, and dicamba) could be dislodged from treated
bluegrass. Moistened cloth was placed on boots of people who
scuffled across treated turf at various times following
treatment. Herbicide residues on the cloth were then determined.
When applied at a typical lawn care rate of 1 kg/ha, 2.6% of 2,4-
D applied could be dislodged immediately after treatment.
Dislodgable 2,4-0 was 3.3% 1 day following treatment, 1. 5% 4
days after treatment, and 0.08% 10 days after treatment.
Mecoprop and dicarnba were less dislodgable than 2,4-D. Earlier
studies showed that dis10dgable residues were negligible after
the first rainfall event even if it occurred on the day that the
turf was treated. This study shows that residues of lawn
chemicals are not easily removed even when an attempt is made to
maximize removal (moist cloth extensively scuffed against the
turf) . Delaying entry into turf, rainfall, or watering can
greatly reduce potential exposure to lawn chemicals.
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19B7 DRlTISH CROP PROTECTION CONFERENCE-WEEDS
8A-10
DlSLOOGABLE RESIDUES OF 2,4-0 ON TURF
C. BOWHEY, H. McLEOD, G.R. STEPHENSON
,
Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
ABSTRACT
Studi6 were conducted to delermine the persistence, distribution
and dislodgability of 2,4-0 and related herbicides after application
to turfgrass.
Increased rates of application resulted in increased amounts of
distodgable herbicide on the day of application. In all cases,
residues declined to low levels after 10 days.
2,4-0, mecoprop and dicamba were more easily dislodged when
applied os liquid formulations than when they were applied as
granules.
Various extraction procedures were used to determine the
persistence of the dislodgable. potentially dislodgable, bound and
unavailable residues on turfgrass under shaded and non-shaded
conditions. TOlal recoverable chemical remained fairly high
throughout the experiment. Shading had no influence on the
decrease in dislodgable residues. Recoverable residues in other
fractions peaked at various times and then decreased. The
majority of the herbicide was found in the potentially dislodgable
fraction.
INTRODUCTION
In Ontario, 2.4-0 has been cxtensively used for broad-leaved weed
control in lurfgrAss areas such AS parks, golf courses, homelawns and
schoolyards. Recently however, public concern regarding the potential risk
of bumen exposure throogh conlact with the turf surface has led 10 the
restricted or discontinued use of 2.4-0 in many weed control progrAms.
Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the persistence,
distribution and dislodgability of 2.4-0 on turfgrass (Thompson et ai" 1984).
The studies reported here Are An extension of those earlier
investill'alions and were designed to Investigate the effect of application
rate, formulation And sunlight on the longevity and dislodgabillty of the
phenoxy herbicide in the field. Included in the analysis Are the residues of
mecoprop and dicamba. two herbicides commonly found with 2,4-0 in
hornet awn mixtures.
799
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8A-10
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Oetcrmin3lion or the Residue Fractions
Dislodgable residues
Determlllatlon 01 the dislodgable fraction on the field plots was
achieved by vigorous mechanical scuffing of the lUrf's surface. New plaslie
bags were firsl filled over the sampler's boolS. then a 1,800 cm2 piece of
cheesecloth was moistened with distilled water aod filted over the plastic
bags and fastened with an elastic band. ^ one melre plot was then'
scuffled across for I minule. To ensure complete coverage of the plOI the
scuffling was performed in two directions. The cheeseeloth was removed
from the boots and any unexposed area trimmed off and discarded. The
samples were immediately placed into glass jars containing 200 ml acidic
acetone and returned to the laboratory where they were shaken for 30
minutes. tiew plastic bags and cheesecloth were used for eacb plol.
Dislodgable residues on the polled turf were delermined by vigorous
hand wiping of the turfgrass with a dampened piece of cheesecloth held
with disposable gloves. The cheesecloth was then immersed in 100 ml
acidified acelonc and placed on a mechanical shake for IS minutes.
Potentially dislodgable residues
Immeclately aller lhe WlplOg procedure, the blades were clipped to the
Ihatch layer. placed in 100 ml acidified melhanol and shaken for 15 minutes
10 estimale the "potentially dislodgable residues". The methanol was
decanted into boiling flasks and relained for further analysis.
Bound residues
To de:ermllle the amount of chemical bound to the cuticle layer the
bladefi were su!ljecled to two IS minule washes with 100 ml hexane. The
two hexane washes were combined into one boiling flask.
Residues within the leaf
~pon completion 01 the successive washes, the blades were finely
ground in SO ml acidified acetone with a Drinkman homogenizer. The
fillered acetone was retained and the tissue discarded.
Pre aration. Oerivatization and Cleanu
ter remova rom t c s er, all samples were filtered throug!, glass
fibre filter paper and the solvenl collected In round bottom boiling flasks.
The volume of solvent was reduced on a rotovap to, less than I millilitre.
The samples were transferred 10 separatory fUMels containing 100 ml ocidic
H2O and a serial liquid-liquid partition (3 X 25 ml) with ethyl elher
performed. The ether was collected and reduced on a rotovap and the
samples transferred to test tubes with numerous methanol rinses.
2.4-0 Samples
Samples containing 2,4-0 only were reduced under nitrogen to a
volume of less than 10 m!. The 2,4-0 was derivatized to the methyl ester
by adding 1/2 ml of 14% BF3 methanol and heating in a 9QOC waterbath for
15 minutes. A serial liquid-liquid partition was performed in a 60 ml
separatory funnel with 25 ml H20 and 3 x 5 ml petroleum ether. The ether
fractions were filtered through sodium sulphate and collectively collected in
a clean test tube. An iso oClane keeper was added and the volume reduced
under nitrogen to I mi. The samples were eluted through a column
801
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8A-10
showed similar rates of decrease to less than 2.0% at Day 4 and less than
0,2% at Day 9,
TABLE 3.1
Oishxl~able residues of 2,4-0, mecoprop and
dicamba - liquid
% of total chemical applied
Day 2,4-0 metoprop dicamba
0 7.8 7.5 1.2
1 4A 3.0 0,6
2 1.3 0,6 0.2
3 L5 0.4' OJ
4 1.3 0.3 0.06
9 0.01 0,005 0.01
TABLE 3D
Dislod~able residues of 2,4-0, mecoprop and
dicamba - granular
,
,
,
% of total chemical applied i
Day j
2,4-0 mecoprop dicamba
0 2.4 2.7 0.4
I 5.9 5,2 1.1
2 2.3 1.4 0.3
3 1.1 0.6 0.05
4 0.4 0.2 0.02
9 0.2 0,01 0.04
Sunl~ht vs. Shade
ata lor thiS experiment are reported in Tables 4.1 and 4B. The
dislod~able fraction of 2,4-0 (column A) shows a rapid decline over the 14
days for both shaded and non-shaded turf. The potenllally di,lodgabte
fraction (column D) in both shaded and non-shaded treatments showed a
geJleral increase to Day 3 and then a decrease with the non-shaded turf
havin~ less at Day 14. The cuticle bound residue (Column C) increased
with time but was variable. The residues in the blades (Column D)
increased substantially to Day 5 and then decrease!! as a result of
metabolism or movement to under~round portions of the plant. Total
803
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DISCUSSION
In earlier studies, Thompson et AI. (1984) concluded thaI there was a
rapid decreAse in dislodgable residues after application of 2,4-D to
turfgrass. Mowing had only a small effect on the disappearance of these
residues if the clippiogs were not removed. However, dislodgable residues
were negligable after the first rainfall even if it occurred on the day that
the lurf was treated. Dislodgablc residues were also lower when 2,4-D was
applied as a granular than when 2,4-D was applied as A spray, particularly
on the day of treatment. Thompson et al. Also observed significantly faster
disappearance of dislodgable residues in outdoor experiments than in indoor
experiments - cven in the Absence of rainfall.
In the follow-up studies, the more than proportional increase in
dislodgabte residues of 2,4-D with increasing rates on the day of,
application, suggests the need for similar studies in Areas where higher
rates of 2,4-D and related herbicides have been applied for brush control,
Data from the formulation experiment eSlabished that dislodgable residues of
meco~luv and dicamba behave in a similar manner and show similar rates of
disappearance as those observed for 2.4-0. 2,4-0 was slightly more
persistent on turf under shaded conditions outdoors than on turf in full
sunlight. However. the effect of shade was not sufficient to explain the
very rapid disappearance of dislodgabte residues in outdoor versus indoor
sludies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Miss N. Swanson, Mr. D.G. Thompson And Mr. H.
Braun for technical and analytical ASsistance. The research was funded in
part through grants from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the
NaturAl Scienees And Engineeriog Research lAuncH of Canada and the
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture And Food.
REFERENCE
Thompson. O.G.: Stephenson, G.R.; Sears, M.K. (1984) Persistence,
distribution And dislodgable residues of 2,4-0 following its application
to turfgrass. Pesticide Science 15, 353-360.
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Summary: Reference No.6
Studies of exposure of applicators to pesticides have
tradi tionally used cloth patches attached to skin or clothing,
which are then removed and analyzed for the presence of the
chemical (See Reference No.5). It must then be assumed that a
certain percentage of the chemical actually enters the body. New
medical and analytical techniques now allow much more precise
measurements of actual exposure to pesticides and other
chemicals. The urine of people can be analyzed to determine
exactly how much of a chemical got into the body. This Canadian
study focused on exposure of applicators, bystanders, and
volunteers who later entered turf sprayed with 2,4-0. Applicator
exposure depended on how careful the applicator was. The worst
case person was exposed to only 1/19 the amount considered safe
for human consumption by the World Health Organization. No
residues of 2,4-0 were detected in urine samples of people who
lived in homes where a professional sprayed 2,4-0 to the turf.
No 2,4-0 was detected in air samples in the home and downwind of
the sprayed area. These results suggest that 2,4-0 exposure from
spray drift is extremely low.
Volunteers also walked through and lay on treated turf at
various times after treatment. No 2 I 4-D was detectable in any
volunteers except for three barefoot volunteers who wore shorts
and contacted the turf 1 hour after spraying. No residues of
2,4-0 were found in volunteers exposed to sprayed turf 24 hours
after application, regardless of whether they, were barefoot or
not. None of the exposures documented were higher than the
acceptable daily intake establised by the World Health
Organization.
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Pesticide exposure-
What is the risk?
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Are you exposing yourself and your PESTICIDES IN HUMANS cxposure of profcssional applicaiOO
clients to the peslieldes you use for gar. over a 2,wcek period under condiuOlll
den and turf l1UUlIIgement? In the health. of pesticide use in OnlBrlo. To do IhiI,
and environment-conscious '90s, both we had to measure eoncentralions d
plllCwional applicalDrs and their clients 2,4.0 in urine samples supplied ~
uk this Important question. professional applicators from I pII'
Before answering this question, real. ticipating OnlBrio turf care company,
izc that we are dealing with two distinct Five applicutors from one area and scv.
groups of people-those who use pesti. cn (including one mixer/loadcr) fllXl
1 cides frequently as part of their job and unulher volunteered to participate in thl
I bystanders who may be exposed only a study. We recorded the amount o(2,4.D
,I, few limes a season when pesticides are handled by each applicalor throughoii
used around their home~. the period.
Opportunity forbyslBnder exposure is Group I sprayed a mixture of2,4.D/
low, although many people may be ex. mecoprop (118:125 grams per liter (giLb
posed to pesticides in this way. Profes. und Group 2 sPl1lYed a mixture 0{2,4-D
liona! applicalDrs like you and your staff ,amine/mecoprop/dicamba (200:IO:U
arc ~xposed to pesticides many times u glL). Volunieers COllected all their urille
day for several months of the year, so ExcrwUon in plastic boules for 2 weeks. ElPOJUn
yotIf risk of exposure is higher than a (the amount of 2,4.0 that actually gel
bystander's. However, t~ere, are.fewcr into the body through the skin) in ijf
apPlicators than byslllnders. and most_, ' plieators varied over the period of till
professionals are well.trained in pesti.' but seemed to be related 10 the amouCl
clrlc use. of 2.4.0 sprayed 2 to 4 days bcfoR
"The dose makes the poison" is one mcasurement. (See ooRl:lalionship 0{ a.
, 0( the oldesl dogmas in toxicology. To posure and amount of 2,4.0 applied.'1
, 8ISCii Ihe hazard ftom pesticide ex. On average, applicator exposures ranged
I,
'I posure, we must know both Ihe dose and from 0,0017 to 0,0055 mgikgiday I7ICI
!:
" Ihe Inhercnltoxicity, of the chemical. the 2.week period. The overall average
I Pesticides may take oral, dennal and in. Ptlllcld.. tlka threl rout.. to entellhe was 0,0033 mglkglday.
I
, halalion roUles to enter the body. How. body. NO! all pesliclde panellalea the skin. When we udded up all the 2,4.0 ap-
I
I ever, the dennal route Is the most com. Excrallon 01 the chemical alla.va ua to mea,. plied during the 2 weeks, we found ilIIl
I mon for applicators. Decause the uro the actual do,a In tha body. it correlated poorly with the total a.
herbicide 2,4.0 Is widely used in both posure for the sume period. (IImr 101
home gardens and In professional weed unchanged in the urine. In fact, animul ''Amount of2,4.0 applied aJ related 101
control, we chose 10 measure exposure and human sludies have shown thai be. nmount of 2,4.0 excreted.") Allhoogb
to Ihls chemlcalln professionals and tween 90 and 100 percent of 2,4.0 uh. we could not observe each applIcalDr aU
bystandcn. sorbed into the body is excreted in thc of the time, we believe that both a.
. NOI all peSticides penetrate through urine within 96 hours, This madc it posure and the dose of2,4-0 in the body
, the skin. To estimate health risks, we ideal for our biological monitoring depended on the individual's personal
, -. nceded to measure the dose IhUt actual. Study. work pl1lctices and precautions taken 101
Iy gOllnlo Ihe body. Fortunately, 2,4.0 decrease exposure. In a nutshell, JlOOI
Is an easy pesticide to work with be. Exposure In professlonuls technique and personal hygiene leads to
cause, once absorbed, mosl is excreted Our objectives were to measure duily CooIWotd...
eo aroundl Ulinl.nln" March 1992 IS I;
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Personal work habits and hygiene appear to be key faclOrs
affecting exposure. Good training, use of protective equipment
and adherence to good spray practices reduce exposure.
By Keilh R. Solomon, Shelley A. Harris and Gerry R. Stephenson,
Centre far Tcuicalagy. Unimsiry oj Guelph, Ol/ltIrio. Cal/ada
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leoro-lR:m P'Q'1Ol
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPOSURE
AND AMOUNT OF 2,4-0 APPLIED
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210 2,"'0 and the amount 01 2....0 Ihe teot .ubj&C\i applied over Ih. lok1ay
period.
"
AMOUNT OF 2,4.0 APPLIED
AS RELAtED TO AMOUNT OF 2,4.0 EXCRETED
7
6
ExpeClad relallonehlp
Ifaxposura were equel
lor all epplleators.
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20 30 40
TolIl 2,4.0 Ipplllcl (pound.)
Thll chill Ihow. lh. rallUoOlhlp botwoon the amounts of 2,"'0 tho! pro/ee.
.tonal appll~a1orl sprayod and excrelod during Ihl 2.week le.1 period.
, . '.
60
higher exposures. For elUlmple, wc ob.
served several Instances of applicators
rolling up contaminated hoses wllh bare'
lulnds or storing their clolhlng whcrc Ii
could become contaminated.
2,4.0 in any ufthe applicators was I.IOU
mg. This is aboul11i9 of the acccplUble .
dailY'lntakc SUllllested by Ihe World
Heahh Organizllllon-O.3 mglkglday or
21 mglday In 0 lSO'pound person. In all
olher applicators, doscs were lowcr
and-If avcraged over Ihe 2.week
period-gave higher safely factors. Un.
Applicator risks
I The hlghcsl singlc.day cxposure 10
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~ -,::i ~" 1I()lround. All/nt.nlnc. March 1002
600
300
Byslllnder exposure
We also measured exposure ia
bystandcrs-people who lived in 0 home
wbere a professional sprayed 2,4.0 10
the lurf. In all volunlcers, we measurtd
urnounts of2,4.0 excreted in urine over
a 96.hour period aftcr spraying. In ad.
dilion 10 monitoring body dose In the
byslllnders, we also monitorcd air sam.
pies both inside the home and down.
wind of Ihe turf ror 2,4.0.
We found no residues of 2,4.0 in the
air or in urine Samples of 10 byslanden
whose property received professional
2,4.0 spray applicallons. These resulu
sUllllesllhat2,4.0 exposure from spray
drift is eXlremely low and risk 10
bystanders is small.
der the circumstances of our slUdy, these
results suggest that 2,4.0 dOCl nO! p~_
en! an unacceplable risk to sPI1lY appll.
cators.
The mixcrlloader's exposure provid.
ed our most interesting obscrntion. Al.
though he handled much larger amounli
of pesticide than any of the appllcalOn,
he averaged only O.lXXl9 mglkglday over
Ihe 2.week period. Our resulu suggell
tbat pcrsonal work habits and hygiene
may be major fuctors affecting exposure.
Good training, consistent use of per-
sonul proleclive equipment and adher-
ence 10 good spr~y practices would fur.
ther reduce exposure.
Conmcl wilh sprayed turf Me.
"How soon can I walk on the lawn?" TallI
After an application, people often ask L,
appliCalO11i this question. To find the an-
swer, we conducted another exposure t!;!,
study 10 simulale a park or playaround ~i,
situation In which people might be cx. TI~
posed to 2,4-0. Pal'
Some participants in the slUdy wore Mil!
shoes and long pants and othen did nol. ~~;
We mowed the lurr 3 days before eacb KY
sludy 10 level the surface. We marked Fal
oUI 10 areas-each 6 X 50 fC(t-wllh ~:
yellow rope and applied a mlxtwe rA JS\.
2,4.0 amine/meeoprop/dleambl ~;
(190:100:18 giLl at a mle of 1 pound pet /.la,
acre. Will
An hour after spl1lying, we asked our ~~:
volunlms allemalcly 10 walk and tilCn Brc
sit or lie on the turf for 5.minule peri. :Joh
ods for a lotalllme of I hour. We asked
cach person to conlacl OS large an area
of sprayed lUrf as possible. Of the 10
volunteers, five wore long pants, a T.
shin, socks and closed shoes; the others
C",lnutd 011 P'9' I~
/5 1.0
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Inside GM
By Dr. Murk S. Wellerleu, editor
What would ycu think 'about a natu.
ral alternative encrgy sourcc that is
colorless, odorless, burns clcan but is
CJltremely volatile and kills more than
500 people a year? Jay Feldman, with
the !'jationa! Coalition Against the Mis.
use of Pesticides, says such a product
should be banned. Dut when asked whur
he cooks his breakfast on, he replied,
"a gls stove." Natural gas is the aller,
native energy sourcc John Srosscl of
TV's "20120" refcrred to at thc GCSAA
show in New Orleans.
The truth about environmental issues
is often muddled by sensational journal.
ism, hungry allorneys, polilical postur-
Ing and craud cnvironmental groups
whose CJlistance and/or income depcnds
on the perpetuation of these issues.
Eventually thc truth does come out-
bellcr late than never. The truth abOut
Alar came out after much bad press.
The same thing happcned about Ll. Pri.
or's death, allegedly from exposure to
a fungicide on a Virginia golf course.
Thc couns never revealed a direcllink
between the fungicidc and his denth,
Now Ihls appears 10 be happcning with
dioxin-that carcinogen long thought to
be onc of the most potcnt kno\Vn to
man. Dioxin conlllminatlon of silvex
and 'ligen! Orange" resulted In cancel,
Ing registration and a multitude of Ie.
gal ballles for reparations to "victims"
of exposure. Now, the Ccnters for Dis.
case Control in Atlanta has announccd
thai-If It causes cancer. at all In
humans-dioxin Is only a weak corcino-
gen. Now the U.S. Environmental Pro.
tection Agency is re-evaluatlng ilS regu.
lations concerning dioxin.
Of course, you mllst exercise caution
and act responsibly as you malnlllin your
grounds. But keep things in perspective.
Don't be swayed by negativc rhetoric be.
fore you'vc eXllmined the whole picture.
With this In mind, wc focus on cnviron.
menUlI management.
Caves Valley Golf Club in Owings
Mills, Md., ond Coronls Landscaping
In Nashua, N.H.. ore the winners oflhe
Grounds Maintenance Environmental
Protection Awords, Both operations
have exhibited their concern for the en.
vironment. Their grounds maintenonce
programs serve as models for environ.
menllll slewordship.
Landscape designs need nor involve
4 Ground. Mslnt.n.ncG March 1992
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stripping the land and insUllling non.
native species. Jackic Keller, ASLA.
provides tips on how to preserve the nat.'
ural beauty of grounds using existing
fcatures of your sitc.
Canadian researchers at the Univcr.
sity of Guelph have dcmonstrated thc
importance of safely gcar foc minimiz.
ing exposure to 2.4.D, The researchcrs
also cvaluatcd byslandcr exposurc 10
2,4.D applied by a pro/essional appli.
eator to home lawns. Find out morc
about their work on page 60. Dr.
Richard Coopcr discusscs pcsticide drili
and volatilization in his :micle on page
84,
Effluent irrigation is now rcquired in
many dese" communities. Dr. "Chip"
Howard outlines steps 10 help you avoid
'the pitfalls.
Inlegrated pest managcmcnt progmms
rely on a combination of conlrol
melhods to minimize p.:sr problems. En.
tomologist Dr. Lee HcilmDn teils you
how to usc economic and aesthetic
thresholds in your spmying decisions.
Summer patch is one of those
dlfficulHo.control dis~ases lethal to
bluegrasses. Fonunately, you can keep
dlscase severity to l1Iunageable levels
with fungicides Dnd proper mowing, fer.
tility and irrigation pmctiees. Dr. Peter
Demoeden shows you how In "Manage.
men! practices tlmt rcduce summer
patch."
To help you deci~c which fungicide
you need, use the ch~l1Iieal updale on
fungicides by Dr. Jamcs D. Deard.
An overview of SOl1l~ of the newesl
mowers begins on pag~ 81. Use it to sur.
vcy the marketplacc.
Grounds
. .AI1"'-I?Mlf
VOWME '17 0 NUMBElII
EdIlixloltlld'~
W'UPOncltrae.
UlouIdbt Iddrlutdkl
PllllOllml
avtll.and Palk, KS &&JIH~I
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EDITORIAL
Or. Ualt WtiNltn, Editor
Ed HliCOQ:, UWQlng Eai/ct
Sh~lty AblahamlOll, SMSoi AlJCCIa.W Elilol
MI/llrn Rogtll. r<</lnlcll Et1olOl
.ItI.~nPIIII,Edl/oflll~
." Otcltl. 0,,,,,", IJuJQoM
p'lorltllon,0l0l.l0'WC~'8U)'f1"Qu.idf
TECNNICAL CON6ULTANTB
Dr. Jim.. B'lId, "/ofw ScIMc.
Dt. TIlomaI Wlla(h..., AQronomy
A,e. Sltllttld,ltrlQ4lloiJ
Of. lAako/m ShUrlIGU, p"",
o.."",WHotilculll.ltIlCtlfmilfty
SI'pMn D&llu, OOWlI1m<<ll AJlIltI
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cmCULATiON
SInd/I 511'1I'111. C<<po(t/. CkruWion OU<<*N
OoIogWoIdInQ.C""-"I.. 011_
J'N NH~. COC""",", U""PH
CUllOmtl Sorvw::, (UI3) &41.u3J
A memlMr 01
Auoclahon
01 DUlin.... Publllhlt., Inc.
A mlmbtl 01 DUIlnu, WBPA
PUbllclhon Audll of CIIl:ulllion
MP
ADMINI6TRATiON
R J,lflncOCk,Ptuldtnt
olOn Will, Group Vie, Pt.1JdMt
BllanAgI\I',pub/JJJw(
AOVERTI61NO , MARKETIHQ
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f'lIIIIOf P'ld ~ SIIIwrM UU~OI1, KS JIld IlkIlbWIlIIIWt4
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IWNUNJIQ.la 10: IliIO.Il.WOI PIlI, 13I1112'lI6l
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IIU to quIk/1t4 PN$Ol\I ~ 1/IIlhltd SUI.. W CWdI..,.
glOId ol,,",,~ ~1Ion. 'OIlU_, IIIlIIiwnco 0>1
UlllldlitijchQljlm*d"C~UlIOOIitl.lilIkled
lub~lall~I1\.rldtdlOr~autlkSlllll~
SlllnlOlClNdI,_IIdUJII<l\ill>l.....llikId
SIIIIIau >>Opw)1u:nCMII4I.-.clOl1lllCounlr"., 131
PII~U,fo;g.,Idnu/"""'_'''_1ll
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lnull." rM PO&Ugllll4lW1i1iinO. '4lIlrrMllIlKUII.II.
IdlrtIUD,"I(lUonIIl'1lWultJn.llMgII~,.ra.Jl:MIIO
l......l.Ilort!lMlOl~a&lII&.AIoir'IOI...1.a IofIM'
illDWlptlon, SInd ~la'olJoQ ~NlOn:,.o. b ~I.
lMiIIniI Pu~ lIS IIlIl,lQjl,
P111oc", rIilu: 110 Pili ~ UO, i"bI<,"", i1\Ij 10
"PI'~Id, UO(Id h I rttrlMlr.1um Dl ~lI\lmll6d ~ Jltt
..m Olv In/ "'''~ 1I\KIiUK.JI, lll<Uorlc, p/IOo(o~~,
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Idl. r.. r.\iI..,." UIIIU .,., !OnI~ PIl:WJo(
10 1Iol11OO1. 00W0I PIlI, IS IIl.NiOl.
rlllP'M: I'lInllllon 10 ~ Ix oilmllo ~''"''
UN I' gnnlld Iv "..., 1\01I"", Celp Ioc Ill.., 0>1
"","~"ItIlIl!lli"'_t'U""c...ICCCI,
P't'vldld IIlI bllllN ~ .U~l'~ COW ~ ItIkIIII ~
.'KIIy \0 IU. 21 CoI.n, ~.. SlIoni, IlA Oliill ~
rtqulUl1l'JOi,ij W W<<IIUd 10 8NA}qML
=~,tfC
t11~2Inlor1tcpubll.hlrlg
AU,lghl.'lUrvtd,
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'~'I.:;' .' L~,," /", "",' -, .:' "'" \ '~'.', 'J, .'0: . _.' ,_ :., "_ ~~J
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1'''',1 " ;~..~': 1<. 1M ';.: ~;~J,~_.... ' ,. ,.
','
: .
. . fcsticide exposure
I';9ollnUtdI,omp.12l
wo~ shorts, a T.shin and weIC bare.
fool. We repealtd the tc.it24 hours later,
Using urine sllmples fromlhe volun.
tee" over 96 huurs. we found no 2,4,0
exposure, eXCCP' for UIr~ burel"ul
I'olunteers who wore shorts and conl:ltl.
cd Ihe IUrf I huur aner spruying. Of
Ihcse. the highest do", measured 0.005
mg/k~ of body wei~hl. We found no
residues of 2,4.0 in Ihe vuluntecrs ex.
pused 10 spruycd IUrf 24 hours after
upplicallon-rcgardles.\ of whcihcr ule)'
were barefoot or not.
None of these exposures was higher
thanlhe accepl:lble daily intake estab.
Iished by the World Heilllh OrganiZll'
tion, Our resulls suggestlhut cxposure
10 sprayed lurf presents a rclatively low
risk 10 humuns. However, concerned
pcople can reduce exposure to nun.
ueteclable levels by keeping off treated
turf lur 24 hours or until rainfall or ir.
rigalinn washes dislodgcable residues 0(
2.4.0 off Ihe turf. The pOlential cx.
pusure Ihen is virtually zero,
Up tu nuw, alluur wurk has been on
the herbicide 2.4.D, We think our re.
""IS probably apply 10 olher similar
herbicides-meeoprop and dicamba-
as well. tn the future. we hope to study
exposure 10 these chemicals in upplica.
turs illld bystanders. 0
IlIuSUillOfl Clodll: Aulholl. PholO CIIIl.1I1: G/Olllld.,!,fMo
f1m~Il'f.
"
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Pertona' work habl" ond hygiono m.y bo moior I.clors ollocling .pplic.'or OXPOSUlO, Good
Iralnlng, uso 01 plOtecllvo equipmont ond adherenco to sound spr.ying lochnlques loduco
appllcelor OXPOSUlO,
A NEW "MACHINE"...
... JUST FOR LAWN & LANDSCAPE
MACHINES
'Itan~llllrt anll Nlur,' all Y"llr "lllllpllIcnl with
rlUlIpiL'II'M,"'\IIlt)',I'I'lIIl'I'II'IIi'IlII11i1Il'W,';nh,'r,
(ill"1I ()pthlll~ Ilk,'; I'll IW.TI 1111 I VliN'I'II};I'IIIN
dhlllnall',llild lilll~'~, WlllAMNIZli1lI I/l" lIt"l~
unll ,i/ol" hucrlnr ~llIc walls Iilr "gnl~", WillI!
III lilY. IIHI. 1IIIIIIIIl'lb 1Ii'~1lx"'''. Sizc~ unll 11111<'1'
(ALlllllllllJng (~lIhu,\, All h:llkL11 hy anliX(:U ISIVI!
.i YIt. WAJlIlAN I'Y 1'1t()(JHAM, (iiV\' l\~a call, llxlay,
TELL US YOU SAW IT IN
GROUNDS MAINTENANCE
ImlndUlllIIY
fOlkScIOlh,t1
$299
I (III III I: 1'II"1111IlU'~'~'~' 1~1~1I
I rll~;iI1l1 '1lMlllllluhh I; 1I1i1l11
hllllllll",*11'1II'110 1~111lll1K'
, HU!:l~tlt,jn'IIIl/I~rlK1k~1
tl';'Jli!Jatll4l/ICUoU,11I1L\,j
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dill1! ,*111.,11111, 11l11tn'y lIuk'l, VI~'~ M'I',h'IlIIItII"~I'l/ lUll'
1l<Il1'I'I"U"""'"Il'u .1'0 Ikll!11I,lk'I"t:I! .III1ILu~.MI4'lm
r,I',N!.1\H 01 Ii\XI,lr,:I'lI'1ill
"800-3~8-7663Ior C.t.tog,'P,'coa
F.elor, ~ervlce point.: OA, IN, TX, UT.
NIlIonwldo Diller Network.
P.O. Box 728.10~1, Elkh"', IN ~8616
WI/h a Wolls Ca/{lO Do/rind... fuu Novor Loo.\ Docll
ClIOII (101 OIl "'plr Ctld
. I 110 around. AI,'nlln,nel MIlich t002
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Summary: Reference No.7
Many lawn pesticides have odors which are easily smelled.
These odors may lead people to believe that because they can
smell a pesticide, they are being exposed to significant or
harmful quantities of airborne pesticides. This study documented
levels of air exposure to pesticides following pesticide
applications to lawns, trees, and shrubs by cOllecting more than
500 samples of indoor and outdoor air using high-flow pumps
operating continuously 6 to 7 hours before and after pesticide
application. Overall, no pesticides were detected in 80% of air
samples. Of 224 samples of indoor air, 198 had no detectable
pesticides. Carbaryl was most frequently detected in indoor air,
but detected levels were only 0.26% of OSHA standards. When
pesticides were detected in outdoor air samples, concentrations
were generally less than 10% of established or suggested health
standards. "Breathing zone" air of applicators was also
analyzed. No pesticides were detected for 75% of applicators.
All exposures were well below permissible levels suggested for
workers.
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Latest research on
Airborne pesticides
II)' illig'" A. relll')' IIl1d Jlllie A. 1.l!lIl1nl'd,
Cll<'lIILlIIl'1I .\'('1'1';('('.1' GI/7'" COI/llII/III.\. Ollio
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Many pesticide products thai arc sprayed on lawns. trees
am! shrubs-even in trace quanlilies-have udor:; thllt peu-
pic call smell. Bccausc thc)' dctcctall odllr, c1icnls ,illd thcir
neighbors IInCllaSSllme thatthc)' mc bcillg cxposcd tll s;g.
I/ijirlllllamounts of harml'lIlnirhorne pesticidcs.
Tlladdress the issuc IIf inhalation exposurc from pesti.
cide applications io urban eUl'il'llnments, thc ChemLawn
r,erviccs Curp, conductcd air samplhig stllllics fur mcasur-
illg pesticidcs in 14 cities thl'llllghlltllthc Unilcd Sillies alld
Cnllmla, Thc results "I' this study werc prcsellted at the sym.
ptlSilllll. "Italc lIllll SigniliclIllcc Ill' I'cslicidcs in Urhan En-
vironments." at the 203rd Amcrican Chemical Sudcty Na.
tiullal Mceling in San FrallcisclI on April 8. 1992.
Cnoducled liver 3 ycars. thcse studics of airbornc pcsti-
cide Icvcls arc thc mllst eXlensivc cver rcportcd. More than
500 samples were takcn. including samples of:
olndoor lIir in 82 homes.
'Ouldour lIir at 55 hOluesitcs.
oPcrsllllalmllllitoring of 21111 peslicidc applicatllrs.
olnGoor ail' samples fmmlhe IIf1iccs IIl1ll warehlluses IIf 14
servicc celltcrs whcre pcsticidcs arc stllrcd. mixcd IInd load.
cd into trucks.
III 80 perccntllf the samplcs. wc detcetcd nil peslicidcs
excecding lIur lowest deteclllble concentratilln IIfO,OlII mil.
.. lignlllls of pcsticide per cubic metcr of air. Wherc pcsli.
cities were detcetcd. we calculated an averagc value for the
7. to 10.hour sampling period and expresscd il as the lilllC
1I'('iN'lled lII'erage (TWA) so thai thc exp"surcs could be
cumparcd III stantlllrds sct by the Occllpational Snfety nnd
Henlih Admillislrntion (OSHA) IIr IIthers,
In instances where wc dctcctcd pcsticidcs.thc TWA vaiues
gcncrally were less thnn 10 percent III' nny estllhlishcd or
suggcstcd stllndllld (Sec "Occupntional cxp"sure limits,")
The resalis 01' the sludies reportcd here arc similar to our
prcviously reported studics of nirbornc exposurc of 151 pes.
ticide appliclltors. In that sludy, applicators wcre monitored
in urban environments while using hand.hcld cquipmcnt
during pcslicide npplications 10 trces and ornamental shrubs,
Muterinls uud lIIethuds
Thc proccdurcs we used fur air sampling wcrc those de.
seribcd in thc 0.\'//11 II/dlls,/,;I/I //yg;el/e Ted/ll;CI/{ MIII/I/.
III. The substauces we IIIcasured were: acephale, IItraziue.
ammouia, carbaryl. chlorpyriRls. 2,4-D, dillzinon. dicofol.
MCI'A, pendimethalin IInd xylcnc,
The substlluces wc measurcd at each worksite depended
ou the ugrnnolllie pmgrllmln use on thllt site althe tilllc.
Indoor aud outdour nil'
Air samplcs were tnken in nnd nround the homes of com.
pany employecs during pesticide nppJicalions to their lawns.
trces or shmhs. Dcfore each pcsticidc npplication, we placed
ballcry.operatcd high. now pumps in the npproximate cen.
ter of n ground.noor room inside the residcnce. The pumps,
calibrated al a now of 2 liters per minute, usually werc
placed on n piccc of furniture. We placed anothcr pump out.
side the rcsidcnce, approximately 15 feet from the building
nt or ,within 3 feel of ground level.
The pumps began operating before pesticide npplication
nnd operatcd continuously for abont 6 to 7 hours. Using
a Duck Calibralor, we calibraled the pumps before and af.
Conllnuod...
'rlmo Wolghlod Avomgo (milligrams por cubic molarl
"Nono Establlshod
"'Amorlcan Conforonco GovornmonlnltnduSlrlnlllyglolllslS
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Ail'lJol'llc pesticides
IConllnulld horn flogo ~21
tel' the salllpling period. I I' the no" rale delerioraled sig.
niliclIlllly. we dist'unlcd the lilllllplc. 1\11 illdcpCllllcllll11btlm-
tory llllal)'zed the liher snlllplcs. CllIllrols incloded
lield.spiked IiIlers nml hlank IiIters, Recovery rate /i,r spiked
IiIlers was al 'cast 90 percent.
The lahle. "Resldenlial indoor air 1II0niloring:' sho"s the
results from samples lllken from H2 hllllles during II MUll-
piing period of apprtlxilllalCly 7 honrs. Of the 224 salllples
collected. substnnees nnalyzed were />1'/1111' c1rtl'('wille/illlil.l'
in 198 salllples.
Carbaryl was the 1II0St freqnentl)' detce.ted pestkide. hot
the average TIVA Ii" the 16 positive salllples was onl)' 0,2(,
percent ofthe OSHA slam!",d 'ill' carharyl. Dkolhl-whkh
has 0 ptlngent odor thai is olien noticed alier it is applied
to ornnlllentals-lVns deleetahle in only I of 6) hOllies. Xy.
lene. used as a sulvent in the chlorpyriJbs and diazinon pllKl,
ucts purcJmsed. wns not detcctcd. Ii Is Iikcly that xylene.
which is diluted lVilh 700 pnrts of wnler alllllhenagilaled
in n tnnk ventcd to the 1IIl11nsphere. evaporates IIIpidly Ihl.
lowing the lIIixing nnd loudlng prtlcednre,
The "'lesidelllinl outdoor nil' lIIoniloring" tnble shows the
resolls of 1II0nitoring ~~ hlllnesite,\ Ii" approxinllllely 7
hours. We were interesled illll1clIslIring 1I1lullunia ill rcsitJcn.
tiullllllbiclllllir because mell lerlilizcrs lire lIsed in lawn
care npplieations. Urea lIIay hydroly!e 10 anlloIHlia depend.
RESIDENTIAL OUTDOOR
AIR MONITORING
Number 01 TWA"
Substance homeslles BOL' MglM'
'AceRfialef)',lI1I":':117'~\il"'"".,;fi 'l,k ,"!!,i,' ~61"!I;" .,,' ')'032, (1, ltl,'
' AinmciHlii:'~I:il:J';12,IJ, ;.~:A, '1.!.hi!p2\k I '::~I!'~;l;i
CailWYi'. pi;!, ~i'?~;? ~ i ~~iIW: ,),61!!:? ; ,'.t:Q,1~1(t3j,
DlcoI2IU;: ,'!;,1','6.:~ 'l!., .1";1 62',.!J1",:, ;!".6,OO.,(1)~.'
Dlailribn : .:'! 34 ':!,,\' "'}:'!"f'32""', ',.':::004 (~(:I
M 1'111' I' , ,', ' , '6 "'t'i','" ,l,Ji, 1~6~",':' :~",,,.~ 11;~,I;Y'Y
a a lon, ';,. " "[S I ill! I ,.1.."" ,r;: "", iO
2,4,D'i'. :,: 16 \';',i,i":,",',:11, " 1,026(6}o[
Xylenel" 30', :,':":' 1.;);:, 1130 , 'r :,~' "..".';:
, q.,'I....: '1 ~".'.1 HI.,," I'" '. " ". ";: ./;1
'DOL.13otowdoloclnblollm1l9
"limo Wolghlod Avorogo (ml1llgrams por cubic molor)
III~ 111'011 I'lIltllllllvltilllble 1ll0istl1l'e, Ilo\Vcvcr, IIU truces
of 11111I1100111. 1I1l11111hiollor xylelle werc detected.
Carhllryl \VlIS t1elccted ltt 13 01' the 2M hOlllesitcs 1Il0nl.
tored. The ltvel'llge TIVA \VIIS (W13 JIlillignlJlls per elthle lIle.
ter, Eighl residences had detectable levels 01' enrblll)'l ilt both
illdoor "lid oUldoor air. Ii is IInlikely thnt this WltS operator
Continued...
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Number
. BOL . Bolow dOloclllblo royols
. 'TWA . limo wolllhlod llYOfllgO
RESIDENTIAL INDOOR AIR MONITORING
Number of
Detection
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Airuo1'l1c pcsticidcs
IConllnu~d 110m /lAgn 441
error hel'lImiC plants 11ll11lCSC pnlpcrlics alstl received dicllli,1
an~ ~ia~inon applications. which wcrc nnt dclectc~. Bolh
the in~uor nmlouldoor air ~eteetions or carharyl were llIa~e
on the sallie day frolll opel'l1tiuns ouln[ the same service
center, The Olltdoor temperalure was approxilllalely 68'F,
IInd the relative hUllli~ity WIIS ahove Yllpereenl.
Allpllentnr cxpnsurc
We uUaehc~ high. null' salllpling pUllIpS to the waislbands
or the applicators' pants. The collecting filtcr was aUached
io each applicator's shirt collar, The sampling period be.
gan before thc morning tank llIixing and loading and con.
ConUnuQd onp.g. 08
Substance
WORKPLACE AIR MONITORING
Mean TWA' (Mg/M')
Number of sampling
facilities time (min.)
;.['..... 'I''''.'',., ,"' "", ~'I'"' ..'....i'~II\l.l..I".i"l
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1/.. ..\',t, ~l-'j; i',\" ",\' '." - .. ~ 1 III '. i
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il....~.~I,'\..'\~j :II...,.,'. ,',.... 17" 'Ii~ I 67 ,1,11;'.\,1, .~, ,,,
., ....'/1'.,."...,..... ',' ..' 'I' _[ ,....,"'. I, .:\..
'~ Dlazlhori~:J.I:i;l:.li,:,i:/..(., . ,3: _ ,,: ,1,/' ,1696v:',,~{~ l:~\I;~
;~~M' .,9~A1!P.:!;;jl~~I.(\l:!!;..~I~;1..;.:.~'.:,'~31.:: i: .' ;:ll::'!I~; '~I"(~~W;~;~~~ ~ ~!~::~;\l.~i
(,i\Pendlmethallnl1:l!l':"j"',I'l,, 'I" ".I~', "'''''''''-''\l'i/'M"l).l~~t .
l.'t,,''''''':'{I.''<'r:,,-''.,....'-:' -'1'7' I' I \\663.u'1~r~' '~'1t. ...
l:.a,r~~X!~JJ~,..I(i\lt;:,{'rr~~::i~" "r '. ' . ' t~!,; 'It' ,J"~l\j-'~I.I :'I.~~'.l '~I. I 1
'TWA II Tlmo wolghtod nvorago
"NO. Nono doloclod (,OOI MgIMJ)
"'Sampling Uma glvon Is lor wnrohouso
Airborllc pcsticidcs
IConllnuodlrornpngo461
The ovemll results for lawn cnre peslicide applicators were
similar to those rcported for workers spraying pesticides
on trees and shrubs. We monilored 151 pesticide' nppliea.
tors and found that 243 of 299 samples (80 percent) had
no detectablc levels of pesticides in breathlng.zone air sam.
pies. Where delectable, pesticide levels generally were less
than 10 percent of the pcrmissible exposure level.
tinned nntillhe npplicntor returned tothc uperating facility'
nt the workday's end. " ,
Ench appllcntor participantmaintnined an activity log to,
recurd nclual spraying time. We calculatcd the TWA.o~l.lhe
basis of the totnl number of hours worked nl all actlvllles,
dividing the amount of substance mcnsured by the total num.
her of minutcs the snmple wns collected.
Approxlmlltely 200 pesticide npplientors were O1on!torcd
during 0 workshift of ot ICllst 8 huurs. The "Appltcnt~r
brenthlng-zoue nir monituring" tnble shows t1l11t no pCStl'
cides were ~etectC(1 in the breathing zone of 75 percent of
thc uppllcnturs ut n sensitivity uf 0.001 milligfllms per cu.
bic meler. All exposures were well below the permissible
levels suggestcd for workers In indoor environments. There
lire no applieablc stondards for outdoor operations.
Dinzinon was deteclcd In snmples from seven of 20
npplicators-the highest .val~1C being 0,032 milligrams per
cubic mcter. Both dlllzmon nnd chlorpYllfos nre
cholinesterase.inhibitlng insecticides. We nlso monitored all
sludy pnrticlpnnts for bloud ehnlinesle01se netlvlty nt 3.week
Inlcrvnls. All erythrocyte chollneslcrusc vlllues were wllh.
in 70 percenl ul' thc bnsellne elllllrol vnluc I'or ench indlvldnal
nml, therefore, within the ,range of nurmal vnriatlon.
Although 2,4.D was dctected In 15 of 76 snmples, the
nveruge TWA wns bnrely nbove tile detection limit nnd was
only 0.04 percent of thc OSHA stundnrd. The 2,4.D results
gcnerally ngreed with the findings of Dr. Keith R. Solo-
mun nnd his coworkers who found little, if nny, mensura'
ble 2.4.D in npplicator brenthing.zone urens. (See GrouI/ds
Ml/iIl/CIUIIICI', Mnrch 1992, "Pesticide exposure-whntls
the rlsk'I")
\"..
""( '~G Grounds MnllltCtlntlco May 1992
..~ ..... "
Workplace measurcmcnts
Warehousc mid/or office measurements were made duro I
ing mi~ing nnd loading of peslicides nnd fertilizers nnd con. '.,\,
tinucd during the same day. We placcd the sampling equip.
ment in immediate proximity to a dcsignaled contoinment
nrca for the mlxlog and 19ading process.
The operatiol/s rOOIll re,(ers to on nrcn odjncentto thc of.
fice, scpnrated by walls from the warehouse, where pcsII. "
.. ,I, "
cldc apphcators have a work station. They use this areo for .::!
making lelephone colis and;rcic reviewing their daily recon/s. ;1,;:
We took 82 samples-22,'in the office, 27 in the opew!'1
tions room ond 331h ihe ~arehoosc. When meosurcd ovellt
nn 8. io 10.hour perio~.,only five conlnined dctectable lev~,,~,~ H
cis of peslleides nt n scnsiilvlty ofO.OO/mllligrams per eu-,;' II
bic meter. The highesllevel of detection wns dlazinon (0.079:\ ~'
milligrams per cubiemctcr) In a worehouse fill area. Thc!!
snmple cn01e from a makeshift glove box uscd for weigh;,!
iug dlazlnon in a powder formulnlion. Refer to the "Work;;
place air monltoring'l table, , :I',ij
Review the results ofthisexlensive sludy with YOllrcrews.' '
When your elienls or tllelr neighbors express concerns nbou!:1
spraying pesticides, applicators cnn cite these results as thcy~
IIl1swer queslions. 0, '
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Summary: Reference No.8
This article reviews studies on the toxicology and
epidemiology of 2,4-0, the most widely researched herbicide in
the world. The authors conclude: "Recently completed
toxicological studies support the conclusions of earlier studies
that 2,4-0 may be used without undue risk to man, wildlife, or
the environment...There have been some reports of an association
between the use of 2,4-0 and NHL. However, in our opinion after
considering all the toxicological and epidemiological evidence,
it has not been established that the use of 2,4-0 causes NHL or
any other type of cancer, including soft tissue sarcomas and
HOdgkin's disease. As cited in this review, most scientific
experts who have carefully examined all the data share this
opinion. "
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Editorial/Mini -Review
Epidemiology and Toxicology of 2,4-DI
WENDELL R MULLISON and GREGORY G. BOND2
INTRODUCTION
In Ihis paper the epidemiological studies on
2,4-D3 are discussed in detail; applicator exposure and
the toxicology of this compound are briefly reviewed,
and the results of some relatively recent toxicological
experiments on 2,4-D are summarized.
The first mention in a published paper that
2,4.D had herbicidal properties occurred in an article
(42) with the unlikely title of "Polyethylene Glycols as
Carriers for Growth Regulating Substances" printed in
the Botanical Gazctte in 1944. Whereas the fust sale of
2,4-D specifically for herbicidal use was also made in
1944, it was not widely used as a herbicide until 1946.
The market expanded rapidly and use of 2,4-D quickly
became worldwide. 2,4-D has been widely used be-
cause it has been very effective against a wide variety
of broadleaf weeds, and because it has been and still is
relatively inexpensive, Equally imponant, 2,4-D has an
excellent record as far as is known with regard to
public health. In addition, it is not particularly toxic to
wildlife and disappears rather rapidly from the environ-
ment.
For more than 40 years now, humans have been
using 2,4-D with few ill health effects. It is probably
the most widely researched herbicide in the world, and
nearly all studies have shown it to be nonhazardous to
humans if not seriously abused. However, questions
concerning the safety of 2,4-D still arise in the mind of
the public, For example, questions about the chronic
health effects of 2,4-D have been raised as a result of
the publicity given to the Kansas and Nebraska Fann
Worker Studies (29. 30). Lets first discuss the toxicol-
ogy of 2,4-0.
Il'lesenled 01 tilt Annu~ WSSA M"tlng, MonlItll CanIda. P,b: 8,
1990. and en~~ed "Bpldcmlotogy aod S;('1y oC Agricultural C1cm1CA!l
l!xempUlied with 2.4-0." Rcctlved Cor pubUca~on Ian. Ig. t99t aod In
revbed Corm luly 19. 1991,
2W,nd,U R. MulUso", lIerbl,ld, ConsullJ\ll~ MIdland. MI 4g64O. and
Gregory O. Dond, llea1th &: EnvlrowotlllAl Sel""... Oow CbemlOll Co"
MldJand. Ml 48674. Th, oplnloll5 "p""ed In thlJ artlel, "" those or th,
authon ,,!,d are not ncctswlly lhnse 01 WSSA or th, edltorial mIC 01 Wetd
rethnology.
3Abbr.vl,~ons: ADI. R"'plObl, dRUy lotake: 2.4-0. ((2,4-dleb,
loropb,ooxy)",do acid): ONA, deo.yribooucl,le acid: IlI'A. Unlled Stal"
EnvlrotunenlAll'n>lectlon Agency; JID.llod8kin'S dlscasc: NIIL. IlOn,lIodg'
k1n',lymphoma; NOIlL, nlKlb"lVed~rr"I.I'vcl: OR, odds rallo: STS, serl
tissue IlU'Coma.
....1,1..1~
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TOXICOLOGICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF 2,4.0
There have been several scientific reviews on the
toxicity of 2,4.0 (8. 17, 43. 45, 47, 61) and several
long tenn chronic studies (2. 20, 33, 44, 48) have been
conducted to detennine whether or not it is a carcino-
genic chemieal, They have cODcluded either that
2,4-D is not a carcinogen, or that, at worst, it is a very
weak one. It does not have the general characteristics of
carcinogenic compounds. For instance, 2,4-0 and its
metabolites are not considered to be genotoxic or capa-
ble of damaging deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)3 (45).
Some interesting new toxicological data from a rat
study on this compound has shown that dennal or oral
administration of 2.4-D did not cause toxic effects oa
the nervous system (41,57), Toxicological studies with
mice have shown that 2,4-D, whether administered
dennally or orally. has not caused adverse effects on
the immune system (3, 4).
Questions regarding exposure of the average human
to 2,4-D may be best answesed with this quotation from
the World Health Organization's Environmental Health
Criteria 29 2,4-Dicblorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D):
"As far as the general population is concerned,
2.4-0 intake from any source, is negligible" (61). This
booklet was written by a committee selected from sci-
entists from different countries in the world.
The resulls of two new long tenn chronic studies on
the carcinogenicity of 2.4-0, one with, mice (53) and
the other with rats (52), were reponed in 1986 and
1987. The mouse study produced no evidence that the
compound caused tumors in either male or female
animals at any dosage, but in the rat study at the highest
dosage of 45 mg kg-I d-l, there was an increased
number of brnin tumors (astrocytomas) found in the
male rats. However, there was no evidence of astrocyto-
mas found at lower dosages in the males or at any
dosage in the females. Considering the toxicity of
2,4-D, the 45 mg kg-t d-I is a rather high dosage but it
was selected after consultation with Ole United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)3. These data
have been ceviewed by several panels of scientific
expens. The Seience Advisory Panel of EPA, while
accepting both the mouse and rat studies as being valid
long tenn tesls for carcinogenicity, considered Ole rat
astrocytollUl dala to be "equivocal" or uncenain evi-
898
Weed Techootogy. 1991. Volum, \:898-006
15SIJ
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WEED TECHNOLOGY
dence regasding thc cascinogenicity of 2,4.0 (14).
In Canada, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment
appointed an Expert Panel to rcport upon the question
of whetller 2,4-0 was cascinogenic (45), When discuss.
ing thc data, the panel concluded: "While it is not
possible to discount this evidence for cascinogenesis,
the characteristics generally attributed to a brain cas-
cinogen were not present in this experiment." They
supported this conclusion by stating: ''There was no
evidcace of decreased tumor latcacy. the increase was
limitcd to high-dose males. no prcneoplastic lcsions
such as gliosis wcre present in treated animals, all
tumors were solitary, and the tumors in treated animals
were no more advanced (anaplastic) than generally seen
in control animals.". Their final conclusion was, "Over-
all the Panel concludes that the existing animal and
hwnan data are insufficient to support the finding that
2,4-0 is a cascinogen and. consequently, frods insuffi-
cient evidence to conclude that existing uses of
2,4-0 in Ontario pose a significant human health risk."
(45).
EP A disagreed with these experts and ordered the
studies repeated. The 2,4-0 Industry Task Force IT on
Reseasch Oata has contracted to have this work done.
but completing the new studies will take three or four
years. This delay is unfortunate, but in the meantime it
is worth noting that a review on the possible cascino-
genic effects of 2,4-0 by the Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology (8) coacluded: :'In summary,
evidence that feeding 2,4-0 to laboratoiy animals
causes cancer remains very weak. When assessed to-
gether with earlier animal studies, recent data do not
provide snfficient evidence to warrant serious concern
that 2,4-0 is an animal caseinogen."
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO 2,4-0
Of grcat concern to us ase answcrs to the questions:
Are humans exposed to 2,4-0 and, if so, what is the
danger from such exposure? Let's consider these ques-
tions.
It is axiomatic in toxicology that "the dosage makes
tile poison." However, ascertaining the dosage of hu-
man exposure to a hazardous substance can be compli-
cated and difficult. In addilion to detcrmining the con-
centration and the lcngth of timc during which the
person was exposed, wc must know other factors. such
as: wns tile exposure dennal or by inhalation, was
protective equipment or clothing used, etc.?
Votume 5. Issue 4 (Oc1obcr-Dcccmbcr) 1991
'\'"' I,,, \
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It is gcnerally agreed (61) that "under occupational
and bystander exposure conditions, the dermal routc is
by fas the most important" route of human exposurc to
2,4-0. The ester is the most rapidly absorbed fonn of
2,4.0 through the skin. Experiments with rats on the
metabolic behavior of 2,4.0 (33) have shown that the
absOlption rate of ring labeled 14C-2,4-0 as the poly.
propylene glycol butyl ether esters is slower than its
rate of hydrolysis to 2,4-0 acid and its subsequent
excretion as the acid in the urine. These results suggest
that 2,4-0 would not accumulate in rats after repeated
dennal exposures. Dennal absolption of 2,4.0 is lower
in hwnans than in rats. In a study with hwnan volun-
tcers Feldmann and Maibach (15) found 5.8% of
2,4-0 was absorbed through the skin after a dermal
application.
Applicator exposure has been casefully studied to
determine the dosage of 2.4-0 that someone applying
the herbicide would experience in doing his job. The
results of sevcral such studies (16, 19, 35. 36, 37. 46,
62) are given in Figure 1. which shows the amount of
2,4-0 workers get from vnrious types of applications.
The highest daily worker exposure reported hy
Libich (37), was nearly 27 times less than EPA's (12)
no observed effect level (NOEL)l of 1 mg kg-l d-1 in
rnts for nImost their entire lifetime. Results of a study
from the lawn care industry (62), where there were
repeated daily exposures of workers to 2,4-0 for at
least 18 d, showed a safety factor 370 times less than
EPA's NOEL in rats. This, of course, is not too surpris-
ing considering the very low concentratioas at which
2.4-0 is applied to lawns. While recognizing that rnts
are not humans thcse results strongly suggest thai appli-
cators nonnal1y are not exposed to harmful qwuitities of
2,4-0.
In the Frank et aI. study (16) one of Ihe authors
volunteered to stand under one pass from a helicopter
spray application. He was lightly clothed in a T shirt,
shorts, and sneakers with base =, legs, and head.
While this was not a replicated experiment, it is still
worth noting that under these conditions. his exposure
was approximately 220 fold below the NOEL derived
from the rallifctime chronic feeding study. Moreover
this was an cxtrcme exposure situation to spray. This
suggests that a bystander who accidentally had a little
exposure from spray drift from a lawn care or fest or
fann operation should not have a health problem from
such an exposure.
One question that might be raised is, "What exposure
would a person have after a lawn hns been trented with
899
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MULUSON AND BOND, I!PlDBMIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OP 2.4-0
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Fi8"re 1. 2,4-0 Worket expOIUlO groph, fiB"'" '" Ivens<d.
2,4-01" Thompson et al. (56) sprayed 0.84 kg
2,4-0 lie ha-I (3/4 Ib 2,4-0 ae/A) on lawn grass; they
found a possible dislodgeable residue of 4.5% of the
applied 2,4-D from the grass on the day of application
after the spray had dried. This level of removal required
an intensive effort that also removed part of the grass.
As the days pass after treatment. the dislodgeable resi-
due on the grass rapidly decreases. Since only approxi-
mately 6% of 2,4-0 is absorbed through the skin,
people would be exposed to little 2,4-0 after an appli-
cation has dried on the grass.
Harris. et aI. (27) have investigated this question in
great detail for both spmy and weed-and-feed applica-
tions of 2,4-D. TIley had three types of applicators in
this study. One group was home owners applying the
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herbicide as they would norma11y. The second group
was home owners who wore protective clothing (over-
alls, gloves, and rubber boots) and were given special
safety instructions. The third group was professional
applicators making applications as was their cuslom.
They used urinary excretion of 2,4-0 as a measure of
total dose resulting from exposure. Whether a spray or
a weed and feed (granular) application, their fmdings
were: no 2,4-0 found in any of the bystanders; no
2,4-0 in the air inside the treated houses with two
exceptions (2/40 and these concentrations were very
small being 6.0 and 10.0 j.lg m-3); the homeowner's
and the commercial applicators exposure to 2.4-0 under
all conditions was below the acceptable daily intake
(AD!)3 suggested by the World Health Organization
(61). (The ADI is an amount able to be taken daily over
a lifetime that should not result in a health hazard.) The
worst case exposure was a commercial applicator and
he had a safety faclor of 1/19 below the ADI suggested
by the World Health Organization. In all other cases the
safety factor was higher. These results would indicate
that exposure of' 2,4-0 to the applicator, the home
owner, or a bystander from an application to control
weeds in lawns does not present an appreciable risk.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Epidemiology is the science that studies the distribu-
tion of a disease and its causes in human populations.
Epidemiologists obtain data, both environmental and
human, that they believe are pertinent to the disease
being researched. Thus, epidemiology is one way to
obtain iafonnation about the occurrence and possible
causes of hwnan diseases without actual human experi-
mentation.
The strength of epidemiology i~ its direct relation"
ship to humans and to rea1life situations. Its weakness
is that epidemiology is an observational science. not an
experimental one. Because of ethical considerations, the
epidemiologist cannot put human subjects in a treat-
ment group as a veterinary toxicologist would research
other animals. Instead, the epidemiologist must use data
obtained from the renl world where subjects from vari-
ous backgrounds, lifestyles. and occupations are ex-
posed to a variety of situations and substances.
The fact thai conditions of the experiment are not
under control of the research tremendously complicates
epidemiological studies. Humans vary widely in their
Volumo S. Issu. 4 (1l<Iober-Oocembet) t991
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genetic makeup, educational background, occupations,
work habits, diets, and general living experiences.
Therefore, with extremely rare exceptions, epidemiolo.
gists do not consider that an association found in any
single study proves a eause and effect relationship. It is
mandatory that there be consistent evidence found
repeatedly from a number of studies using different
methods by different investigators before an association
found in anyone study can be considered to shnw a
true cause and effect relatioaship. This is even more
true if there are several well designed and conducted
epidemiological studies that disagree with one another.
Even carefully designed epidemiological studies may
be susceptible to unintentional error. Unintentional er-
ror can occur in a number of ways, for example from:
the selection of subjects for study; the way subjects are
classified by their exposure or disease status; or lack of
proper attention to differences between study and con-
trol groups in their age, race, sex, ethnic, work, and
economic backgrounds. Findings must also be evalu-
ated for the possibility that they arose from chance
alone. Tests for statistical significance are helpful in
this regard, but we must recognize that statistical signif-
icance does not necessarily equate to biological signifi-
cance. Not uncommonly. researchers have found absurd
associations that were statistically significant, hut which
lacked any biological meaning. On the other hand,
some findings which lack statistical significance may
have biological significance. Only after the epidemiolo-
gist has dealt successfully with ulI these different possi-
ble types of error and with the role of chance can he
even consider whether a finding may reflect a cause and
effect relationship.
Researchers must also integrate results of epidemio-
logical studies with the knowledge from other human or
animal studies before they can establish cnusation. A
causal intelpretation is much more likely to be valid if
the fIndings are consistent with those of other similar
studies. The causal intelpretation is also strengthened if
there is evidence of a dose-response relationship, espe-
cially if the probable doses are in the range as those
previously reported to produce effects,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF 2,4-0
Let us now turn our attention to the epidemiological
studies of 2,4-0. During tile 1970s, Dr. L. Hardell and
associates conductcd a series of such studies in Sweden
(13. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26). Because of suspected
methodological problems, tile mcrit of the Swedish
Volume 5, Issue 4 (Oclobcr-Dcccmoo) 1991
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studies, cited above, is the subject of much scicatific
coatroversy, Although nearly all authorities agree that
there were serious methodological problems (9, 10, 11),
some say the results cannot be lotally discounted.
Others, however, such as thc world recognized cancer
authority Sir Ricbard Doll (10), say this work should no
longer be cited as scientific evidence.
The Kansas Farm Worker Study (29) is the epidemi-
ological study that has received the most publicity in
the United Stales. Kansas had been targeted for this
study because the stale is a major sile of wheat produc-
tion, and herbicides are commonly used to control
weeds in wheat. The investigators had been interested
in testing the hypothesis that three types of cancer-soft
tissue sarcoma (STS)3, Hodgkin's disease (HDP, and
noa-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)Lwere associated
with the various types of crops grown and the number
of acres under cultivation, According to Dr. Hoar-Zahm
(personal communication) the authors had set up their
data gathering in this way because they did not have
confidence that they would be able to get valid infor-
mation regarding cxposure to specific herbicides. The
fmdings did not support their original hypothesis. They
found no association between the quantity and types of
crops grown and these three kinds of cancer. In looking
further at their data, they found no associations between
the use of phenoxy herbicides and soft tissue sarcoma
or Hodgkin's disease. This is important because the
Swedish work that prompted the Kansas study had
reported large risk ratios for all three types of cancer at
compamble levels of exposure. This provides further
reason to doubt the validity of the Hardell s~dies.
Authors of the Kansas study then focused on NHL.
Their major point was that the odds ratio (OR? in-
creased from a baseline of 1.3 for fanners who never
used herbicides to 6.0 for farmers who used herbicides
more than 20 d a year. But data from only one group,
those fanners who reported using ~erbieides more, than
20 d per year. was statistically significant, and this was
based on only seven cases,
There were some Kansas findings that supported a
herbicide-NHL association. Researchers noted a trend
toward an increased risk of NHL as the number of years
increased after tile frrst use of herbicides, a higher risk
among farmers who reported mixing and npplying the
herbicides themselves, a higher risk among farmers
who used backpack or hand-held sprnyers, and a lower
risk among farmers who reported using any protective
clothing,
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~lULUSON AND BOND: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OP 2,4-0
However, not aU the Kansas data supported a hcrbi-
cide.NHL association. There was no association with
total ycass of herbicide use, nor was there an associa-
tion with the number of acres treated with herbicides.
A very important point about the Kansas results is
often overlooked. The data in this study refers to herbi.
cides in general, 1I0t specifically to 2,4-D. The authors
did not coUect infonnation to evaluate frequency, dura-
tion, latency, and other factors in relation to specific
herbicides. They asked only which herbicide had been
applied most often. Since 2.4-D was often mentioned in
reply. the authors assumed tlie generic reported herbi-
cide use was synonymous with the use of 2,4-D. This
assumption is not necessarily correct.
In fact, the Kansas data shows statisticaUy significant
increased risks of NHL for farmcrs associated with the
use of nearly every type of herbicide reported, for
e~amp]e with the amides, triazines. triflura1in [2,6-
dinitro.N,N-dipropyl-4-(trif!uoromethyl)benzenamine ],
and a group of non-specified herbicides. Often these
associations were stronger than that obtained for
2,4-n and other pheno~y compounds.
One major criticism of these Kansas data is that
intuitively it would seem difficult for the farmer-sub-
jects to recall details regarding e~posure to the use of a
pesticide over a lifetime with any degree of accuracy.
Moreover, more than 50% of the patients and controls
had died, so the infonnation came from ne~t of kin.
Clearly the accuracy of their response is even more
questionable. Each of us knows the difficulty of accu-
rote recaU of past events.
Several other odd reportings suggest a very cautious
interpretation of the Kansas data. First, more than 70%
of the fanners reported never having used herbicides.
Historical knowledge of fann practices in Kansas sug-
gest thJs figure is too high. Thus, there may well have
been an under-reporting of herbicide use by the con-
trols. The highest OR was for fanners who reported
more than 20 d of herbicide use per year. It would be
unusual for a fanner to spray this many or more times a
year to control broadleaf weeds in wheat which is done
withJn a very short period. FinaUy. a time analysis
showed that the greatest risk for herbicide use and NHL
was among pcrsons who reported spraying hcrbicides
before 1946. Herbicides were not generaUy used on
wheat bcfore the advent of 2.4.D and 2,4-D was not
marketed e~tensivcly until after 1946.
These e~amples U1ustrate tlle likelihood thnl subjects
may have becn misclassified regarding their exposurc
902
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to 2,4-D. Such errors can be e~pectcd to lead either: (I)
to an underestimate of e~posure i.e" if they occur
equaUy among cases and controls or (2) 10 an over
estimate of exposure i.e., if they occur anequaUy among
cases and controls.
While it is possible that these studies have anderesti-
mated the strength of the 2,4-D/NHL relationship, inter-
view.based case control studies are morc oftca sus.
pected of providing overestimates of risks, i.e. cancer
cases ase more likely to successfully recaU past e~-
posures than disease-free eoatrols. Because the rrodings
indicating a herbicide association with NHL ase based
on small numbers of cases and controls, misclassifica-
tion of only a few subjects can have tremeadous lever-
age on the statistical significance of the results.
EP A and other regulatory agencies naturally had
great interest in knowing the public health implications
of this infonnation. Therefore. they scnt the study to a
number of epidemiologists for review, Three of the four
reviewers had essentially the same opinion. They con-
cluded thill the Kansas data do not show an increased
risk of NHL for fanners who use 2,4-D. One reviewer,
Dr. Brian MacMahon. Professor and Chainnan of the
Department of Epidemiology at HlUVasd (40), con-
cluded that: ''In my opinion, the weight of the evidence
does not support the conclusion that there is an associa-
tion between exposure to 2,4-D and NHL." The fourth
reviewer, Dr. Martha Linet (38), fonnerly with Johns
Hopkins and now with the National Cancer Institute
said: "In the opinion of this reviewer. the weight of the
scientific evidence is beginning to lean towasds possi-
ble causation between herbicide e~posure. particularly
2,4-D, and development of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
in fanners." Although she disagrees somewhat with Dr.
MacMahon, even Dr. Linet did not take the position
that the Kansas study shows a cause and effect relation-
ship. Thus, none of the reviewers thought the Kansas
study was conclusive in showing an association of
2,4-0 and NHL.
The National Cancer Institute has published a Ne-
braska study with a prntocol very similas to that of their
Kansas study. However. the Nebraska study design (30)
was improved because it asked about the duration and
frequency of use of specific types of herbicides. Results
showed a slightly increased OR of 1.5 for NHL not
statistically significant; (1 would show no increased
risk) in farmers reporting that they had used 2,4-n at
some time. TIle odds ratio was unchanged when only
those fanners reporting thnt they had personally han-
Volume S, IlIlle 4 (Delober-December) 199t
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died 2,4.0 were included. TIle odds ratios increased
with an increased number of use days per year, al.
though the trend was statistically significant. The high.
esl OR found, which was not statistically significant,
was 3.3 with fanners using 2,4.D more /han 20 d per
year.
Additional analyses of the Nebraska fmdings were
made. Some supponed a 2,4.0.NHL association. For
example, there was a slightly higher risk from use of a
hand.held sprayer versus a tractor mounted sprayer.
Others were contrary to a 2,4-D.NHL association. For
instance, the use of personal protective clothing was
found to be associated with a higher, not lower. risk of
NHL.
The authors of the Kansas study have interpreted
/hese Nebraska results as strongly supporting their hy-
pothesis, and indicating a trend. They base this belief
largely on the OR in Nebraska of 3.3 associated with
/he use of 2,4-0 for more than 20 d per year. However.
this result is suspect for several reasoas. The ratio was
not statistically significant (note: the lower bound of the
95% confidence interval was less than /he null value of
1.0). II was based on only three exposed cases and four
controls. FinaIly, it was only half the OR found in their
Kansas work. The risk of NHL, associated with per-
sonal handling of 2,4-0 was higher among persons with
proxy interviews than among self.respondents. Indeed,
nearly all tlle excess risks is among the cases for whom
proxies supplied interview data. All of this raises
doubts as to the validity of the exposure data and the
proposed association.
More recently, Hoar-Zalun et al. (31) have combined
data from their Kansas and Nebraska studies to gain
additional statistical power for examining trends in
NHL risk with increasing number of 2,4.0 use days per
year. In this instance, the approach can be challenged
on tlle grounds tllat tlle two studies did not gather
equivalent data. TIle Kansas study gathered data on the
nunlber of use days per year for all herbicides, whereas
tlle Nebraska study data pertained solely to 2.4-0.
As stated previously, no one epidemiological study
stands alone but must be interpreted WWI all the otiler
epidemiological studies especially tllose done by otller
investigators using different protocols. TIlerefore it is
appropriate to briefly review other epidemiological
studies on tllis subject, and evaluate whetiler tlley show
results tlle same as or different from tilO5O of the
Kansas and Nebraska studies.
Pearce et al. (49) published a case-control study of
NHL In New Zealand but did not analyze for days per
Volume 5. IlIu, 4 (Oclobcr-Ilc<,mbcr) 199t
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year of herbicide use. Earli~r studies (54, 55) by these
workers on phenoxy herbicide use did not show any
association of soft-tissue sarcomas with 2,4-0 or
2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trlchlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Prompted
by tlle Kansas paper, Pearce (50) recently reanalyzed
his data looking for a trend of NHL risk with increasing
days per year of herbicide use, but reported fmding
none.
Since the Kansas study, Woods el al. (60) have
published a case.control study on NHL and soft-tissue
sarcoma with special emphasis on the use of phenoxys
and chlorophenols in the state of Washington. They
found no increased risk for NHL or soft.tissue sarcoma
from past exposure to 2,4.0.
In 1984 the International Agency for Research on
Cancer with the USA's National Institute of Environ-
mental Health Sciences established an international reg-
ister of persons exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlo-
rophenols, and their contaminants. Kogevinas (34)
surveyed the 18972 workers from 10 countries in
North America, Europe, and Oceania enrolled on the
register. He reported a non-statisticaIly significant ex-
cess of soft tissue sarcomas, based on four deaths. He
found no indication of an increased risk from malignant
lymphomas, which includes NHL either in the total
group, or in subgroups. Specific fmdings for NHL were
not given.
In an Iowa-Minnesota epidemiological study, re-
searchers studied tlle use of herbicides and other agri-
cultural practices in relation to leukemia and NHL (7).
They found no statistically significwll association with
the use of 2,4-0. TIley did, however, fmd statistically
significant associations between NHL and several dif-
ferent insecticides as well as the herbicides chIoramben
(3-amino-2,5.dichlorobenzoic acid) and bifluralin. It is
unfortunate tllllt data were not collected regarding the
frequency of herbicide use. as this was the variable that
showed the strongest association with NHL in the Kan-
sas study. In an attempt to get, this infonnation, a
sample of the subjects from the Iowa portion of the
study have been reinterviewed, but tlle results of this
effort have not yet been published (6191). Testing tile
suggestions raised in the Kansas study is important, but
reinterviewing tllese subjects after all the publicity on
tlle Kansas study creates a substantial opportunity for
recall bias.
TIlere have been a number of epidemiological studies
among manufacturing and applicator workers (I, 5, 18,
32,39.51). The strength of such studies is tlle accuraey
of the exposure dnta and tile elimination of recall errors.
903
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MULUSON AND BOND, EPlDE~nOlOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF 2.4-0
A criticism of these studies is their inability to detect
statistically significant small to modest increases in risk
of getting rare diseases, owing to the small number of
workers in these situalions. However, the results in all
these studies gave no evidence to support a cause and
effect relationship between 2,4-0 exposure and mortal.
ity from any disease. Bond et a1. (6), in an attempt to
overcome the criticism of small numbers, combined the
data from these studies. The conclusions were still the
same: no association,
Wiklund (58, 59) was able to overcome the problem
of small numbers 'of workers in a study in Sweden. She
identified 20245 Swedish pesticide applicators of
whom 72% were estimated to have used phenoxy herbi-
cides. This large group was linked to the Swedish
central cancer registty. The incidence of soft tissue
sarcoma and NHL among these applicators was found
to be at or below that occurring in the general Swedish
population. These fmdings are particularly important as
much of the present epidemiological studies have come
about bccause of the early work of Dr. Hardell in
Sweden. The major limitation of Wiklund's work is the
lack of specific individual exposure data. However.
because the numbers involved are so large, this study
should be able to detect effects, if present in the magni.
tude suggested originally by Hardell.
The opinion of many epidemiologists on this subject
is expressed by Dr. A. B. Miller of the University of
Toronto (45) who reviewed the epidemiology papers on
2,4-0 as part of the expert panel convened at the
request of the Ontario government. He said, "Overall.
the epidemiological evidence indicates that a relation.
ship between an increased risk of soft.tissue sarcoma
and non.Hodgkin's lymphoma with phenoxy herbicide
exposure is tenable: however in regard specifically to
2,4-0. the evidence for human carcinogenicity must be
considered as inadequate."
In October 1990. a panel of scientists was assembled
by The Harvard School of Public Health to evalunte the
evidence on whether 2,4-0 was a human carcinogen
(28). One of their conclusions in the executive sum.
mary was, "In assessing all of the evidence on
2,4-0. workshop participants were not convinced tilat a
cause.effect relationship between exposure to 2,4-0 and
human cancer exists." Some of their other conclusions
are as follow: "People who do not use 2,4-0 directly
are not known to experience significant exposures. Der.
mal absorption is believed to account for most human
exposure to 2,4.0." While a cause.effect relationship is
904
.\~.~ I(~ ~.~'d,,": .
far from being established, the epidemiological evi.
dence for an association between use of 2,4.0 and Non.
Hodgkin's lymphoma is suggestive and requires further
investigation. "There is very little evidence of an asso.
ciation between use of 2,4.0 and soft tissue sarcomas
or Hodgkin's disease, and no evidence of an association
between 2,4-0 use and any other form of cancer." It is
worth knowing thaI this committee carefully considered
the results of tile National Cancer Institute's studies on
Kansas and Nebraska farm workers before arriving at
their conclusions.
A causal interpretation of epidemiological fmdings is
strengthened when they are supported by animal experi.
mental data. In this connection an increased incidence
of lymphomas has not been found in the animal chronic
long term toxicological studies with 2,4-0.
SUMMARY
The herbicide 2,4-0 has been in cornmerce and a
subject for research since 1944. It is undoubtedly
among the most thoroughly researched pesticides in the
world. In our s.ociety, 2,4-0 has played an indispensa.
ble role, It is most important in the production of our
food and fiber; in the control of noxious weeds causing
public health problems such as cornmon ragweed (Am.
brosia artemisiijo/ia L.) and poison-ivy [Toxicodendron
radicans (1.) Ktze.] in the maintenance of our utility
supply lines and highway and railroad systems; and as a
useful tool for creating desirable wildlife habitats and
beautifying our parks, golf courses, and the grounds
about our homes.
Recentiy completed toxicological studies support the
conclusions of earlier studies that 2,4-0 may be used
without undue risk to man, wildlife, or the environment.
This does not mean, of course, that we should lessen
our precautions to avoid exposure to applicators, pre.
vent spray drift from getting on bystanders, or on pets
such as dogs and cats. and following general good
sanitation practices in its use.
There have been some reports of an association
between the use of 2,4-D and NHL. However, in our
opinion after considering all the toxicological and
epidemiological evidence. it has not been established
that the use of 2,4-D causes NHL or any other type of
cancer including soft tissue sarcomas and Hodgkin's
disease. As cited in this review. most scientific experts
who have carefully examined all the data share this
opinion.
Volume 5, Issue 4 (Oclobcr-Dcccmbcr) 199t
15S~
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LITERATURE CITED
WEED TECIINOLOOY
1. Axelson, 0., t. Sundell, K. Anderson 1:1 at. 1980. Herbicide ~posurc
and tumor monalll)'. An updated epidemiologic investigation 00 Swed-
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2. DJorkJood, N. E,. and K. Ern,. 1966. Toxlcological'Ndies 01 pb,oo,.
ymtic berbicides In animals, Vel. DI)'. S...d. 7:36-1-390.
3, DL1Ic,ly, D. R., aod D. H. Scbl,ler. 1986. Th, ,rrecl 01 toplcaDy applied
N.butyl ester of 2,4-dIchlorophcDoxyaccrlc acid 00 the immune reo
spo.... In mI". I. Appl, Toxlcol. 6,291-295.
4. DL1Ic,ly, B. 1l1986, The ,llecl 01 oral "poswc 10 Ib, N,bulyl esler 01
2,4-dJchloropbenoxyacctic acid on the immune response in mice. lnL J,
Immooopb:umacol. 8:9H9.
5. Dood. G. G., N.II. W,u",..m. aod G. I. RousiL 1988. Cause'sp,tlfi,
monaJ.lry among employees engaged in the manufacture, formulation or
p3ekaging 01 2.4-dlcbloropbeo..yaeetic actd aod rebled saI~. Br.
Ilnd, Med. 4S:98-105.
6. Dood, G. G.. K. M. Dodoer. aod Illl Cook. 1989. Pboooxy herbicides
and cancer: insufficient epidemIological evidence {or a causalrclatioo-
ship. PUIId. Appl. Toxl..t. 12:172-188.
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waler. aod public beallb: An ,pldonlologic overvl,w. Soll Scloo"
Soci,1J' WOlbhop. Paper No.2. Soli ScI. Soc. Am. MadI",o. M.
g. CAST, 1997. Pe""",tives 00 Ibe ,at'ly 01 2.4-D. Council tor Agricul.
IUIaI Scte"e and To:OOology. p, 16.
9, Coggin. D.. and E. D. Acbe"'ll 1992, Do pbeeoxy herbicides caus,
cancer In DWl, Lancel 1,IOS7.
10. Coombs, J. 1988. The 8gcnl oratl8c phenomena: The report of the
AustralJan Royal Commission. Chapler 14 In agcnt orange and lIS
llSoclaled dioxin: IWeSsmcnl of a controversy by A. 1. Young and G.
M, Regglanl. Elsevier Publisblng Co" New YOlk.
11. COullOil T, 1986. lIerblcid, exposure awl "'cer. lAMA 256:
1l76-117S,
12. EPA, 1988. Pesticide Pacl Sbeet: 2.4-DtcblOlOpboooxyoc,tic Acid (2,4-
D). Foci Sbocl No. 941.
13. Erihsoo. M.. L.llard,ll. O. N. B'rg cl aI. 19SI. Solt.Iis,u, aan:oow
and exposure 10 chemical substanccs. A casc.reCcrau study. Br. J.lnd.
Med.38,27-33.
14. Fcdenllnsecllcldll PUll8icld., and Redooticld. Act Scleotifjc AdrlSOl)'
Pan,1 R,port. 198700 A S'I oC Scleotifjc l"ues DeIng Considered by
the Agency in CODnectlon with the Peer Review CIa.ulficadoD DC
2.4-D " a CIaJS C On..g,n. Lell" Repoll by S. L.lobn.!on. Executive
Secrelary luly g,
IS. Peldmaon, Il P., and 11.1. M.tIbacb. 1974. P.rculaneous peomatlon 01
SOlO' pesticides aod berblcldes In OWl Toxl..\. Appl. PIwmacoI. 2g:
126-132.
16. Frank, R" Il A. Campbell, and G. I. Slrons. 1995. porelllJ' WOlktll
Involved In ncrial 'ppllcation 01 2,4-dlcblorophoooxyac.tie acid (2.4-
D): "posure and urimuy ",retioll AlciL Envlroll CootliolhL Toxl..t.
14:4S7-43S.
17. Gebring. P.I" and I. E. B,Llo. 1979. Pbenoxy acids: ctto:~ and ta~ In
mammab In chl,rlnsled pbcnoxy acids and \heir dioxins. C. Ramel
(ed,) Ecologtcal Bullclln (Slockhobo) NFR 27:I22-m.
18. G"'il L. M. 1986, Mor1allly Annly.b ot Ontario lIydro POlestty
Tlldesl\1Co Coholl 19S1I-1982. llea1lb Services D<:p:utmcn~ llea1lb
S,,,lces DcpllSlll1eo~ llea1lb aod SoI'ly Dlvlsloil ODlJU!o Hydro.
Toronlo, ON, Can.
19. Gro"" R., A.I. Ces'lIIl. N.I. Muir. D. R1,d,t, C. A. fmklln, and K.
Y"bld,. t986. FaclOll oIlO:llng U" exposure 01 ground,rig appllcalolS
\0 2.4-D dlmelbylam\nc sail. Arcb. Environ. Conlam\n, and Toxl..I,
IS:677-li86.
20. lIi1llS'il W. II., M. L. Quail.. R. T.Habermann. and O. G. F1l1.huglL
1971. Chrowc loxlclty of 2,4-dlcWorophenollYDcetic acid In raLS and
dogs. Toxl..l. Appl, Plwm. 20,t22-129.
21. lI11Idcll, L. 1977. SofHlssuc smol11.U nnd exposure 10 phenoxy tlClds:
A clinical observation, Lan"l. 74,2753-2754.
22. Hnrd,ll. L. 1979. Mallgnnnllymphonw ot bl,tiocytJc 1l'J'C aod "po-
lUre 10 phenolt)'lIccllc aelds or chlorophenols. La.nccl. J:SS-56.
23, IInrd,lI. L, 1990, Cro'HXIIDlinollon B,r". Ihe Envlronmeol>l Protec.
tion Agency. F1l'RA Dock'l Nos, 41tSrr Exhlbll m. S'p~mber 29.
Volum. ~. IllU~ 4 (Oclober-December) t991
'\ ....4-:". .
',." .(.l,.
(~;\I ~~ .. .", - \..
. ",
24. Hardell, L. 1981. Relalion oC soft.tiuue sarcomas, nWignanl lym_
phoma and colon cancer 10 phenoxy acids, chlorophenols and other
'g".. Scaod. ), WOlk Eov"oo. 1I.~Ib, 7,119-130.
25. Hardell, L., and A. Sandstrom. 1979. Case.coDtrol study: soh tissue
sarcomas and eApoJUre 10 pbenoxyacelic acids or chIorophenols. Dr. 1.
Caocer.39:711-717.
26, Hard.lI. L" M, EriJ",oo. P. !.cooer. aod E. Lundgrc,n, 1911. mallgnnnl
lymphoma and exposwe to chemlcals especially organic solvenu,
cblorophenols and pbenoxy acids: A case-control study. Dr. J. Caocer
43,169-176.
27. Hanis. 5.. C. Bowley. K. R. Solomoo. and G. R. Slepbe"",o. 1990.
Exposure studies fD the use ol pe.!dcldes in the home garden and lor
taodmp, pest cooOOI. R". Progr. Rep. May 2. 1m. Cao. Ceott.tor
Toxl..l. aod Dcp. Envlro, BIoI.. Univ. Gu,lpb.
28. Harvard School 01 Publlc Health. 1990. Th, W.lghl nl Ib, Evlden:..n
lb. Human CarcinogenlcilJ' 01 2.4-D. FmaI R.poll. 6S p. Harvard
Scboot 01 Public Health, 677 HootinglOn Aveou,. DOllOil MA. 02115.
29. Hoar. S. K" A, Blair, P. P. Hoboes. C. D. DoyseilIlI. Robel, R.
Hoover. aod I, P. PlIum,ni. 1986. Agricultusal herblcld, us. aod ri.lk
oC Iympboow aod ",n tlssu, sarcODlL I. Am. Med. Anoc, 256,
1141-1147.
30. Hoar.Zahm, S. H.. D. D. W,IsOlburger. P. A. Babblll, R. C. SsaI.l. B.
Vaught, K. P. Canlor, and A. Blair. J99O. A case-control study ol non-
Hodlkio'.lymphoma and Ib, b,iblcld. 2.4-dlcbloropboooxyac,tic acid
<2.4-D) In easlern N,braska. Epld,mlology 1:349-356,
31. Honr.Zahm, S. H., D. D. Welseoburger. M. Ward, p, A. Bahblll. P. P.
Hobo", C. D. Boy.... Ill. Robel. R. SaaI.l. D. Vaugh~ aod A, Blair.
1m. Agricultural p"ticld, use aod non,Hodgkln'. Iympboma in lb.
M1dweJIern Uolled SlIle$, Ab'tt. p, 349, 23n1Io~madoaal Coogtes,
on Qccupatioonl llea1th, Mon'eaI. Can. SepL 22-28, p, 349.
32. 1I0g'led~ C., nOO B. Wes~rlund. 1980. Coboll 'Ndles 01 cause oC
dea1b 01 tOlCSl wOIkelS wilb awl wilboul "po'wc 10 pbenoxy acid
preparations. Lakartldnlngoo. 77,1828-1831.
33, 1nncs.1.R.M.. B. M. Ulland, M. G. VaI,rio, el aI. 1969. Dloassay 01
pesticides and Induslrial ch,mleaI, lor lurOorg,nicll)' In mice: a prellml.
nazy an~. I. NaL Canc.. lnsL 42:1I01-IIt4.
34. KogevlaJS, M. 1m. Th. !ARC Inlematioaal R'gister ot Petsons
ExpolCd 10 Pboooxy lIerbtcides. Pirsl Resul~. Abstt. 23rd lolematloaal
Coogr", 00 Occupadoonllleallb. Moottcal. Can. S'pL 22-28. p. 348.
3S. lxV)', T. 1..,1. D. W~stad, R. R. Flynn. and I. D. Malllce. 1992. (2.4-
dlchloropbtlloxY)llCe~c aeld exposure received by aerial. appllcallon
crews duriog Coresl spray opclllUons. I. Agric. Pood Cbem, 3D'
375-381. .
36. LaV)', T. L.. L. A. Norris. I. D. MAltice, awl D. D. Mm. 1987.
Exposur, ottorcstty groood wOlktll 10 2,4-D, plclorom aod dI,blor.
prop. Bnvlroll Toxlcol. 0I0l1. 6:209-224.
37. L1blch, S., I. C To, R. Prank, and G. I. Slrons. 1984. Occup,tloaal
"posur, or berblcld, appU",lOlS 10 belblctdes used alOll8' ,to:tric
power Ilao.m1I.sslon Un, righl"C.way. Am. lod./Iygieo, Anoc.l. 45:
5lM\2.
3g. Linel. M. S. 1986. Review of "Agricultural berblclde us, and risk 01
Iympboma and 10ft lIs,ue sarcODlA" \>y S. K. Hoar, A. DlaIr, P. P.
1I0mes. el aI. aod Other cptdonlotogic lludles .xamInIog Ib, ",ocb.
tion belween \he helb!clde 2,4-D, herbicides In general, CarmIng aod
mallgll$Ollympboma. Prepared lor tbc Bnvlronm.nl>l Prolection Agen-
CY. Oclober 17.
39. L)'II8" B. t98l. A lollow.up study of cancer Incld,nce amoog w"kcra
In manufacture 01 pbOlOXY berblctdes In Denmark. Br. I, Cancer. 52:
2S9-270.
40, M,cMtboil B. 1986. Revl,w 01 lloar cl aI. aod rebled lilCllIOS. tor
BPA p.o. !6W.3948.NASA, S'pl. 29, 1996.
41. MAIUSD~ I. L" K. A, loboson aod Il Il Atbee. 1986. Lack 01
ncuropllbologlcal consequences of repeated dermal aposurc 10
2.4-dlcMol1lpbenoxyoe,tlc aold In n~, PUIId. Appl. Toxl..l. 6:
175-l8t.
42. MJlchel~ I. W. and C, L. llamncr. t944. Poly,lbyl,.. Slyeol. u
carriCl$ lor growth regubUog IUbllaoCcs. Bol. Gax. 105:474-4g3.
43. Mum"". W. R. 198t. Public "DC"" abouI tbc bcsblcld. 2,4-D. Proc.
Wesl. Soc. Weed Scl. 34:154-193.
44. MuUllDil W. R. 1986. An lo~rIm Repall SUIJ1JJlIlIWng 2,4-D toxic..
905
155~
,
.
,
\
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, .' .j.....,.. ,., '"
",' ~. ;./1 _I, . ,
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r
MULUSON AND DONO: EPIDE~nOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Of 2.4-D
logical murch aad a brief review of 2,4..D environmental effects.
IndusoiaJ Task Force" On 2,4-0 Research Dall, McKenna, Connor &
Cuneo. 157$ Ey. SuUl. W"hln8l0~ DC 211005.
45. ~IIllIO. J. C. .1 aI. 1987. Exp.n panel "pon on w.illog.nldl)' of
2.4-D. Canadian C.n.. (or Toalcology. Guelp~ ON. Call.
'6. ~as~ R. G,. P. C. K.arney.l. C. Malllen, C. R. S.U. and S. N. f.rtig.
1982. Agricultural appUcalors exposure 10 2.4.dlchloropbenoxyace~c
acid. In pesticide residues and exposure A. C. S. Symp. Ser. ,. R.
fllmaner. ed. 182. p. 119-1l2.
47. National Research Councll of Canada, Associate Commluce on Sclen-
tifi. Cril.ri. for Envlronm.ntal Qu~II)'. 1918, Pb.noxy h.rbl.ldOl-
Ihelr effecls OD CDvironmcnlal quality with accompanying scientific
erit.rin lor 2,3.7.8.teuachlorndlbe....p'dJoaln (TCIJD). N.L ROl.
COWl.. of Call. p. MO.
48. Palmer. I. S.. and R. D. Radd.r!. 1969. lb. loalcll)' of some organl.
herhlcldes 10 catd., sheep and chlck.os. fled. ROl. Rep. No. 106 Agn..
Res. S.rv.. U.S. Dip. Agri..
49. P.ar", N. E.. A. H. Smith, R. A. Sheppard .1 aI. 1986. Non.Hedglin's
lymphoma and exposure 10 pbcDoxyberblcldcs, chloropheools, feDcing
work, and meal worb qnploymcnl: A case-control study. Dr. J. Ind.
Mcd. 43:1l-a3.
50. P.ar", N. E. 1989. Pbeooxy herhlclder and non.Hodgkill'slymphoma
10 N.w ZeaIaod: frequency and duration of herbl.ld. os.. Br. I. Ind.
M.d. 46:1.H44.
51. RIlhImakl, V.. S. Asp. and S. Hemberg. 1982. MonaJ!1)' of
2.4-dJ.hlolOph.ooxyaceU. acid and 2,4.5.lrichloropheooxy.cetic acid
herhlcld. appUcalolS 10 FInland. Scand. 1. Wurk Envlroa Health. 8:
37-42.
$2. SeroLl, D. O. 1986. Combilled toalcl~ and oocngenlcll)' study 10 nu,
906
~, .." *-.... \.
:'1,1,,,,,, '\
.., t. ,\
\\.1 .. "r' t
....'
."., . .
2.4-dJ.hlolOphenoxyaceU. acid. f'uu1 Repon. lIazelton Loboralori...
Aas.riea, Ioc. VI.1lIlI, VA. p. 2039.
53. Scroll, D. G. 1981. Oocog.nlcll)' study 10 mice. 2.4-dlchloroph.no')'.
accti. acid. f'uu1 Repo~.lIazelton Lobonlnries. Ameriea,Io.. VI.1lIlI,
VA. p. 1191.
54. Smith, A. H., and N. E. fearce. 1986. Update on .nfl.Ussu. sarcOlIll
and pheon')'herbl.ldes ill N.w ZWsnd. Chemospher. 15:119.1-1198.
$5. Smith, A. lL, N. E. p,,",., O. D. Fisher Cl aI. 1984. So(Hlsro.
sarcnlIll and "fO!Ule 10 phcooxyberblcldC5 and .blurophenols 10 New
ZtAJand.I. N.L eaocer Io5L 73:1111-1111.
56. Thompson, O. 0., O. R. Stephen.son, and M. K. S..... 1986. Penlsl.
eoce, dJstribution and dlsledgcabl. r..ldue of 2.4-D foUowing I.
.ppHeadon 10 torIgJUI. Pestl.. Scl. 15:353-360.
51. Tnyoshlm1, E., R. P. Moyer, S. R. MAx, and C. Eccles. 1985.
2.4-01~nlOpheno')'",d. acid (2.4-D) does nnl cause pnlyo.oropathy
10 thn "'~ I. NOlIll. 5.1. 10:22.1-229.
58. WIklIllld. K., I. Dlc~ and L Holm. 1981. Rlsl: ofmaUgnaol lymphoma
10 Swcdlsh .ppUcatolS. Dr, I. Cancer. 56:5llS-508.
$9. WIklWld, K.. I. D1ch, and L Holm. 1988. Sofl throe sartnlIll risk 10
Swedish UctIllcd pesticld. 'l'pUCnlon. I. Oocup. Med. 30:80I-ll04.
60. Woods. I. S., L Pollsssr, R. K. Sevenon. 1981. Sofl dsro. WtOlIll
and nnn.Hedglin'. lympholIll 10 "bdon 10 pheno')' herhlcld. and
~olOphcool expnS\IIC In western V1ashJngtoa I. NIL Cancer 1051. 18:
8~10.
61. World Health OIganlzadoa 1994. Environmental Health Crital.
29-2.4-D1.hlolOphcooxyacedc Acid (2,4-0) World Health Organlu.
don, Gcoev~ SwilUrlant p. m.
62. Yeary, R. A. 1986. UrinaJy excredoo DC 2,4-D 10 commercial lawn
specla1isu. Appl. Ind. Hygleo.. 1:119-1201.
Volum. S. Issu. 4 (October-Dec.mber) 1991
IS!>>
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Summary: Reference No.9
Concern about possible health risks from the herbicide 2,4-D
were raised when an epidemiological study of Kansas farm workers
indicated an association between use of herbicides for more than
20 days a year and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Because 2,4-D
was the most widely used herbicide in Kansas, attention centered
on 2,4-0. However, other studies have shown no association
between 2,4-0 use and NHL or other cancers. Because of the
Kansas study results, the attached study of men in Iowa and
Minnesota was conducted. One of the authors is Dr. Leon
Burmeister of the Department of Preventative Medicine at the
University of Iowa. The study found: "no significant risk
elevations were observed for ever handling, mixing, or applying
specific herbicides." No association was found between 2,4-0 and
NHL in this study.
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l ' . , PI
Pesticides and Other Agricultural Risk Factors for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma LE
. lImong Men in Iowa IInd Minnesota
Kenneth P. Canlor,' Aaron Blair, George Everet~ Rubert Gibson, Leon F. Burmeister, Linda M. BroWlJ,
Leonard Schuman, and Fred R. Dick
Eo.l1oIIm...aI Ep/dlm/%ty Bro.d. Ep/dlm/o/Oll' "d B/OII,lIn/" Pro",m. N'llono/ c..", 1011/"". E",",I.. PI,,, Nonl. BttIIW. M'~'/"d lOIP1IK. P. C.,
A. B., L. M. B.l: Dtpanm"lI nf l'm"I/.. Mld/rl.. IG. E.. L. F. 8./ "d P'll%ll' IF. R. D.I. U./'mlry of 10... I... Clry.I"" mil: Dlpo.m,., of Epldlmlololl'.
u.t..../ry Qj MI.1lllDI4, MI...opot", MI'''''I.IR. G.. L. s.l: "d Dtportm,., of 1."maI Mld/rl... Or/'MO Rlllow Mldkal U'ltr, Orlondo. Florid.,G. E.I
ABSTRACT
Doll froDl ID '..p",o. IIIlml.. 'Iudy or 621 .hU. mID .lIh ""y
diaaDot<d _Hodllkl""ymphoDII.nd 1145 popullllon.bas<<l cont",I,
II 10.. IDd MI.mola .m us<<110 01"''''' Ih. ri.k usod..tl1lllflh
1um!llJl oc<up.llo. IDd .p<clfi. .lricuUunl ..posur... MID .ho "'r
Wm<d .If.., .1I11hlly .1",,111 riak 01 ....Hodllkl...lymphoDII (odd.
hi"'. J.~ 95\\ COIlndlllCt 1n11".1 . 1.0-1.5) Ihll ... ..,II.kl1ll.
.p.dnc esop' or putl..", &IIIDllu. EI",tl1l ri,ks.ere lound, lIflh odd.
hll. 1lDlllllyl5-fold or If,,'er, lor pell<lllll hlndllllJl, mixlna, or
.ppllClIIon of ""hi peslldd. IfOOP' IDd lor IndlvlduallnS<dleldes,
IncludlllJllllbary~ chlord.... dlchlorodlph.nyltrkh'or"'Iwl~ dlul....
dlchlonos, Undtne, DIIuthlon, n1,,'In~ ODd loupb.... Anneul"'..
Il'tfe 1...lll1y 'inlIIller for nlll ... prior 10 1965 thin lIlllI. rmn"y,
ODd .hID prolectl,. clolhlllJl or "lulpmlD' ... .., us<<l. SDllII risks
.... uaocull1IlIflb Ih. use 01 'h. phIDoxy.cellc .cld herblcld. 2,4-
dlchloropbe..x)'lcellc .cld, hu"b. ri.k, did ..,iner.... lIflb IlIe.ey
or fall.... 10 u.. pro,ectln equlpDlIDI. Exposu" 10 num.rous pttddd..
potII probl.... 01 1n1'I]l"dllJl ri,k uaoclttl1lllflh'. putlcultr ch.miCl~
aa4 muldp~ C1Impul""" Inmue Ih. clwlctt of f.lse-posld" nOdlol1.
.. COlllru~ nondlflmolltt txposun ml.d",lfiClltlo. dllt 10 InaCCUrl"
recall CIII bltl risk ..limat.. tOM ,h. .ull ODd nwk posltl" usoclt-
tIoot. .. lbe f.ce 01 Ih... ",'bOcloIOilClI ODd .lItlsllClI u,ues, lbe
COIIJIII.ney oI..nraJ n.d!llJl~ holh lIflhln Ihll .tudy IDd lIflh ohsen.t-
tIoot 01 <lib.... "ill"" ID Imporlalll ",I< lor ""rlllnmtleld.. III lb.
tdolOJlY of _Hodlkln'llymphoDIIIllllllll rum....
INTRODUcnON
While farmers generally have low rates of morbidily and
mOl1ilily,they appear 10 be al excess risk of selected cancers,
particularly some oflhe hematopoielic lumors (I). Some studies
IUi/lest'hallhe elevaled risk of NHL' and leukemi. .mong
farmen may be associat.d wilh exposur.to pesticides and olher
.gricullural chemicals (2). To further .vaIUII. Ihese associa-
tions, we conducted parallel population-based ClSHonirol in-
tervi.w sludies of men newly diagnosed wi'h non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma and leukemia in Ihe staies of Minnesota and 10WL
Findings for leuk.mia are reported elsewhere (3),
MEn/ODS
ea.. St\ec1lon. All new'y dltlnos<<l ...... 01 .on-Hodakln'. Iym-
phom. .monll men "ll.d 30 or older "er" ucerlll.cd from I... 5111e
Hullh R.allll)' r<<ords ",d . .pedallumlll.... of Mln'''''1I ho..
pltal &lid pllhololY I.holllory ....rds. In 10"1, the dUIIlOJU period
lor ellllbllll)' "u Men:b 198110 October 1983, and In MIn.""la,
RlaiYed 1116191'JCapltd2/t9(9l.
The COIU of publlc.Jllon or thlt U1kle .." dernYtd In pIIt by lht ",ym.nt
oI""e .1wJ1l. Tho ankle D1U1llh,,,rore bt btrehy muked lliMtilt_1n
ICtOtdaoco with II US.C. S,,1Ion 1734 ",Illy to Indlc.Jte thl. ract.
I To whom IOqIlltU ror I'IJlrinu Ihould bt addressl1l, at EnvlronDlOotal Ep"
drDl~1oo B"",~ Natklllll Cancer l..dM., 443 E.",lIn Piau Nonh, lIt-
thesdt, MD l0892.
'The Ihh<tvItt~OI uud are: NHI., ,,".Hodikln'.lymphom~ DDT, dkhl..
rodlpbtnyllriehloroethtn.; CLI., .hrook lymphllC)1k kulrmb; OR, odds IIt~,
CI, 95" eonllden<t InI",aI; 2,...D. 2,4-dkhlolllpbenoxyaatk tdd; 2,4,5-T,
2,4.l-triehkHopbtnosl'l"lk acid,
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-
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October 1990 10 5<ptember 1981. In lowl, III cases who sesidld In Ih.
ltale Wert eligible. In Minneso~ eliiibility wu rtSlricled 10 castS who
resided In pl.ce. otherth.n Ihecltl.. ofMinneapolil, 51. PIUI, Dululh,
or RllChes"r Illh. 11m. of diJanoslt.
J>.Jlboloay Revl.., A revi.w pan.lor 4 e.perienced reslonll p.thol.
oalm confirmed dl.snoStS and c1asstned NHL wes as 10 mOl]lholOI-
lcal'ype uslnlllh. Workins fonnullllon lor classification olNHl (4).
NHlsublype was designal.d when II leas' 3 pan.llm .grttd o. .
'pecific diallnosis, lither "'Ih.lnltlal "vilW or. suppl.mentary review
condu".d for more difficull CIIOS. Th. CIS< was considered "unelassl-
fi.bl." Illh. pllholollY panel C1Iuld nol com. to .0nstnsUl on NllL
suhtype, or 11th. tissue ...mpl. was nOI.d.qullC 10 dlflerenli.t. .mona
subtypes. lb. NHL suhtypes were coll,pstd Into cat.aori.. as follows:
follicular (.ombinlns sm.1I cI..ved cell, mixed cell, and larl' cell
foll/culu Clsts); dlflust (comhlnina .01.11 cleav.d cell, mixed cell, and
l"Ie cell dlrrust Clstl); .m.II'ymphocytlc; and "other NHl" (.ombin-
Inllars. celllmmunoblulle, Iymphoblasllc, sm. II nonel",.d. olher,
..nd un.lwlfi.d NHL cases). Additional d.talls "audlns hltlopath.l.
oaY ",vilW procedures ar. p"stnted llstwh.re (5, 6).
enn"", 5<lectlon. A popul.,ion.based control group of whit. m.n
withoul . hcmllopolltle or Iymphali. cancer was randomly stlect.d
and f"quency-m.t.h.d 10 NHL .nd IlUk.mi. wel by 5-y.ar 'll.
group, vital'lIlU' .tllm. 01 inlervl.w, and .taIC of resld.nce. lb.
",urees 01 controls WI": (0) rand.m digil diJllng for IIvlns lubjecu
u.der,s. 65., dlallnosl., uslnlllh. W.k.sberg meth.d (7, g) (d'lI from
,h. 1980 Unit.d Stales C<nsus r.pon ,ha, 96 .nd 97% 01 low. and
MlnnCSllla housthold~ respectively, had "'.phones); (b).. I % random
IIstlna rrom M.dicar. files provld.d by ,h. H.allh Car. Fin.nrlnl
Adminlstrlllon lor IIvlnllsubjectl .g.d 65 and older IUnit.d 511te.
r1tluns 65 YIIII 01 'Sl .nd old.r lit .lIgihl. for M.di.ar. Insurance
and over 98% h.ve been estlmaled 10 be In 'h. rost.r (9)1; .nd (e) stll.
dctth certlficat. files lor decelstd subjecu.
Iltll C.11tcl1oo. Intervi.w, w." C1Induelld durinll 'h. period .f
AUIUS' 1981 10 M.y 1984. A tr.lned Intervi.wer .dmlnimred ID In-
penon Slsu"....d intervi,w, laklnll 45-MJ Olin, 10 Ih. subject, or ,h.
IPOUst, other clost "'atlve, or lri.nd 01 dmlstd or Incompele.,
lubjtcts. We asked .hoUI soclod.moalJphlc chlllel.rislles, mldlClI
hlstory,lmoklnll habit, occupatlon.1 hlltory,resldenlill hlttory, f.mll-
IaI bulOl)' 01 cancer, and other knoMl and suspected risk lacton. I.
.dditlon, w. requested. dll.lllld larmlnll ..nd pestlrld. Ust hltlory 01
a1llubjecu .ho h.d .ork.d on. larm .11.....,6 monlhs since '11.,8.
For wh larm ,h."h. respo.d.nl h.d work.d. w. recordl1l'h. y'ln
ollarmlns actlvlly, Ih. 101al.Clt.Ig."h. number and Iypes olUveslnek.
Il1d Ih. '"'P' glOMI, .llh "ma. acre'S. lor ea.h and 'hI number 01
Y.ll1lhlY hid betn srown .n Ih.1 larm. WI"" asked for. det.lled
hulOry 01 pesticIde Ust. Pesllrld. 1111I lor ,h. qUesllonOlI", .e",
d.vel.ped Mlh ,h. wlSl&llce 01 local .lricullunllXperts. W. nam.d
23 lpeemc I.stcticid.. uud o. .nlmal~ 34 InS<dlcld" .ppll.d 10
Cnlp~ 38 h.rblclde~ JIId 16 funlllcldes. For wh pellirld.,.. uk.d If
It h.d "er been ustll; the ftnl and IIIly.ar 01 Ust; ,h. m.thod 01
.ppUcallo. (Ilrl.tl, IU",re .ppllctlion, Incolpolltld InlO ..II, other);
whether th. responde" h.d penoD.lUy .ppU.d, mlx.d, or hll1dlld II;
and ,h. Ust ofprolectlve equipment.
R..pollIt 1l.J1... Sev.n hu.d",d e!llhl)' presumptl" NHL CISII were
ucerlllned, and 694 (89%) wm Inl.rvi.wed. A[ICr p.tholon "vi.w
01 Int.rview.d C.lStS, 611 wm confinn,d as NHl (438 llvinll CIIOS
wilh direct 1n1."I<ws, 184 decelstd or Incompetent CISII wllh proxy
Intervlm). Amonll'h. 72 CIstIlhll could '0' be co.finn.d, 26 .m
2<<7
~ ~
.~ ""T
..
-
155ft;
"
~ ...c..... ~
\:\~ ~\:.~;J~,.f \
.. ' '., '- -, I t 0
f ,- .. . "
: '1': 1 ,:,., 'j'-" .r f. . ,~ ' !
I , I J ., .,'
\', F ' ", ~ I -, ,
. '~4", -'''. _.
155'
j
J
,
'.
j
"
j
,
i
1
,
,
I
I
!
"
.
1
,I
, . ~"....~~~~u"..n""1f""~'",~ L
~ . - -, ,.... ,
/...' - ,.., . '. .','
"'~'l . "" ,d ,.1. ,l.;oV' , ,
I. ',. ' Ii" \.' t" "'.' '-!
\ ".. , " " '~, ~~ -.~ ,.
.,' ,~l,~., '1':-.. ,'"-"':' '..' , ". .
fARMING AND NON.UOOGK.lN'S LYMPIlOMA
dl'anosed as l.uk.ml1, II1d 46 whh olher tondhlon~ P.lholoay ..vlt..
..as nOI conducl.d on material orlh. pc....n. who ..... nOllnt.rvl.w.d.
Amona IIndom dlah dl.llna control~ Ih. household sc....nlna response
nle WII 87,5%, yl.ldlna 474 ellalble pc....n~ or whom 415 (87.6%)
'areed 10 pudclp.Ie, ror . n'l response lite or 76.7%, Amona Ihe 1
olher control aroup~ 79% or Ih. ellalbl. control. selected rrom Ihe
Heallh Cm FIDlnclna Admlnllltlllon rolll panlclpated, IDd 77% or
Ihe ellalble proxies for dccolltd controll provided complele Inte",lew~
SlIlIltlcal Auly.ll, The IIIOCI.don belW~n. vul'ly orrum...llled
("'lorsll1d rhk or NHL 0'11 mmured by Ihe maximum IIk.llhood No. olY"rs lumrd
osdmle or lhe OR, OR. 0',,, .djusted for several known or lUlpec\ed :39
NHL rhk flCton, ..Ina uncondhloDllloalll1c rearesslon 1I1.ly.l. whh 40.
CIIt-control.lllus IS Ihe response vul.bl. (10, II). OR lor fumers Mluilll
who nJsed .peclflo crops or IIIlmlh, or ...re exposed 10 Individual Ave.... 00. or"",
pc'llcldellnd r.mlllos or peJllcldos, ..e.. c.lculal.d ror all NHL Illd <120 119 62
Ihe NHLsublype~ comp"lna exposed pc....n.lo nonfumen, mopl Uo-l99 217 III
as nol.d. ORt for lhe hlllOloa1ulsublypes or NHL w.re u1culaled 200-319 183 96
uslna IOrlWm ror polycholomoUl loalldc modell developed by Ih. U~nl Il: il
Epldemloloay II1d Blosladllles Proar.m or Ihe N.doDlI CIDcer In.d.
I 'I . All OR "I.th. to rilk for IUbJ<<u who w." "m flI01," 1166 ctSCl.I.I
lute. I.oalldc model. Included Ihe rollowlna pOlenl.1 con,ound na eonlrol.), All ORs .djultfd for vhal.t'lu~ '1'.II'Ie, e1lu,u, .moUn.. rlmlly
Vlri.ble~ vhll.lllu. (.lIve, dCld): lIale {lOWI, Mlnnesolll: .ae (<45, hlllory or lymphopoietic "",,r, hlih.riIk OC<Ilplllon~ aod hlih.ri.k expolO'"
45-64, 65+): c1autlle smoklna h.bh (never, Pili, curnnl): Iympho- 100Ioiiltlc an.IYllL
2448
Tahl.1 ClMaatriJ.Ic"',aullvul "',"'h/ro", osrudyof"".HoJ,kl,',
tymphomD (If low" IUId MfflMJOttJ'
C.... Conunl.
No, (%)
TypeorNHl
folliculu
Dirrll~
Smalllymphocl'tlc
Other
Type of'lalcrvXw
Dirc<1
Sturoplt
SlIltor",ldcnce
10wI
Mlaonoll
No. 1%)
191 (31)
198 (32)
II (I.)
144 (23)
m (70)
IU (3il)
293 (.1)
329 (13)
13 (12)
230 (37)
319 (II)
m (92)
.8 18)
119. (96)
II (I)
810 (66)
12l (31)
6il3 (48)
642 (12)
Ai'
<.,
I~
61+
H.I,dl' usc (.",)1
No
y"
t31 (II)
m (31)
681 (ll)
LymphopolcllcClnC'erdilao
noscd In any fil1' dellff
relative?
No m (9il) III. (93)
y" I. (9) 66 . (I)
Hlih risk occupll~n (ever)11
No m IU) 117. 19.)
y" 98 (16) 71 (6)
Uscdhlihrilim.teriaJlaI
Icutmonlhly(orlycuor
morel'
No 369 (19) 8.0 (67)
y" 2ll (.1) 401 (33)
CliU'U' .mokln, habll
N.veramoktd 186 (30) iii (H)
PUllmoicr W (40) 186 (39)
Cumnllmokcr 182 (30) 333 (27)
. C.... and eo,unb numbertd III and IUl, "'p<<tlvcly. The number or
ltlr,nde'lt with mil.lni valu" lor sclltted .h""'eri.tlcs iI nOlnpllchly listed.
Penonl enr employed It Iii occupation yleldinlln odds nllo or I,' or
artlrer la MUllcl.Hltnucl Inllyltl Idjlllled ror ..e (2 unlll and IUI. or
mldcnce.
, PeROni udn, one or more mller/.Is yleldln, an oddl rallo or 1.5 or PUIU.
from. lIu 01 Ilit.ou Ih.1 Included palnu, benun., othe, orpnlc I<ll..nu,
resins, and olhllL
,.",,~.,
~ .-'.
\\ <,~ ".,\
pol.tI, cancer 10 . p".nl, slhllna. or child (Y'~ no): nonfumlna Joh
relat.d 10 NHL In Ihll.tudy (with OR of 1.5+); exposure 10 h.lr dyes
(Y'~ no); and exPOSUlt 10 on. or mOlt olher substances associated with
NHL In this Sludy lwith OR of 1.5+,,, .a1culated hy Slandard mClhO<b
with adjustmenl lor age and Slate or ,esldence (12)1. Tests lor tr.nd In
the logistic analysis were obtained hy "I.gorizlna Ihe exposure vulabl.
and I"'tlna Ih. scored variable IS a continuo", vuilhl..
RESUL 1S
Study Popul'llon. Table 1 showslhe distribullon of Ihe 622
cases and 1245 controls by Iype of NHL, type of inte",i.w,
Slale of residence, age, hair dye use, having had a firsl degree
relative with lymphopoietic cancer, employmenl in a hl8h risk
occupation (0 priori), exposure to high risk malerials (0 PDsttr.
ior.), and dgarelle smoking habit. Among Ihe 622 respond.nt
cases, the dlslribullon of histological Iypes was: 195 follicular
(31.4%), 198 dilTuSt (31.8%), 85 small Iymphocyllc cell
(13.7%), and 144 other and undefincd lymphomas (23.2%).
We found elevaled relative risks associated with certain oc-
cupational exposures and job classifications, hair dye USt, as
well as a history of ramilial cancer. ThcSt factors were enlered
as pOlenllal confounders in logistic regression models, as were
variables for age, Slate of residence, and vital stalus of the S1udy
subject.
Farming, There was a small, bUI marginally significant in-
crease in risk for all NHL (OR. 1.2, 95%, CI - 1.0-1.5)
associated with ever living or working on a farm as an adull
(Table 2). Fifly.Stven % of Ihe eases and 56% of controls
reported some farm activity. When analyzed by NHL ,ublype,
Ihere was a small excess risk for each, bUI none was significanl.
Among SUblypes, the highest observed risk for farming was
found for small celllymphOC}'lic Iymphnma (OR. 1.4, CI _
0.9-2.3).
No statlslically significant trend by first and lasl year of
farming aClivity, duralion, or average yearly number of acres
Tobie 2 OR "d CI for ,,,.HoJ,kl,'s ly",pkollUJ GfflJnf/" 10 ntr "',/" "..
d!Dlmtr. tlmlfll 011 armin, OCtUpatlOIf, 411II tntra,t Jilt 0/ farm (ill WIt
CO CA OR C1
Nonfumcr ,.1 266 1.0
fumcr 691 316 1.2 1.0, I.!
F1n1 Y'U lumrd
<1921
1925-1934
1935-1944
19.,+
Mllllni
218
200
10
116
I
105
92
6.
9.
I
1.3
1.1
0.9
I..
0.9,1.1
0.8,1.1
0.7,1.3
1.0, 1.9
fumrdunlll
<1910
1910-1969
1970+
Mlulnl
19i1
19i1
311
.
77
III
161
I
0.9
I,.
1.2
0.6,1.3
1.1,1.9
0.9,1.6
163
219
239
7
89
113
112
2
1.1
1.2
1.2
0,9,1.6
0.9.1.6
0.9,1.6
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
0,1,1.6
1.0.1.1
0.9,1.7
0,1,1.6
,
/ '.';" . . . - -,' t . ' . . "
!'.... i:. 1"-"-1,,/ . .:.::..1 ".' r.;.,: . ' '
. .1, I j, o;':V ..
\' . .' . ., '. '1-" '
"_., .":-., ~, '" , "
,
jl
i
I
I
i
i
I
I
I
.
.
!
I
,
i
1
~ ,I
" "
I ,
,
I i I
I
,
l
_'.........1
~ e ~~..,'\
/55'
. "
( .. -... "
- ., ,- l' . ~ '
I ' 't' I ',:/, ,(;;.;1 "r :I. . .' ~ ' '.. \
l-~ . , .' . '/. -j: "I' ' .' . '::
\j ,'" .' . '. , . " '- . . .
'. 1.,--:,' ,',' - I'. ," ",' \:-"":'.., . l' .. 1... . ,'"
FARMINO AND NON.1l0OGKJN'S LYhlPUOMA
i
I.
I
I
I
during farming years was observed (or all NHL or any subtype
(Table 2). However, we observed slightly higher risks among
men who (armed after 1949 than those who Slopped before
1950. Men who operaled medium.size (arms (120-199 acres
or 200-319 acres) were al slightly higher risk (or all NHL and
(or most NHL SUblypeS than men (arming smaller or larger
establishments.
There was no notable associalion o{ risk {or all NHL 1155C-
cialed wilh the cullivatlon o( any major crop, nor wilh the
husbandry o( the major types o( lives lock (dala not shown).
The pallems o{ OR (or the lymphoma hlslological subtypes, as
related 10 particular crops and livestock, (ollowed the overall
pallem (or (arming in general, wilh elevated (mostly nonsig.
nificant) OR (or small lymphocytic lymphoma associated wilh
com (OR a 1.4, CI a 0.9-2.4; 52 cases), wheat (OR - 1.5, CI
- 0.g-2.9: 21 cases), /lax (OR - 2.3, CI- 1.0-5.0; 15 cases),
barley (OR -1.5, CI a 0.7-3,1; 15 cases), and hay (OR a 1.4,
CI- 0.8-2.4; 31 cases). Associalions o( other NHL subtypes
with sp<<ific crops and Iiveslock were weaker, as were associa.
tlons o( small lymphocytic lymphoma with sp<<ific types o(
livestock.
Arnone the 356 ~s and 698 conlrols who had lived and
worked on one or more (arms as an aduil, 323 cases (90.7%)
and 636 controls (91.4%) reported that they were (arm opera.
tors on It least one (arm. Operalors usually plan and execute
pest controllctivitles, and are more likely than hired hands to
have direct knowledge o( the chemicals used.
Pesllclde Use (Em). Among (armers, 300 cases (84%) and
603 conlrols (86%) reported use o( at least one pesticide ((or
all NHL, OR a 1.2, CI- 0.9-1.4, relative to non(armers). The
OR (or use oCone or more insecticides on livestock was 1.1 (CI
- 0,9-1,4); (or crop insecticide use, 1.2 (CI . 0.9-1.5); (or
herbicide use, 1.3 (CI a 1.0-1.6); and (or (ungicide use, 1.3 (CI
- 0.8-2.0).
Pes1icJde Families, Table 3 shows the numbers o( cases and
conlrols, OR, and CI {or use o( one or more members o( the
Iisled chemical (amllies o( peslicides, by broad grouping o(
Iiveslock Insecticides, crop insecticides, and herbicides. Classi. 1.0-2.6; 25 cases, 133 controls). Small lymphocytic NHL was
ficatlon o(peslicides into chemical (am Illes was done by us. All significanlly associated with nalural product inseclicides used
OR shown are relative to non(armers, numbering 266 cases and (or livestock application (OR a 2,4, CI" 1.1-5.2; 10 cases, 70
547 conlrols. Significant risk elevations were (ound (or several controls) and halogenated aromalic organophosphates (or live.
livestock inseclicide (amilies: chlorinated hydrocarbons (OR" stock (OR. 5.2, CI " 1.9-14.3; 6 cases, 23 conlrols). Other
1.3), in particular lhe cyclodienes (OR - 1.7); nalural products and unclassified (orms o(NHL were significantly linked 10 the
(OR - 1.5); and organophosphates (OR - 1.5), in particular chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (amily used (or crops (OR
the halogenated aromatic organophosphates (OR - 2,0). . 1.8, CI . 1.1-3.0; 26 ~s, 157 controls); the cyclodlenes
Amone Insecticides used on crops, the chlorinaled hydrocarbon (OR" 2.1, CI " 1.0-4,7; 15 cases, I II conlrols)for crops: and
(amlly .howed significant elevatipn in risk (OR" 1,4). AI. halogenaled aliphatic organophosphates used on Iiveslock (OR
though based on small numbers, use o(nonhalogenated organ. . 2.3, CI . 1.0-5.3; 8 ~s, 41 conlrols). No significant
ophosphales on crops was associated wilh a nonsignificant OR associations wilh use, handling, or application o( peslicide
o( 3.1, Use o( inseclicides on livestock or crops resulted in a (amilies were (ound (or (olllcular NHL.
significant Increased risk o( NHL associated wilh chlorinaled Selected Pesticides, Tables ~ show the numbers o( cases
hydrocarbons (OR - 1.3) and organophosphates (OR - 1.5), and controls, with OR and CI (or all NHL, (rom analyses o(
No lingle (amlly or herbicides was slgnlficanlly associated with (armers who ever personally handled, mixed, or applied specific
overall NHL risk. pesticides, and for (armers who fllSl handled them prior to
The use, bandllng, or application o( pesllcidesln selected 1965 (1965 was chosen because it was 15-18 years prior to
chemical (amllles was associated with elevaled risk (or several diagnosis, a reasonable minimal period (or latency). Among
orlbe NHL morphological subtypes. Significantly elevaled OR livestock Inseclicldes (fable 4), there were slgnlficanlly elevaled
were (ound (or diffuse NHL and: organophosphates used on risks (or mr handled, mixed, or applied (or chlordane and
crops (OR a 2.3, CI a 1,4-3.8; 26 cases, 101 controls); non. lindane. Most other IIveslock Insecticides had OR greater than
haloeenaled allphallc organophosphates (or crops (OR" 2.2, 1.0. In general, nrst use prior to 1965 was associated with
CI a (,3-3,8; 24 cases, 95 cnnlrols); cyclodiene chlorinated higher risk Ihan ever use, and was slgnlficanl for early reported
hydrocarbons used on livestock (OR - 2.2, CI . 1.1-4,5; 11 use o( chlordane, lindane, malalhlon, and nlcollne. Amang
cases, 42 conlrols); and triazine herbicides (OR a 1,6, CI - subjects wha tvtrpersonally handled, mixed, or applied specific
2449
Table J OR' 4,", CJ lor rAt UJI o!pmitld, fTOllpJ if! wlrid at ltaJI Dill pluiddt
It'aJ AGfldltd by IAt mpofldtnf
CtstS Canlrols OR
Cl
InJ<<dcidtl Ustd on Il~ruock
CUNmlln
Chlorinm<ihydsocarhon.
Cyclodl""
NIluralproduCls
Ol1lnOphOfphlln
IIIJo,tn'ltd.liphalics
Nonh.lolenaled .Iiphuks
H.lolen.led aromuln
Nonhlloacnlltd Il'omalks
6
112
~
%
61
ID
4l
II
II
IS
198
o
70
101
II
67
13
16
0.1 0.3.1.1
1.3 1.0.1.7
1.7 1.D,l.8
1.5 1.0.2.Z
I.S 1.0.Z.1
/,1 O.l.Z,O
1.3 0.9.2.1
1.0 1.1.3.1
1.7 0.1.3.6
InlOdkidesllJ<donerop.
Carbamllts
Chlorinllcdhydrocarbons
Cyclodl""
ArKnicah
Ol1tnophosphllts
Nonhllolcnllcd lliphllks
Nonh.lolcnllcd lIomllles
II
96
Sl
13
sa
56
7
80
IS7
III
7S
101
9S
I
I.Z 0.8,1.1
1.1 1.0.1.9
1.1 0,8.1.1
1.3 0.1.1.0
1,3 0.9,1.9
1.3 0.9,1.9
3.1 0.9.11.0
InJe(lkidtt u~ on crops and/or
1i~"IDCk
C.,bamllu
Chlorinllrd hydrocarbons
CycJodicnu
0l11nopholphtlU
Halo,cnllcdlllph.lin
Nonhllolcnlltdlliphllics
NoahaJolcnlled Ullmuks
4l
150
70
96
II
78
17
8S
Z6Z
121
1<<
II
119
10
1.1 0.8.1.1
1.3 1,0.1.7
1.3 0.9.1.8
I.S 1.1,1.0
1.1 0.1,2.1
1.1 1.D,l.0
I.! 0.9.1.8
H.rbkld"
Amides 59 ,III 1.1 0.8,1.7
Ilmok ..Id. 53 98 1.3 0.9. 1,9
Cubam'I" 24 SO 1.1 0.7, 1.9
Dlnhrosnlllnt 16 88 1.1 0.8. 1,8
Hetrrocyclics 10 19 0.9 0.5,1.6
Phlno,y"'tkacids 118 131 1.1 0.9.1.6
Triul." ~ I3l 1.1 0,8.1.6
U"u S 18 0.6 0.1.1.6
. OR rellllve 10 nonfumen. numbtrin.266 wn and 5.' controls. All ORs
adjusted (or \'ilalsuluJ" 1St, SUit, c:iSUtllt smokln. SIIIUs., family hlslory or
lymphopoietIc canter, hlgh.risl occupations. and hllh.risl nposul'tS In alo,lnk:
wlysis.
'tndlvidual peslleides.." .tlI80riud Inlo chemical (.mlll" hy IhI '"thon.
,4,...'....'.,
.\. ,\1 .....\
./556
('CI '.:,',':. '/;.;.I.~.'~l . t~. 'U'. , ':
. ,~ . " j '- \ "l-'i " "
". _~: 'I' ':.. .'-':'. ., ,
,.
~.
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FARMING AND NON.1I000KJN'S LYMPHOfotA
Table ~ tI,,/mal ilUlctlc1dw ORJ and Clslor ntr Aari1lllumdltd JptCJf~ Q/lltrUJ/ l/Ulftlddtl, aM Jwtdltd prior lD /961
Em handled Handled prior 10 1965
No. of No. 01 No. of No. of
InlO<lklde "'" ro,unb OR CI "'" ronun~
Chlordane 31 J8 1.7 1.0.l9 22 22
CoumlphOl 13 II 1.6 O,I,3.l 3 l
DDT 79 149 1.2 0.9,1.7 61 12J
DkhlorvOl 20 J8 1.2 0.7,2.2 12 17
f.mphut 10 14 1,7 0.7,4,0 I 1
L1,dw 5l 90 1.4 1.0.2,1 40 II
M.IIlh~n 43 67 1.3 0,9.2.1 2l 30
~"thol)<hl" 9 16 1.2 0.l,2.7
Nicotine JI 47 I.l 0.9, II
ROlenone 12 2J 1.0 O,l,2.2
Tonp"'ne I 19 0.1 0.3.2.0
FlY1PraIINOS) III 394 1.1 0.9.1.4 I7J 361 1.1 0.9.1.4
'OR ,,1111.. 10 nonfurn.n, numberinl166 c.... and l47 ronunls. All ORs .dJustrd lor ritalllllus, 'I'. IUU, dptllle ,mokl'IIUtus, lamlll hi1lory of
Iymphopolelk """" hllh.risk occuplllon~ and hll~.risk "POI"'" In .1"IllIk analY11s.
OR
2.2
I.l
I.J
1.1
l4
1.7
1.1
CI
l.lt2
0.J,6.J
0.9,1.1
0.I,J.9
0.1,39
I.I,l7
1,0,3,J
21
36
1.1
I.O,J,O
robl. l Crop 1_leld,,, ORt aM Cls/",," wi., A4M1,d ,pttl/l. 1_leldt" cnd Mlldr,d prl"" 1965'
E", hlndlrd H.ndl.d prior 10 1961
.~ ~~ ~~ .~
InWC1lcldt eutt (onltolJ OR a ctStI ctInuoll
AI6rin 47 97 1.1 0.7,1.7 34 19
Cubolurao 29 6l 1.0 0.6, 1.7 l! 6J
Carhuyl 21 26 1.7 0.9,3.1 7 4
Chlordane 21 26 1.7 0.9, J.2 12 16
Coppe, ",toUStolt. 36 63 1.3 0.1,2.0 30 54
DDT l7 7l 1.7 l.l2.6 4l l7
DiIllnon 27 J9 I.l 0.9,2.l 14 12
Dlrldri, 17 26 1.4 0.7,2.1 10 13
fonolos' 15 JO 1.1 0.6,2.1
H.pt"hlor 25 43 I.J 0.7.2.2
L1,dan. 21 23 2.0 1.0,3.7
M.lllh~o 21 JO I.l 0.1.2.7
Phorall 21 48 1.0 0.6,1.7
TurhufOl' 15 J6 0.9 O.l, 1.7
TOllph." 10 13 I.l 0,6,3.5 6 5 2.4 0.7,1.1
'OR "l.tl" to nonlurn.n, numberi'1266 liS.. and l47 ro'troll. All OR, .dJullrd lor ritallUIU~ II', lUte, 01.....11. smokl'IIUtus, flmlll h~lory 01
l)'111phopoletk canee" hllh.risk occuplllon~ and hllh.rilk llposUrtS I, I 101~tk anal,sls.
· No "ponrd UII 01 fonolOl or lurbulOl prior to 1961.
OR
I.J
1,0
3.1
1.6
1.1
1.1
2.6
1.9
CI
0,1.2.1
0.6,1.7
1.1,13.6
0.7,3.6
0.7,2.0
1.1,1.7
l.1,l.9
0.1,4.4
14
14
II
9
2l
Il
9
12
1.3
1.1
2.9
1.1
0.6,2.6
1.0.4.7
1.1,7.4
0.7,4,l
.
,
i
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.
I
.
,
,
Tlble 6 HtrlJlerd.. OR ,lid CI/" "" M.I.,laMItd spttl/l, Wield... ,lid Aalldl,d prl", /0 1961'
E.., handlrd Handlrd prior 10 1961
No. 01 No. 01 No. of No. 01
Herbklde .".. ro'lIllb OR CI ...... ro,unll OR CI
AI"hlor 57 109 1.2 0,1,1.7
Atmlne 19 101 1.2 0.9,1.1 19 32 1,3 0.7,2.l
IItnulon II 4l 0.9 0,l.I.6
BUIII.t. 22 44 1.1 0.1,2.1 I 6 0.5 0.1,4.J
Chlorambe, 39 70 1.3 0.1,2.0 16 19 2.0 1.0.4.0
Cyanujno 27 64 0.9 0.6,I.l
M.D III 227 1.2 0.9.1.6 16 IlJ 1.3 0.9.1.1
Dkambo II l7 1.2 0.1,2.0 7 7 2.1 0.96,1.1
Glyphout. 26 49 1.1 0.7, 1.9
Mllribo", II 31 0.7 0.4,1.4
Pop"hlor 13 2l 1.2 O,6.2.l
l,4,5.T 15 41 1.2 0.7,1.9 13 II 1.7 0.I,J.6
Trinuralln 4l 17 1.2 0.8,1.1 14 IJ I.l 0.1,3.1
'OR "1'11,, to no,furn.n, oumberi" 266 ..... and 547 ro"lOlI. All OIlJ .dJustrd I" vltalll.tu~ '1'. 'Ute, r1.....ttr Imokl"ltllus, lamll, h~lory of
Iymphopolelk """e, hlih-rlsk ""'pallo,~ and Mlh-risk llposUrtS I, .IOI~lk analYl1s.
Insecticides for appllC2lion on crops (Table 5), significant risk obstrved for ever handling, mixing, or applying specific herhl-
elevalion5 were obstrved for DOT and lindane; and for Ule cldes (Table 6), Amonglhe herbicides markeled prior to 1965,
priOrlO 1965, CBlbB/}'l, DOT, diazlnon, lindane, and malathion. U5e before 1965 of chlolamben and dicamba WBl slgnificanliy .
We also calculaled the OR for pre-1965 pe"onal handling, Bl5O<:ialed wilh lotal NHL, The risk for mr having handled,
mixing, or application of specific Insecticides that could have mixed, or opplled phenoxy acids WBl 1.2 for 2,4-0 and for
been uled on eilher animals or crops, Elevaled rilk WBl found 2,4,5-T. For Ule and handling of these 2 chemlcall prior 10
forC2rbB/}'1 (OR. 2,8, CI. 1.0-7.7: 9 cases), chlordane (OR 1965, risks were 1.3 and 1.7, respecllvely, AnalYles restrictlns
. 1,8, CI - 1.1-3.1; 30 ems); DOT (OR. 1.4, CI- 1.0-1.8; Ihe "expoled" group 10 rarmers who reponed Ihallhey had nOI
93 cases), dieldrin (OR - 2.2, CI - 1,0-4.9; 13 CBSeS), lindane uled protctllve equlpmenl in the handling of specific peslicldes
(OR -1.7, C/- 1,1-2,7; 47 cases), and malathion (OR - 1.8, were conducled for pc511c1des showing associations wilh NHL
C/ - 1,1-3.1; 31 cases). No significant risk elevalions were in previous analYles, eilher for evtr handling Ihe pesliclde, or
2450
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fARMING AND NON.1I000KJN'S LYMPHOMA
-' Table 7 PtIl/eidn twr i4ndltd If/I. Dnd ""itAolil proltt11u tlorMnl or tqlllpmtllf.. OR and CI for uluttd F"lflcldtJ'
Everhandledt Handledwithoul
protttllvccqulpmcnt i\
No.of No. or No. of No. of i
Pcstkld, ..... controls OR CI ..... controll OR CI
Anlllllllnl<<lkldes
Chlord.nt 31 3! 1.7 1.0.2.9 l4 30 l.l I.l.4.l
DDT 79 149 I.l 0.9.1.7 7l III 1.3 0,9. I.!
Undine l5 90 1.4 1.0,l.1 4l 67 1.6 1.0,l.4
Malllhlon 43 67 1,3 0.9.2.1 33 II 1.4 O.!.l.l
Nlcotin. 31 47 1.5 0.9,2.l l4 41 /.4 0.1.2.1
Clop InltCtkldcs
Carbaryl II l6 1.7 0.9,3.1 2l 2l l.2 l.l.4,l
Chlonlw 21 l6 1.7 0.9,3.l 17 II l.1 1.1,4,)
. DOT l7 7l 1.7 1.2,2.6 48 l4 l,O 1.3,3.1
- Dlulnon 27 39 1.5 0.9,l,5 17 II 1.7 0.9.3.l
:0( Llndlne II II l.O 1.0,3.7 16 14 l.6 1.2.5.5
Mwthlon 21 30 1.5 0.8,2.7 14 16 1.9 0.9.4.1
H.rhkldt.
- Chloramhen 39 70 1.3 0.8,2.0 31 44 1.7 1.I,2.!
2,4,D 115 221 1,2 0.9,1.6 19 17l I,l 0.9.1.7
Dieamhl l8 l7 I.l 0.7,2.0 19 3l 1.4 0.8,l.5
2,.,'.T 25 4! I.l 0.7.1.9 II 30 1.4 0.7.l.5
- 'OR relalive 10 nonrumers, numberinl266 cascland 547 <<Inlroll. All ORs adjusled ror vitti JllIIU, laC, 1I.IIt, tlllnllc Imoklnlllllus, family hluDf)I or
Irnlphopoielk ancer, hlah.rhk occupations, and hlah.rilk UPOSUftl in I/ollulc analysis.
· RCIUIIl (or ever havln. ultd or handlcd thuc peulcldu (wllh or wllhoul prolt(1ln c1olh!n. or equIpment) 1I't from Tlbles., '1 .nd 6,
T.bl, I Sl/ttt.d ptlllcld"/irrt""d prior tn 1965: OR.,d ell" ",Idlnts o/lo.o.,d MI"".". rtsPfflI,,1y'
low. Mlnncsou
No. of No. of No. of No. or
Pcslkld. cases control, OR CI cases conlroll ' OR CI
i Anlm.llnltCtkldcs
! Chlordln, 15 15 2,2 1.0,4.1 7 7 l.2 0.8,6.6
I DDT 27 67 0.9 0.5.1.5 41 56 1.7 1.I,l.7
, Undine 33 47 I.l O,9,2,l 7 8 1.9 0.6, l,5
,
i. M'~lhlon 16 21 1.5 0.7.3.1 9 9 2.0 0.7, l.3
N!::t!::: Il 16 :.1 1.0,4.6 13 lO " 0,;,2,;
:r ,..
CroplnltCtkldt.
Carbaryl l 3 3.l O,8.ll.5 2 I 4.9 0.4, l6
Chlonlw 8 J3 1.3 0,5,3.3 4 3 3.1 0,7,14.7
DDT 28 40 1.5 0.9.l.6 17 17 l.3 1.1,4.8
DluJnon 10 10 2.4 0.9,6.2 4 l 3,8 0.7,ll
Lln6.ne 9 Il 1.4 0.6,3.l l 2 6.5 I.l.35
MaI.thlon 6 6 2.1 0.6.7.0 l 3 4.1 0.9,18.6
Herbicides
Chloramhen 7 10 1.6 0,6,4.4 9 9 2,6 1,0,6.8
M.D II 96 1.2 0.1.1.9 35 57 1.4 0,9,2.3
Dk'mhl 4 l 2.1 0.6.1.1 3 2 3.9 0.6.14
l,4.5-T 9 16 1.2 0,5,2.9 4 2 4.7 0.8,26,4
'OR illative to nonl.....n. numherini IlO cases and 255 rontrol.l. low~ lod 146 cases and 29l ",ntto" In Mlnncsoll. All ORu6jultCd (or vlllll~tu~ 'I',
cipnlU omokl'lllatus, I.mlly hllto~ 01 lymphopoJclk """,, hlih.rlsk oc<upatlon~ and hllh.risk expo,"". ill Iol"tk anaI)1t..
handling It prior to 1965, as well as for the 2 mosl commonly
used phenoxyacellc acid herbicides (Table 7). Among Insectl.
cldes used on livestock, all except one (nicotine) showed a
Itronger Ilsoclatlon among those who did nOI use protective
equipment than for the entire expoled group. All of Ihe crop
Insecticides Ihowed stronger risk among fanners who did nOI
use protective gw, as did 3 of 4 herbicides (the OR for 2,4-D
~maJoed the ume),
We also calculaled odds ratios for pre.1965 use and handling
of selected pesticides separately for ~spondenll from Iowa and
Mlnnerola (Table 8), The pesticides with OR greller thon 1,5
In bolh Ilale5 were: the Inseclicldes chlordane, lindane, and
malathion applied 10 IIvcstock; Ihe Insecticides carbaryl, DDT,
dlazlnon, and malalhion applied to crop5; and Ihe herbiclde5
chloramben and dlcamba. Findings from analyses ofpre-1965
use of specific pestlcldellhallncluded only dlrecl respondents
resembled results of OR ealculalions Ihal included bolh dlrecl
and proxy re5pondenls,
There was minimal evidence for confounding of re5ullS for
any single pesllcide by exp05ure 10 pesllcldes belonging to other
chemical families. This wal indicated by lIule change In OR
when a variable for exposure 10 any of several Pfsllclde families
was added 10 logiltlc regression models for Individual pe5t1cldes
(for use, handling, or applying prior to 1965) thai had 5hown
llallstleally significant resullS,
DISCUSSION
We conducled Ihls population based case-(onlrol study of
NHL In 2 stalel wlih Inlen51ve agricultural activity 10 Invesll.
gale risk faclors for NHL among fanners. As compared wilh
nonfanners, fanners were at511ghtly elevaled risk of NHL (OR
-1,2),ln agreement wilh rome population surveys (13.14) and
olher case-control sludles of NHL or eLL (3, 15-25), bmd
on mortality records or incident ca5es. Olherpopulallon surveys
have found 00 rilk elevation for fanners (26-31)j 50me case.
2451
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FARMING AND NON.1l00CiKJN'S LYMPHOMA
control studies have observed elevated, though nonsignificant, not use protective equipment, and there was notable consistency
risk elevations (32-36); and others, null or slightly lower risk in the risk estimates from the 2 states. Associations with specific
for NHL (37-41), Among the studies that have found statisti. chemicals were not confounded by exposure to families of other
cally significant positive associations for NHL or CLL among pesticides. Other investigations of lymphopoietic cancer and
farmers, the risk ratios have generally been in the range of 1.2 pesticide exposure have also noted a rise in risk with increasing
to 1.9. In this study, the cell type with the strongest association time since first exposure, suggesting the need for longer latency
with farming was small lymphocytic lymphoma (OR. J .4), a (3, 33, 39).
NHL subtype morphologically similar to CLL. Farming occu. Three of the 4 chemicals that showed excesses, and are used
pation has been linked to CLL risk in several case-control both on crops and livestock, had larger OR associated with
studies, Including the study parallel to this one (3) and others crops (DOT, Iindan., and malathion), while for chlordane the
(21-23), with OR in the range of 1.4 to 1.8, OR was greater for use on animals. This contrasts with the
We found no striking differences or trends in NHL risk by parallel study of leukemia in Iowa and Minnesota, in which we
several measures of the time or intensity of farming, including generally found higher risks for chemicals used a.I animal
first year farmed, total duration of farming, or average number insecticides (3).
of acres farmed. However, the association among men who Several insecticides associated with NHL in this study (chlor.
were farming after 1949 was slightly stronger than for those dane, dieldrin, DOT, lindane, and toxaphene) are classified as
who stopped earlier. In addition, the NHL risk among farmers having sufficient or limited evidence for cartinogeniciry in
of midsized farms (average farm size of 120-199, or 200-319 animals by the Intemational Agency for Research on Canctr
acres) was slightly higher (OR of 1.3 and 1.2) than for men (42). For some other insetticides associated here with NHL
who fanned more acreage (OR of 1.1). This is consistent with (carbaryl and malalhion), information for evaluation iJ insuffi.
findings from Saskatchewan, where NHL risk was higher cient, With the exception of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides, the
among farmers of <300 acres than larger establishments (27). epidemiological literature regarding cancer risks from spedfic
The findings that relate temporal period offarming and average peslicide exposures is quite limited. Canctr risks have been
farm size with NHL risk are consistent with associations with assessed in cohort studies of insecticide manufacturing workers
chemical pesticide use. There were increases in the use of and applicators (44-55), but these are generally not useful in
agricultural chemicals after World War II (42, 43), and major evaluating the risk of NHL associated with specific pesticides.
usage occurred after 1950, increasing the npportuniry for ex- In most cohort studies, the specific pesticide exposures experi-
posure among individuals who fanned more recently, enced by individuals were not well documented, or the effects
We observed no meaningful elevation or consistent trends in of multiple exposures could not be disentangled. In addition,
risk with average acreage of a number of major crops (including most cohorts were too small or the follow-up period too brief
com, wheat, and soybeans) or the average or maximum number to adequately assess risk of NHL. Hematopoietic and Iympha-
of several types of livestock (including dairy cows, beef cattle, poietic cancers, however, have been elevated in some of these
hogs, and chickens). studies. In Northem Italy, incident lymphatic tissue cancers
There were small elevations in risk for NHL among fanners were in excess among agriculture and forestry workers Iictnsed
who ever used pesticides, or who used pesticides belonging to to use pesticides (Standardized Incidence Ratio. 1.4, CI .
very broad groups according to usage, including livestock insec- 1.0-1.9: 45 cases), especially among persons applying pesticides
ticides, crop insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. However, to only arable land (Standardized Incidence Ratio. 1.8, CI-
laraer risks were observed when more specific definitions of 1.2-2.5; 31 cases) (47). Excess NHL risk was found In I cohort
pesticide exposure were used ({,e., chemical classes or specific of United States grain industry workers (Standardized Mortal-
chemicals): when risk was measured by whether a farmer had ity Ratio = 149), and within the cohort, a nested case<ontrol
personally handled, mixed, or applied the pesticides; and among study showed flour millers to be at especially high risk (OR.
fanners who did not use protective clothing or equipment, 4.2,CI=1.2_14,2)(44),Avarietyofin5el:ticideshasbeenused
Among chemical classes of Insetticldes used on livestock, we in the grain Induslry, including DOT, hydrogen. cyanide, eth-
found statistically elevated risk for the grouped chlorinated ylene dibromide, phosphine, and carbon tetrachloride, Among
hydrocarbons, natural products, and organophosphates. Among pesticide manufacturing workers exposed primarily to DOT
the chlorinated hydrocarbons, larger OR occurred for the (740 persons, 17,186.9 person.years offollow.up), no exctss of
grouped cyclodienes (chlordane and dieldrin) and among the all lymphopoietic and hematopoietic canct! was found (3 olr
organophosphates, greater risks occurred for halogenated ara- served, 2,40 expecled) (51).
matics (chlorphyrifo~ coumaphos, crufomate, ronnel, and te- Six case-conlrolstudies, 4 of NHL (19,38,39,56) and 2 of
trachlorvlnphos). Among crop in5el:tlclde families that we eval- CLL (3, 17), provide limited Information on risk associated
uated, only the chlorinated hydrocarbons showed statistically with exposure 10 specific in5el:ticides or Insecticide families, A
~~~~s~R. No single family of herbicides Wa.! a.Isoclated with third case-control study of CLL found a nonsignificant risk
We found significantly elevated risks, with OR of 1.5 or elevation among persons exposed to "pesticides,. not further
more, for personal handling, mixing, or application of several defined (57). Exposure to DOT was linked with CLL In 2 case.
Indlvlduallnsecticidel, including carbaryl, chlordane, DOT, control studies (3, 17), and associated with NHL In 2 others
dlazinon, lindane, malathion, and nicotine, Dieldrin, dlchlor. (19, 56), with OR between 1.5 and 6.1. In the 2 other case.
vo~ famphur, and toxaphene also showed notable, though control studies, either DOT was nol reported separately (39) or
nonsignificant risk elevations. Pallerns of risk from 3 other no association was found (0 exposed cases, 3 exposed controls)
analyses were consistent with the hypothesis of an etiological (38). In the current study, we found an association with ever
role for these in5el:ticldes. Risk of NHL was greater for most handling, mixing, or applying DOT that was stronger for its
chemicals among farmers who first used these chemicals before use on crops than on livestock, and that was more pronounced
1965 (15-lg years before diagnosis) and among those who did for first exposure prior to 1965 than later. We found elevated
2452
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FARMING AND NON.1l0OGKlN'S LYMPHOMA
risk for pre.1965 application of DOT to crops in bolh Iowa 2,4.0 in Iowa and MinneSOla may differ from Kansas or
and Minnesoll. Nebraska. In lhe latter states, Ihe bulk or 2,4.0 is for post.
The grouped chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were as. emergenl application on small grains, whereas in Iowa it may
lociated with small (nonsignificanl) risk elevations for NHL in bt more frequ.nlly used on com. It is unclear whelh.r this
a Nebraska slUdy (58). Olher than OOT, Ihe only chlorinaled difference affects exposures 10 farmers. II is also possible that
hydrocarbons reponed specifically in other case-conlrol sludies the inconsistencies bttween lhis and 01 her sludies of 2,4.0 are
are chlordane and lindane. Chlordane was significantly associ. simply due 10 chance, since random vari'lion in risk estimales
ated with NHL risk in Nebraska (OR'" 2.1), and nonsignifi. among studies is 10 bt expected.
anlly in Washington State (OR D 1.61) (19). Lindane, another Additional comments on the limitations of this study are
.organochlorine, was significanlly associated here with NHL warranted. Some associations found here may have arisen due
when used either on crops or animals, and risks were elevated to chance or bias. Numerous comparisons were made, and
in bolh Iowa and Minnesota. Lindane has also ~n associated results muse bt evaluated in this contexl and judged against
with NHL in a study from Kansas (2). epidemiological rules of causality. Bias in selecting cases or
Risks associaled with organophosphale exposure, either col. controls was absenl since eligibility for Ihe study was unrelated
lectively, or as individual chemicals, were reported for CLL in to current or previous stalUs as a farmer or the exercise of
the parallel study of leukemia in Iowa and Minnesota (3) and particular agricultural practices. However, willingness to par.
for NHL in a study with similar methods from Eastern Ne. ticipate could have bten related 10 farm residence or occupation
braska (39, 58), In the Nebraska study, the OR for organo- as a farmer. The fairly high and similar response rates in cases
phosphate exposure study was 1.9 (OR D 1.1-3.1), and risk and controls, however, diminishes Ihe possibility of such bias.
Incrwtd wilh days/year of use to OR .. 3.1 for 21+ days. In Bias due to differential response or recollection of cases and
Nebraska, 2 org,nophosphates, diazinon and malathion, controls regarding specific pesticide exposure Is possible. Such
showed signiflcanl positive associations with NHL, similar to bias is unlikely because at the time inlerviews were held, re-
our findings. In Ihe parallel leukemia study in Iowa and Min. spondents and interviewers were nOI aware of hypotheses reo
oesoll (3), elevated risk was found for eLL among farmers garding specific pesticides. Moreover, we found no excess risk
exposed to dichlorvos as an animal insecticide (OR c 2.2, CI for many pesticides but rather some internal consistency for
_ 1.()..4,6). We found significant associations for Ihe grouped elevated risk with others, such 's some of the chlorinated
organophosphate Insecticides used on livestock (OR'" 1.5), hydrocarbons and organophosph"es.
especially halogenated aromalic organophosphates (OR c 2.0, Nondifferential misclassifieation of specific pesticide expo.
CI- 1.1-3.7). The ORs for grouped non halogenated aromatic sures is a more likely source of distortion of risk estimates, For
organophosphates used on livestock and crops were also ele. dichotomous measures of exposure, however, this distortion
vated, but not statistically significant. Regarding specific organ. would tend to bias risk estimates toward the null (62) and is
ophosphate insecticides, we ,observed significant associations of unlikely to yield false.positive findings. The effect of nondiffer.
NHL with use of malathion prior 10 1965 on both crops and ential misclassification on polychotomous measures can be
animals, and OR were above I.S for both types of application more complex (63). There are many ways in which exposure
in Iowa and in Minnesota. In addilion, we found significant misclassification may occur in studies of this design (64). Most,
OR for pre-1965 use 'of diazinon on crops, with comparable however, would yield false.negative findings. More Ihan 90%
risk elevations in the 2, study stales. Use of other organophos- of lhe farmers in Ihls study operated one or more farms, in
phates btfore 1965, including coumaphos and dichlorvos on contrast to working as hired help. Most fann operalors plan
Iiveslock, and phorate on crops, also were associated with their own pest control operations, personally purchase pesti.
increased risk of NHL, allhough the 95% confidence inlerval cides, and mix and apply the chemicals themselves. They are
for w:h Included 1,0. thus more likely to remembtr names of specific chemicals Ihal
10 the study from Nebraska (Sg), the carbamate insecticide they used than most other peslieide users. However, when many
family was slgnificanlly associaled with NHL (OR" 1.8). We different chemicals were involved, when their use was several
did not find significant associalions wllh carbamates as a group. decades in Ihe past, and when lhe use of particular chemicals
However, use of carbaryl prior to 1965 was associated with was brief or episodic, accuracy in reporting chemical names and
NHL (OR - 3,8, CI- 1.1-13,6), and risk was elevated in both the timing of application undoubtedly suffers. Proxy respond.
study areas, However, the numbtrofexposed subjeclS was small en IS not directiy involved in farming oper,tions m,y have been
(7 cases, 4 coollols), more prone to inaccurate responses lhan directly interviewed
Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides have bten linked to NHL risk subjects. Among fanners, proxies responded for 28.9% of cases
in several (19, 33, 39, 56), but riot all (38, 59), case-control and 34,2% of controls. Among controls who had farmed, 18.4%
5ludies. Excesses have also bten noted in 2 phenoxyacetic acid of proxies did not know whether crop insecticides had ~n
manufacturing cohorts, allhough few deaths occurred (60, 61), used, and 17,2% did nol know about herbicide use, In contrast,
In our data, the risk of NHL associated with tvtr handling, 3.3% of directly interviewed farmers didn't know about crop
midna. or applying membtrs of the phenoxy acid herbicide insecticide use, and 3.1% didn'l know ,bout herbicide use.
family, or the apecific herbicides 2,4.0 or 2,4,5.T, was small Among the controls who reported insecticide use on crops,
and about the lime as for farmers overall. However, when OOT use was reported as unknown by II of 86 proxies (13%)
lateneywas consldered,lhe association with 2,4,5.T was some. but only 8 of233 alive subjects (3.4%), and crop application of
what stronger, Allhough our findings are Dot entirely negative, malalhion was unknown by 16 of 86 proxies (19%) and 7 of
the risk of NHL with 2,4.0 use Is cnnsiderably weaker than 233 living subjecls (3.0%). Among controls who ever used
observed in studies ofsimilar design from Kansas and Nebraska herbicides, 2,4.0 use was reported as unknown by 9 of g8
(33, 39). Risks here were considerably lower and did nOI in. proxies (10.2%) and 5 of 256 direcl respondents (2.0%), Oif.
crease with laleney or failure 10 use protective equipmenl, The fmntlal effecls on risk estimates due 10 proxy responses among
reasons for the inconsislencles are not obvious. Use pallems of cases and controls should not occur because we adjusted for
2453
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FARMING AND NON.fIODGKJN'S LYMPIlOMA
type of respondent in the analysis.
This investigalion suppons findings from earlier studies that
point to an elevated risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among
farmers, and our data strongly suggest a reiationship with
certain pesticide exposures. Inlerpretation of results regarding
individual pesticides is fraught with difficuhies, including the
probleml of interpreting risk of individual factors in the mul.
tiple exposure selting of modem agricuhure as well as the
chance occurrence of finding positive associalions with muhlple
comparisons. Of equal concern is the possibility of missing
imponant associations due to nondifTerentlal exposure misclas-
sifieation because of difficulties in accurate recall of past pesci.
cide exposures. This would bias risk eSlimales toward Ihe null.
Despite these qualifications, the many internal consistencies of
this study and concordance with observations of others support
the notion that elevated NHL risk among farmers is associated
wilh exposure to several insecticides, and support the use of
protective equipment, The chemicall most strongly associated
with risk of NHL were carbaryl, chlordane, DOT, diazinon,
dichlorvol, lindane, malathion, nicotine, and toxaphene. Many
of these insecticidel are still in widespread use today, in Ihe
United Statel or elsewhere, and deserve further epidemiological
evaluation,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The IUlhal1 thank Ihe followlna Individuals for Ih.lr in"luable h.lp
in lhl. project: Peler tsacson, St.phanl. Vanller, Ruhy Boalm.n, Judy
Cohen, Mari.na Hlldeshelm, IIId Roben Banks.
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2454
IS;.
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FARMING AND NON.1l000KJN'S LYMPHOMA
'6. Banilel. E. ,_ ri,k off"l un,,, In pestklde~,pol<d m.l. qrieul.
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50. Wiklund, k., Dkh. I.. ,nd Holm, L.E. Rllk or m'"inanllymphoma In
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51. Wont 0., Bloder. W., Oavll, H. V., and Nlllc, G. S. Monllhy o(worhn
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TRIS. PBD. .nd DDT. Br. J.lnd. Mt<!.. II: 1l-24.19~.
l2, M.buch, k.. LIII.nrrld. A. M" ond Sn.lI. L M.lunl eanctr .moni pesticide
...km..posed 10 Inoriank ""nleal.. Arch. En,lson. H"lth, 1/: l12-
lID. 1979.
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Scaod.l. Work En.;ron, H"'th.I(Suppl.l~ /46-146.198/.
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1979. .
$6. Hudcl~ L. Erikuon, M.land unnu. P. ~hll.nlnt lymphoma and UpoIUrt
_.~_.
,I
fochemlclls,rspttllllyotllnIcJOlvenls,chloroPhenobandphcnoIYacidS:
....."'ntrol Iludr. Br. I.CI""r, II: 169-176.1981.
l7. Mllon., K. E" kotpI<lI. T. D., D'lIn.. J. R.. Wclu, N. S" Morris, P. D.,
r'f/Or. I. W., SWinson, G. M., Illd Lyon, I. L. Chronic Iymphocydc
leuhmla In rel.lion 10 chemlal UpoIUfCI. Am. I. Epldemlo!., /JO: 1152-
JIlI,1989.
l8. Zahm. S, H., W.lunbullor, D. D., Babl>Il~ R. C" Sui, R. C" Cantor, K.
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901,1918.
19. P."". N. Phcnosy h.rhlddes and ..n-Hodikln', i)1llphom,ln N.. 2<..
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60. Dond. G. G" W.umtrocm, N. H.. ROUlh. G. J" M'lucn, E. A" lipPI. T.
E.. .nd Cook, R. R. Cause fpttlrlC mona/ity amon. employm enllled In
the mlnUrKlUrt. (ormullllon, or plChllnl or 2,4.dichlorophenolYlCtllc
.dd IOd related "It.. Br. J.lnd. M.d..15: 98-IOl, 1988.
61. COllon. D.. Pinnell, D.. and Winlu, P. Monalily Ind IlKldenct or CllK'fr
at four r",oOO m,klni phtnOlY htrblcldn. Dr. J.lnd. M,d..II: 173-171.
/991.
62. ChedowlY, H., PCUCf, N. E., and Crawford.BroYt1l, D. J. Rtstuch MelhodJ
In Octuplllonal Epidcmloloay. New York: O.rord Unlvcnily PrtU, 1989.
63. Do,"~mtcl, M.. WlCholder. S.. and Lubin. J. H. Does nondUTmnllal ml..
c/wirlul/on or CllPOSUrt IlWI)1 bias IUlIe errm lowud Ihe null vllue? Am.J. Epldlm~l., 1J1: 746-748. 1990.
64. 811lrl A,. and Zahm, S. H. Methodolollc lssucs in nposurt USWmenl rOt
ClSt-conlroJ lIudiu of Clncer Ind hcrblcldtS. Am. J. Ind. Med" U: 28$-
29l, 1990.
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summary: Reference No.10
A 1991 epidemiology study of canine lymphoma indicated a
possible connection (a 30% increase in risk) between owner
application of 2,4-0 to lawns and/or employment of a commercial
lawn care service by the owner. An independent review of the
original study concludes that the study did not show an
association between dog owner's use of 2,4-0 and canine lymphoma.
"The increases in risk suggested by the odds ratios reported
(e.g. OR = 1.3) were small. Therefore, it is possible that a
small bias or confounder could be responsible for the elevated
odds ratio instead of a biological link to any of the potential
exposures studied."
Epidemiology studies do not prove cause and effect between
factors studied and disease, but can only provide indications for
further study. Because humans are not used in chemical feeding
trials for ethical reasons, epidemiology is often relied on as a
"next best" alternative. Animals are used in feeding trials to
determine health effects of chemicals. Oogs have been fed daily
doses of 2,4-0 (including high doses) in long-term trials and did
not develope any kind of cancer.
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Professional Lawn Care Association of America
,.
PLCAA Update
2,4.D and Dog Cancer
May 1992
17le followillg is a S/ll/llllal)' of a Review Pallel Repon el'alualillg fhe Naliollal Callcer
IlIstitllle's 1991 sllldy 01l2,4-D alld dog callcer, 77le review, published April 9, 1992,
cOllcludes fhar the slUlly "did IlOt show all assoc/alioll beOl'ee11 dog oWller's use of2,4-D
alld callille lymphoma. .
Introduction
In December 1991, an independent scientific review panel was convened by Drs. Ian
Munro and George Carlo to evaluate critically the methodology and findings of the study
by Hayes et 01. on 2,4-D and dog cancer. The study, titled "Case-control study of canine
malignant lymphoma: Positive association with dog owner's use of2,4-dichlorophen-
oxyacetic acid herbicides,' was published in the Sept 4,1991, issue of the Joumal oflhe
NaI/ollal CWlcer IlIst/lute, This independent peer review of the study was supported by the
Industry Task Force II on 2,4-0 ResEal'ch Data.
The scientific panel reviewed: the published study, the media releases that accompanied
the public release of the study, and the intErview instrument employed by the study
investigators (which was provided by the National Cancer Institute). TIle panel was
charged with evaluating the degree tD which the study by Hayes et ai, supported the
hypothesis that2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicides are associated with
canine malignant lymphoma.
Study Summary
Hayes et aI. conducted a case-control study of pathologically confirmed canine lymphoma
in dogs based on data collected from veterinary teaching hospitals in St. Paul, Minn.,
Purdue, Ind" and Colomdo State University at Ft, Collins, TIle case group included 491
dogs diagnosed with canine malignant lymphoma. The control group included 479 dogs
that were diagnosed with tumors other than lymphoma and 466 dogs that had died of other
causes (including accidents, but excluding conditions timt may have been caused by
chemical exposure). In the analysis, dogs from the two distinct control pools were
combined on the basis of similarity in the demographic characteristics of the two groups.
Information on the habits and possible exposures of the dDgs was gathered initially by
means of a mailed questionnaire completed by the dogs' owners. If the owners failed to
respond to the mailed questionnaire, they were c(Jntacted by phone and asked tile same
questions, The questionnaire consisted of7l quesLivns, Exposure to pesticides was
assessed through questions that did not list any garden chemicals by name, In the analysis
of tile data. tile authors made the assumption tilat exposure to garden chemicals occurred
only for dogs that were allowed access to the yard, and titat exposure was related to the
number of times tile chemical was used in each ye:lf.
When all dogs that wcre reported as not having access to their owner's yard were
classified as unexposed, tile authors reported that a statistically significant 30-percent
increase in risk (odds mtio 1.3, 95 % CI 1.04-1.67) was associated with owner application
of 2,4-D and/or employment of a commercial lawn care service by the owner, When
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subgroups were analyzed separately (i.e., commercial lawn treatment only, owner
application of 2,4-0 only, and owner application of 2,4-0 and commercial application of
lawn chemicals), the authors reported that none of the associations showed statistical
significance.
Clear dose-response trends were not observed for number of commercial lawn chemical
treatments per year, but the authors reported a positive increasing trend of lymphoma risk
with annual number of owner applications of 2,4-0 (p < 0,02).
The association between lymphoma risk and owner use of 2,4-0 and/or commercial lawn
treatment seemed strongest for those breeds of dogs that the authors defined as being at
lowest risk for lymphoma, and seemed weakest for mixed breeds and those breeds defined
by the authors as being at high risk. The authors, based on their findings in this study,
called for further investigations into the human health implications of exposure to 2,4-0 in
the home environment.
Review o' Study
Although the study, by virtue of its title, suggests a relationship between exposure 10 2,4-0
and canine malignant lymphoma, this hypothesis was not strongly supported by any of the
results presented. The increases in risk suggested by the odds ratios reported (e.g"
OR= 1.3) were small. Therefore, it is possible that a small bias or confounder could be
responsible for the elevated odds ratio instead of a biological link to any of the potential
exposures studied, Exposure quantification was very poor, and it is therefore difficulllo
discern what exposures were actually studied.
As a result of limitations in the design of the study, it may be concluded that it did not
show an association between dog owner's use of 2,4-D and canine lymphoma.
Review Panel Members
Georg~ L. Carlo, Ph,D, M.S., i,D. (Co-chair)
Chairman, Health & Environmenlal Sciences Group, 1.ld.
Adjuncl Facully, George Washinglon University
School of Medicine and Healtll Sciences
Washinglon, D.C.
Ian Munro, Ph.D., FRC Palh. (Co-chair)
Direetnr, Canadian Cenlre for Toxicology
Guelph, Ontario Call1lda
Keilh Solomon, Ph.D
AssociRte Direelor
Canadian Centre for Toxicology
Guelph, Onlario Canada
Professor, Departmenl of Environmenlal
Biology
Universily of Guelph
Guelph, Onlario Canada
Philip Cole, M.D., Dr.P.H.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Epidemiology
School of Public Heallh
Universily of AlahaOlJl al Bimlingham
Binningham, A1abaOlJl
AoOlOny B. Miller, M.B" FRCP, FFPHM (UK),
PRCP (C), FACE ,
Professor, Department of Preventive
Medicine IUId Biostatislics
Facully of Medicine, University of Toronto
Toronto, Onlario Cawtda
Roherl Squire, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Professor, Division ofCnmparaliv~ Medicine
iolms Hopkins Universily
School of Medicine
Baltimore, MaryllUld
FDr a lDP1 D/ lit, 16'pag, R,vl,w Pall,1 R'PDfl, lMlall lit, PUAl DIIII, al1404) 971.1222.
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summary: Reference No.11
Dale Shires, Johnson County Extension Specialist, puts risks
from pesticides and water contamination in perspective by
comparing risks of other everyday activities and exposures. One
in a million risks of death include: drinking water for 70 years
from a contaminated well (exceeding EPA standards); traveling
1.1 miles on Iowa's interstate system; traveling 400 miles by
airline; smoking 1.4 cigarettes; eating 40 pounds of peanut
butter over a lifetime.
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I
.. 11 KEHHmI PIllS
'. OtTllilu""TII'.W.WIIl<<lnlllll'lltIt'
! Ia peanut butler a greater hazard
: to publJc health than alrizlne? .
: ' And are Intel1tale hlghway., an I'
, occasional glasa ot wine Dr Hvlng I
Mth a Piclc'I-day IOlDker more haz; .
. ardoua to public health than atra.
. line?
The short,
'I'~ ovenlmplllled!
~ II\.!wer, Itcord.
. ''\eel., Ing the Dale
~Ion Shires ot the
t rOCUit. on Iowa Stale Un!.
ecoloiY. yel'lllty ExtenaJon
GrNn Guide Service, Is "Yet,"
. Many take II.
aue with such atrll1ine-to-orange8'
compariaol1l - linking knOWI1l to
~ve unknowna, voluntary to In.
voluntary rtaka.
: However, sald ShIres, the evldeOO)
avaHable today suggest! that aa a
pUblic health threat, pesllcldea In.
lJ'Dund Wiler don't amount to as
lnudt as many have Iinaglmd,
:' "I think we have a chemophobla
. now In JOWl and the United Btatea,".
'1IkI ShJrca, wha has devised. a 'hart
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risk in perspective
, WATER' ~'i'
~ft'oII~~
RISK FACTORS
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"ltwa bat HfI downll'ldlll as a place to live
because of concerns about water quallty," 8Iys
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'Ylltna dr.wn (rom rivers and , (wm chemical, Which helpe explaJn the compound 8lJ 70 yeara or drink. J
1lIuma, herblcldea were delecWd In why It 111M 1110ol1 commonly (ound Ing well wuler. I
~percent. Three o( the 441Yllerna In I/OWld Wiler even though It IaIlOl f'urmers with repealed expo,ure
hid IlrazIne above the health advt. the lI10Il he.vlly lI8Cd. to chemical.! ehould really be the ro-' :
lOry levell, and three had a1achlor' "Por .Irlllne, there I. at lellt cu, or ruture epidemiological reo I
above health Ilandarda. iOrne MnN_ aboutlhe rnelibolJtelJ search, he SlIld. '. .' .
~~" . ,
""-pen.lve" II~.___L themaelVlt,"lIld 1Ia1lbera. II coold Stalt,tlcally, (armers have lower :
-.... ~ be Ih.t lhe melabollte. are'more rule, or cancer than the general I
No .Imtlar (ollow.up Inventory toxic than the parent chemtcala, and public, ,aid KI'O<l.'J, but they hive ele- .
haa been done. "II'.. very expens!ve that Iwo or more compounda can ere- vutcd levels oftwo type; o( cancers: I
PllipoaJUon,"liJd Goorge Hallberg, Ileuynerglatle health threat. non.llodgkln,.lympho'\"'iand proa. I
'1ho1og1at with the 10'111 DePll'Unent "That II put o( the dilemma and llltecancer. ',.1 ..t
otNaturalllaourcea. 'complpjty we (ace," said I\a11bera. Furmeralllao are rar more likely!
1l0lt ot the reaearch haa been at "11111 1Jn~ IOmethlng we'vo lot to than the general pUblic 10 have JlC*U. !
1ffiIIJ, controUed .Ilet, luch II the panleabou~ buIlt's aomelhlnlw.'ve cldes in thelrdrlnJ(lns water. 'i
Ills Spring Iluln In northeaat fowa, SOl to (llaII on." . In the 680 rural wella 8lil1Jplcd In t
and there Ia Ml yet evidence enough Howev.r, ifill berg and Kroll IDBB and 1089, peatlcldes were de- I
to IIf conclUllvely how repeated \lie igree that, In Kroas' wordl, "there II lecll'llln 14 perClint 01 the welb and ,
ot (arm chemJaJI al(ecte the flI'OUnd JUlI no chance" that JlC'IUcldea In the exceeded EPA .dvlaory levela I
lIller. ground wiler will aomeday be un. 1.2 percent oflhe time. Atrazlne w..
. Almoat all o( the pcaUcJdea In \lie denlood to be II serlollJ IllI!bllc the mUSI commonly (ound com. :
today delJ'ade In toJllOII. Exactly health threal II smoking. 'pound. ' i
what happena II they percolate Into "Ilia conceivable that 10 to 1~ In nearly one OUI o( five o( UlOlle i
the IJ'OUnd Wiler, and what chemt. yean from IUIW we're going to lee I II I ~. d h ;
caI otflNlnd ronaJn when they de- th II door radon la slgnlnClllt" rura we " n tralea eX.""e Ie.
'ii'ide'~~'''rnetaboUleli''_JlQIe aakt~ ' . EPA',heallhadvlaorylevels, .
.l!<WInuedaclenUncuncertainty. '-" ." "Fannenl8IC.expoaed to so manr-
: ..''Then'. an Iw(ullol we don't FannenII IUJk .. potcntlaIlY,:apcer.ceUllng t1tlnill, I
know In that l'egard,"aaJd Ifallberg. Thllle&da Kroos to point OOllhat SlIld Kr~, It,,' not l\Il eosy lhlngto ,
AlraJInt II the mOlt JlInlaltnt. (armon tlte Ihc-grealt.t threlt _ION oul. \ I
- (rom JlCIllcJda. .. Shires said hla Inlenl la not 10 I
~ In Onllludy, eald Krosa, reaearch. make peuple Ignore ground. Wiler I
~ era (ound that I day o( appll'lnlthe contumlnallon. "There should be ,
· How prllldlntlal cendldalll' herbicide 2~,Il with a hand.held concern, We ahould be worldng on II.
'r.cordl on Ihltnvlronmant sPl'll'er, tollol'lln8labellnalructlona, BUl I think the rIIk hu been mg.
It.ckup.UIA WEEKEND, ,'1111I eXJlOle I tariner to II much ot gerlllt'II," ht.^/tld.
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Summary: Reference No.12
Former Surgeon General C. Everett Koop explains confusion
. the American public suffers over food safety. Advances in
analytical techniques allow detection of chemical concentrations
far below harmful levels. tiThe public does not have a very good
grasp of the relationship of the dose of a toxic substance and
its risk in human beings.. .By focusing on a hypothetical risk,
like that from pesticides, not only do people find their anxiety
levels elevated, but by focusing on a straw man, they also feel
that they are doing something to improve their health. In so
doing, they often neglect other things that they could be doing
more readily, more legitimately, and with greater effect, such as
paying attention to smoking, alcohol, excercise, balanced diet,
and so on."
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MY rnOUGIITS A Page of Opinion
Good Words
About
Pesticides
"People who are so
worried about
pesticides fall to
realize that the
cancer rates have
dropped over the
past 40 years. "
Back in mj' former incarnalion as a
surgeon, I was distressed when cycla.
mates were taken out of soft drinks. I
had found Fresca very much 10 my
liking.
The reason Ihese subs lances were
banned was because of experimenls
on rodents. The scienlisls found Ihal
high doses of cyc1amales cause cancer
in ralS.
Translaling those scienlific sludies
to someone my size, I would have
had to drink Cour balhlubs Cull of Ffe.
sca daily for about eight years 10 have
an equivalenl dosage.
Those who read murder mysteries
know thai with poison, it is Ihe dose
that counts. Wilh coffee, it takes 96
cups to deliver a loxic dose of caf.
feine, and with lurkey, 3.8 Ions to de.
liver a toxic dose of malonaldehyde.
In the days of my early surgical ca.
reer, Ihe state of the art in delecting
Ihe concentralion of toxins was begin.
ning to approach a sensilivity of one
part pef million. AnYlhing below Ihal
was considered 10 be zero residue.
In 1965, we were able 10 test for
parts per billion; by 1975, pans per
trillion. And now, we are approaching
Ihe time when we will be able 10 leSI
for parts per quadrillion.
Even parIS per million is a minus.
cule measuremenl. Converted to time,
il is 1 second per 2 years. Paris per
billion converts to 1 second every 32
years, And parts per trillion comes
out in time to a sensitivity of 1 sec.
and evefY 32,000 years.
Americans are concerned because
they are confused. They are confused
because no one saris OUI for them
various componenls of whal has be.
come Ihe food safely issue.
The public does not have a very
good grasp of Ihe relationship be.
tween the dose of a toxic substance
and its risk in human beings. Their
inCormalion comcs from Ihose who
revel in using scare lactics instead oi
science 10 warn the public aboul dan.
gers in Ihe food supply,
These scare tactics lead us down
lhe wrong path, We end up creating
concern where it Isn't necessary and
, Ignoring concerns thai arc real.
For inslance, some people Ihlnk
thai all man made substances, such as
rL; j v- ,,....~
il1r;;;
pesticides. should be removed from
our food supply, and thai everYlhing
occurring in nature is beneficial.
To sell nothing excepl Coods un.
trealed by pesticides would not only
leave slorekeepers wilh rOlling food
but would also fail 10 prolecl the con.
sumer against molds Ihat in high
enough concentration can be lethal.
People who are so worried aboul
pesticides fail to realize Ihat the can.
cer rates have dropped over Ihe past
40 yeafs. Stomach cancef has dropped
more than 75%, while reclal cnncer
has dropped more than 65%.
In the food supply-as in all other
public health questions-we need bet.
ler understanding of the difference
between risk and hypolhelical risk.
There is risk in almost everything
we do, so we need 10 concentrate on
Ihe differences. The chances of your
being killed in a mOlor vehicle (I in
6,000) are much more reallhan are
threats from pesticides. Yel Ihat
doesn'l keep us off the road, eilher 3\
passengers or as pedestrians.
There is anolher concern I have.
By focusing on a hypotheticnl risk.
like Ihat from peslicides, nOI only do
people find their anxielY levels ele.
valed, but by focusing on a maw
man, they also feel Ihal they afe
doing somerhing 10 improve their
henlth.
In so doing, they oflen neglect all
the olher Ihings thallhey could be
doing more readily, more legitimalely,
and with grealer effecI, such as pay.
Ing attention 10 smoking, alcohol, ex.
ercise, balanced diel, and so on.
Our food is not only the safesl bUI
also Ihe most abundant in Ihe world.
Science nnd good sense will eventually
prevail, but nOI unlillhe peslicide ler.
rorists have had nnolher lick or two.
~~
c. EVil/II Keep WlIJ S"8"" 0...,,/ of Ihl
U.S. from 198/10 1989.
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Summary: Reference No.13
The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
. employs 11 pesticide investigators to investigate problems such
as pesticide drift. Pesticide drift is a violation of state and
federal pesticide laws. violators may be subject to civil
penal ties assessed by the U. S. EPA up to $25,000 per occurrence
and may have their license and certification revoked. Most drift
cases involve agricultural use of pesticides. In 1990 there were
a total of 11 drift incidents involving lawn herbicides reported
to the department, compared to 67 incidents involving
agricultural herbicides. From 1986 to 1989, cases involving
drift of lawn herbicides ranged from 3 to 6 per year. Wind is
one factor which can lead to drift. Average wind velocities in
Iowa range from 12.2 to 13.2 mph in April, 10.4 to 11.9 mph in
May, and 9.3 to 10.7 mph in June.
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PESTICIDE DRIfT: A PROBLEM IN IOWA?
Charles A. Ecl(ermann
Pesticide BUI'eau Chief
Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
Pesticide drift ranl(s as the most frequent incident reported to the Iowa Department of
Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS). Pesticide drift, as defined by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) 40CfR162.3, means "any movement of a
pesticide during or immediately after application or use through air to a site other than
tile intended site of application or use."
Although most drift incidents occur during application in windy conditions, another type
of drift may occur following the application. This is known as vapor drift or
volatilization and off-target movement of the active Ingredient. Vapor drift is a concern
where volatile herbicides such as 2,4-0 esters and dieamba (Banve!) are Dpplied when
temperatures exceed 85 degrees during or shortly after application. A similar problem
exists with clomozone (Command) when surface applied to soil with high moisture
contenl. Table 4 lists all herbicides involved In ten or more drift incidents reported to
the IDALS the past five years. The majority of drift problems investigated by the !DALS
in the past five years have been associated wi th 2,4-0, dicamba and clomozone.
Statistics regarding pesticide drift incidents maintained by the pesticide bureau reveal
that the most frequently reported drift incident occurs in the month of June Dnd involves
the herbicide 2,4-0 applied to cropland by a commercial applicator using a ground
spl'ayel'. The most frequent problem !lSsociated with pesticide drift is damage to
desirable plants. Othel' problems relate to unapproved residues on food or feed crops and
undesirable exposure to gardens and house yards.
The spring months in Iowa present some challenges for pesticide applicators in
minimizing drift. According to information provided by the U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, the average
annual wind velocities in Iowa range from 12.2 to 13.2 miles an hour in April, 10.4 to 11.9
miles per 110ur in May and 9.3 to 10.7 miles an hour in June. The prevailing winds noted
for most reporting locations in Iowa Dre northwest in April, south-southeast in May and
south in June. .,
Typically there are approximately 23 million acres of cropland in Iowa in D given year.
Accordiag to a survey conducted by Iowa State University (ISU) Extension in 1985,
approximately 97 percent of all corn and soybean acres ore treated with herbicides. The
sallle survey showed that approximately 75 percent of the acres are treated by form
operators and approximately 25 percent arc treated by custom applicators. A 1979
survey conducted by ISU Extension sllowed similar results. An informal survey conducted
in 1984 by the !DALS revealed that approximately 600,000 acres ore treated annually
with herbicides in Iowa by aerial application.
Statistics maintained by the pesticide bureau, os shown in Table 1 indicate on increasing
trend of herbicide drift incidents reported for each year over the past five years with the
exception of 1987. In reviewIng tile information In Table 2 and Table 3, there Is also
evidence of on Inercase In reported drift incidents related to both aeriDl and ground
applications, although drift Incidents related to ground Dppllcations ore more frequent
than aerial applleatlons. These statistics do not neCESsarily mean that there arc morc
drift Incidents occurring, since not all incidents are reported, An increased public
awareness and concern related to pesticide use could be the result of more cases being
Page 1
1656;
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reported to the pesticide bureau. When comparing the total number of acres treated to
the total number of drift incidents reported, the statistics suggest that a very small
percentage of pesticide applications rEsult in a reportable drift incident,
Pesticide drift issues are currently being addressed at both the state and federal levels.
The Pesticide and Fertilizer Advisory Committee is currently reviewing pesticide drift
problems in Iowa. The U.S. EPA has recently organized a spray drift task force for the
purpose of developing a spray drift dDtabase for use in evaluating off-target movement
of pesticides. Additional restrictions or regulations may result. However, a number of
pesticide user groups have emphasized that addi tional research and education shOUld be
considered for pesticide applicators in identifying methods for minimizing drift.
Pesticide drift is a violation of state and federal pesticide laws, Violators may be
subject to civil penalties assessed by the U.S. EPA up to $25,000 for each occurrence.
Violators may also be subject to a license or certification revocation or suspension Dt the
state level, Pesticide Dppticators must take every precaution to avoid pesticide drift to
off-target areas, Special attention should be given to wind conditions and the proximity
of areas inhabited by people and livestock and the location of sensitive crops and
ornamental plants.
PST/pc-222
.
Page 2
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DH1[1')' HELA'J'EIJ INCIDENTS OF AEJUAL AND G1WUNIl API' LICATIONS
TADLE 1
INCIDENTS REPORTED FYBG FYB7 FYBB FYBO FYOO
Total number of misuse cases 105 DB 15B 144 tG5
Herbicide drirt only 42 35 .j4 55 G7
TADLE 2
GROUND APPLICATIONS FYBG pya7 FYBB FYBO FYOO
Gt'ound Applications (herbicides) 31 29 43 4B 40
Agriculturul 2G IB 29 37 35
Nonugriculturul 05 11 14 1l 14
Lawn 03 DB OG OG 11
Righl-ohvny 02 04 OB 04 02
,OtllCr 00 01 00 01 01
Phcnoxy (2,4-0 2,H)P or dicombu) OG 13 25 30 23
Nonphenoxy (including Command) 25 IG IB IB 2G
Command (olonc and combinations) IB 00 07 03 10 ,I
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Commel'cinlopplicutot' 20 22 lB 40 3,1 :
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Ccrliried 21 17 3B 47 21
Nol certified 10 12 05 01 00
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AERIAL APPLICATION FYBG FYB7 PYBB HBD PYOO
I Type of opp1lcntol'
Acrlal applications (hCI'bicidES) 11 OG 01 07 IB
Typc of herbicide
Phcnoxy (including dicambu) 07 05 01 07 13
Nonpe hnoxy 04 01 00 00 05
Class or opp1len tor
Commerclulllpplicotol' 11 OG 01 07 IB
Noncommercilllllppliculor 00 00 00 00 00
Applicator cerliriculion slotuI
eertHied 00 DB OJ 07 07
Not cer Wled 02 00 00 00 01
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I FYBG PYB7 FYBB FYB9 FY90 TOTAL
I 2,4-0 15 19 27 34 34 129
i Olcnmbn (IJnnvcl) 00 OG 11 13 18'
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2,4-0P 03 02 03 05 OG 19
Pendimelhalln (Prowl) 01 02 02 03 07 15
Metolachlor (Dual) 01 04 01 03 04 13
i Trirlurnlln (Trenan) 00 04 02 ' 02 05 13
I Alachlor (Lasso) 02 02 02 04 01 11
! Cyanazlne (IJlndcx) 03 01 03 01 02 10
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PST/pc-223 j
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Summary: Reference No.14
A large, real-world study of the impact of golf courses on
groundwater in a vulnerable area conducted by the Cape Cod
Planning and Economic Development Commission, U.S. EPA, and U.S.
Geological Survey provided "encouraging" results. Seven
pesticides used were never detected in monitoring wells:
mecoprop, siduron, pentachlorophenol, anilazine, 'iprodione,
diazinon, and parent dacthal. The most frequent organic
chemicals detected were chlordane (now banned) and DCBA, which is
not a pesticide and was concluded to have corne from some off-site
source (background wells also had detections). The herbicides
thought to be most mobile, 2,4-0 and dicamba, were detected only
once each out of about 70 samples. Isofenphos was detected once,
and the widely used fungicide chlorothalonil was detected twice.
No currently registered pesticides were detected at
toxicologically significant concentrations. Lower nitrate
concentrations resulted when less nitrogen, slow-release
nitrogen, or both were used. Thus, reasonable changes in
management practices can minimize nitrate concentrations.
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The Cape Cod Study
GeM presents the results of a major
scientific field investigation of the effects
of golf turf chemicals on groundwater.
The scientific communily began to
emphasize the study of ni~ates In
groundwater as a resull of ferllli.
zation In the mid. to late 19705. The
emphasis on the study and regulation
of pesllcides In groundwater also began
late In that decade. By the mld.1980s.
tens of thousands of wells were found
to contain elevated nl~ate concentra.
Uons and detectable concenlraUons of
pesticides (USGS. 1985; Cohen. et al..
1986; U.S. EPA. 1988; Cohen. 198B).
But few, If any. of the data polnls were
collected from wells associated wilh the
nalion's 13,626 golf courses.
The first comprehensive field Inves.
tigaUon of the effects of turf chemicals
on groundwater was recently com.
pleted on Cape Cod. This arlicle will
describe Ihat study and discuss Its resulls
In Ihe context of a brief overview of the
water quality Issue,
Background
The earliest paper expressing a con.
Stuart Z. Cohen
Biosphericslnc.
cern about a turf pesticide affecUng
groundwaler and surface water qua lily
was published In 1978, Dubie et al.
demonstraled that arsenic was lost In
the runoff and root zone leachate of a
turf Iyslmeter al loxlcologlcally signifl.
cant concentralions. The turf plot slmu.
lated a home lawn - 90 percent Ken.
lucky bluegrass and 10 percent red
fescue.
(A Iyslmeter Is a device for collecling
soil molslure below the root zone. The
type of Iyslmeler used most frequently
In turf research has been the gravity or
pan Iysimeter. where ceramic plales are
Installed below the root zone to collect
leachate. Tile drains under greens are
crude gravily Iyslmelers. The other Iype
of Iysimeter generally used in pesticide
studies Is Ihe sucUon Iyslmeter. This
Iyslmeter Is a hollow tube. typically 1
Inch by 1to 4 feel. closed at one end
with a rounded. porous. ceramic cup.
Suclion Iyslmeters are Installed through
the turf. and suction is used to sample
pore waler Ihat may contain turf chern.
icals leaching to groundwater. The EPA
often requires the use of suction
Iyslmeters. so you may learn more
about Ihem If a groundwaler study Is
required at your golf course.)
Key Observations
From The Study
· Seven of the tested turf pesli.
cldes were never detecled.
. No currently registered pesU.
cides were detected at toxicologically
Significant concentrations.
· Lower nitrate concentralions
resulled when less nilrogen. slow.
release nitrogen. or both. was used.
Thus. reasonable changes In
management pracUces can minimize
nilrate concentraUons.
Continued on p. 28
The sludy Indlceted Ihet most pestiCides do notthreeten groundweter, even In en eree of vulnereble hydrogeology. In addl.
tion. the study found that nilrale concenlrations could be reduced by ailerlng management practices.
26
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t, "i " ',' ,f. ',' I V ' I,t
, __ ., I k1, M.. .~: ,': ,~. , ~I:- . ". ,:,;.
,
. ,\
1 Hi"""'I""'~I..ft""~~M''''!1i .' ","",' ....ff".... . , .
'~it;o.f>..'rJ ::~~'f\ 1 ,;rJ 1:1 ~~...1..,('..t~ ,.'frW,~~J~(li., ;....~}l!Nlol.:.''';):' .. . t',:, . _n'
,. ii!j.(I' ,I:,,' ,. i""~~~' ,.. 1~";1;' ",,' I. ,~,;..'..:'''f.... .11',' ,I ,'\', ,:. . " ' '''': .:
,,_ ..~."1I"- 'fi/1"" ,,_ , .. . r' "'1"""<b."~"'" I" ..' I ,J..,(.. " ,\ ',", '\
.,' r ",., . ,.' _ "',,/. ~ ~ . '. " I.' I'.";~ " j'..: l.1\'" 't . ~ ...': ," '. . " I
CAPE COD
from p. 26
The Genesis 01 The
Cape Cod Groundwater Study
In late 1983. significant citizen con.
cerns raised the groundwater Issue to
the nalionallevel. The Board of Health
ollhe Town of Brewster (Cape Cod,
Mass.) wrote to the EPA about the pro'
posed Captain's Golf Course. The
board asked an Intelligent, responsible
question that could be summarized as
lollows: "We would like to have a new
golf course, but we would also like 10
ensure good quality for drinking water
- are the two compatible?"
Each pesticide was
evaluated for mobility,
persistence and human
and ecological toxicity.
'.' ....
We (at EPA) perlormed a risk screen.
ing exercise, or risk assessment of the
potential pesticides. establishing a con.
ceptual process that Is stili used. Infor.
matlon on the following parameters was
used to develop a risk assessment,
which Is an Integrated evaluation 01
chemical toxicity and exposure
potential.
The pesticide parameters were:
. Mobility - soil/water distribution
coefficient; water solubility; volatlltly.
. Persistence - aerobic and anaero.
blc soil metabolism: hydrolysis:
photolYSiS.
. Human toxlctly - chronic health
advisory levels based on acceptable
,daily Intakes lor non.carclnogenlc
effects and a one.ln.a.milllon risk level
lor cancer Incidence.
. Ecological toxicity (lor surface
water concerns) - acute lethality data
(LC" or LD" values) for the appropri.
ale species. typically rainbow trout. bob.
white quail, daphnia magna and lal-
head minnow. (Thl~ parameter was not
I~ '." 28
'J\':'\(~'\
t', \. ,
'. ~,l.....' \
J
The Site Of The Study
.
\
,
9
\
C'l'fColil4.,
EutwtniHo
G.C.
\....,..I/lSM04
t
..
Q . u \lOtt
I', ,I I I
D 4 . II II 2O_~"1
The lou, goll courses thel were selecled fOI monllorlng were chosen on the basts
01 pesticide end lertlllzer use, age and hydrogeologic vulnelabl/lly.
evaluated for the proposed Brewster least be familiar with these principles.
site because of the lack of significant
runoff potential.)
The site parameters were: Our conclusion surprised us. We
. Hydrogeology _ soli type; depth assumed that most pesticides would
to groundwater; net aquifer recharge pose an unreasonable risk In such vul.
resulting from precipitation and Irrlga. nerable hydrogeology. But after a
tion; aquifer permeability (hydraulic thorough evaluation of available data
conductivltyl, and use of the Pesticide Root Zone
. Nearest drinking water well cap' Model IPRZM) , we concluded that only
ture lones. a few of the pesltcldes might threaten
Why are the principles behind a 1983 groundwater quality (Cohen, 19841.
assessment being restated In a 1990 The Captain's course was built and a
article? Because you had betier be groundwater monitoring program was
aware of these principles II there are any Instlluted, and the course Is currently In
concerns in your community about the operation.
effecl of youl golf course on waler qual. Similar quesllons were raised when
lIy. Vou can rely on such technical the Bayberry Golf Course was pro'
experis as university extension proles. posed for construction In West Var-
sors and consultants, but you should at Continued on p. 32
GolI Course Mana8ement I februa/)' 1m
1556
I' t-/ ,. '/" ,.-,," I' ,_.,' ',' ,:,;
,;. :" .c... ~ ' 7]' . '. '.
r.', . ", I 1.1' .
, " . ,
!. '......0.-:., !., ~;. M,." :~'., '::~., ;'~~', . ~. :;
, .
,r" .":.:'--. ":'."\:Ch"~~g'~OfJ':~:~- '. .n!'j,":"'G''1'';'~;;~''9:'' ,';'."
, .): I I:., '. , .: '. .' ; . . 0,. ~ WJJ."i .r.I. \ , ~.,
t.. . ~:r''!I~1-'''''' '~"'''.'_ '-_.'-~).:Q1."b;r:o...-..-'t',i .... ......~.....-'t",..' ;.t :t . 1 \
~,-' ;.II-'............~"..,_".. ........, ...~.....:;.a..... "
CAPE COD
from p. 28
I
i
I,
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
!
mouth. Cape Cod. Local officials
requested that we conduct another
"paper" groundwater risk assessment.
Concurrently. the Cape Cod Planning
and Economic Development Commis-
sion {CCPEDCI recognized that a good
monitoring study was better Ihan a
paper risk assessment. Thus It submit-
ted a proposal to conduct a ground.
water monitoring study for pesticides
and nitrates on Cape Cod golf courses.
We agreed In principle to the study
design. arranged for the lundlng and
began Installing wells In late 1985.
The Cape Cod Study: Funding,
Design And Methods
The study design and overall project
management were the primary respon-
sibility of CCPEDC, along with the
EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs
(OPP). All pesticide analyses were per.
formed by the EPA's pesticide lab In
Mississippi. and nitrate analyses were
done by the Barnstable County Health
and Environmental Department lab. All
lield work was done by CCPEDC and
a well drilling contractor. More than half
of the lield work was supported by
EPA-OPP funds. The U.S. Geological
Survey provided some technical advice
and billed Its lime to EPA.OPP. Finally,
the study could not have been done
without the participation of the local
superintendents, particularly Ed Nash
and Charles Passlos, CGCS.
Inlllally, the objecllve was to estimate
the extent.of occurrence of pesticides
and nitrates In the surflctal aquifer as a
result 01 their application to all 30 golf
courses on Cape Cod. A statistically
meaningful subsample of golf courses
was to be selected based on hydrogeo-
logic vulnerability and pesllctde usage.
However, It quickly became apparent
that we didn't have the budget to study
the live to 10 golf courses that would
be required for this type of study.
Therelore, the following criteria were
used to select the four golf courses most
Itkely to have groundwater con.
tamlnatlon:
. Hydrogeologic vulnerability.
. Pesticide and fertilizer usage.
. Golf course age.
The plan was to conduct a more
extensive study If significant contamlna.
tlon was lound atlhese courses.
Seven golf courses met the criteria,
No currently
registered pesticides
were detected at
tmdcologlcally significant
concentrations.
and lour agreed to participate: the
Falmouth Country Club. the Hyan.
nlsport Club, the Eastward Ho! Golf
Club and the Bass River Golf Club.
Pesticides were selected based on
their environmental chemistry (Cohen
eta1.1984; Gustafson. 1989) and tax.
Iclty. In addition. pesllcldes that had
been used and that could be easily ana.
Iyzed were Included.
Inlllally. a total of 16 monitoring wells
were Installed at the tees. greens and
fairways of the four gall courses. Sub-
sequently. three addlllonal wells were
"
Installed. Drlve.and.wash and hollow
stem auger techniques were used.
Wells were purged and sampled
quarterly by hand for four quarters over
a year and a half. EPA methods 608,
615.622 and 632 were used,to ana,
Iyze samples f9r organic compounds.
and American Public-Health Associa.
lion Standard Method 418.A was used
to analyze samples for nitrates. When
organic compounds were detected.
they were conlirmed by an alternative
analytical method.
Results
Seven pesticides were neuer
detected: mecoprop. slduron, pentach.
lorophenol. anilazine. Iprodlone. diaq.
zlnon and the parent dacthal.
The most frequenily detected organic
analytes were technical chlordane and
DCBA. The highly mobile herbicides
dlcamba and 2,4.D were detected once
each out of about 70 samples. Isofen.
phos was detected once, and the widely
used fungicide Daconil {chlorothalonill
was detected twice.
Discussion Of The
Cape Cod Study Results
No currently registered pesllcides
were detected ottoxicologicolly signlfi.
cant concentrallons. Only the banned
C011tlnued on p. 34
He,bfcldes
dacthal/DCPA *
chlordanu *
dlcamba
mecoproplMCPP
2,4.0
2,4.dlchlorobenzolc acid I
slduronlTupersan
pentachlorophenol/PCP I I
Insecticides
chlorpyrltoslDursban
trlchloropyrldlnol
(Oursban metabolite)
Isofenphos/Oftanol
dlazinon
chlordanu *
* Dacthal dlacld metabolite Included.
* * Technical ohlordane and heptachlor epoxlde.
I Use unknown; suspected Impurity.
II Specific target pest unknown, but this wood preservative had been for.
mulated as part of an herbicide mlxt~re.
32
".,"....,
(:.:\~4'X,", '-
, .._~,.~~~ .
Call Caurse Management! Febru. . "..
155"(,
( ,.:- ..,". - '" ."
:' ',' t. / '.', , ,.c.../ -, 1 I~' ' ,
I ' ~ I \ . , ;
:" '_ 1/, '" .. I 1
. ~. , ,':1 ~,' ~~.. ,\.' ~. ., ' ",\
tf~:tti~t~~t:f~~~~~rrl~:~'/: . 'I'~ ".;criFj ..I.,:;\I..\I/",..,",! [:'J:~,~.,;:.,li !{'\~{.\\:,<~I .:,' :' , ,::.", I':~:Y ~\., ',-' ",' ,\ ~ .
:t:~: -~':, ~ X;~~1!~,~1/ ~J.::~:H: ~';~'" :'~~',., :,\~~'~"~:~~:~'., ~~.~1: i. '\ !.:~~:;5:: ;,\;:\'.:?;I."~;~I(},,", '{ J.. ' t'" f"~;1~r~ ,'; '. ~" "
CAPE COD
producls were found, Furthermore,
DCBA was found In two background
wells. upgradlent of treated areas. This
Is a mystery thai may never be solved.
Another mystery Is the frequent
detections of chlordane/heptachlor
epoxlde. (Technical chlordane Is a
mixture of chlordane. heptachlor and
related chemicals. Heptachlor epoxlde
Is the oxidized or weathered lorm of
heptachlor.) Fifteen to 20 years ago,
Conllnued on p. 38
flom p. 32
chlordane/heptachlor epoxlde came
close to or exceeded Its health advisory
level (HAL). Daconll was delected at
0.4 ppb, or 20 percent of tis HAL (2
ppb). All other pesticides were detected
at concentrations less than or equal to
6 percent of their HAL.
The two biggest surprises were the
occurrences of the most frequently
i~:...~;';, '~j;t~;.:J31~.amaw.\r,tQU(.tO@
Typical ShDllow Monitoring Well
Cern en I
The two biggest
surprises were
the occurrences of
the most frequently
detected chemicals.
'",," ,
- '$l,/iN:..'t::}I R h
'<<if!4ifN".'
PVC Ceslng
Dentonlle Plug
IIJtjl&.~kk-.It7/Hj)IqI.'J
Grout
{'..:.:.~:,:...::.:t-:""..."'=:i'.:SZ"'...5i7irk.;~\!,~:~\
detected chemicals. 2,4-Dlchloro-
benzoic acid (DCBA) Is not and never
has been a registered pesticide, as far
as we know. It Is possibly a breakdown
product of a manufacturing byproduct
of 2,3,6.trichlorobenzolc (TCBAI acid,
but that Is not a likely explanation
because neither TCBA nor its reduction
PVC Screen
Send Pack
PVC Bottom Plug
Groundwater Organic Analysis Resultu
Ana/yte MOL Bass R/ver Eeslwa,d Ho Fe/mouth Hyann/sport
, .
I I I , I I I , I , I I I ,
'M '" Oil g,IO ,. ,. "
fecllfUtAb1ltnr "" " IO.H1IJ .. InUll .. .. .. .. " IN~Om .. INIl-O,111 .. l~o.U61INI).1:nllon."IOJ
,. ,.
,- uu " .. .. IND-a:l&1 .. .. .. .. .. tHIl-OJll .. .. .. .. .. ..
,.
C/...... ,. " .. " .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. IHo.o..1] .. .. .. ..
010
","0 ,. .. .. " IH~1I1 .. " .. .. .. .. .. " .. .. ..
D.'. ,. U
fl."".... ,~ .. ,_D-<UII .. .. .. " .. (HIHGII .. IHD-O~J .. " .. ..' ..
,.
..- ,. .. .. .. " .. " IHIl-OOllI .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
t.Hlc~ '" I~ ,. I '" I. o,n ,. 0.11 0.11
M1fJriXAlj ,. IND-O,lIIIND-UI INI)OOlI IND-ml IHD-WIINHtlJ1ND-O,UIINHltJ .. .. .. " INI)0)51 .. INDO 111
,. ,. ,. '01
,-- I. .. IOOJO~J .. .. .. .. .. " .. .. .. .. " IND-O,IIII~UIIN~.l'l
0."
"""'" o.n .. .. .. .. .. " .. ., .. " .. IH[).j,11l .. .. .. ..
J.u.rl'lftb't '"
'....... 0,10 " .. " .. .. " .. " .. " .. " (nUll .. "
. All flluNlln~, Altr191 COllCtllIl&llon pn:rrldtd (ulumlng NO . " I.ltlU, IoIIOwIcl by W1~ In parenl,*n SrI.n DIMI UIIIylIl wll1 nmr lItltCltd,
l.lOL . llItlllOd dtltclloll nmll. D . IlIdgftlUnd WIll, T . 1" ..II,' . Illrw.., ..11, Q . QlMn ..II.
I HIQlltIIOCllACOftClnlllllOllllhouldblw1..tdqUllIIIUYll1onlt,IIM.III"."IClldltnculllll..'"'lpt~.nctdlnllltlnlll"lM1IpllnoltlUnd,Sub..q....nlcOftClnlflllonl.'"typlCalr11'IOWll,
'~'''~)\I....tt 34
\ ",,) ,1I-,
's,.' ,~_j I' \
\, f ,
Goff Course Management I Febrvary 1990
I~
"
;'1
\~""fl.
\~.~~...,' \:~d
{,':.-,... ../", ,:,- , ., .::t;' . ..',:,:;
I',. t.1" :t I "~..... ,1 , " . ,
I j' :1 '" I \ 'I ,,, ~ . . " , ; ~
..., , .'. . , ~'I' - "
'. '"",:,:" ,!: " "!f .. .. ,,--:.' ,t ~ '\ .... '
1""~I'l"~'91!..~ l;\~'.' '.'~t;f""I'':If:',~',I. ~~.,.: ~J~t'~~ (~f. \1' . , ~,~. ~ , ". i":"
~ ,.~t~~~:iJ.,\\~;~t~i~l';.-?rl";,tl-8tfl't.1r .l.~.:,:;"~' ~ }l:.\~I/~~"W':"'~:'lt"II~' .:'11 ~\~"',~' ,'^','J., IU,., ,).P l"r".
l.,~I"V:\...~:.Q'''''':''''';';''''~'~:'1\r:.~~z.~{.''''''~!~.'j:;,,'\.' '.' '::4'~,':' .. ",',':::"": "';"','\;1,,: ".\J~I,l'."..:;~
CAPE COD
',om p. 34
chlordane was used as a lurf Insecticide
for mole crickets (while grubs) and as
a herbicide. Records are Insufflcienl as
to whelher and how much chlordane
was used on Ihe golf courses in the
study. There are no indications of sig.
nlflcanllermitlclde use in Ihe area. The
real mystery Is how Ihe chlordane/
heplachlor epoxide reached Ihe
groundwater.
~!~'ft_:"["I,"""''''''''''~~
Technical chlordane
Is persistent, but
It Is also Immobile
and therefore not
likely to leach . . . .
~(.r,Jo.iff."Wli
Technical chlordane Is persistent. but
it Is also immobile and therefore not
likely to leach 10 groundwater In Ihe
aqueous phase. In facl, a special anal.
ysls was done that showed chlordane
was bound 10 aquifer or soil malerlals
In the suspended phase of Ihe ground. preferential now in Ihe bound phase
waler samples. This led us to speculate through macropores or vertical cross.
on Ihe most likely route for Ihe chlor. conlamlnation during well Installation.
dane 10 reach the aqUifer. The two most Macropores can be solution cavities.
likely possibilities seemed to be Conllnued on p. 40
Nltrale.N Groundwater Results *
0011 Course Well 1986 1987.1988 Overall
Averege Medlen Renge Average Medlen Range Average
Bass River
B 8.3& 8.00 5,60.12.0 8.78 7.00 5.60.7.50 8.Q2
T 2.21 1.30 0.20.7.00 0.52 0.50 0.1Q.1.00 1.03
F 3.98 4,00 1.30-6.50 8.18 8.00 4.40.10.00 4.18
0.3
0.2 1.27 1.25 0.10.3.21 4.65 4.60 0.10.9,00 2.79
Eastward Ho
B 0.10 0.10 0.10<).10 0.10 0.10 NO.c.l0 0.10
T 1.81 1.50 0.10.5.00 0.40 0.40 NO.c.80 0.99
F 11.90 13.00 0.10.20.0 4.10 3.20 1.80.10.0 8.68
0 11.28 9.00 2.60.30.0 3.03 3.00 1.40.5.00 6.31
Falmouth
B 0.10 , 0.10 0.10.c.l0 0.10 0.10 NO.c.l0 0.10
T 0,74 0.70 0.40.1.80 1.58 1.55 1.10.2.40 1.54
F Inot sampled) (2 sampies - 0.30 and 0.10)
0 2.52 1.50 0.40-6.50 1.40 0.85 0.50-6.00 2.44
Hyannlsport
B 0.11 0.10 0.10.0.20 0.10 0.10 NO.o.l0 0.10
T 2.25 2.20 0.80.3.00 1.78 1.50 1.00.4.80 2,24
F 3,46 3,60 0.60-6.00 3.63 2,60 1.40-6.50 3.24
0 7.82 7.50 4.00.10.20 4.36 4.20 1.40-6.50 5.82
* Aesulls In m911. Oeteclion IImll = 0.10 moll.
NO = nondelecllO.l values do rettect deleclions)
B = hackground well. T = lee well. G = green well.
38
Gnlf Course M,lnagement I Febru."y 1990
ISS~
I['('t'-I' . ;,',. '.;:, . ~ 1 '. '/~"" ' . :.~;
.' .," 'I' .,.,' ..'
'J .' ,,' _ ' t. . ..-
.,' '. .' ..' \. .
. -'._' " . I'''., ,.--;, l..~. . ~ " . ~.'~~
.'
':~J\l.Jr',;..:Su~:'lJii~~;:'l.~1.~' '~t" .~, ,~t ~~.l;'l~'::'l"ll.? '.H;''' ~f'I'''~o,;;; ,I ",:~ ,I, ~" '.:~, .11',.1'1' or-, ...', " ,
tnJ\~JhJ{'~:{~J.d\~.. ~l'" i!!;.l~!~\J;t1h'/~1t1.r~~jlr;(:t!F\.:':r;:\i";i:;/';i tf.;:/~"iV.' f':i ,;;)( ":', ,.." ':"'~
. \tl/ I </..;.C~ ~ \'~" "'~,ll:.:. ~..~,...g:r:r~::f,'i:..,....\:\' :'l,:,:}",:',:""l, fl.;<1.: i:.~lt:, {~~..; I .~) -.:: I, ". ' ,:,': ':,~,
CAPE COD
from p. 38
earthworm burrows. decayed root
channels and so on thai lie beneath Ihe
ground sur/ace. It has been demons-
raled Ihal waler and solutes can travel
rapidly downward through macropores
when Ihe surrounding soil is saturaled
after prolonged rainfall or Irrigation or
both. Macropore flow is of parlicular
concern 10 agricultural researchers
because olthe increasing use of conser-
valion tillage. whereby reduced Iilling
regimes allow the continued formation
of macropores. Therelore. macropore
flow Is one possible route of transport
of chlordane 10 groundwater, other fac-
tors being equal.
The original plan was 10 install
monitoring wells with a grout sealant
Groundwater
Vs.
Ground Water
One word or two? it's certainly not
the most pressing queslion concern-
Ing groundwater (or ground water),
but It Is an Issue that has drawn its
share of alienlion.
The author 01 this article Is a firm
believer In ground water and can
produce dozens 01 citallons In sup.
port o( making It two words, includ.
ing a number of dlcllonartes, techni.
cal glossarles, Journals and reports.
On the other hand, the style that
this magazine has followed lor three
years Is groundwater, and we're nol
alone in our spelling. Publications o(
various Institutes, other magazlnes
and Journals as weD as prtvate com.
panles make it one word.
Turning to the EPA (or an answer
falls to shed any addlllonallight on
the Issue, as the agency uses both
spellings In Its publications.
But for our purposes - because
magazine style Is based on the prln.
clple of consistency as an aid for
readers - groundwater will continue
to appear as one word.
-D.M.M.
\ '''''''','.,40
. . ," (' .
'oj ,
'.11 ."..' ...,j'\
Some spatial trends in peslicide ana.
lyses were noted as well. Moslllndlngs
of pesticides and relaled compounds In
groundwater centered on the greens
and tees. All eight green and tee wells
had at least one detection during the
study, whereas only three fairway wetls
and two background wells had delee-
lions. The difference Is even more
.. ..,,;,',:~~,!i~,':.";.",:.. .;:..,'; :':~;!.m:.~,,~ apparent when examining total
individual chemical detections for each
well. Using this approach. the follow.
Ing numbers are obtained: green wells
- 12 detections; tee wells - 12 detec-
lions; fairway wells - seven detections;
and background wells - two deteclions
(both were DCBA. the apparent herbl.
cide impurity).
Three conclusions can be drawn Irom
this assessment:
. Pesticides and related compounds
were lound In areas where pesticides
are more Intensively applied - the
greens and tees.
. Chemicals that may have leached
to groundwater under greens and tees
do not appear to have migrated exten-
sively to the other wells.
. The mystery compound - DCBA
- was the only organic chemical ever
detected In the background wells. This
suggests the posslblllly of an off.slle
source.
The nitrate resulls were encouraging.
Although the goll courses definitely
Increased nllrate concentrations In
groundwater at several locations, It
appeared that lower nitrate concentra.
tlons resulted when less N, slow. release
N - or both - was applied.,
The Falmouth course seemed to use
the highest proportion of slow. release
nitrogen fertil~elS, and It had the lowest
concentration 01 nltrate-N In ground-
water. The Eastward Ho! golf course
had the greatest nllrate-N groundwater
concentrations In 1986 and also lended
to apply more water-soluble nllrogen.
When nitrogen application was signifi-
cantly reduced In 1987, groundwater
concentrations of nitrate-N were also
significantly reduced. These trends
cannot be explained by the rainfall data.
The results Indicate that reasonable
Conllnued on p. 42
between the surface cemenl and Ihe
bentonite plug above the well screen.
However, Ihis was not done. Instead.
the well drliter followed the standard
practice al that time for that area by
using the native soli obtained during
drilling 10 backfill thai portion of the
annular space. Thus, If the soli con-
tained chlordane and If the Integrity of
DCBA was the only
organic chemical detected
in the background wells,
This suggests the
possibility of
an off.site source.
..:~--:'.'.
the bentonite plug was somehow com-
promised, contamination directly down
the borehole would be a distinct
possibility.
Both of these possible explanations
of the chlordane results should be con-
sidered In the context of the temporal
trends that were evident. Significant
declines occurred In the pesticide con.
centratlons between the first round of
sampling and the second round and
between the second and third rounds.
Between the Ilrst and second rounds of
sampling, 14 deteclions of chemicals in
wells declined, and six increased.
Between the second and third rounds,
10 detections of chemicals In wells
declined. and three Increased. In the
last round of sampling, only live wells
contained detectable pesltclde concen.
trallons. Chlordane was only detected
once - In Hyannlsport - In this final
round. These trends are consistent with
the possibility of cross.contaminalton
during welllnstallalton.
It Is my opinion that both the macro.
pore flow and cross-contamlnalton
phenomena contributed to the chlor.
dane results but that more of the detec.
tlons were due to cross-contamination
than macropore lIow from the sur/ace.
This Is another mystery that may never
be resolved conclusively,
"
Goll Course M.n.gementl February 1990
. /556
\.'~'''-.l .
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f' 't':"/' ' .' '/' '-/ I" ''7t- . ' .
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CAPE COD
from p, 40
changes In management practices can
minimize conlaminal/on in the golf
course environments Ihat were studied,
They are also generally conslslent with
some of the data and principles sum.
marlzed recently In an excellent review
article by Petrovic (Golf Course
Management, September 19891.
Broader Implications
If we examine the scientific data on
golf courses and groundwater. we find
It Is limited, but encouraging. I men.
Iioned earlier the findings of Dubie, et
al. (1978) regarding arsenic. Gold et al.
(1988) conducted an analogous turf
Iyslmeter study with 2,4-D and dlcamba
on 90 percent Kentucky bluegrass/lO
percent fescue plots, Dlcamba Is mobile
and persistent, and 2,4-D Is mobile but
nol perslsent. (Informalion on eslimat.
Ing groundwater contamlnallon poten.
Ital based on mobility and persistence
data can be found In Gustafson (1989)
and Cohen, et al. (19841). Gold et al.
studied leaching of these herbicides at
high and low application rates and low
and overwater Irrlgallon regimes. They
found that 0.4 percent of the 2.4-D was
lost In the root zone leachate - a worst.
case scenario for groundwater contaml.
nallon potenlial - generaling
0.55.0.87 ppb mean concentrallons.
w.!&t~~\."T.S.I.l''''''^'-'''''.V~~
If we examine the
scientific data on golf
courses, we find it
limited, but encouraging,
m-'l'~{f.\:1~,-:e:~~,~
One percent of the dlcamba was lost In
the leachate generallng 0.26.0.55 ppb
mean concentralions. The health advl.
sory levels for 2,4.D and dlcamba are
70 ppb and 200 ppb, respeclively.
Therefore. there would be no toxlco.
logic concerns for these leachates under
the condllions of this study.
The Florida Department of Environ.
mental Regulalion found EDB In
groundwater samples associated with
12 golf courses of 22 sampled. EDB Is
a mobile, perslstenl and toxic soil fuml.
gant nematicide that was banned by the
EPA in 1983. The range of concentra.
lions was 0.03.11.0 ppb. and the
health advisory level less than or equal
to 0.10 ppb. (These data are the sub.
ject of a court case.)
Niemczyk and Krueger (1987)
demonstrated that thatch Significantly
retarded the movement of isazophos
(Triumphlthrough Ohio turf. (We have
successfully calibrated the Peslicide
Root Zone Model with these data.1
Although other agricultural studies
demonstrate a similar low mass percent
of peslicides leaching through the root
zone. the work by Niemczyk demon.
strates an addllional barrier to leaching
found In only the thatch of turfgrass.
There Is also limited Informallon
available on turf runoff. Again, the
available tnformalton Is encouraging.
Continued on p. 44
One Superintendent's Observations
On The Cape Cod Study
When the Town of Yarmouth
sought to construct' a second
municipal golf course near well
fields, we were asked to show that
the course would not pollute the
town's drinking water: The town's
main concern was our proposed use
of fertiltzers and pesllcides on the
site.
Available studies were presented
to various town and county agen.
cles, but no Information was availa.
ble specifically for Cape Cod. The
available Informallon was generally
viewed as being Insufficient to prove
our case.
Ed Nash
Superintendent of Gotf Cours"
Town of V~rmoulh, Mass.
Realizing that many new golf
courses might never get built without
more locallnformallon, the Cape
Cod Turf Managers Assoclallon
agreed to participate In a ground.
water monitoring study of our golf
courses.
The EPA, Cape Cod Planning
and Economic Development Com.
mission and the stale pesllclde board
provided most of the funding for the
study. To get funding from these
groups, proposed projects need to
demonstrate "local Interest." The
newspapers provided us with plenty
of speculalive, negallve coverage so
we had no problem with that. Spe.
clalthanks should be given to my
golf commission at Bass River Golf
Course. superintendents Charlie
Passlos, CGCS, and Bob St.
Thomas of Hyannlsport GC, Brian
Cowan of Eastward Hol GC and
Bucky Hall of Falmouth GC.
Because of the way that the media
covered the early stages of the study,
we had more than one meellng to
decide whether we wanted to con.
IInue wllh the study.
Test wells were drilled on greens,
tees and fairways of the four old,
Continued on p. 44
42
GolI Cnurse Manasementl Febrvary 1990
./ss~
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. (
CAPE COD
{,om p. 42
Morton, et al. 119881 conducted a
Iysimeter and runoff study with nitrogen
fertilizers. Their Kentucky bluegrassl
fescue plots in Rhode Island had 2 per.
cent to 3 percent slope and sandy loam
soil on both irrigated and non. irrigated
test plots. Overland runoff occurred on
only two storm events during Ihe two
years of monitoring. One of these
events was generated by rainfall on
frozen ground with snow cover.
Our own calculations done accord.
Ing to standard Soil Conservation Servo
ice methods Indicates that runoff
volume from turf should be 0,1 percent
to 65 percent of the runoff volume from
corn, depending on the soillype and
.the rainfall Intensity.
Conclusion And Recommendallons
The limited data available on the
effecls of turf chemicals on water qual.
Ity are encouraging. The Cape Cod
study was done with one set of cheml.
cals in one type of hydrogeologic sel.
ting. More studies like ti are needed,
particularly at golf courses that use
nematicldes and are located In environ.
ments with shallow. fractured bedrock
aquifers or solution limestone.
It Is wrong to assume that most pes.
ticldes applied to golf courses will even.
OBSERVATION
from p. 42
sandy soiled gall courses. The Idea
was to see how much of the fertilizer
and pesticide we used might be
detected In groundwater directly
below where they were applied. This
would provide us with a worst.case
scenario from which we could decide
whether further studies were
needed.
To me, the mostlmportantlnfor.
mation that the study revealed was
that:
1. The average nitrate level
under fertilized areas of our
four courses Is be tier than the
.
'. ,.. .~ ..,,'. \. 44
\ (. ('.\,
'. ',. , . '"
tually show up In groundwater. but It Is
equally wrong to assume thai the
thatch. the dense plant system and the
bloactive root zone will answer all sur.
face water and groundwater quality
concerns.
~U~~}!Q.~:'::;'4,~[~~~W~"1~$.n.:.:
It Is wrong
to assume that
most pesticides applied
to golf courses
eventually show up
In groundwater.
S~~'.I.;!,"::"~~:''''.;rr:1a''~..''':r1~''''''2r.~~;;:C.
Golf course superlnlendenls and
others should be aware of the potential
risks of the chemicals they apply. As
always, they should consider the mobil.
ity, persistence and toxlcily of pesticides
applied to the golf course. Risk screen.
Ing exercises should be done. especially
for golf courses that could conceivably
threaten senslllve water supplies. 0
Reference.
Cohen. S.Z. IU.S, EPAI. F,b,uary 2B. 1984. Wril.
ten communlc"lIon 10 S. Blauner, Board 01 Heallh,
Town of Bu!wtlff. Brewster, Mllss.
Cohen. S,Z. TesUmony before the StOllte Commit.
lee on Environment & Public Works, "Hearing on Pu.
lIc1de lnun," June 10. 1988.
state drinking water standard.
2. The highest detection of
any currently registered pesti.
clde right under where il was
applied was less Ihan liS of
the material's health guidance
level. In most tests no detec.
tions were made at all.
The lown of Yarmouth. after
reviewing preliminary monilorlng
data from our sludy, allowed us to
build our new Bayberry Hills Golf
Course. We have a working ground.
water agreement wilh Ihe lawn that
limits and monilors amounts and
types of fertilizers and pesticides on
Cohen. S.l.. R.F. Canel, S.M. C,eegar. and C G.
Enlield. 1984. ~Potenrlallor Putlclde Contaminalion 01
Ground Water ~om Agricultural Uses:'ln flea/men! and
Disposal 0/ PellleJde WOlin. R.F. Krueger and J.N.
Slebelleds.l, pp. 2n325. American Chemical Soc!'
ery. Washington. D.C.
Cohen, S.l.. C. Elden. and M.N. lorber. 1986.
"Moniloling Ground Waler for PUllcldu," In Euoruo.
lion o/PeJllcfduln G'ound WOftl, W,V. Gainer, R.C.
Honeycull. lmd H,N. Nlgg leds.). pp, 170,196. Ameri,
Clln Chemical Society, Washlnglon. D.C.
Dubie, R.t., J,e. Thomas. and K.W. Brown. 1978,
~Arsenlc PoUulion horn Unde/drnln~e and Runolf from
Gol/ G/eens," Agron. J, 70: 71.74,
Gold, A.J" lG, Morton, W,M. Sullivan, and J.
McClory, 1988. ~lmhlng 01 2.4,0 and Dlcamba Irom
Home lawns." WartT, Afr and Soil Poll, v, 37, pp,
121.t29.
Gustafson. D. 1989. "Ground Waler Ubiquity Score:
A Simple Method lor Assenlng PesUclde leachability."
J. EnvilOn. Tax. Chern.. v. 8. pp. 339.357.
Hallbe/g. G.R. 1986. "OverJlew 01 Agricultural
Chemicals in Ground Waler:' Promdlngs o//he
Agriculrurol tmpodJ on Ground Walel - A Con/tltnce.
Omaha. Nebralka. Augusl 11.13. 1986: pp. 1.63.
Nallonal Waler Well Assoc., Dublin. Ohio.
MOrlan. T.G,: A,J. Gold, and W.M, Sullivan, 1988,
~Innuenee 01 Dverwatering and fertlllUltlon on NItrogen
LossfJ from Home Lawns," J, Environ. Qual., v. 17.
pp.12q.130.
Niemczyk. H,D. and R. Krue~r. 19B7. "Persllrence
and MobI~ly ollsazophes In Turfgrass Thatch and Soil. ~
J. Econ. EnlOmol.. v. 80141. pp. 950.952.
Petrovic, M. 19B9. "Goll Coune Managemenl and
NilralesIn GroundwalfT," GOI/Coufse Monagemen/. v.
S7(9), pp. 54.64,
U.S. [nvlronmtnla1 Protection Agency, 19B8b. MPes.
Ueldes In Ground Waler Dala Base 1988 Inle/lm
Report," Office 01 Pesticide Programs, Envbonmenlal
fale and Ground Waler Branch, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Geological SUrJey. 1985. "Nal!onaIWalet Sum.
mary 1984 - Hydrologic Events: Selecled Waler.
Quaflly Trends and Ground Waler Resources." USGS
Water Supply Paper 2275. pp, 93.015. U.5. Govern.
ment Prlntlng Offleel. Washington, D.C,
the site. Because we are near well
fields, we have 20 sampling sites that
are monitored by Ihe slale pesltclde
board. The course was opened In
1988 and to date the monitoring
resulls have been excellent.
Five other golf courses on Cape
Cod have gained approval for con.
structlon since we Initiated the sludy,
so Ilhlnk our work was Important
and worthwhile. I'm happy to see
that the use of fertilizers and pesti.
cldes on Cape Cod's golf courses
does nol pose any significant threat
to our municipal drinking waler sup.
plies, After all, I drink Ihe water, too.
GolI Cours, Manas,m,nll i55~
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Summary: Reference No.15
Penn State University Professor Thomas Watschke discusses
. what happens to pesticides in the soil, and potential mechanisms
of loss and adverse impact such as water contamination.
Degradation processes including photodegradation, chemical
conversion, and biological degradation break down the pesticides.
Soil adsorption holds the chemicals in place and reduces risk of
leaching or runoff. Runoff of chemicals from turf has been very
limited in controlled studies because the turf grasses prevent
soil erosion, and greatly reduce water runoff. Even under
extreme conditions, the amount of water that moves from sodded
sloped sites is very small. considering pesticide properties
such as soil adsorption and persistence can help the applicator
select products which pose the least environmental risk.
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The Environmental Fate Of Pesticides
A working knowledge of what happens to applied chemicals is essential
for sllperintendents to answer questions.
In this day and age. Ihe environ,
mental soundness of 0 golf course
is constantly being questioned.
Whether the course has been in e,is.
tence for decades or is simply being pro'
posed. concern over the use of fertilizers
and pesticides dominates much of the
public's allitude toward il. One.sided
mass media coverage of pesticide use
in gene,,1 has helped luel much 01 that
concern, Unfortunately. occosionol
instances of irresponsible abuses of pes.
ticides on golf courses and other turf
areas occur and only serve to fan the
flames of public outcry.
Fertilizer and pesticide use on golf
courses is necessary 10 provide a play.
ing surface that is adequate to satisfy the
requirements of the game. Proper
choice and use 01 fertilizers and pesti.
cides is lundamentalto sound manage.
ment str<1tegy <1nd provides the b<1ck.
bone to which other mainten<1nce
practices Me connected.
At the foc<11 point of lertillzers <1nd
pesticides is the gall course superinten.
dent. who m<1l<es the decisions con,
cerning their use. As <1 result. iI is
incumbent on superinlendcnts to be as
conversant <1nd IlIe"te <1bout lerllllzers
and pesticides as possible. Cenlralto
Ihe issue 01 pesticide IlIewcy Is having
<1 working knowledge of pesllcide f<1te,
Wllh this Imowledge. golf course
superintendents can appropriately
answer questions <1bout pesticides and
the environment, whether Ihe questions
Me posed by a golfer. a club ofllcial.
local clllzens or even members of the
media.
Common Perception
Mosl people assume that when fer'
tilizers and pesllcides me applied to golf
courses they ellher move off the sile in
runoff water or move downwMd wllh
percolaling waler unlil corning in con.
COrlllllllt'd on I' 22
18
I'~~'''''''' ,....- _......_..~... .
Tllo rlclmess and complexl/y ol/lle gall COUISO envlronmonl 010 manlleslod In many
dllleronl ways on ODell Indlv/dual COUlSe, An ulldelStandlng 011110 variablos Involved
can /lolp super/nlendonls worllo address members' and public concerns aboul
1110 ''''e 01 pesllcldos applied.
Golf Course M,ul.1Rt'lIll'nll fdJrlJ.lf)' IY90
/55'
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FATE
'rom p. 18
tact with groundwater. One or both of
these possible (ales may lake place;
however. several other posslbllilles also
exist.
What Can Happen
Alter Appllcallon
To use a chronolglcal approach to
discussing pesllclde fate. we will assume
that a pest has been Idenllfled and that
the appropriate pesllclde has been
chosen for the control of the pest.
Assuming that a properly calibrated
sprayer or spreader Is used and that no
drlfl or other off-site movement has
occurred, the Inlllal consequences of
having Introduced the pesllclde to the
site begins.
Adsorption. Adsorpllon Is the binding
oC a chemical to the surface of planls or
soil. This binding phenomenon Is
Influenced by a number o( factors: the
nature of the surface. moisture, pH and
the various physical and chemical
properties of the chemical that has been
applied. From a soil standpoint. Ihose
that are high In organic mailer or clay
tend to have Ihe highest adsorpllve
capacity. and coarse. sandy soils low In
organic mailer are less adsorpllve.
Adsorpllon Is crlllcally Important as
It Influences the other fate processes.
Any pesllclde that Is lightly adsorbed or
bound to the soil or organic mailer Is
less likely to volallllze. leach, be
degraded by microorganisms or even be
adsorbed by plants. Those chemicals
having properties that lend themselves
to strong adsorpllon have a very low
potenllal to move In surface water;
therefore. they pose IlIIle risk of poilu-
lion (rom runoff. Two such compounds
are pendlmethafln, a commonly used
pre-emergence herbicide for the control
o( summer annual grasses. and chlo-
ropyrlfos, a thatch acllve Insecllclde that
Is used for the control of chinch bugs
and other thatch-Inhablllng Insects.
Research at Pennsylvania State
University has shown that these Iwo
Processes Involved In Fate Of
Pesticides In The Environment
Adsorpllon
Pholo Docomposlllon
N
Runofl
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pesllcldes do not move In waler. either
off the site with runoff or down through
the profile of a silt loam soil. Even when
excessive amounts o( water were
applied. Ihese two pesllcldes were
never detected. even though the detec.
tabillty level was one part per billion.
Obviously. chemicals that are lightly
adsorbed do not threaten water
resources.
V%llI/zoflon. Volallllty - the state of
being volallle, or readily vaporized -
must be considered as a relallve term
because every substance Is volatile
under the right condlllons. Under
normal circumstances. however, mosl
things are not volallle, at least not at
detectable levels.
Regardless of whether a chemical Is
a solid or a liquid. It can change physi-
cal state at a given pressure. This pres.
sure Is referred to as vapor pressure,
which Is the point at which solids vapo.
rlze and liquids evaporate. Both solids
and liquids Increase vaportzallon as the
temperature Increases. Furthermore,
pesllcldes formulated as esters have a
much greater potenllal for volatility than
do amine formulallons. By adding side
chain molecules, however, low volallle
esler formula lions are available when
the need to use an ester formulallon
arises.
Pesllclde volatlilzallon also Increases
with high air movement and low rela-
live humidity and Is also favored by high
soil moisture content. The best way to
reduce potenllal volallllzallon losses Is
to use amine formula lions; never use
ester formula lions when temperatures
arc above 80 to 85 degrees and the
relallve humidity Is low.
Pholodecompos/llon Of Pesticides. Sun-
light transformallon can be a Significant
environmental fate (or pesllcldes, espe-
cially for those that are applied to the
surface of plants and soils, a pracllce
that Is quite common on goll courses.
The trans(ormallons broughl about by
Ihe exposure o( a pesllclde 10 sunlight
generally aller the chemical properties
of the pesllclde 10 the 'extent that II Is
less toxic and more susceptible (or (ur-
ther envlronmenlnl degradallon by
other chemical and microbial processes.
Any sunllght.lnduced translormallon
Conllnued on p, 24
GolI Cou,so MJn,semontl F.bru,ry 1990
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FATE
from p, 22
of a pesticide Is the result of a highly
complex set of responses to the absorp.
tion of radiation. When a pesliclde that
Is susceptible to sunlight degradation
absorbs radiation. an electronically
excited molecule is the result. Molecules
In such a state undergo various chemi.
cal and physical changes. Although all
chemicals can absorb radiation of suffi-
cient energy. sunlight wavelengths
cause degradation of a small number 01
pesticides. However. photodegradation
can be so significant that certain pesti-
cides are only effective when applied as
granular formulalions or when incorpo'
rated Into the soil.
Runoff. The movement of chemicals In
runoff water or In the sediment carried
by Ihe runoff is a common fate of cer.
taln peslicldes. Chemicals Ihat are
lightly bou~d to soil that Is eroded and
carried by runoff have a relalively high
pollution potenlial. On established golf
courses. movement 01 soil particles in
runoff is almost non-exlstenl. and the
amount of water that actually moves
from high quality (good stand density)
sites Is ex~emely small. Runoff research
at Penn State has shown that. even
under extreme conditions. the amount
of water that moves Irom sodded
sloped sites Is very small,
In agriculture. when soil erosion
caused by runoff from cullivated lields
treated with pesticides is thoughlto be
an environmental problem. the solulion
Is to plant grass buffer slrlps between the
trealed lields and any nearby body of
water. The grass buffer strip slows the
overland flow velocity of the water,
which allows the sediment (which con.
talns most of the offending pesliclde) to
settle out, and the infiltration of water
Increases - thereby decreasing total
runoff.
Applications of pesticides when soil
moisture conditions are high and heavy
rainfall is predicted can only serve to
substanlially raise the potenlial for Ihe
movement of peslicldes In runolf.
Sound management praclices dictate
that label recommendations always be
followed and that good common sense
be used.
Chemical Conuerslon. The hydrolysis
of chemicals Is another Important fate
24
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01 pesticides applied to land and water.
Most chemical conversions that resuh as
a specilic fale of a pesticide occur In
aquatic environments. Ho\Vever.
adsorplion.desorption processes that
take place in the soil can modify the
aqueous environment. Such processes
can have Significant effects on the rela-
tively simply hydrolysis reactions thai
occur In aqueous environ men Is. Little
research has been done to document
such effects. but the research that has
been conducted indicates thai the
hydrolysis of pesticides can be either
enhanced or reduced by the presence
of mineral or organic absorbing sur-
faces. As further research Is conducted.
the ability to predict hydrolysis rates In
lield situalions will continue to improve.
Absorpllon. The movement of pesti-
cides Into plants and. to a much lesser
extent, Into soil-borne organisms Is
referred to as absorption. Once
absorbed by plants. most peslicldes are
degraded. When the plant dies the
residue serves, in part. as an energy
source for the soil microbiological popu.
lation. In the case of most herbicides.
absorplion Is the key environmental fate
necessary for the peslicide to success-
fully control the pest. When weed con.
trol fails. one or more of the other pos-
sible peslicide fates has reduced the
available dosage of the herbicide to the
extenlthat control is not possible.
and promote the degradalion of applied
peslicldes, Those management prac.
tices Ihat promote good turfgrass
growth and compelitiveness are also
those that enhance microbial activity,
which Is no coincidence.
Removal From The Site
The physical removal of peslicides
from the appllcalion site Is Ihe IInal fate
we will discuss. On the gall course. the
most obvious source of this pesticide
fate Is the removal 01 clippings. When
treated planls are moved from Ihe site.
any pesticide residues that remain are
also removed.
Disposal of clippings on golf courses
is accomplished In a variety of \Vays.
Regardless of the disposal method. the
potenlial for pesticide residues to be
present on or in these clippings can be
significant. Litlle research has been
focused on the extent to which such
residues exist or whether their presence
could have negative environmental
consequences. However. it is known
that grass clippings Ihat contain recenlly
sprayed herbicides can negalively affect
sensitive plants if the clippings are used
as a mulch around such plants.
Goll course superintendents must be
aware of Ihe potential for the presence
of pesliclde residues on grass clippings,
particularly In an age when clippings are
being collected from more areas of the
goll course then ever before. Slorage
and disposal of clippings should be as
wellthoughl out as any other part of Ihe
overallturfgrass management program.
Because the primary means for the
degradation of most pesticides is
microbial activity, considerable empha-
sis should be placed on the potenlial
that composting of clippings offers as an
environmentally harmonious means for
disposal.
Biological Degradolion. Much of the
natural degradalion of pesticides occurs
because of the action 01 the microbio-
logical papulalion In the soil and thatch.
In fact. current research Into the genetic
engineering of microbes that atiack and
degrade specllic chemical groups Is
being aclively lunded by the Environ-
mental Proteclion Agency. Encourag.
ing results lead many scientists to think
that the ultimate solution to the chemi- Increasing your knowledge 01 pesti.
cal cleanup of loxlc waste dumps will clde fate In Ihe environment is only
be through the In~oduclion of microbial preparation for the next challenge -
populalions that use toxic substances for communicating that knowledge to
an energy source (food). others. The golf course superintendent
Environmental condlllons have a slg. Is often looked an as the turfgrass expert
nlficant effect on the activity of the soil In the community. Because the perva-
microbiological population. Warm, slve public attitude appears to be that
moist soil that is well.aerated and has golf courses contribute to the demise of
a pH range of 6.5 to 7.0 promotes the environment, ttls Incumbent on
microbial degradation. Obviously. turf. every golf course superintendent to be
grass management on goll courses can as enVironmentally conversant as pos-
significantly enhance biological aclivity sible. 0
Golf Caurs. AlJnJ8em.nt I F.bruary 1900
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summary: Reference ,No.16
Professor Richard cooper of the University of Massachusetts
discusses why turf grass pesticides are so rarely detected in
groundwater. The very dense plant growth of turfgrass intercepts
most of the applied pesticide before it reaches the soil surface.
The dense turf root system adsorbs and absorbs applied pesticides
which might penetrate the canopy and thatch. Thatch and
increased soil organic matter adsorb pesticides and speed
microbial degradation. Pesticides used on turf are not generally
highly mobile, highly toxic, or very persistent. Runoff from
well-managed turf is usually near zero. Professor Cooper
concludes: "The pesticide binding capacity of a turf is strongly
related to plant density, thatch develpment and rooting, which
are all improved through proper fertilization ,and pest
management. Rather than threatening environmental quality,
improved turf quality achieved through jUdicious use of
pesticides can protect the quality of water erninating from a golf
course compared to a poorly maintained course or other land
uses."
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Evaluating The Runoff
And Leaching Potential'
Of Turfgrass Pesticides
Richard J. Cooper
Univel~ily 01 ~1,lSS,1ChuSCl1s. Arnhclsl
"
.. H ordlya day goes by \Vithoul a
ne\Vs report concerning poilu.
n. lion of our air, waler or soil
resources, Reports of ground\Val" pol,
lulion are especially troubling \Vhen you
consider Ihal about half of Ihe country
relies on graund\Valer lor ils water
supply, and decontamlnalion of pol.
luled groundwater' is nol readily
accomplished.
Within Massachusells alone. 4\
Illunicipal \Vater supplies have
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The nature and composition of a turfgrass community make
a golf course far different from "bare soil" application sites,
11xperiellced chemIcal or bacterial con.
tamincltlon requiring closure or remedial
.,ction since 1960. Of Ihose supplies
Ihal have been closed. less than 30 per.
cellt are back on line. Conlalllination at
thrse siles was caused by pollulanls
sllch as gasoline. manufacluring sol.
vents. heilling fuL'1. road salt and
org.,nic solvenls Ihat were disposed 01
IInproperly 1\1 leasl 61 pnvale wells
have been contaminaled with agricul.
lural pesllCides, including alachlor.
aldicarb and elhylene dibromide. Com,
manly used turlgrass pesticides have
nol been found 10 Ihrealen waler sup.
plies wilhln ~lassachusells, a relalively
small slale Ihal has about 360 gall
lacililies,
Although lurfgrass pesticides have
nol been shown to pose an environ.
menial hazard, Ihe average person is
unfamiliM With turfgrass managemenl
and has a lendency 10 associale gall
course pesticides wilh Ihe chemicals Ihal
have been lound as environ menial con.
laminanls. Of course. pesticide applica.
lions 10 dense lurfgrass is 1M differenl
Irom traditional "bare soil" agricultural
applications and has no relalion 10 Ihe
olher commonly (ollnd contamlnanls
menlioned previously,
II Ihe layperson is to be educaled
aboullhe behavior o( pesticides applied
10 lurfgrass areas. he Or she musl first
undersland Ihe nature and composilion
CO'lfJllllf.'d on p 10
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RUNOFF
mination and a field survival o( 50 per.
cent. Cool. season species (Kentucky
bluegrass, fine fescues and perennial
ryegrassl commonly seeded for rough
- and perhaps lairway - turf result in
belween 1.000 to 1.200 plants per
square loot.
After seeding. turfgrass plan Is have
a great capacity 10 produce additional
planls (rom the one primary planllhal
develops from the original seed. This
process of lillering. as well as rhizome
or slolon production, enables a lurfgrass
{10m p 7
of a tur(grass communily. The (allow.
Ing overview is provided 10 summarize
Ihe nalure o( a lurfgrass communily as
well as recenl research results as Ihey
apply 10 the movement of turlgrass
pesticides,
The Nature And Composition
or A Turfgrass Community
Any analysis of Ihe pOlentlal for a
peslicide 10 leach to groundwater must
lake Inlo accounllhe amounl of applied ..
malerlal reaching the soil surface and
Ihe amounl Ihal in facl moves down
through the soil pasl Ihe rool system,
Thus. plant density. rooting and Ihalch
developmenl have a significanl e(fecl on
leaching potenlial.
Bentgrass is often eSlablished in Ihe
'norlhern United Slales on Ihose turf
areas Ihal are mosl inlensively managed
and thai receive Ihe mosl waler. I.e..
greens. lees and fairways. One pound
of benlgrass seed conlalns 6.25 million
seeds with benlgrass areas Iypically
seeded al rales ranging from 0.510 1.0
lb. 11.000 square (eel. Thus. you can
expect aboul1.400 10 2.800 planls per
square fool in Ihe field if you assume
98 percent seed purity. 90 percenl ger.
A moderate thatch
layer is useful in
tying up pestlcide
residues and preventlng
leaching in soil.
--.-
-~... ~-~.-
area 10 mainlain and actually increase
ils density over a period of years despite
the facllhal exisling plan Is are malur,
lng, senescing and dying because of
environmental slresses and pesls.
Although we Ihink of lur(grass as being
perennial in nalure. individual planls
are nollruly perennial and seldom live
more than aboul one year. The lurf.
....-..
stand as a whole is perennial only
because of ils ability to continuously
produce addilional plants Ihal grow and
mature 10 take the place of those thai
are dying, Given Ihe tremendous
capacity of lurfgrasses 10 multiply and
produce a dense pl.ml canopy (>
2.000 planls per square (0011. a soil
cover 01 plants is rapidly developed thai
is capable of intercepting and drastically
reducing Ihe amount of applied pesti,
cide available 10 reach the soil surface
and polentially leach.
Each of Ihe severallhousand plan Is
growing per square (oat o( turf develops
a rool syslem 10 provide for waler and
nulrienl uplake. As with shool develop.
menl and tillering. the rools o( lurf,
grasses are not long,lived perennials
and musl be replaced on a regular basis
10 mainlain Iheir function. Thus. In a
period of one 101100 years Ihere exisls
an exlensive and well.developed nel.
work of rools underlying healthy turl.
grass areas.
Rool systems underlying benlgrass
and Kenlucky bluegrass turf have been
observed 10 reach maximum deplhs of
12 and 48 inches respectively. with a
majority of the roo I system occurring
wilhin the lop 4 to 6 inches of soil.
Continued on p, 12
The high plenl density, Ihelch developmenl and ex/enslve rool systems 01 welt.meln/alned turf ere among the lactors Ihel
contribute 10 minimizing postle Ide leaching potenllel 0/ gait courses.
10
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Colt Cou". M.1n"g.m.nll r.bru,,,y t990
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RUNOFF
from p. JO
While rool development will vary with
soil texture. mowing height. fertility and
other factors. these estimates provide
an apprecialion for the extensive nature
of a typicalturfgrass root system.
Turfgrass root systems are quite
extensive and fibrous and are capable
of adsorbing and absorbing applied pes.
tlcides that might penetrate the canopy
and thatch and reach roots. Indeed.
numerous pesticides are formulated as
systemic materials designed to be
absorbed by plant roots. The prolific
rooting of heallhy turf helps to reduce
the vertical movement of applied
pesticides.
Thatch Development And
Organic Malter Accumulation.
The constant production and turn.
over of plants In a turfgrass communily
resulls In the accumulation of a large
quantily of leaf, stem and root tissue
Ihat awaits decay by microbes. In a
vigorously growing turf environmenl
such as a golf course the rate of Iissue
accumulation olten exceeds Ihe rate of
decay. resulllng in the development of
thatch. Thatch is de lined as a layer of
living and dead plant material that
accumulales between the zone of green
vegetation and the soil. A moderate
thatch layer Is uselulln tying up pestl.
cide residues and preventing their
leaching In soil. Thatch has also been
shown to encourage the degradation of
certain pesticides.
The eventual decay of leaves. stems.
roots and thatch Increases the organic
mailer content 01 underlying soil. This
Increase In soil organic mailer may aid
In binding pesticides and retarding their
movement to groundwater. The abilily
of a perennial grass stand to Improve
the structure and organic mailer content
of a soil is well known; Ihe soils of the
prairie states are a good example. The
organic mailer content of a native
minerai soil may average. depending
on the particular soil. 3 percent to 5 per.
cent. Even In cases where a pUlling
green Is constructed of 100 percent
sand. over a period 01 live to seven
~ .....:.:"1.... '\.
\1," ,,,~ ',,12
"I.,.
years the organic mailer content of the
upper layers of the green may Increase
to 6 percent to 8 percent as a result of
the organic mailer generated by the
growing turf.
In addilion to the tendency of the turf
system i1self to adsorb pesticides and
Iimil their vertical movement. other
processes interact to degrade or adsorb
pesticides applied to turf and thus
reduce their potenlialto leach. Depend.
Ing on the compound applied. avenues
Several studies have
demonstrated that a
weIl.malntained. dense
turf can reduce runoff
to near zero.
of dissipation Include:
· Gaseous losses (volatilization).
I Photodegredation by ullraviolet
light.
· Microbial decay.
I Hydrolysis Ibreakdown In water).
· Conversion to other compounds.
I Adsorption to soil In unavailable
forms.
EnvIronmental Impact
Of Pesticide Application
Concerns about possible adverse
effects of turfgrass pesticides on the
environment generally focus on paten.
tlal pesticide movement In runoff, or
groundwater contamination. Taking
into account the previous discussion
regarding tur(grass densily. rooilng and
thatch development, one might con.
c1ude that pesticide application to a
dense, well. rooted turfgrass area would
not be likely to resull in environmental
pollution. Indeed, numerous research
studies to date have shown this 10 be
the case.
Runoff. Several research studies
have demonstrated that a well.
maintained. dense turf area can reduce
runoff to near zero. This is due In large
part 10 the fact that a turfgrass area has
tremendous potential to absorb preclpl.
. .
talion. II has been estimated that a
150'acre golf course has the capacity 10
absorb 12 million gallons 01 water
during a heavy (3.inchl rainstorm. The
velocily of overland flow of water across
a dense lurfgrass stand Is sufficiently
slow that. under most condllions, the
vast majorily of water will inllllrate Into
the turf/thatch/soil profile before it can
move horizontally from a slle as runoff.
Studies conducted In Rhode Island
revealed that during a two. year period,
overland runoff from lawn.type turf 13
percent slope) occurred on only two
occasions. and both resulted from
unusual climatic condillons. In one
case, rainfall fell on snow.covered
frozen ground. and In the other case
extremely wet condillons preceded a
5.inch rainstorm that generated runoff.
In the laller case. depth of runoff was
less than 1/13 inch even though a total
of 10 Inches of rain fell wilhin one
week. Work In Pennsylvania deter.
mined thatlrrlgalion applied at a rate
of 6 inches per hour was necessary to
cause measurable runoff (rom sodded
slopes of 9 percenlto 14 percent over.
lying a clay soil. Runoff from natural
rainfall did not occur during the study
(1985.19881. In many areas of the
Northeast. storms generating rainfall of
even 4 Inches can be expected to occur
only once every live years. Because turf
areas have a great capacity to absorb
precipitation and prevent runofl. runoff
from golf course turf would not rou.
tlnely travel from fairways. greens or
tees Into adjacent non. target areas.
Leaching. Research concerning the
effect of pesticide application on
groundwater underlying turf areas has
Increased substanilally wilhln the past
five years. Most of this work has
focused on the fate of herbicides and
Insecticides. The fact that these
materials are In many cases Intended 10
reach soil and are more perslslent than
most fungicides makes them a greatear
concern for leaching than materials that
are targeted for above.ground pests.
Work In Ohio by Niemczyk et al. has
consistently shown thatturfgrass Insec.
tlcides normally penetrate no deeper
Conllnued on p. 14
Calf Course Man"gen"nI7.ss~
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RUNOFF ',om p, 12 mluated by Gold et al. following appli.
cation to Kentucky bluegrass growing
on a sandy loam soil. Both herbicides
than 1to Il/z inches into the soil pro, were applied at standard rates 12.4.0:
file. When commonly used turfgrass 1.0 Ib./acre: dicamba: 0,09 Ib./acrej
insecticides. Including bendiocarb. either during June alone or three times
chlorpyrifos, elhoprop. isalOfos and yearly during April. July and Septem-
isofenphos. were applied to a golf ber. In addition, duplicate treatments
course fairway. 98 percent to 99 per. were overwatered by applying 1/2 inch
cent of the residue remained in the of irrigation three times weekly regard.
thatch layer rather than leaching into less of rainfall. During the two.year
the soil below las determined one to study. 2.4.0 and dicamba concentra-
two weeks alter treatmentj, Residues in tions were less than 1 ppb in 80 per.
the upper inch of soil never exceeded cent and 91 percent respectively. of a
0.8 ppm during the 34.week sampling total of more than 350 samples. No
period, Indeed. one of the factors ham. Increase in soil concentrations were
pering soil.inhabiting insect control is detected during the second year.
the inability of turf insecticides to pene- Indicating that degradation of both her.
trate below the first few centimeters of bicides was sufficient to prevent
the soil profile. accumulation. Average concentrations
Research evaluting the vertical mobil. of 2.4.0 ranged from 0.55 to 0.87 ppb
ity of pre'emergent herbicides applied while dicamba averaged 0.26 to 0.55
to turfgrass has recently been reported ppb, Federal drinking water standards
by Krause and Niemczyk. When for 2.4.0 and dicamba are lOa ppb and
applied to thatched turf. 78 percent to 12.5 ppb. respectively.
100 percent of recovered residues of These researchers stated that the
pendimethalin. bensulide and oxadia- thatch/soil zone underlying Kentucky
zon were found in the thatch layer. bluegrass creates an aerobic zone high
When applied to thatch. free turf. 82 In organic mailer that enhances
percent to 99 percent of recovered microbial degradation and adsorption of
residues of those herbicides were the herbicides. They concluged that
localed in the upper inch of soil. Other "given the current water quality stan.
work evaluating the pre.emergence dards. routine applicailons of 2.4.0 and
herbicide pendlmethalin has shown If to" . dlcamba to home lawns do not appear
be relatively immobile and not'suscep,t. ,.10 threaten groundwater quality."
ible to leaching. , Evil:lence concernl.n~ 0.e Immobility
The mobility of the broad leaf herbi., of ..turf grass fungicides ,~nd ~.elqi~!.~~_s
cides 2.4-0 and dlcamba has been, has also come ftom'recenl groundwater
. . - .~....' 'I"~"',
fur/grass root syslams are capable a/adsorbing end absorbing applied pesllcldes
thaI might pene/ral. Ihe canopy and Ihalch.
\, ''', t,., 14
, ) 1\: .f~.,> ',.
sampling studies on Cape Cod. Mass..
golf courses. Four Cape Cod courses
were chosen for study because they
represented a "worst case scenario" for
leaching of pesticides and nutrients into
groundwater, All four courses were
located on highly permeable and sandy
soils. were more than 30 years old and
had a history of high pesticide use. In
addlllon. sampling wells were located
where the deplh to groundwater aver.
aged 28.5 feet and was as shallow as
5,3 feet below the surface In one case.
Cohen et al. reported that no cur-
rently registered turlgrass pesticides
were detected In toxicologically signifi-
cant concentrations. In addition. they
concluded that "use of turlgrass pesti.
cides by the four golf courses with vul.
nerable hydrogeology was found to
have minimal impact on groundwater
quality."
Conclusion
The potential environmental hazard
associated with most turlgrass pesilcides
appears to be minimal for several rea-
sons. The pesticides most frequently
used on golf courses are not generally
highly mobile. highly toxic or very per.
sistent. Those herbicides and Insecti.
cides that are intended to reach soil are
not usually applied more than once or
twice per year. In addillon. turfgrass
pesticides are normally applied in
extremely dilute solutions rather than
In concentrated forms. Processes such
as volatilization. photodegradation.
hydrolysis and microbial decay often act
to break down existing residues. And
ftnally. the dimse canopy of a well-
maintained golf course and highly
adsorptive thatch minimize runoff and
potential leaching.
The pesticide binding capaclly of' a
turf Is strongly related to plant denslly.
thatch development and rooting. which
are all Improved through proper fertili.
zation and pest management. Rather
than threatening environmental quallly.
Improved turf quallly achieved through
judicious use of pesticides can protect
the quality of water emanating Irom a
Conllnued on p. 16
Gall Course ,If,lnacem7E ~
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{~j:~!i.&t~}~~~i:;1~!~\\~x':N:;:~~ii;M~!:i~}.1~i(.)~~;(~~;';1M:;';\~:J~h;}J1ii~~j~:b:\;w~:~t?~tg!ii:;f~\)~1~~,Q~}~~:i.:~i~~~
RUNOFF
References
Br,mhollll, BE. .ll1d D J W~hnef PW) Tht' I~h'
01 rllMlllon ,lppli~d 10tlhlICh,'d lurl A5'011"1I1\' Jou,
'101/77101[0,1
Cohen. S l ,S ~lckt'l~n. H M~~I!~'.I' DUpl1l ~nd
Z 1\ S~OItJ 1090 A grQund....,~tcr momlanng ~lud~' far
pcsllcldes.J11dnUlllcnll,llSoclmd....'llhgo!fcoUllclon
CJpC Cod G,o[.lIduatl'1 MOMOll/lq Rt'l'lt'U; (In p't'~.
10 ,lPPt'M III Fcbru,w,' ~dlllon I
Gold. 1\ J. T G :,Iorlon. W M Sulh~~n. .\nd J
McClory 1988 l,'~chlnq of 2,4.0 ,md dIC,lmb,l hom
home I~\\.'nl WaW. All, and 5011 Pollullon
37121,12')
Hamson. 5 1\. T l W~rlchkl'. ,m..! G It.ll1l1hon
1989 Nulrienls ,md Pl'stlcldcsin runoff .md leach,'le
flOm IfIIg~ll'd IUlfgl,m Slles Ay,onom\, A~IIIOCl5 p
158
Kr,lUsc. ^ A . ~nd It D NlefJlCl~'k 1989 VertlCJl
mobll,lyolmpre.efl1Clgencehnblcldl:'s"ppllcdl01lff1.
grass Agronom~' AbltldCl$, p 160
Morlan. T G . ^ J Gold. .lna W ft.1 Sul1i~',lfI 1988
InOuencl'oloverw.llenng,mdlcrliliMtiononl1lliogen
losscs ham home 1.11111S Journol of Enul/Onmenlal Qual.
Ill'17:12.t.129
Niemczyk. H D 198711_ The ml1uence 01 appllcilllon
1imingandposl.t'e,'lmeutirng,11Ioflonlhefolleand~flec'
f,om pI,'
golf course compared to il poorl~J main"
lalned course or olher land uses,
While Ih~ evidence is sirong Ihat use
or lurfgrass peslicides does not appear
\0 Ihreillen groundwi'ller. one should
not take Ihis ('IS a license to apply pesti.
cidl!s excessively or wilhout due CJU'
lion, Cllllurol alld biological approaches
10 pesl conirol need 10 be more fully
inlegraled into golf course managemenl
plans IVilh on eye loward reducing pes.
IIcide applicallon, There Is lillle doubt
that golf course pesticide use could be
reduced subslonllally by employing
primarily curalive spray programs for
non.lelhol pesl problems and by
increased adherance 10 inlegraled pesl
managemenl practices,
11\ .'I1<'\S 01 Il,)fellpho\ ~nr eO!lllol 01 .J~p,'Ill'~I' bIo.'II.,
l.uv,lI' .n lul19r~u JOUlI1I111J1 [enomlC [momologl'
tin ,165470
NlernC1~'k H D ,uul,\ KI,IU\i' It.HN ()"'.lI,ld,lIIOI1
,1I1d mobihl'J 01 11Il~dlCldes appll~d 10 lIUfgl,\\!"!
A9'o'lom~' Abwoelj p Ib2
Nll'rllC:)-k. H D . 1-1 R Krut'iJ'!r. ,m!! K 0 L.l....1t.I:(~
1')77 Th,llCh IllnUellCn movem~nl 01 \nll.m~Cllc,d~s
Ohio Rt'(lOlt 2628
Spw,\1 l~glll~II~~ CmUl11IS\IOn ')0 W.llt'l 5'Jrply
19H6 C0l1101lmn,1lion III ~lullIClfMf W,Ih'1 Supphl's An
Inlemo ICpOll of Ihe ~p,'cl"ll,.~,\I,'hV" cnr!1!nl\~lnl1 on
\li~lel \upply 10 Ihe Cornrnon'...e~hh of M~lSolChll\,'HI
SI,\hnke, G K . r J Shl'<\. R C Slll',\fIn,lll. ,wI n N
Sloug,l.'ld, 1989 DllSIP,1110I\olp..ndiml'lh'lhnmK,'n.
luck~' blue9l<lU 11ISUt', th,\ICh, ,md SOil AglO'IDrJl\'
Abslrocu p 166
Slllhnke, GK. PJ She~, DR Tupy. ~Ild RC
She,urnM 1988 Movcnwnl and diSSlp,\lIon 01 pen.
dimt'lhillm In Kcnluck~' bluegr,m lUll A!lI!)nOIllI'
Abltrocl$ p. 156
\V,1bchke. T I. , 5 Il~nison. ,111<! G W llafl\lllon
1989 Does ferll!i1l!l/peslicide u~e on ~ goll COUrl\! plll
";~ICl resourccs in pl'lll? US G A G,ren Section
Record 27f31.5.8
Following e'lremely heavy rain loll. waler from areas ad/acenllo gol/ courses - especially bare, non.porous surfaces such
as roofs, slreels. driveways and paved paths - may be a IIkfier 50urce 01 runol/ in some locat/ons t/lan Ihe rainfall sUiking
turl ilreas 01 /lie course.
16
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Summary: Reference No.17
This article provides a historical perspective on concerns
about the impacts of turf pesticides and fertilizers on water
quality and describes a Penn State University study on pesticide
and nutrient runoff and leaching from highly managed turf.
Extreme irrigation rates (six inches per hour) had to be applied
to produce any water runoff from plots. Some pesticides were
never detected in runoff water or in water 3 feet beneath plots.
When chemicals were detected they were nearly always below
drinking water standards. The authors suggest that turfgrass may
be useful as a water treatment system: "The ability of this type
of vegetative community to allow water to infiltrate and promote
the metabolism of solutes suggests that it might possess the
ability to be employed as a water quality treatment medium."
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,-
Does Fertilizer/Pesticide Use
on a Golf Course
Put Water Resources in Peril?
by THOMAS L. WATSCHKE, SCOTT IIAIUlISON, and G. W.HAMII:I'ON
Professor of 'liuTgrass Science and Research Associates, respectively
NOT TOO LONG AGO, con.
struction of a golf course was
eousidcrcd 10 be au ceologi-
cally souud and practical use of land. It
orten prescrvcd green space in otherwise
Intensely developed sites, and provided
a recreational opportunity convenient
10 residents. Golf courses were an ex-
tremely popular aud environmentally
harmonious eomponeut of the snb-
urban/urban ecosystcm.
What has happened? Why arc golf
courses now considered by some to be
analogous to toxic waste dumps? Of
eoursc, the answer to these quesllons is
complex, and probably has more to do
with sociological and pSYChological
Issues than it docs with answers that can
be provided by turfgrass scientists and
their rescareh.
) lo\\'cvcr, significant research is being
conducted to address these conccrns.
Before discussing this rescarch, it would
be prudent to discuss some of the other
aspects of why golf courses have created
such environmental concern.
Ever since the book SilclIl Sl'rillg was
published, a pesticide eousciousness
has prevailed in this country that has Icd
, to important and ncccssary legislation
and regulation of pcsticide develop-
ment, salc, and lIse. However, as lhe
Environmental Protection Agency has
stiffened requirements for registration
of ncw compounds. required additioual
information for re-registration, and
identified various contaminated dump
sitcs. the various forms of news media
have consistently provided the public
with a one-dimeusional view of pest i-
0V
\
cidcs. From Timcs Beaclt to the apple
and alar scare, our mass media have
tended to sensationali1,e nny story
pertnining to pesticides. The death of a
navy man who had played golf at Army-
Navy Country Club wns allributed to
pesticide exposure (Daeonil). Where
wns the press when the case was tried
in court. and Daeonil exposure was
ruled out as a cause of death (eveu to
the sntisfnctiou of the widow)?
Such positive information about pes-
ticides is rarely seen by the public, if it
ever is. Unfortunately, the public de-
pends heavily on the uews media for its
dnily dose of edueatiou. Therefore,
opinions about issues are shaped by the
articles the public reads or the news
stories it sees aud hears. As loug ns
doom and gloom are perceived to be
Figure 1.
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what the public wants to know. the one-
sided presentation of informalion per-
taining to pesticides will continue.
The public's perccption of pesticide
use is shallow and for the most part
uneducated. Most people believc that
when a pesticide is applied 10 anything,
It either leaves the site in runoff or seeps
into the ground and contaminates
groundwater. They have no compre-
hension of ultra-violet light dcgrada-
tion, volatility, soil and organic mailer
allenuntioll, and microbial dcgrnda.
tion. The fate of a pesticide applied to
any sile is an extremely complex
arrangcment of possibilities that cannot
be explained in the simple terms that
serve as popular perceptions. Conse-
quently. for the past 111'0 decades,
almost any use of pesticides has been
perceived to cause a negallve impact on
all aspects of the environment. Dy asso-
ciation, golf courses, the former pro-
viders of green space and natural set-
ting, have been found 10 be on the hit
list of environmental groups.
Twenty years ago. Golfdol/lmaga7.ine
(Vol. 43, No.4) published an article en-
titled "Golf Resort of the Future." The
article quoted a National Golf Founda-
inn report that indicated 40 percent of
the new golf clubs under eoastruetion
were part of large real estate develop-
ments. This sounds familiar eveutoday,
with the country going through a golf
course construction boom. The articlc
discusscd our mobile society and the
need for planned communities. It men-
tioned lush,'rolling, clean, green reerea.
tional areas, surrounded by houses and
apartment buildings. Emphasis was
always placed on the open spaces aad
the importance of natural Sellings
within any development, Permilling such
projects and the likelihood of their
npproval by planning commissions,
zoning !Icaring boards, and olher
agencies was enhanced by the inclusion
of a golf course. Things have certainly
changed. A golf course in a develop'
ment plan today precipitates concerns
about fertilizer and pesticide usc, and
their impact on runoff and ground-
water.
111e golf course community hIlS always
bcen concerned about water quantity and
quality. In 19GB James Moncrief, Director
1f the Green Section's Southcrn Region,
,vrole aboul waler in the November
issue of the GItEEN SECTION RECORD. In
addition to hydrology Itnd Ihe prin-
ciples of applying water to land. he dis-
. cussed groundwaler and chemicals in
:>.";:II~)\~,~ler. lIis primary message deall
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with being certain of the quantilY and
qualily of available water before irri-
gation systems were inslalled.
lie was co accrued with the health of
the turf should it be irrigaled with water
of inferior quality. The concern today is
for whether or not whal is applied to the
turf unnecessarily degrades the quality
of the water emanaling from the golf
course.
Ironically, in the same GnEEN Suc-
TION REcoao issue (in fact, the next
article), Dr. A. Robert Mazur. Ihen an
agronomist with the USGA and now a
turfgrass specialist at Clemson Univer-
sity. published an article entitled "Thc
Fate of lIerbicides." The basic thrust of
the story dealt with those pesticide is-
sues discussed previously in this article.
Even earlier, in the July, 1964, issue
of TnE REcoaD, Dr. Marvin Ferguson,
then Mid-Continent Direclor of thc
Green Section, wrote "Pesticides -
Doon or Dane?" He credited Ihe use of
pcsticides for the great deal of progress
thai had been made in improving the
quality of golf courses, lie also men.
tioned the fears of some for the use of
pesticides. He concluded that all those
involved in the use or commercc of
pcsticides have an obligation to be
aware of the potential dangers inherent
in the materials thcy use. lie made the
point that all pesticides should be used
according to the instruct inns of the
manufacturer, stored safely, and handled
with a knowledge of possible erfects upon
plants, animals, and man. Ferguson's
article is just as appropriate and perti-
ncnttoday.
Most of today's superintendents are
wclltraincd and educated in pest man-
agement and peslicide use. Even so, il
is popularly assumed that pesticides are
overused on golf courses because of the
UintclIsivc manllgcl11cntll required to
provide high-quality pla)'ing coudltions
for an incrcasiugly dcmanding gomng
public.
Pest mauagcment on golf courses is
usually a fairly visible practice, and at
times requires sequential applicatinns
of chemicals nt specific intcrvals,
depending ou the pest.
Fertilizer use is also assumed to be rela-
tively high to maintain aesthetic quality
and n growth rate Ihat can accommo-
date wear. It is not surprising, thercfore,
Ihal some assume turf managemeut has
a high polentiallo eonlaminate water
supplies. It is obvious Ihat research is
needed on thc erfects nulrienls and
pesticides might hnve on runoff and
leachate.
The II'nter Qnnlity Itesearch I'rogram
all'enn Slale Unlversit)'
The facililies for this project are lo-
cated at the Laadseape Managemenl
Research Centcr near the main campus
of The Pennsylvaaia Slate Universil)'.
The site, located on a variable slope (9
to 14 percenl), was formerly used for
soil erosion research, and was allowed
10 return to a natural state for nearl)' 40
years before being renovated to accom-
modate this project. The soil is a
Hagerslown series, originating from
limestone residuum, and typical of the
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karst geology found in the Ridge and
Yalley province of central Pennsyl-,
vania. The surface soil was texturally
classified as clay (23 percent sand, 36
percent silt. 41 percent clay), based on
particle size analysis at the lime of tillage.
Renovation of the site took place
from 1982 to 1985 and included grad-
ing, installation of individual plot irri-
gation systems. installation of Iysi-
meters in the upper and lower portions
of the plot slopes. restoration of col-
Icction weirs, fabrication of flow moni-
tor and subsampling equipment. and
linkage of automatcd datalugging and
computer systems.
Surface preparation for turfgrass
establishment consisted of rototilling
(102nllll depth). stunc removal, rolling,
and leveling by hand raking,
Plots were 6.45m by 18.910 and were
separated by plastic edging material that
extended 102mm into the soil. Edging
was laid to eliminatc inter-plot surface
and ncar-surface movemeut of water or
applied chemicals, Each plot (Figurc I)
contained 21 pop-up sprinkler irriga-
tion heads calibrated to deliver water
at a uniform rate of 76mm/hr during
1985. In 1986, Ihe system was fitted with
nozzles calibrated to deliver 152mm/hr.
An opoxy-coated concrete weir was
positioned at the bottom of each slope
to intercept runoff water. The runoff
was directed through a galvanized steel
chute into a building that housed the
, I' ',flow-monitoring and subsampling
,~ ' '~
apparatus (Figure 2). Pan Iysimeter-type
subsurface sampling deviccs (Figure 3)
were installed 152mm below the soil
surface to capture percolating water,
The depth capacity of the samplers was
38mm.
The Iysimeters were construcled from
round, high.density polyethylene con.
tainers filled with 16mm diameter glass
marbles as ballast. A piece of polyester
geotextile material separating the glass
ballast from the overlying soil pre-
vented sediment from entering the
lysimeters. Polyethylene fittings at the
top and bottom of the containers fa-
cilitated venling and emptying the
samplers. Water samples were with.
drawn through a centrifugal pump.
Inside the building, waler from the
chute flowed through a polyethylene
splitting chamber (for subsample col-
lection) and into a partitioned galva-
nized steel tank. A length of eight-inch
corrugated PYC pipe was suspended
below the splitler to act as a barne to
minimize wave formation in the tank.
Water accumulating in the receiving
side of the tank flowed through a stan.
dard hydrologic Y.notch into the exil
chamber and was pumped to a storagel
disposal lank. A float and counter-
weight assembly was positioned in Ihe
receiving side of the partitioned tank
and was banded to a pulley allached to
a potentiometer. As Ihe float assembly
responded to changing waler levels in
the tank (a function of runoff flow rale),
.._....--_.._..~.... ,~,-----_.
Figurd.
it turned the potentiomeler and pro-
duced a voltage signal associated with
that water level and flow rate.
Thc vollage signal in each building
was read every 60 seconds by a micro-
processor-equipped datalogger in an
adjacent lab. The voltage signals were
converled inlo flow rates, and the data
were recorded on a bulk storage tape
drive, accessible by PC communication
software, The data collection system
could be activated manually, or auto-
matically by the detection of rainfall at
an adjacent weathcr station.
Runoffwaterforquality analyses was
subsampled continuously from the
splitting chamber over the course of any
runoff event. Water was transferred at
a rate of 16mll min to a liter high-
density polyethylene bottle.
Three turfgrass types were eslab-
Iished in late June of 1985. The three
experimental treatments (establishment
method) were: I) a seed mixture con-
sisting of 25 perccnt Merit Kentucky
bluegrass, 25 percent Julia Kcntueky
bluegrass, 20 percenl Shadow chewings
fescue, and 30 percent Citation peren-
nial ryegrass; 2) a contractor's secd mix-
ture cuntaining 60 percent annual rye-
grnss, 20 pcrcent common Kentucky
bluegrass, and 20 percent creeping rcd
fescue: and 3) a three-year-old Penn.
sylvania Certified 100 percent Kentucky
bluegrass sod grown from the following
sced mixture: Adelphi (25 pcrcent),
Baron (25 percent). Fylking ~~er-
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:ent), and Nassau (25 percent). All
treatments received a complete fertilizer
(according to soil test recommendation)
at planting. Soil pH was 7.0 and no lime
was applied.
Plots were mowed weekly to a height
of approximately two inches (clippings
removed) during the growing season.
Irrigation was not employed as a rou-
tine maintenance practice. however
scheduled irrigations were used to pro-
duce runoff and leachate samples.
Mechanical cultivation techniques such
as core aeration, slicing, or spiking were
not used.
Pesticidcs included in the study were
pcndimethaJin, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, dicamba,
and dursban. Beginning in 1986, plots
were treated with pesticides and fertiUzcrs
four limes annually as follows:
Spring - Pendimethalin for pre-
emergence control of annual grassy
weeds, plus a complete, soluble fertilizer.
Early summer - 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, and
dicamba for postemergence control of
broad leaf weeds, plus urea fertilizer.
Late summer - 2,4-D, 2,4.DP, and
dicamba plus chlorpyrifos for the con-
trol of insect pest species, plus urea.
Fall - 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, and dicamba
plus urea. '
Irrigalions were conducled approxi-
b mately one week before and two days
after each chemical application in order
to produce runoff and leachate samples
for analyses of pesticide and nutrient
concentrations. Duration was typically
90 minutes for pre-application events
and 60 minutes for post-application
events. In addition, all natural precipi-
tation events were monitored for the
occurrence of runoff and percolate.
Water samples were collected imme-
diately following precipitation or irri-
gation events for subsequent processing
and storage.
Turfgrass quality parameters (color,
cover, weeds, and overall qualily) were
visually estimated periodically through-
out the growing season to document the
development of the turfgrass, and to
determine whether stand quality was re-
lated to overland now. Total vegetative
cover was determincd as a percent of the
total arca covercd by vegetation (as
opposed to stand density counls), and
renects the amount of exposed soil asso-
ciated with each treatment. Weeds were
also assessed as a percent of the lolal
, area covered by weed species (not as a
. perccnt of the total vegctative complex).
Runoff was much lower than antici-
pated regardless of establishment
method. Runofrrrom sodded slopes was
'\:r '(\ \~~ low that from 1985 to 1986 the irri-
" '.' '. -I' USGA GREEN SECTION RECORD
gat ion syslem had to be redesigned to
deliver six inches per hour instead of
three inches per hour. This change was
required to develop hydrographs and
provide subsamples for nutrient and
pesticide analyscs. The likelihood of six
inches of natural precipitation occur-
ring in central Pennsylvania is ex-
Iremely remote. In addition, this
simulated storm was imposed 48 hours
after the application of fertilizer and
peslicides.
Three years after establishment,
slopes that were sodded still had sig-
nificantly less runoff than those that
were seeded. When infillration rates
were measured, sodded slopes had sig-
nificantly higher rates than those that
were seeded, It was concluded that sod-
ding~ as an est~blishment technique,
provided protection for thc surface soil
structure. Rainfall and irrigation that
fell on the site during establishment
compactcd the surface of sccdcd slopes,
and this cffect has pcrsisted throughout
the study. Certainly, other factors (stand
density, Ihatch, species differences, etc.)
contributed to the runoff differences.
The cffect of nutrient and pesticide
transport in water is largely a function
of ambient concentralions of these
potential contaminants and thc sensi-
tivity of non-target species. Thesc data
provide evidence of the relative trans-
port pOlential of eight nutrients and
peslicides, and should also be useful in
predicting transport properties of chemi-
cally similar substances. This research
did not define the interaction of each
compound with the various environ-
mental faclors that affectthc eventual
fate of a given material. The rates of
transport of thc nutrients and pesticides
examined in this study were very low,
however, especially considering the
amount of irrigation used to produce
runoff. In addition, the transport cal-
culations were based on concentrations
determined for the treated site,
As a point of reference, U.S. Public
Health Administration drinking water
standards and measured concentration
frequency data arc shown in Table I.
The dilution effect of runoff occurring
from impervious areas in actual water-
shed circumstances was not considered.
Actual stormwater outfall concentra-
tions of these pesticides and nutrients
would be significantly less than the
levels found in this study. II should be
noted also that in almost all cases where
pesticides were detected, the levels were
lower than what is allowed in drinking
water.
.
. \,
Conclusion
To the degree that the site employed
for this project is representative of other
turfgrass sites in central Pennsylvania
the impact of well-managed turfgras;
?n water quality appcars to be positive
m nature, based on the hydrologic
characteristics of all three cover types
and establishment methods studied.
The results indicate that dense high-
quality lurfgrass stands, regardless of
establishment mcthod. affect the over-
land now proccss to such a degree that
runoffis insignificant. The ability of this
Iype of vegctative community to allow
water to infiltrate and promote the
metabolism of solutes suggests it might
possess the ability to be employed as a
water quality treatment medium.
Establishment and maintenance of
turfgr3ss of high quality is not realizcd
without management inputs, which in-
~Iu~e quality construction techniques,
!Imlte~ use, and cultural requirements,
mcludmg nutrient and pest manage-
ment. Levels of management inputs re-
quired to produce the turf quality neces-
sary for positive water quality impacts
have not been determined. The range of
uses and existing conditions for already
established sites illustrates the com-
plexity of the siluation.
II is probably safe to assume, though,
that many poor-quality turfgrass areas
are not recipients of sound, professional
management. Although these sites may
not exhibit the infiltration capacity of
high-quality turf, nutrients and pesti-
cides are less likely to have been used
on them.
Last, much of the highly managed
turfgrass in the United States is main-
tained in regions of varying degrees of
urbanization, Considering the magni-
tude of runoff contributed by impervi-
ous surfaces, and the fact that treated
turfgrass acres in Ihose watersheds con.
stitute only a porlion of the pervious
fraction of the landscape, dilution of
low-level spikes of nutrienls and pesli-
cides would certainly occur. Acceptable
background levels of these materials in
surface water have nol been deter-
mined. It is likely, however, that their
concentrations in storm water and im-
p.et on receiving bodies of water would
be considerably less than other urban
pollutants not associated with well-
managed turfgrass areas.
17lis research projecl wasfilllded in parI
by: U.S. Geological SlIrvey, College of
Agrlcllllllrel Penn Slale Unlversi/y. and
Pennsylvania Tilr/grass COllncil.
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summary: Reference No.l8
This is a news report of a Massachusetts Superior Court
judge's decision to strike down a city lawn chemical ordinance,
stating that the regulations were unenforceable and were
"inconsistent with the detailed comprehensive state plan already
in existence". The ordinance conflicted with state regulations
in signage and reporting requirements, Judge William Carey
stated, lithe court determined that one of the identifiable
statutory purposes of the Massachusetts Pesticide Control Act is
the creation of centralized regulation of pesticide use...! find
that Mansfield's regulation works to defeat that purpose,lI
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r'-;--~-- i'lAY-l,j-'92 THU 06:58 ID:PROF LAWH CARE ASSOr. TEL NO:;:'
': ' MAY 13 '92 06: 16PN NPCA GOVT AffAIRS D~fT
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Judge mows down '
Mansfield's rules' '.
State law preempts lawn reaulatlons
ITIA'i.l~DAk!l.TlYLDR IhI ;~mlelll UMd, T\l!tI!'llI :
l\IN OHllOM~II"" ' Itqwrtd II hold IplU ~Ylnllgn ,
llI'llblo~lIi"JtIIUril\L .
MANsrJr~D _ A IUp',I" emy's ~IIIOI\ In "llIltlVll
.ClIlI~ llio1l1 hll /\lIed iNl ~... 5<JpI~I' ClIlI~ wu lor I wnunl'
r.lll ltIullllIW IdOlIld by 1M "ju;gmtn' lhal /IlIk1l polIibll.
bOIrd 01 i111\lh m." I"'" I yw \hi ~ompl dl~1I0n II ,om...
110 lit uwiot.ubll, Ylrllu on \hII, mlrill wiihoul ·
IUIII WIUIIII\ Cllty rri4l1 ~III.
J'li114 Ihl 10wn'I ~mplllnl lnilllJIl4!lI1ln\,CutrIIlHillI
IIIln~ Cb<mllwn. TIIII GllIn. M"..hulI \I PIIII;ldl Con".1
'l\icklllOO 1M \hiLA'" CIlI C4. Aol. whllh IIn ,,"/IIpl IIul
IO! ,10111111I \lit IlullUon, "..II ",oul.lIon 1111 !llWl1U " Idlll'
III ~lJI\llIId. unlOIl MPCA p<jrpolO. .
'Il>I IIIUlllll1\l lIIIulre ",III. ..... 'nt, IO<I~ 61u/I1Ilntd 11111
oldllpplllllO'IICPlllpro",rtlU on. 0' \lit IdlnUnlbll.IUIU~1l'
willll IlllllcldO. hill bitn u~ ,U!?lNI of \hi MPCA ~ Ill.
1'11'1 III rool wllh l.by.II.lnch ertlllon,'cta\rlUu>d "Iullll"
pink Illnlld<"lIfylnllhl ehOml' 01 IIllIold' IIIol ", 111,1 \h.t
,olil, NIM'111d'1 l'I,lllIon ."klll
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:101I10 "111111 ",llh 1M IIolllh
IIIINlnlprvvidllnlol1l\llionon
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~LAWN: Jud.ge'kno'cks out
Mansflelq sign requirement
'ftOM pm II nil rtIl~11 iha pIllIOldlllhal.1I
"11ll Manllllld Illn /tIl~rf' III01i.WtllthlflOU\IlllomUl
/IIlnl dlrtoll1 ..nnl;~ wllll ihI IIIIOrmlllon IV~llblo ~ !hi I>I~
11111111' /lquIMlnl," hi 110. .
wr~', \\1l1l1 homIO'~I" hnlnl.ar~
"To ,Uow lI;h ~il1I II pllr "~"~ on \holt yarOI mlY bo pr<r
IhoJl own VlrIlO, .1111 Ihll~II'1 ~Ied \hi In(oNOlIIOn II1IY nlld
II ~ dll,\I tho cleal /Mill" 011 on \hi h1111d1 oI1h1 ,11I/11101l1
Iln,11 unllarm llan," ~I"I 1lIOd. 1hI~ OIlahboU III
ClrtY 1111 loOk IuUl Mlh locll nil. no IIld. .
rejhlrallon 1M IIIri pIlUoldl "d Choml.", "",,,,,,,mjJ\ Dttooo
pllnllollllllor nUn.., whlol1 hi /lh 6lrv/Vllllcr IIld 111I111411
IIld "lIl1ulrt Ihr IUbmllllOn II "u/b!ld ..., ""VI boOn arlVlnl
dlll'~nllnl'rmlllon W~llh II In' 11\ 110>18 and ..'n plc",d IhI
conllllent "Uh lhl dlllllad 10m' owrl JI\Idr \hllllllllan,"
pllnlnlli\ 1\111 plM IllOIdy ~ IilIOhmllllllldlhllllUloUOnl
OlllltnCl.' ha..h111111l1,"~lan\lll 'qm'
"ulill baud QIIlnnln "tnll' plnll' ru.
^u~ln j"Unld ~llVIIInl. nliln_ Gltln lD4u~1'I "o\ll\clllJlOk"'
Ihllll'l tIlInl would /IIOlltoollnl woman 1"oY1IIl 31l1Olil11, ho....".
andd!stUlllhIlIIllnl, 'I,IIldllil,oollmuI'1I00l
I Town lllnlll! Wlllllm WII, JI\Idl II ""t'! dUnClllllor oamP"
IIlml 1111 ilIal w\lIll hi WU 1\1II ~rIU", 10 Mwlll~ \0
dlllPytillid I' !hi d,c\si". hi com'IY 1lOIlI OiIiIIlho 1lI\O lI\d
.'un'IIU'I'riIcd lhoul\hlllln \OO~ IWI.':
Nllnl' it< oddtillOml comwlll c~
"I i11lnk ~1'd !IIV'I bolli' 'oil. Ifll~ IIIM""I'ld 1ol11'OIIJIIU
I.r Ip,"1 OIl \IIf "lu~lIo.., but 1M '. num\lct II Mmpanlll
I .lIklf elll u ij \1'11111I111," oholl 1101 \0 "rk ~ MIns/IIII,"
1\11111,' 'Il>IGrtI11lii1I11I1'1Coun;U Itr
In 11110111 prlnlld Il'lr \Ill plll rtHnll ",I otJy 11\\11 el~ oMIpI'
,III, hulill Il'nl koll LeU, nlll bill ttbOr~~, numrios. p(1Il
..,~Intd 1I~ locll "f1I~11CaI d~ ;,,1101 oompll'JClI"I;lho/I,
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Summary: Reference No.19
This document supported the motion for Summary Judgement in
the Mansfield, Massachusetts lawn chemical ordinance case. Legal
precedents are described where previous local regulations were
struck down due to conflicts with existing state regulations.
Judge William Carey concluded that the Mansfield regulations
were, in fact, unenforceable and inconsistent with state
regulations and struck down the Mansfield ordinance (See
Reference No.IS).
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HI:\CKLEY, ALLEN, SNYDER & COlVlEN-----------
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Attorneys at Law
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Mr. Edwin McGuire
THE LAWN COMPANY
P,O, Box E
South Dennis, MA 02660
Robert Von Gruben, Esq,
General Counsel
TRU'GREEN CORPORATION
1111 Alderman Drive
Building 200, Suite 275
Alpharetta, GA 30202
Ms, Forrester Potter
Manager, Legislative Affairs
, CHEMLAWN SERVICES CORPORATION
8275 North High Street
Columbus, OH 43235-1499
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P;lOVI:>:t~CE. "~::lE '5~M;: :29a~
'0127'.1000
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FAX 401 277.P60G
G.rald J. Petros
March 6, 1992
Mr, Michael Gallogly
TUCKAHOE LAWN CARE, INC.
P,O. Box H
Canton, MA 02021
Mr. Andrew Coulter
Ecolab, Inc.
Ecolab Center
9th Floor, Law Department
St. Paul, MN 55102
Joseph D. Lonardo, Esq.
VORYS, SATER, SEYMOUR & PEASE
52 East Gay Street
P,O. Box 1008
Columbus, OH 43216-1008
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Re: Board of Health of the Town of Mansfield v. Chemlawn
Services Corporation, Tru Green corporation, Tuckahoe
Lawn Care, Inc, and The Lawn Co., Inc,
Dear Ms. potter and Messrs. McGuire, Gallogly,
Von Gruben, coulter and Lonardo:
I enclose a copy of our Reply Memorandum in support of our
motion for summary judgment. If you have any questions or
, comments, please call,
GNE FINANCIAL CENTER: BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 021l102615 ~ 611345.9000: FAX: 611 345.9010
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Enclosures
bee:
Robert M, Duffy, Esq.
Very truly yours,
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Gera~'J. Petros
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COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
BRISTOL, SS.
SUPERIOR COURT
CIVIL ACTION NO. 91-01581
BOARD OF HEALTH OF THE TOWN
OF MANSFIELD
VS.
CHEMLAWN SERVICES CORPORATION,
TRU GREEN CORPORATION, TUCKAHOE
LAWN CARE, INC. and THE LAWN
CO., INC.
MEMORANDUM OF DEFENDANTS CHEMLAWN SERVICES CORPORATION,
TRU GREEN CORPORATION. TUCKAHOE LAWN CARE. INC. AND
THE LAWN CO.. IN SUPPORT OF THEIR MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Defendants Chemlawn Services Corporation ("Chemlawn"), Tru
Green Corporation, ("Tru Green"), Tuckahoe Lawn Care, Inc.
("Tuckahoe") and The Lawn Co., Inc. ("Lawn Co.") submit this
Memorandum in support of their Motion for Summary Judgment.
INTRODUCTION
On February 7, 1991, plaintiff Board of Health of the Town of
Mansfield ("Mansfield") adopted a local regulation of "turf care
and plant regulated applicators" (the "Mansfield Pesticide
Regulations"). Mansfield Pesticide Regulations attached hereto
as Exhibit A. The Mansfield Pesticide Regulations seek to impose
conditions on the use of pesticides in Mansfield which are
inconsistent with and go beyond those established by the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which has enacted comprehensive
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regulations on the precise issues implicated by the Mansfield
Pesticide Regulations.
On August 5, 1991 Mansfield filed this action seeking to
enforce by temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction
the Mansfield Pesticide Regulations, This Court denied
Mansfield's Motion in a comprehensive opinion and found that the
"Mansfield Pesticide Regulation is in conflict with the State
Pesticide Regulations", "imposes an additional layer of
conditions in areas regulated by the State and may be
inconsistent with the State and interfere with State interests."
Memorandum of Decision and Order on plaintiff's Motion for a
Preliminary Injunction at p. 5 ("Memorandum and Order").
Memorandum and Order attached hereto as ExhibitJ;!.'For the
reasons set forth below, and for the same reasons this Court
denied plaintiff's motion for preliminary relief, defendants are
entitled to summary judgment on all of plaintiff's claims.
UNDISPUTED MATERIAL FACTS
Massachusetts has legislated a complete and comprehensive
regulatory scheme to regulate the use of pesticides in the
Commonwealth. ~ the Massachusetts Pesticide Control Act (the
"Act" or "MPCA") M.G.L. ch. 132B, $1-15; 333 CMR 1.00, m;.~.
(the "State Pesticide Regulations"). (Attached hereto as
Exhibits 1 and 2). The Act and State Pesticide Regulations are
over 100 pages long, address virtually every facet of pesticide
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control including, inter alia, establishing a pesticide board and
a pesticide board subcommittee; appointing a director; listing
prohibited distributions and activities; defining, describing
registering and regulating pesticides and herbicides; providing
an extensive registration and licensing process; establishing
guidelines for certifications and the issuance, suspension or
revocation of licenses; establishing procedures for public access
to all information concerning pesticides; providing for an
adjudicatory hearing process; and establishing penalties for
violations and noncompliance.
Apparently dissatisfied with the extensive state regulation
of pesticides, Mansfield has enacted and attempted to enforce the
Mansfield Pesticide Regulations which impose greater and
different restrictions on the use of pesticides and pesticide
applicators than those imposed under the Act and the State
pesticide Regulations. For example, the Mansfield Pesticide
Regulations conflict directly with the State Pesticide
Regulations with regard to their respective requirements
concerning the posting of signs. The Mansfield Pesticide
Regulations also require inconsistent and duplicative
registration of pesticides, use of Material Safety Data Sheets
( "MSDS") sheets and packing labels. 'Moreover, the Mansfield
Pesticide Regulations seek to add a layer of local regulation in
the area of licensing and certification of commercial applicators
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of pesticides as well as response procedures in the event of
spills.
On August 5, 1991 Mansfield filed this action seeking
injunctive relief and damages and moved to enjoin defendants from
"violating" the Mansfield Pesticide Regulations. This Court,
denied Mansfield's Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and held
that:
The Mansfield Pesticide Regulation is in
conflict with the State Pesticide Regulations
by requiring an entirely different sign in
terms of information, size, color, printing
and location. The Mansfield Sign Regulation
frustrates the purpose of having standard
signs as required by state law, since state
signs are uniform and recognizable by the
public.
Memorandum and Order at p. 5. The Court further stated:
An additional layer of regulation imposed by
Mansfield requires the registration of
pesticides and packing labels, The State
Pesticide Regulations establish standards,
requirements and procedures for the
registration of all pesticide products. The
Mansfield Pesticide Regulation establishes
another layer of regulation and new conditions
concerning these areas already regulated by
the State,
The State Pesticide Regulations established
procedures for . . . licensing and
certification . . , and sets forth the
procedures in the event of spills. Mansfield
also seeks to add another layer of local
regulation. It also seeks an additional
registration fee in its application.
BaSically, the Mansfield Pesticide Regulation
imposes an additional layer of conditions in
areas regulated by the State and may be
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inconsistent with the State and interfere with
State interests.
Memorandum and Order at p. 5.
Defendants now move for summary judgment on all of Mansfield's
claims because the Mansfield Pesticide Regulations are preempted
by state law and are unenforceable.
ARGUMENT
Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no disputed
issues of material fact and defendants are entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Mass.R.Civ.Proc. 56(c); Anderson v. Libertv
Lobbv. Inc., 477 U.S. 242 (1986). The purpose of summary
judgment is to avoid delay and expense of trial where there is no
genuine issue of fact. Kessler v. Pritchard, 362 Mass. 132,
(1972); Albre Marble & Tile Co, v, John Blower Co.. Inc., 338
Mass 394, 397 (1959). For purposes of this Motion, defendants
accept as true the allegations made in plaintiff's Complaint..
Thus" emly the legal issue whether the Mansfield Pesticide
Regulations are preempted by state law because they conflict and
are inconsistent with the Massachusetts Pesticide Control Act and
State Pesticide Regulations remains to be resolved.
The Mansfield Pesticide Reoulation are Inconsistent with
Massachusetts Comprehensive Reoulatorv Scheme.
The Mansfield Pesticide Regulations are invalid and
unenforceable because they are inconsistent with the
comprehensive state regulations in place for more than a decade.
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See Town of Wendell v. Attorney General, 394 Mass, 518, 476
N.E.2d 585 (1985), See also Pesticide Public Policy Foundation
v, Villaqe of Wauconda, Illinois, 622 F.Supp. 423 (N.D.IIl. 1985)
(Illinois Pesticide Act and Illinois Structural Pest Control Act
preempts local regulation of pesticides); TOWTlof Salisbury v.
New Enqland Power Company, 121 N.H. 983, 437 A.2d 281 (1981)
(town ordinance restricting use of chemical defoliants within
town preempted by state law and therefore invalid).
Wendell addressed in detail the precise issue of when local
regulations regarding the control of pesticides are invalid.l
The Wendell court held that any regulation which is
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"inconsistent" with or which "frustrates" the statutory purpose
of the Pesticide Control Act, and legislation promulgated
thereunder, is invalid and unenforceable. Id. at 591-592. Thus,
any local regulation which imposes additional or inconsistent'
requirements on the use of pesticides beyond those established by
state law must fail.2
This Court has found that Mansfield's
regulation does both.3
1, A recent Supreme Court decision. in Wisconsin public
Intervenor v. Mortier, ___ U.S. ____, III S.Ct. 2476 (1991)
complements Wendell. In Mortier, the Supreme Court expressly
held that FIFRA gave absolute discretion to states to
promulgate regulations in this area, including the option of
"redelegation" or leaving local regulation in the hands of
local authorities. Here, the Commonwealth has clearly
assumed the task of regulating pesticides. '
2. Although "a limited inyestigation to determine anticipated
compliance with State standards" may not be preempted by the
state regulations, any "local imposition of conditions on the
use of pesticide beyond those established" by the Pesticide
Control Act is improper and any such enactments or
regulations are invalid. ~. _at 591-592.
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In Wendell, the Supreme Judicial Court considered whether
that town's local regulation of pesticide applications was
inconsistent with the comprehensive state regulatory scheme in
this area. After acknowledging the breadth of the state's
pesticide regulations, the Court noted that a narrowly fashioned
by-law which required a local hearing to determine only whether a
proposed application of pesticides complied with State Pesticide
Regulations mioht be valid. The Court observed, however, that a
by-law that simply required "a limited investigation to determine
anticip~ted compliance with State standards may not be worth the
town's involvement. . .." Wendell, 476 N.E.2d at 591.
The Court then struck down the Wendell by~law (and an
identical regulation adopted by the Wendell Board of Health) as
invalid because it clearly required more than a limited hearing
i
to determine compliance with state standards. The Wendell by-law
improperly allowed the local board of, health to determine on its
~ whether the applicant complied with state standards and
empowered the local Board of Health to impose its own conditions
on the application of pesticides in addition to those established
by the state standards. The Court found that:
The Wendell by-law contemplates the
possibility of local imposition of conditions
on the use of a pesticide beyond those
established on a Statewide basis under the
act. Under S 7 of the act, the board's
subcommittee will have already made specific
findings concerning a pesticide registered by
it. G,L, c. l32B, S 7. In the process of
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deciding to register a pesticide, the
subcommittee will have determined that the
composition of the pesticide warrants the
claims proposed for it; that its labeling
meets the requirements of the act; that "it
will perform its intended function without
unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment," and that "when used in
accordance with widespread and commonly
recognized practice it will not generally
cause unreasonable adverse effects on the
environment" (S 7).
The Legislature has placed in the
subcommittee the responsibility of
determining on a Statewide basis, pesticide
by pesticide, whether its use will cause
unreasonable adverse effects to the
environment. By implication, a pesticide may
cause adverse effects to the environment but,
if those effects are not unreasonable, the
pesticide may be registered and used. An
additional layer of regulation at the local
level, in effect second-guessing the
subcommittee, would prevent the achievement
of the identifiable statutory purpose of
having a centralized, Statewide determination
of the reasonableness of the use of a
specific pesticide in particular .
circumstances. To permit a local board to
second-guess. the determination of the State
board would frustrate the purpose of the act.
Wendell, 394 Mass. at 528-529; 476 N.E.2d at 592. Thus, in
wendell the Court held that towns and cities may not impose
additional conditions on the use and application of pesticides in
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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As this Court previously held, that is precisely what
Mansfield seeks to do through the Mansfield Pesticide
Regulations. Memorandum and Order at p. 5. Those regulations
impose a series of additional conditions and requirements on all
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applications of pesticides in Mansfield and, much more than the
Wendell bY-law, are either in direct conflict or inconsistent
with the existing comprehensive system of state regulation, and
are therefore invalid.
The clearest example of the conflict between the State
Pesticide Regulations and the Mansfield Pesticide Regulations, as
this Court earlier found, lies in their respective requirements
concerning the posting of signs. Memorandum and Order at p. 4.
The State Pesticide Regulations require the defendants to post a
sign approved by the Massachusetts Department of Food and
Agricul ture ("MDFA") on each lawn before applying any pesticides.
On January 2l, 1987, the MDFA issued a memorandum to all lawn
care pesticide applicators setting forth in detail the sign that
each applicator most post with each pesticide application.
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January 21, 1987 Memorandum attached hereto as Exhibit C. In
that memorandum the MOFA states:
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Pursuant to lawn care regulations 333 CMR
10.03(30) and (31), lawn care pesticide
applicators must post signs, approved by the
Department, on treated lawns. The Department
has approved the following sign and
specifications. Onlv this siqn mav be used
to remain in compliance with the requlation.
The January 21, 1987 memorandum provides specifications
concerning the size, color, lettering, printing, SUbstance,
composition, and location of the sign that each applicator must
post. The MOFA supplemented this regulation with a December 7,
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1987 notice concerning the posting of signs. Because of its
extensive regulation, "state law preempts in this specific area".
Memorandum and Order at p. 4. Defendants comply strictly with
the specific state regulations concerning the posting of signs.
The Mansfield Pesticide Regulations directly conflict with
the State Pesticide Regulations by requiring an entirely
different sign in terms of information, size, color, printing and
location. Memorandum and Order at p. 5. The local signage
regulation undercuts the state's requirement of uniform signs
throughout the state so that all residents will readily recognize
and understand the applicability, meaning and significance'of
, '
signs providing information concerning the application of
pesticides. Thus, the Mansfield Signage Regulation is not merely
inconsistent with the comprehensive state scheme, it "frustrates
, ' '
the purpose of 'having standard signs as required' by state law."
Memorandum and Order at p. 5. It is precisely this type of
"second guessing" of the State Pesticide Regulations that the
Wendell court condelnns. Wendell, 394 Mass. at 529, 476 N.E. 2d
at 592.
Another example of the additional layer of regulation imposed
: . ,',: " ,
by the Mansfield Pesticide Regulations concerns the registration
of pesticides and the use of MSDS sheets and packing labels. The
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MPCA'and the State' Pesticide Regulations establish standards,
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requirements and procedures for the registration of all pesticide
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products. MDFA maintains at it offices for public inspection and
copying a list of all pesticides registered in the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts. In addition, the MDFA takes steps to provide
notice to the public of all actions concerning the registration
of pesticides. State and federal law also require defendants to
maintain MSDS on all pesticides they use in Massachusetts.
Similarly, defendants maintain packing labels for pesticides and
products they use in Massachusetts. The State Pesticide
Regulations require defendants to make MSDS sheets and pesticide
labels available to their customers under specified conditions.
..,....
333 CMR 10.03(30). In addition the State Pesticide Regulations
already provide for the dissemination of information to the
general public regarding all pesticides used in Massachusetts.
333 CMR 6.0 et egg.
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The Mansfield Pesticide Regulations purport to establish an
entirely different scheme of local registration of all pesticides
and products and local filings of MSDS sheets and pesticide,
labels. Mansfield invalidly "seeks to add another layer of local
regulation", Memorandum and Order at p. 5, and new conditions
concerning these areas already regulated by the State. This is
precisely the type of local regulation and second-guessing
declared invalid by the Court in wendell.
Similarly, State law and regulations already regulate
procedures for the licensing and certification of commercial
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applicators of pesticides and procedures in the event of spills.
Once again, Mansfield seeks to add an additional layer of local
regulation in these areas already covered by the state.
Moreover, Mansfield seeks to impose an additional registration
fee on each person and firm engaged in pesticide application in
Mansfield. There is no limit placed on the fee or on its
application to each individual license holder, which could
exponentially increase the impact of the 'fee on lawn care
companies such as defendants.
In sum, Mansfield's intrusion into areas of pesticide use
already regulated by the State is much more significant and
harmftil than the intrusion previously condemned by the Court in
the Wendell case. Massachusetts has chosen to implement a
consistent and uniform state scheme for regulating the
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application of pesticides, and rejected the uncertainties of
balkanized, 'local regulation. For all of these reasons, the
Mansfield Pesticide Regulations are invalid and unenforceable and
'defendants are entitled to summary judgment on all of Mansfield's
claims.
3. Memorandum and Order at p. 5.
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CONCLUSION
As amply demonstrated above, there are no disputed issues of
material fact and defendants are entitled to judgment on
plaintiff's claims as a matter of law.
Respectfully submitted,
CHEMLAWN SERVICES CORPORATION,
TRU GREEN CORPORATION, TUCKAHOE
LAWN CARE, INC. and THE LAWN
CO., INC.
By their Attorneys,
Gerald J. Petros
B.B.O. No. 558437
Robert M. Duffy
B.B.O. No. 552840
HINCKLEY, ALLEN, SNYDER & COMEN
1500 Fleet Center
Providence, RI 02903
(401) 274-2000
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Dated: January ___, 1992
CERTIFICATION
To:
Charles J. Maguire, Jr., Esq.
VOLTERRA, GOLDBERG & MANGIARATTI
Three Mill Street
Attleboro, MA 02703
I hereby certify that on the day of January, 1992, I
caused a true copy of the within to be mailed to the above-listed
attorney.
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO. 20
TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT
This is a joint publication of Iowa State University
Extension and the University of Minnesota Extension. It discusses
lawn care and the growing and maintenance of turfgrass. Pages 12
through 15 discuss the influence of pesticides on our environment,
including leaching, runoff, absorption, etc., and particularly the
lack of risks to our environment resulting from the proper use of
pesticides,
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FOR PROTECTING SURFACE WATER QUALITY
. -ajoint publicalion or
Iowa Stale University Extension an~
University or Minnesota Extension
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, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
University Extension
Amos, Iowa
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PM'1446I September 1991
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Prcparc~ by Robcn J, Mugn"" Hennepin Counly exlension honieuhnrisl, Univcrsity uf Minn"oln; Miehnel L, Agnew,
extension honlelihnn't"':'lUrf,lown Stnlc University; Nick E, Chnsti~ns, professorofhonieuhure, lown SlnlC Universily;
nn~ ~inine ~ilwnnls, eXlension cOlUlUunlenlions 'pceinlisl,lown StnlC University, .
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absorb 12 million gallons or
water during a 3,inch minrall,"
lhe Benefits of trfgrass
Trecs and shrubs provide Ihc grccn
vcrtical dimcnsion in landscapes, Lawns
providc Ihe carpct on which Ihese
plantings lie, A well,maintained lawn
creates an inviting view ror passers,by
and supplies Ihe perrect backdrop ror
olher landscape elemenls, 11le grassy
areas conrer coherence on the landscape
by pulling the design together,~
The growing point of grass is at or near
Ihe groundline. penniuing regular
cutting al a 2 to 3 inch height, and giving
lurrils ability 10 Ihieken and recuperate
rrom Ihe roliardamage caused by
modest mowing, Thus, a well,main,
lained lawn always can be unironn in
appearance. conlribuling a sense or
harmony to the scene.'"
Healthy grass is viewed as an aesthetic
asset ralher Ihan a cashcrop, Bul a
growing body or evidence poinls tn
posilive health and enviromnental
contribulions made by lawns and other
lurred areas."" A healthy aod vigorous
lawn with good plaot densily pruvides
the rollowing benefilS:""~"
. produces. with every 25 square reel,
enough oxygen rorone person rorone
day;
. provides signifiennl cooling;
. reduces noise by absorbing, dcficcting.
reflecling, and rerracling sounds;
. controls dusl and pollen in the nir thnt
can caUse allergic rcuctions;
. reduces discomrorting glnre and light
reflection;
.
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. absorbs gaseous pollutants (such as
carbon dioxide) rrom vehicles Ihus
serving to combat the greenhouse
erreet implicated in global wanning;
and
'Iraps large quanlities or atmospheric
dust.
Turrgrasses can playa significant role in
reducing J1InDff:~U7 Water volumes
running orr nalural groundcover areas
may be as little as 10 percent or rain rail,
compared to 55 pereenl rrom areas Ihat
are moslly paved,"
As urbanization of an area progresses,
more hard, wUler-impervious surfaces
are constructed - streets, driveways,
parking lots, and roars, The result is nol
only inereased surraee runorrbut a
decrease in the time c1apsed berore
runoff occurs.1o.U
As urbanization continues, concerns urc
increasing about wntcrcontamination
rrom rertilizer and peslicides used on
urban grass,Sf! Research has shown the
infiltration rute on dense, sodded slopes
is nboul7,6 inches per hour, On slopes
wilh less lurr,eover, Ihe waler penelrnles
al nbout2.4 inches per hour,~
Clenrly, good turr cnn tnke up lots or
wnter,ln rael, a thick and earerully
managed turrgrass allows 15 times less
runorrthau a lower quality lawn." A
healthy, dense stand orlurrgrass can
reduce nmorrvolume 10 nhnosl zero,"'"
An nverage golr enurse or 150 neres enn
When compared to tradilional
row crop agriculture. a healthy
stand or grass also decreases
surf,ce runorr losses, Row crop
land (corn. wheal, lobacco) experiences
84to 668 limes more erosion Ihan areas
planted 10 grasses," Nilrale runorr rrom
fields planted in lobacco is 84 limes
greater Ihan nitrate runorr rrom
lurrgrass, Phosphale runorris 120 times
greater," Even paslure runorrlosscs arc
moch greater Ihan lawn runorrlosses.
because pasturcs urc more compacted
und less dense thun IUIVns.'o"
Thick. healthy lawns limit peslicide
runorr, Dense lurrreduces Ihe velocity
orrunorrby allolVing greuter infiltralion
into both Ihe thatch and rootzone where
mierobes cun begin breaking down Ihe
muterialsUJ!
The tnrrgrass roolzone is itselr u unique
soil syslem, A healthy lurrrootzone will'
. help improve soil struclure und reduce
soil compaction, allowing greater
infiltration orrain or irrigalion wuler;
. help improve soil processes thai
rueililute the biodegradation (break,
down) or vurious Iypes or orgunic
pollutants, uircontmninnnts, and
pesticides lIsed in lawn care;
. encouruge soil,building processes
Ihrough deeomposition or organic
muller nnd rormalion or hUlllus. and;
'contribute to eosicr Inwn care with
rewer weeds und insecl, und less
diseuse.
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Minimizing the Use
of Fertilizers and Pesticides
Providing an oplimum environmenl for
growlh and fUnelion of grass plams
should be the firsl objeclive of any lawn
care progrom, A heallhy and vigorous
lawn is Ihe besl defense againsl allack or
invasion by various pesls, A healthy
lawn is likely 10 recuperale readily from
modest insect or disease allacks wilhout
Ihe use of peslicides,
Crealing n hcalthfullawn issimilarlo
any olher Iype of gardening, Inslead of a
few large plan Is, such .s Dowers or
vegelables in a small ganlen area, Ihere
are millions of small individual gross
plams growing over relalively large
areas (aboul800 per square fOOl}," 11le
saine kinds of good ganlcnlng praclices
used in vegelable and Dowcr gardens are
appropriate for growing gmss planls,
Though Ihe means 10 achieve optimum
conditions for lawns arc somewhat
differenl from Ihose appropriule for
gardens, such conditions ore jusl as
necessary for producing healthy grass
pi.nls us Ihey are for growing fine
tomatoes.
However, reoehing for more fertili,er
.nd more peslicides is nol always Ihe
besl answer, In fnel, limiting ndditions
of Ihese inpuls cnn reduce-or possibly
eliminale fromnlurf sile-polenlial
wnlereonlnminalion problems,
Following nre importnnt lawn care
prneliees 10 consider hefore nsing
nddilinnnl fertilizers and pesticides,
Improving the soli
Allhe lime ofiawn inslallalion, consider
adding some organic maUer-such as
peat moss or compost-Io either a sandy
soil or a heavier clay soil. (Apply 510 20
percenl by vo\ume; I inch of organic
mailer 10 5 inches of soil eqnals 20
percenl hy volume,) 111is improves
water and nUlrient retention in a sandy
soil, and improves drainage and aeration
characteristics in a heavier clay soil.
Larger quamities can be used wilh
Iighler sandy soils, and smaller quami,
lies shonld be used wilh henvier clay
soils, Thoroughiy mixing Ihe orgunic
mailer imo Ihe soil will improve and
enlarge Ihe roolzone syslem for Ihe gross
pianls,'" An exlensive rool syslem
occupying larger soil vniumes provides
Ihe gmss plant grealercapability 10
withstand adverse ellvironmental
cnndiliuusundpluntslresses,
Ii is lempling 10 add sand 10 a heavier
clay soil 10 improve ils droinage and
neralion eharaelerislies, BUI adding nnly
small amonnls of sand (such as an inch
or two) nsually mnkes Ihe condition
worse, To use snnd effeclively for
modifying n heavy clny soil, ilmusl be
ndded in qu.ntilies uf 80 10 90 pereenl
by soil volume-.bonI810 9 inches of
s.nd for every inch of c1ny snil, Allhese
high rules,ll" snnd particies cnn sl.rt 10
contnCl or bridge wilh each olher.
Ihereby upening up larger soil pure
spnees,lllnmosl Silualions, ndding Ihis
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amount of SUlld is not pl1lctical. Adding
organic mnltcrusually is a better
altcrmllivc.
Alleviating soil compaction on existing
siles improves the lurfgrass roolzone.
Core cultivators Ihul remove smull plugs
of suil fromlhe ground and deposillhem
on the lawn surface arc available from
many local rental agencies. Several
passes in differenl direClions across Ihe
lawn area willnol only pnl holes inlnlhe
ground, bul beglnlhe process of
rootzonc improvement. Leave the slllall
snil cores onlhe surface 10 decompose
nalurally over Ihe course of a few weeks,
Severeiy comp3Cled soils llIay necd Iwo
10 Ihree lremmenls per year for Ihe firsl
few years, TIle degree of play .nd lramc
a lawn receives dclcmlincs future
frequency of core cuhi\'alion, Culliva,
lion improves Ihe waler infiltralion
c1mraclerislics of soil,lhereby redncing
mnoff from compacled siles,
Watering
Proper wale ring of lurf plays a miuor
role inlhe grass planl's abilily 10 lolerale
slress .nd resisl pesl probiems, While
approximately I 10 I!O inches of Wlller
per week (inelnding rainfall) is neces,
sury 10 keep Ihe lawn green during Ihe
grnwing season, Ihe nmounlllpplied nl
anyone lime should be governed by Ihe
Iype of soil, ForexlImple, sandy soils do
nnl hold water well, so waler lIpplied
beyond Ihe needs of Ihe gruss and Ihe
mnisture,holding capacily oflhe snil
simply moves dnwn beyond Ihe
rOOllOne, This represents ponr use of
waler thnlmllY enrry plant nUlrienls
beyond Ihe roollOne-especiaUy nilralC.
a form ofnitrogell (N), Once nitrule
moves heyond Ihe roollOne where plllnts
c.n exlruel and use it,the pOlenlilll for
water conllllllinnlioll increases. Spliuing wnler lIpplicatiolls hUnlwo nr Ihree !O,
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inch UppliCDlions per wcek muy be beller
suitcd 10 sundy soils,
Cluy and clay Inam solis have slower
infillmtion rates, They hnld wntermuch
better than sunus, and may be 100 wet at
times for good grass growth 10 occur.
But larger amounts of water clIn be
added per application, providing the
moisture is not applied wilh such
intensity thai much nf it rons off,
Matching Ihe infillralion ratc oflhe 5011
10 Ihc dclivery rutc of the sprinkleris Ihe
goul of effeelive and efficiel1l wntering,
Wilh Ihese soils, one I,inch or Iwo y"
inch applications of water per week is
usually sufficienl.
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Ovcr,walering cnn cuuse problems for
Ihe grass planl. Salls Ihut arc cOnlinn,
ously wel. particularly in the spring and
fall, can predispose the planllOSOmC
fungnl disease problems, especially
those associaled with the rool system,
Grass bludes Ihal are wel for long
periods encouruges Ihe developmenl of
some fungal diseases, Hence. wnlering
early in the dny is generally n beller
pmeliee Ihnn wntering too Inte inlo Ihe
evening, Over,walering crenles a
suceulenltnrf plal1llhat lranspires waler
rendlly, Grass nppropriately walered is
bellercondilioned to survive slight
drought stress eondilions,"
(
.\
Where cool,seasonlurfs are nllowed 10
go inlo II Slale of summer donmmcy.
Ihey should be properly condilinned 10
wilhslund the dry und oflen hot comli,
lions, But abropl cessaliun of watering
Icuves Ihe gmss in u succnlcnl condition
nnd less uble 10 endure eXlend,,1 wann
dry periods, As Ihe summer slress perind
uppmuches, wnler snpplied 10 Ihe Inwn
nren shonld be gmdunlly reduced,11lis
neclimntes the Inrfgmss plnl1llodrier
condilions nnd incrense suevivn!. Even
with properly eondilinned lurf, npplying
nbnnl V, 10 V, inch of wnler every IWo 10
Ihree weeks on n henvier soli will
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prevenl dehydmlion ofllle gmss planl
crowns 10 a point beyond recovery, On
sandy snlls or dnring prolonged periods
of high lempemtures. shorter intervnls
lIlay be needed to achieve the samc
resull, Once cooler tempemlures nnd
natural ruinfall relurn in iale summer or
early fall, regular irriglllion practices can
he resumed if needed,
Whcre gruss root systems arc vef)'
shallow due 10 compacted salls Ullll/or
heavy Ihatch levels, provide regnlar
irrigalionlhroughout the growing
season, Under Ihese conditions,
turfgruss severely droughl stressed cun
resull in signfieanllUrf loss,
Irrigation schedules shnuld be munaged
10 replenish Ihe wnter Instlo evaporation
and used by Ihe plunl. This provides a
healihier lurf, und will minimizes the
potenlinl problems associuted wilh
coneems uboulleaching and runoff,'
Mowing
Regular mowing wilh a sharp mower
blade sel 01 the proper mower heighl
keeps Ihe grass growing vigorously and
at ndequnte density 10 Ihoroughly cover
Ihe soli surfncc, Conlinnally senlping Ihe
Inrf will seriously wenken Ihe gmss
plants, Ihcreby erenting opportunily for
pests lInd weed invllsion. For most lawn
nrens. mowing nl u hcighl of 2 to 3
inches provides n good qnulity turf for
most purposes. This slighlly higher
height screens onllight to the soli
surfnee, providing some weed control-
for exnmple, preventing Ihe eslnblish,
menl of weeds (such ns crabgmss) Ihul
nced lighllo germinale, A slightly
higher heighl of cnl enconmges n
slighlly deeper rool syslem thul nllows
molS 10 gnlher moisture nnd nulrients
frol11ulilrgcr soil volume, giving grllfiS n
greuter degree of slress lolemnce, Where
gmss hns become very Inll, it is beller to
lowcr the height of CUI gradually. ratiler
than cut it back all at once.
Grass clippings should be returned to
lawn areas whenever possible. Grass
c1ippiugs provide u valuable source of
autrieuts-1:spccially nitrogen-to the
lawn area fnr fUlure use by Ihe gmss
plnnts.'" In facl, yearly nilrogen
applications may be reduced by V, 10 V,
where grass c1ippiugs arc relurned 10 Ihe
lurf area," Mnlehiug mowers und
mnlching nllachmenlS for existing
mowers can reduce lhe clipping size,
increasing the rule at which grass
clippiogs decompose, Bul mowing on n
regolar basis with a sharp mower blade
produces clippings thul decompose
fairly quickly wilhout further size
reduction.
Historienlly, Ihe reason forcollecliog
clippings wns the conCem Ihat Ihey
conlribute 10 Ihatch build,up, Thongh
gmss clippings contnin some stem
tissue, they ure primurily composed of
leufblades. which have a significnntly
lower lignin content than slcm tissue.2
11lis allows for mpid decomposition of
Ihe leaf blade Ilssue by soil microorgan,
isms,'Jl11lerefore, il is quile unlikely
Ihul grnss clippings contribule signifi,
cantly 10 any 10ng'Ierm IhUlCh bnild,
np,"
Recommended mowing heights for
upper midwestlnwns nre listed in Table
I (page 6), Gra" clippings can be left on
the lawn when Ihe lawn is mowed
regulurly Ul these heights, Increasing Ihe
mowing height by V, inch dnring Ihe
summer cun improve Ihe lawn's nbilily
10 lolernteslress,'
Thatch Management
Thatch is a tightly intertwined Inyer of
dend and living grnss stems nnd roots
that develnps belween Ihe soil surfuce
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and the area of green vegelation, This Table 1
" layer dCI'c1ops when the accumulation
;:
" rate of dead organic mailer from the
;:: actively growing lurfgrass exceeds the Mowing Heights
rale at which il is decomposed,'
While some Ihalch (iess than V, inch) Kenluckybluegrass
Common Or public vallelies 2-3inches
gives resiliency tn lurf and is cnnsidered (e,g. South Dakola Common,
beneficial, excessive amounts can cause Palk, S,21, Argyle, Kenblue)
problcms, aCling as a home and harbor
for several turf inseel pests and some Improved varieties lY,-2V,inches
lurf diseases, The majorculturoi faelors (Included In moslsod blends;
Ihal conlribule 10 Ihateh accumulation most varieties nol mentioned abovej
include: vigorous growing grass Fine Fescue grasses lV,-3inches
varielies, acidic condilions especially
within Ihe Ihaleh layer, poor soil Pelennialryeglass 1\\-3 inches
ncration, excessively high nitrogen
ievels, and infreqaent and high calling Blueglassllinefescuemix 1\\-2\\inches
heighls,' Mauaging thatch 10 minimal
levels Ihrough vertical mowing, core Blueglasslperennlal ryegrass mix 1l\-3inches
cultivalion, or topdressing keeps pesl
problems 10 a minimum, reducing the
need for peslicides, Healthier gross ,I
planls can belleruse any fertilizer
nutrienls Ihal are applied and allow
, organic materials, such as grass fertilizer and water to compensate for control or fertilizer supplemenls are
, clippings, 10 decompose faster, releasing the rool compelition fromlhe shrubs and necessary, For example, though alllhe
i
I nutrients for fUlure grass planl use, Irces usually only makes il worse for the clippings may be returned 10 the fawn,
grass plants, causiug further staud Ihey may not be providing enough
densily reduelion, aenerally,lhere is nitrogen forthe qualily and densily
less need for fertilizers and pesticides in required oflhat lurf area, Since turfs of
Quality as affected by shade shaded areas, Increasing sunlight greuler density provide beller prolection
Cool,seasnnlurfgrnsses do nol perform through appropriate pruning-or even againsl runoff and leaching prohlems,
well when growu in shaded condilions, removal of some trees and shrubs-is Ihis may be a situalion where addilional I
soeh as a wooded homesite or foresl usoally Ihe best way 10 improve the lurf ferlilizer may be aeeded to improve \
siluatioa, A numberofturfgrnss sland, if Ihal is the goal. Where lrees aad overnlllUrf density, I
problems may he relaled to growing in shrubs arc considered a higher priority, Inseel populalions may reach serious
an inappropriale or at best, marginnl choose other types of groundeovers or damuge levels in Ihe best of lawns,
lighl environmenl, The line,leaved molches as a beller allemative, Trying 10 Applying a proper chemical or biologi, ,
i
feseues-ereeping red fescue (Fe,,'"cll grow gmss in a heavily shaded area is eal control may be a heller choice Ihan !
",bra L.), Chewings feseue (FeJ/IIcn usually noln good use of landseaping risking Ihe loss of large lurf areas, Turf j,
rabra L, ssp, COIIIIIIII/IIIII), hard fescue resources, As the Inrfthins oUllhere is loss to insects can result ina mnltitude I
.. ,
(Fe,,'"cn IOllgifolio 11111ill,), and rough less proleetion for Ihe soil,nnd a greater of other problems such as weed invasion
bluegrass (PolI/rMllIiJ L.) all huve chance for runoff into surfnee waler or serious runoff problems,
some shade tolerance, Bul onder dense ",cas, especinlly on slopes,
tree ennopies Ihere may nol he Sameielll Lawns thnl have been poorly mninlnined
lighlto suslainlheir gmwth, rnny require herbicides to eliminate
weeds and fertilizers 10 speed recovery,
Diseases, in camhi nation with Ihe lack Inputs as a last resort after which approprinle cultural
of lighl inleusity, can severely thiaa Even wheu proper cultural practices arc prucliccs ClIll be resumed.
sland of gmss, Providing addilionul IIScd,lhcrc are limes when some pesl !!l in!
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Using Fertilizers Responsibly
Few soils have enough nalural fertility
to maintain desired turfgrass quality and
recuperative ability throughout the
growing se.lSon,' When nutural soil
processes do nol provide adequale
supplies of the essemial nutriems,
fertilizercan be added to maintain
optimum (nol necessarily m,ximum)
turfgrass growth," Nilrogen (N),
phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) are
Ihe three elemenls usually applied as
supplememal fertilizers, To maim,in
turf density and quality, they are
required in larger quantities than is
generally available from soil.
The primary objective in applying
fertilizer 10 a lawn is 10 add nccessary
nutrients In the reqnlred amonnls and
at the proper time to achieve desirable
lurf qualily and plam heallh, A healthy
turris able to recuperate from insect and
disease allncks, It will be more
eompetilive with weeds,thereby
reducing the need for pesticides, Proper
supplies ofautrienls playa key role in
maimaining a healthy turfgrass
communilY,
Soli testing
One of the first sleps in responsible
fertilizer managemem is to have Ihe soil
tested, Soillesls provide informal ion
aboullhe soil's texture, whether it is
acid or alkaline (its pH value), the levels
of organic mnller eonlent, phosphorus,
and pOlnssium, Soiltesls for nitrogen arc
usually performed by special request
only, Because nitrogen is highly mobile
in the soil,lests forthis elemem
generally provide little useful informa,
lion, Phosphorous and potassium arc
more stable in Ihe soil, so test resnlts
"
more accurately reneet amounts
available forthe plams, Once this
background informaiion has been
obtained, Ihe task of developing a
responsible fertilizer program becomes
easier, Soil testing services are provided
by slate university extension services
and private laboralories, Local eounly
Extension offices can provide help, if
needed, in imerpreting lesl results,
!!!i
NITROGEN MANAGEMENT
Ample supplies of N promole vigorous
growlh and green color in lurf, However,
bOlh too much and too lillle N can cause
problems, Nitrogen shortages can lead 10
slow growth, yellowing of the plams,
increased susceptibility to some
diseases, and a thin turf, High N levels
can lead 10 excessive shoot and leaf
growth, reduced rool growlh, low
carbohydrale (food) reserves in the
plam, increased susceplibilily to
environmemal stresses and snme
discnscs.6.S1
Fertilizer N sources are often catego'
rized as either inorganic or organic
types, A brief deseriplion of several N
sourees is given in Table 2, page 8,
Inorganic products inelude ammonium
nitrate, ammonium sulfate. calcium
nitrnle, and potassium nitrnle, TIlese
mOlerials are all water soluble quick,
release N sourees-nitrogen becomes
avnilahle ns soon as wmer is npplied 10
turf, Response 10 Ihese sources of N is
quite predictable, and results are fairly
immediate, But their bum pOleminl is
i\
high and theireffecl is rather short lived,
On sandy soils, high applicaliou rates of
Ihese products, combined with high
irrigntion or rainfall amounlS, may result
in substanlial N losses due 10 leaching
(soluble soil components separated by
percol'lion),
Nutrient sources can be in either liquid
or granular foml, There is essemially no
difference in the type of plant response
generaled.'''' For example, ammonium
nitrate can be either dissolved in water
and applied as a liquid or applied as a
granular malerial.lt is slili a quick,
release form of nitrogen, and Ihe grass
will respond nccordingly,
Organic fertilizer products-natural or
synthetic-are those comaining carbon
(C) in their chemical structure along
with other elements, Nalural organic
sources include fertilizers derived from
some Iype of natural organic material
such as processed sewage sludge,
composled animal and plant debris, and
othe, processed organic wastes such as
eOllonseed meal and seaweed extracts,
TIlese malerials exhibit a slow,release N
eharaelerislie-that is, N becomes
available only after the product is broken
down by chemical andlor microbial
processes in the soil, The primary
breakdown method of natural organic
products is through microbial aClion, As
this process conlinues, N is gradually
released to the soil solulion and becomes
nvailable for planluse, Temperalure and
moisture arc key factors in governing
microbinl activity and the consequent N
relense from these products, Soil
eondilions that are too hot, dry, cold, or
wet may ndversely affeellhe perfor,
manee oflhese produels, Compnred to
quiek,release N sourees, Ihese sources
hnve a lower learbum pOleulinlnnd enn
be npplied nl somewhnt higher rules
without dnlnuge to the tnrf,
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Table 2
Characteristics of Common Turfgrass N Sources
Nconlent leaching Sum low tamp, Residual
Fertilizer Source % potentiial pOlential repsonse elleet
Inorganic
Ammonium nilrale 33-34 High High Rapid Short
Calciumnillale 16 High High Rapid Short
Ammonium sulfate 21 High High Rapid Short
Olganic-Natural
Activated sewage sludge 6 Vel}'low Vel}'low Vel}'low long
Manules 3-10 Vel}'low Vel}'low Vel}'low long
Olher natural prooucts 3-10 Vel}'low Vel}'low Vel}'low long
"
Organic - Synthetic I
"
:i
Urea 45-46 Moderate High Rapid Short J
Urea solutions 12-14 Moderate High Rapid Short
SullUl~oated urea 22-il7 low low MlXlerate Mooerale
Resin-coaledurea 24-il5 low low MlXlerate Med,long
Isobu~iidene diUlea (ISOU) 31 Mod,low low MlXlerate Mooerale
Melhyieneuleas& 38 low low Vel}'low Modelale
Ulealolffialdehyde' to long
. Some ploducts may conlain ulea in addition to Ihe urealOlmaldehyde component.
TIle mosl common synthetic orgnnic N
fcrtilizcr is ureo, which is considered a
quick,relcose, walersotuhle N prodUCI,
11 con he opplied as either uliquid or a
grnnulllr Illillcrinl, but docs have a
relutively high leaf burn potentialllnd 0
high pOlentill1 forvolmilizlllion,
Urea is often further processed lIud/or
combined with olher mOleriols 10
produce fertilizers with more of II slow,
release N chamcteristic, Exmnples uf
such products include
urellformaldehyde, isobulylidene diurea
(IBOU), und sulfur-or resin,coaled
urea. A number of these sources are
Iislcd in Tuble 2, These fenilizer
maleriols behave like Ihe uuluml orgouic
products-lllUI is, N rcleuse is depeudeul
on chemicululllVor microbiul action,
These products hove a lower leuf bnrn
potelllial ond clln be upplied III some,
whlll higher rutes wilhoul injury 10 Ihe
turf than quick,re1cuse sources, Some of
the ureofonullldehyde prnducts hllve
bceo put into solUlions and suspensions
und cnn be IIpplied in liquid form,
Sulfur, nnd resin,conted ureu products
ure upplied us dry grunulllr mUleriuls,
Natural-organic sources lire most
commonly uvuiluble as either liquid or
grunnlur produclS, bul cun be purchased
us a liquid (seuweed extrucl), When
comparing liquid or dry grunutllr
ferlilizer oplions, be sure 10 considerlhe
Iype ofN source-slow,rcleuse or
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source of N isapplied during times when
qnick,releosc-rnlher Ihan whelher il is the grass is not actively grnwing,')'''''
a dry or liquid fonnulalion. By knowing Ihc sitc and adapling proper
Surtace runoff management practices, nitrnle,N
i!!! When N is applied to nny sitc, Ihere is leaching can be conuolled,!,IIJOJlJlJSJlJ9,
Ihe possibility that some of it may run ~2,.t"50J6.ell
off into surface waters, However,
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF several recent sludies indicate Ihat N !H!
NITROGEN carried in runoff from turfed areas is
In the past few years the fale ofN very 10W."Jl,",",," and is usually much
applied to turf has become an environ, less than the EP A established drinking NITROGEN MANAGEMENT
mentnl issue, Nitrogen cnn have multipie waterstnndard of 10 ppm nitrate,N,llJ9,", PRACTICES
, fales when applied to the SOlii it can Turf is comprised of many closely Fertilizer product knowledge and
I volatilize back to the atmosphere as N spaced plants fonning a reiatively closed familiarily with the site may help
,
I gas, move Into the soli and be bound In canopy over the soli surface, Turf minimize-orevcn eliminate-adverse
, organic matter where il may become density, leaf texture, and lurf canopy impacts on water qualilY, Following the
I
I nvnliable for plant growth at a later date, heighl are the primnry factors relating to manufacturer's guidelines and consult,
! be taken up by the plant and used forthe the resistance of surfnce movement of ing with local Exlension turf speeialists
i various growth processes, be leached by water over turf, Nearly 80 percent of the for prnper application rates are essential.
water through the soli pastlheturf extensive fibrous root system of
rootzone where it may become a turfgrass is located in the upper two Follow these suggestions for protect.
potential grouodwater contaminant, or inches of the soli," Both Ihe protective Ing water quality while using nitrogen
some may run off and affect surface aalure of the canopy and the root system fertilizers,
water resources,'''''' Knowiedge of are responsible for Ihe stabilizing effeets
fertilizer product and application oflurf,~" I, Nitrogen source, rote and timing of
method combined with familiarily with application, and irrigation practices
the site where it wiil be used can heip influence groundwaler conlamination
prevent adverseenvironmenlal impaels potential on sandy sites,
from nilrogen fertilizers, Leaching
A second concern about N is that the 2, The amount of nutrients required by a
nitrate (NO;) fonn may leach intn lawn or lurf,grass area depends on the
groundwater supplies and run off into Iype of grass plants and the management
Volatilization surface water resources, Nitrate,N is not practices used-thai is, how much care
Volatilization is the gaseous loss of bound to soli particles and consequently you decide to give Ihe lawn balanced
ammonia (NH,) from the turfgrass stand, can move rather freely Ihrough thesoli with the demands of the grass variety,
It is primarily associated with ammo, with water, Once beyond the turfgrass Divide lawas into high, and low,
nium salts and urea, especially when rootzonc. nitrates can continue moving maintenaaee groups, based on manage,
Ihey are surface applied nnd aol through the soli and may find Iheir way meat practices, High,maintenance lawns
incorporated, Losses are favored by into water sources. are characterized by vigorously growing
higher soli pH (more alkaliae), high plants, such as the improved Kentucky
temperatures, eoarse,texlured soils, and The degree to which nitrote leaching is a blue,grass varieties and the turf,type
the presence olthateh, Irrigation or potential problem is related to soli type, perennial rye grasses, These lawns
rainfall of about V. to V. inch afler irrigation practices, type of N source, N perform belter when adequate water and
application of urea wiil help minimize rates of applieallon, and season of fertilizer are provided during the
vnlatlie losses,"" Whlie volatilization application," Leaching problems are growing season, Low,maintenance
, represents a lossofN from the soli, it is grenlest: I) on coarse'texlured solis such lawns usually consist of the common
-
i not 0 coacem for groundwater or surface as sands and sandy loams; 2) when types of bluegrasses combined with a
wnter coatnmlnntion, quick,release N sources nre applied at mixture of other grasses, Table3
I high rules followed by henvy irrigation describes the annual application of N
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1 or rainfall; and, 3) when a quiek,release requirements for these various lawn
,
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lypes, and addresses how
lellving clippings on the
lawn affects yearly N
lotals," Phosphorous ulld
potassium requirements
should be determined by a
soil lest,
Table 3
Annual Nitrogen Requirements and Application
Timing for Lawns in the Upper Midwest
3, On highly leaehuble soils,
sands aod sundy loums, the
recolllmended lIpplicllIions
rales shown in Tuble 3muy
put 100 much water solnble
N down at one time,
resulting in excessive loss of
nltrale,N due to leaching,
111is could be especially tme
if the N source is quick,
release, followcd by heuvy
irrigation orrainfall, Several
sludies have suggeslcd Ihal
applying lower rales of a
soluble N source more
frequenlly may minimize
leaching prob,
Icms,I.4.lI,l8J1J2J8J9,4!
Maintenance Pmctices
Nitrogen (N) to apply
Ibs, Nil 00011'
Timing
of Applications'
High maintenance laIYn
(Irrigation, clippings removed)
(Irtigalion, ctippings nol removed)
LolY maintenance laIYn
(No ilrigation, clippings removed)
(No ilrigation, clippings not removed)
4
May - June,
Aug" Sep!., Ocl,- Nov,
May"'!une,
Aug" Oc!. - Nov,
3
2
1
Aug" OC!. - Nov,
September
. Assume lib, Nll000 ft' of a soluble, quick,release N source applied at each application,
Note: lower, more Irequent rates 01 a quick,release N fertilizer can be used on sandy 10
sandy loam soil, SlolY,release N lertilizers could also be substituled for Ihe quick,release
types, Follow manulacturers' andlor Extension suggestions for proper application rates,
I
4, Slow,releuse types ofN
are probubly u beller choice
for sundy soils, especiully
Ihose in close proximity to
surface or ground waler
resources, The potenliul
nltrale,N leuehing is less fmm slow,
releuse thnn from qnick,release N
sources, This is Imc of both nalurnl nnd
synlhelic slow,rele"e sourees (see
Table 2, page 8),
5, Where soluble N sourccs lire used on
sllndy soils, reducing Ihe appliealions 10
0,2510 1I.5lb, Nil 000 fll per IIppliealion
will minimize Ihe possibility oflellching
N beyond Ihe ronlzone,lJIJlJ'Even nn 0
heavier soil, more freqnenluppliculions
III lower levels of II soluhle N sonree
may give more cvclllurfgrass response
und growlh,
6, Since slOlv,releuse N sources provide
umore suslained N supply, appliculion
rules us high n 21h, Nil 000 fll per
upplieulion enn he used on Kelllneky
bluegrass. ActUlll rilles mc based on the
rnlion ofwaler,insoluble N (WIN,sIOlv,
relellse f,"elinn) 10 wuler soluble N
(WSN, qnick relellse fmetion), ^ huge
WINAVSN mlio indiellles II high
percentage of slow.release N is con-
luiaed in the prodnClund II higher nile of
IIpplielllion is possihle,
7, Nilrogen leuching is most likely In
I~enrduring cool miny wenlher, Cool
lemperatures deereuse denitri nelltlon
all" volatilization losses,lIlong with
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deerellsed mierobilllllelivity nnd plunl
nutrient Uplllkc. This means that nitrate-
N is likely 10 he preselll beyond levels
Ibllt ellll be used hy Ihe plllllls and
microorganisms, lellving more 10 leach
frollllhe sile und nffeel gmnndwllter
resources, This will he eSl'ccilllly true on
sandy sitcS.IJ~
8, WlIlering pmCliees Ihlll resnll in
movement ofwlIter heyond Ihe roolzone
mllY inerellse potentinl N lenehing,
NItrule,N is soloble IInd ellsily moves
with Ihe wlIter dowo throngh Ihe soil 10
coler wnter syslems, Fre1lnenl, dllily
irriglllion dnring enoll'eriuds of the yenr
IIlso elln increase N lellehillg,lnfrequenl
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deep irrigalion may move waler well release N sourcc,I.4,W,39 Fertilize lurf The amount of P needed by the grass
pasllhe rootzone carrying nUlricnls wilh areas after the shoolS have ccased Iheir planl is signincantly less Ihan ils
il. To bc bolh appropriale and effecl;ve, growth, bul well in advance oflhe demands for nilrogen and potassium,
inigalion practices should take inlo ground freezing, Turfgross shoots slop Phosphorus has positive effecls on
eonsidemiion Ihe grass plants' oeeds growing ahoullhe lime temperatures are lurfgrass eSlablishmenl, rooting and
during any particularelimale condition, consistently below 45' to 50' F, increased root branching, maturalion,
Adding only enough waler to compen' 1I0wever,the leaves are still greea aad and seed hcad production, II is particu,
sate for Ihal removed by plant uplake able 10 make food through pholosynthe, larly import ani during the early stages of
and evaporation will minimize potential sis, Nitrogen can still be absorbcd by the seedling growlh and developmenl. In
pollulion problems from runoff and plant and stored for use next spring," facl, P deficiency symploms are moSI
leaching, Fertilizer should never be applied to likely to occur during Ihe period oflurf
frozen ground, establishmenl, Such symploms include
9, Sloped areas may require more reduced growth and tillering, dark green
I frequent applicalions of water (less 12, Excepl for special simalions (such as to reddish leaf color, narrow leaf blades
I water applied each time), because Ihey golf greens), grass clippings should be (often with a lendency to curl), and
!
i will be more vulnerable to runoff prior relumed to Ihe lawn area to decompose, reduced moislure retenlion capability-
, to sufficienl water infihralion, Core recycling nulrients back to the turf, making plants look wilted,6,1'-"
I
I cultivalion, especially on heavy soils Since grass clippings are a source of P is an importanl nutrient for grasses and
, and/or compacted arcas, improves nulrienls (particularly N), they should olher green planls, but it also is a
i
, infihration rates, The slceperthe slope not be blown into sireel gUllers, or on nutrient for algae and weeds in lakes, In
,
I
, the harder it is 10 mainlaia an adequate sidewalks or driveways where they caa comparison to the relatively rich natural
,
I soil moisture levellhroughoulthe be carried by runoff to surface waters, or supply of other importaal elemenls for
1 growing season, South and west slopes bo blown directly ialo surface water plant growth (carbon, hyd,ogen, oxygen,
! encounter greater drought and heat areas, Iflhey gel into the surface water, nitrogen, and sulfur), P is leasl abundanl,
slresses than east or north slopes, South these nUlrients will be released to the and most commonly limits biological
and west slopes will likely require water environment upon decomposition, produClivhy in fresh water re'
greater allention 10 waler needs during ereating nutrient enrichment-a prime sources, 1s.41,61 Thus, lake enrichment
the wann and dry parts of summer, eause of undesirable algae and vegela' with P can eause undesirable algae
live growth, blooms and vigorous growlh of olher
1O,lnigalion of V. to 1\ inch immedi, lake weeds, n process termed eUlrophi,
ately after un applicalion of a soluble N !!ii cation, For this reason, concern ahoul
source will provide the following the contribution of lawn and garden
benefils: fertilizers 10 lake pollution has been
. moves the N inlo the soil, deereasing PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT growing, BUI, h is misuse or misapplica'
the possibility of the N volalilizing Phosphorus (P) is an essenlial maeronu' tion of these materials that may be a
back to the almosphere: lrient contained in every living cell, II is souree of pollution, Proper application
. moves the N offlhe surface, precluding involved in important gross plant teehniques for each given lurfgrass she
possible runoff problems; and, functions including: should pose lillle or no threalto waler
. moves Ihe N iota Ihe rootzone where it . using and Irunsforming energy in Ihe rcsourccs.4S
can be used by the gruss plaal, planl involving the molecule adcllosillc
Higher inigalion rutes should be used on IripllO,'plwlC (ATP), This molecule
heaviersoils, Lower rales should be contaias high energy bonds thai, when
used on sandy soils, broken, supply energy to Ihe planl for
use in making (or brenking down) Phosphorus fate In soli
. 11, 1110se who praClice late season vurious organic compounds;6,l~~ There are many complex reaclions Ihat
, fertilization should take inlo nceountlhe . formation of asignificant purt of the involve P in soils, Phosphorus combined
,
, soil type to determine the bestnppronch plant's genelic material in Ihe cell with oxygen is termed phosphate and is
,
,
, and product, On sandy soils consider nucleus; the fonn primarily absorbed by plunls,
using frequenl, low rntes of n quick, . carbohydrate lransforomtions, such as The most common phosphates nbsorbed
release N souree or subslitule a slow, converting slnrch tn sugar, by plants from solulion in the soil are Ihe
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primary (H,PO,-) and secondary contamination,"'" Off,silC lransport of P P is adsorbed (adhercd 10) by Ihe finer
(HPO;,) orthophosphate ions, Small to surface walers, however, tends (0 be soil particles (clays and silts), which are ,j
quanti lies of soluble organic phosphates associated with sedimem erosion, maS! easily )ifIcd from soil orolher
may also be llbsorbed, but arc consid, Phosphorus is carried lllong with Ihc soil surfaces alld carried off by wind,>>'"
cred of only minor importancc, "JlJ< (sill and clay fracliolls primllrily) and This form ofpollUlion is difficulllO
organic matter scdirncnts.I5.~I.Hj6 As cOlllrol. Bmliving plants such as trees,
Phosphales are immobile in Ihe soil. In various fomts of organic mattcr- shrubs, and, in partieular,lurf areas
fact, Iillle phosphorus is available for including grass clippings, leaves, and around lakes serve not only to stabilize
plam uptake from the soil solulion at any nalural fcrtilizer sourees-are broken the soil-preventing wind and waler
one timc, Even so, Ihe amoum of P down, soluble forms of phosphates are crosion-but act as filters for removing
removed by planls from Ihe soil usually produced,lflhese do not infillrale into these line panicles from the air.44.4S
exceeds this small available supply, the soil where Ihey can be immobilized,
Thus, P must be replenished near an they represem a potential pollution ii-
-!!!
actively growing root, TIlis replenish, source to surface wnters from run-
ment is apparemly due to an equilibrium off, ".l7J2 This problem may be aceentu, PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT
bel ween soluble <available) and ated during periods when the ground is PRACTICES
insoluble (unavailable) forms ofP near frozen and soluble phosphates arc The fale of P in soil is somewhat less
Ihe root,absorbing zonc, As the leached from dead planl tissue, TIlese complex than that of nitrogen, Since P
available pool of P ncar the roots is soluble phosphates can then move can bc a significam contributor to lake
reduced by plant uptakc, some of the dircetly imo thc runoff streams as there cUlrophication, proper management of P
insoluble P is solubilized, becoming is no chance for infiltration to occur, on turfisjust as important as proper
available for plam uptake, Phosphorus Typically Ihese periods include rainfall managemenl of N, Following arc some
from adjacent parts of Ihe soil system late in Ihe year on frozen ground or suggeslions to consider when using P
(where the P conccntration is higher) during snow melt periods in winter and fertilizers 10 help protect surface water
move to the root arca by diffusion, If the early spring,'" quality,
total supply of P in the soil is amplc,
enough P wiII reach the root systcm by Runoff from establishcd, relatively I, Phosphorus additions to turf areas
this process, As root systems grow and dense turfgrass areas is vcry low, evcn should be based on a reliable soil test.
expand inlo larger soil volumes, they on slopes,l1,~," Sodded sloped areas TIlese can be obtained from soil testiog
wiII eootact previously untapped sourees provide more immediale runoff comrol. labs atland,grant uaiversities or through
of soil P that can then be absorbed, Secded slopes producc more runoff, private soil testing laborntories,
even three years after iastallation,"'"
In many instances where grass clippings Establishing grass covers, such as along 2, Phosphorus is immobile in the soil
are not rcmoved, the decomposilion of roadways, is considered a desirablc and docs aot pose a Ihreatlo watcr
the grass blades can supply enough landscape managemcnl practice for resourees from leaching, When sediment
salable P so fUlure P additions ean be minimizing surface mnoff,'"'" is erodcd from a site, some P wiII be
reduced or even eliminated."J!J< Soil carricd with it,ln turfgrass areas, runoff
tests should be used to establish (n a sludy of slorm runoff into Minne, potemial is quite low due to Ihe physical
additional P needs along with consider, llpolis lakes which compared arellS charncleristies of the turfgrass cover,
ation of the manllgcment practices to be where P,free fertilizer had beell applied Therefore, when P is applied to turfgrass
used all a particular turfgrass site, with Ihose receiving P,contllining areas, it should be wlllered in to preclude
fertilizers,littIe or no differellcc was being carried off in runoff,
observed in P in Ihe runoff wilier,"
Reducing organic plnnl residues carried 3. Grass clippings, leaf liller, and other
in runoff water may help reduce the fonn, of organic debris should be
Off.slte movement of phosphorus amounl of P enlering IlIkes, ll,<6 removed from hard surface IIreas where
Since phosphates are removed from the they mighl be carried ill runoff to surface
soil solution and immobilized in the soil, Phosphoms may ulso enter lakes wilh walcr areas, During Ihe winter months,
they nre not very leachable from the soil soil panicles carried hy wind erosion leaves, grass clippings, and other
and hence are no threat to groundwaler and deposiled into IlIkes, Unfortunlltely organic debris may, upon breakdown
t" \!;"'/'~'I/J ,\"\'l~' '.I'ti!,':.'";I',,, "',"lll.\ .1....llly.!I..\ \"'~,J/' ~
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due to freezing and thawing, release
soluble fonns of phosphate and nitrates,
These can be curried off from frozen
ground in runoff into surface waler areas
during spring snow melt und early
spring rains, Therefore, lawn raking in
the fall to remove excess orgaaic debris
may be beneficial.
4, Siaee P is substantially immobile in
soil, it is oflea advisable to add some P
in new turf establisbments, even though
soil P levels may be ndequate for
eSlablished turf, This will ensure some
available P near the soil surface for
young developing roots, Proteeling
newly seeded areas (especially slopes)
with some type of moleh cover during
establishment, prevents runoff and
erosion of soil and possible nutrieats,
Applying P after core cultivation will
help get P into the soil of an existing turf
cover.
!!!!!!
GENERAL FERTILIZATION
PRACTICES '
Improper management and use of turf
fertilizers can contribute to pollution of
"
, '
"
both surface waters and ground waters,
Being careful 10 avoid over,application
or misapplication of these materials, and
basing turf nutrient requirements on a
reliable soil test, are the first steps in
responsibly using fertilizers to protect
waler resourees, Combining appropriale
landscape maaagement practices with a
modest turf fertilization program may
further reduce poteatial water pollutioa,
Following are some additional general
fertilization practices that eon reduce
water pollution from fertilizers,
I, Never directly deposit or inadvert,
enlly apply fertilizer materials into
lakes,
2, Fill fertilizer spreaders on a hard
surface wbere spills can be clcaned up
easily, NEVER wash fertilizer spills into
the slreet or other hard,surface areas
where fertilizercan enter stonn sewers
and ultimately surface waler,
3, Close the gate on the fertilizer
spreader when erossing hard surface
areas, or go back and swcep up the
material for reuse,
4, Drop spreaders are more precise, but
slower than rotary spreaders, Near
shoreline areas, apply fertilizer nearthe
lake with a drop spreader to creale a
buffcrzone, The area away from the
shoreline eon be fertilized with a rotary
spreader, The same precautions should
be taken when using liquid appliculions,
5, Avoid gelliag fertilizer into natural
drainage areas or pathways on a
property, These may not necessarily be
hard surfaced areas, Fertilizer can be
carried directly into surface waler before
it has a chance to infiltrate into the
surrounding turf/soil area,
6, For shoreline areas, a buffer zone of
unmanaged grasses, or possibly natural
vegetation, could be left around the
shoreline, This natural area helps
prevent erosion from adjacent shore
land, and may retain some nUlrients that
would otherwise go into the lake."
I!!!!!!!
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detcnnined in waler al room temperature
Using Pesticides Responsibly and is given in parts per million (ppm),
This value is the same as milligmms per
liter (mgll), Pesticides wilh solubililies
of I or less tend 10 remain al the soil .
surface and are not prone to leaching, I
Properly maintained and heaithy leaching and/or runoff which can affeel although Ihey may move off,sile with
lurfgrass willlolerate low level pest supplies of groundwaler and surface soil sediment. Peslicides wilh solubiJi,
populatioos without suffering pennanem walcr.'6 ties grealer than 30 ppm are more
damage, and will recover rapidly from soluble in water and are more likely to
major pesl or dIsease infestalions," As ii!!i! leach,lmennediale valnes may be of
demand for high quality lawns has concern depending on olher cultural or
increased, dependence on pesticides for environmental factors.9,56
achieving a nenr perfect lawn or playing FATE OF PESTICIDES IN THE
surface has grown, Meeling public ENVIRONMENT Pesticide persistence, or half,life, is
demand for hIgh quality lurfgrass and a expressed in days, and represents time
unifonn playing surface on golf courses Pesticide properties required for the pesticide in soil to
often requires intensive management Pesticide movement by surface mnoff or degrade 10 one,halnls initial eoneenlra'
pracliees, ineludiag use of pesticides, leaching is iniluenced both by the tion, The longer the half,life, Ihe grealer
Chemical peslicides can help provide properties of the peslieideond the soill the potenlial for pesticide movement
suslained lurfgmss qualily, and often turfgrass environmenl,lmportant Ihrough cither leaching or runoff, A
reduce bolh labor and energy cosls," peslicide properties include soil peslicide with a soil half, life grealer Ihan
Despite these cuitural and economic adsorption, waler solubililY, and 21 days may persist long enough to
benefits, eoatroversy over the environ, persistence in the soil,' leach or move wilh surface runoff before , i
mental effecls of pesticide use has degradiog, Half,life values should be !
emerged, Maay homeowners and turf Soil adsorplion values are measurements used only as relalive indicators of r
managers must now make informed of how strongly a peslicide binds 10 soil persistence. Soil moisture, tcmpcmturc, I
choices about the best appmach for particle surfaces, The soil surfaces mosl soil oxygen status, microbial popula, I
managing Iheir lawns or turf areas 10 aClive in binding pesticides arc Ihe tions, soil pH, and olher faclors can play ,
minimize adverse environmental organic maUer and clay fractions,""" a signifieanl role in Ihe persistence of I
impacls," Peslicides may also be adsorbed by the peslicides in soil.' I
extensive fibrous lurfgmss root sys' ,
I
Pesticide residues resuitiag from over, lems," Soil adsorption values are While these guidelines can be used in I
use or improper use have been associ, designaled by thesymbol K"" Values selecting appropriule pesticides, it is Ihe I
aled with adverse environmentul effects, greater than 1,000 indicate a pesticide inlemction of these properties Ihat more I
Some of Ihese are:"" thai auaches stroagly to soil and is less ueeumlely delermines the behavior of a I
likely 10 move unless soil erosioa pesticide in the environmenl, For I
. reduction of certuin bird populations; occurs, Producls with values less than example, the herbicide triiluralin is a I
\
. appeamnce of delectable residues in 300 to 500 tead to move with water, and common preemergence herbieide for
uqualie ecosystems; have Ihe potentiulto leach or move off, controlling wann,season, annual, weedy
. implieatioa of many peslieides as site with surface waler ruaoff, Inlenne' grasses, it hns a half,life of aboUl60
potential carcinogens; diule vulues may be of concern depend, days and mighlleaeh or be carried away "
. Inng,term soil eonlamiaation with ing on the iniluence of othereultarnl or in runnff based on this property alone, i
persistealpeslicides; environmenlal fnclors,' However, it is water insoluble und is i
. destruction nf non'lnrgel nrgunisms; Wutcrsoluhilily is a value represenling held tightly to soil partieIes, so it is not
and how easily a pesticide may be washed susceptible 10 leaching, If Ihe sile is
" evolutiun ofresislant pest strains, off plant residue and/or leach downward subjeello possible erosion-nonnally,
Peslicides also may be sabjeet to Ihrough the snil. ^ solubility value is dense lurfgruss covers prevent erosion-
'12": '.' '\'" 1 !.:: ,," ,I;" I r ,'" ~I', ..I,r. "',,,1 ,\.., . I, ' '\
.' \,' .',; i ' ". "",' ::..., : :':.'; , :-\ ',' ',:' ,,' ,I, ',Turfgrass Managemenl,
, , , ", , " I \ ~, ." , , .
t5':k
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. -=. . !.. - ,,'. ',' . . .
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Ihis peslicide cOlllu be Illore volnerable
10 losses by runofflhan by leaching,' In
anolherexample, glyphosale is waler
solohle, hol is slrongly adsorbed 10 soil
particles which prevenl ils lerlching,"
These mtings lIlay help Illake roogh
estimates of the relative Icoching and
sorfaee nllloffpclenlial of pesticides,
Iii!
,
,
I
I
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ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
peslicide fates call be generally grooped
into two classes:
. Tnmsportalion processes result in the
Illovelllenl of a peslicide aWIlY frolll ils
inlended site oraelion," Leaching and
mllllff pOlenlial are of inleresl beeaose
Ihey Illay affeel walerqonlily,
. Trunsformation results when a
pesticide's chcmicnl structure is
aliered-usuaUy a desirable fUle,
beeaose 1ll0s1 peSlicides used 10dllY Ihus
beenllle less loxic or non,loxic, Tllble 4
lists the more important transportation
ulld Imllsfonllalion faelors affeeling fllle
ofpeslicides,
Iii!
Table 4
TRANSPORTATION
PROCESSES
Leaching
Lellehillg is Ihe dowllward 1ll0VelllCIII of
peslicides and nnlrienls Ihrollgh Ihe soil.
Ii is Ihe process respollsible for ellrryiog
pesticide and lIutrient contaminants to
groundwiller resources. In lurfgmss, any
analysis of a peslicide's pOleoliallo
leach 10 grolllldwaler Illllsllllke inlo
eOllsidemlion Ihe amollnl of prodllcllhal
moves dOWlllO the soil surrnce and
IIliimately pasllhe IlIrfgmss rool
syslem,"TllrfgrassdensiIY, deplh ,md
qllanlily of rooting, alld Ihaleh develop'
melll elln sigllifiealllly effeetleaehillg
pOlcntial.'~
Recent studies from several universities
have dcmonslrnlcd Ihul grass and thatch
present a burrier 10 movement of several
common turfgrass insecticides and
herbicides,
AI Ohio Slale UlliversilY, researeh wilh
several turfgrass insecticides has shown
thai pelletralion inlo Ihe soil below Ihe
grass is seldom deeper Ihnn /10 I VI
inches," Whelllhe Inrfgrass inseclicides
isazophos (Triumph), iSllfenphos
(Oftallo!), ethoprop (Mlleap),
ehlorpyrifos (Ollrsbnll),und benUiocarb
Faclors Affecting Pesticide Fate
Adapledllom(11)
Transporlailon processes:
'leaching
. Runoil
'Volatilization
. Adsorplion
,PlanlAbsorplion
~ 't. .
Translormeilon plOcesses:
, Photodecomposilion
, MiclObial decomposilion
'Chemicaldegladalion
(Tuream) were IIpplied 10 a golf course
fairway, 9810 99 percelll oflbe residlle
remailled in Ihe Ihaleh layer 110 2wccks
lifter applielllion, Residlles ill the surfllce
I inch of soil below the Ihllleh never
exceeded 0,8 ppm dllring Ihe 34'\I'cck
sumpling period,~
Similar Ohio researeh evalualing Ihe
verlicalmobililY of severlll preemer'
geoee turfgrass herbicides,lIoted Ihlll77
10 100 pereenl of Ihe pelldimelhlllin,
bcnsulidc, and oxidiuzon residues were
in Ihe Ihaleh layer, When applied 10
Ihllteh,free IUrf, 82 to 99 pereent of
recovered residues from Ihe sume
malerials were illlhe IIpper I inch of
soil." Olher resellreh on lurfhas shllwn
Ihal pendimelhalin is relatively immn,
bile and uot generally sllsceplible to
leaching,IUK,49
Leaching of2,4,O and dieambll from
Kentlleky bloegrass lawlls growlI on
sandy loam soil hilS also beell eXllm,
ined," Ollrillg a two yellr leachate stlldy,
low eoneenlralions of both 2,4,0 and
dicamba were observed, suggesting Ihllt
the IUrfgrass rool,one had exeellenl
degradation conditions, Cooseqllenlly,
bllild,up of cither herbicide ill soil
benenlh II healthy IUrfgrass cover wOllld
be unlikely,
Receol resellreh on four golf eOllrses on
Cape Cod in Massaehusells, provided
evidence for Ihe immobilily of severnl
lurfgrllss fllllgicides, insecticides, nlld
herbicides,'''' Four eOllrm were
selected ns likely 10 hnve grolllldwaler
eontnmillalioll bllsed outheir hydro,
geologic Vllloerabilily (permenble,
s:mdy soils), hislory of high peslicide
and fertilizer use, nlld golf eOllrse age
(grenler Ihall 30 yenrs), TIle researehers
snid Ihese eoorses shollld represent n
worst cnse scenario for potentiul
grolllldwnlereolllamillnlion, Key results
from the slody ineluded no deleelioll of
Ihe seveo peslieides-mecoprop
.'1\ ."i.,"'\ "1",1, \..
'16r Prolecling SUI/ace Waler'Qualily",;' ',;: ;': "", ',".' ..,\'" ',: ...;, :' _;.',13:,
/55IP
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(MCPP), siduron (Tupersan), pentachlo,
rophenol, anilazinc (Dyrene), iprodione
(Chipeo 26019), diazinon, and daclhal.
The highly mnbile herbicides 2.4'D and
dicamba were detected only once each in
aboul70 samples, bmh in amnunts weil
below Iheir health adl'isory limit values,
Isofenphos (Oftanol) was detecled once
and chlorolhalonil (Daconil) was
delected twice, In all instances, detec,
lion values were below stated health
advisory limit values, Finally, nol one of
the currently registered turfgrass
peslicides was detecled alloxicologi,
cally significant levels," Preliminary
results from a similar Florida study also
showed no conlaminalion of groundwa,
ter, However, this research is slill being
conducled, with further evalualion and a
grealer number of samples planaed,u
Thuugh the scientific dala regarding Ihe
potentiai leaching of pesticides ialo
groundwaler below lurfgrnss areas is
limited, what is available is encourag'
ing; there appears 10 be minimal
downward movemenl.lW
Runoff
Runoff occurs when the precipilation
rate exceeds the rale of water infiltralion
into the soil, There can be significant
loss of pesticides and nutrienls from row
crop sites where peslicides arc applied 10
bare soil aad not held in place by plants,
When runoff occurs from these areas, a
peslicide can dissolve and be carried off,
site in runoffwaler; or, if bound lightly
10 soil pa~icles, it cnn be cnrried ns
sedimenl in runnff wnter,lI
Recent studies have shown thnl n well,
maintnined, dense lurf nren can reduce
runoff to nenrly zero, II,"" Turfgrnss
nreas have pOlenlinllo nbsorb large
qunnlitiesofprecipitnlion, ESlimales
suggesl that n 150,ncre golf conrse has
the capnelty to nbsorb 12 million gnllons
of water during a heavy (3,ineh)
rainslorm, Velocily of wmer now across
a dense turfgrass sland is slow enough,
under most condilions, to allow most of
Ihe waler to infiltrate inlo Ihe lurf/thalch!
soil profile beforc il can runoff,"
Movemenl of soil pa~icles in runoff
from eSlablished golf course turf is
almosl non,existent," In addition,
research al Pennsylvania Slate Univer,
shy has shown Ihat even under extreme
conditions, Ihe amount of runoff from
sodded slopes is small," When runoff
samples were analyzed for the herbi,
cides 2.4,D, 2,4,DP, dicamba, and
pendimethalin, none were detecled in
Ihe majority of samples, and when
delecled, the concentralions were low,
No ehloropyrifos wns delecled in any of
the samples," In n laler study, neither
pendimClhalin orchlorpyrifos were
detecled from turfed slopes in runoff or
leachale samples, llJI
Although I1Innffresearch from lurfed
areas is limited, the initial findings are
encouraging,Jt appears Ihntlurfgrass
stands significantly limit runoff, Ihereby
reducing the chances for off,slte
movemenl of nutrients and peslicides,
Volatilization
Volnlilizntion ofa pesticide occurs when
it changes from a solid or liquid phase to
n gnseous phase, TIlis chnnge in physical
slale occurs 01 a specific pressure
(known as the vapor pressure) for that
pesticide, Vnpor pressure is the point
where solids vaporize and liquids
evnpurale,IIJ'
Volaliliznlion is genernlly a concern
when using broadlenfherbicides
fonnulaled us esters, II Ester formula,
lions hnve n much greater tendency 10
volnlilizc Ihnn do amine forms, Some,
times additions are made 10 the eSler
" . . /' .~\' ."/"' , 'j"" "jtl".\ 't" r 1',1)-',1, . "i,' "I..; 'M' "/',"") I'
t,14: ,':;\\'), ::" '~ /_ 1/ ':1,'.1',1.\"'" ," _,;.;,~~: ,\~'" ,:i:1;'J,'i;i(I.:.rUrfgrass anagemenl,'
I .'. .' J', ,I, , " I
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"
molecule to make a lower volalile ester
Ihal can bc used more safely,
Howcver,ester forrnulntions should
never be used when temperatures are
above 80 to 85 degrees and Ihe relative
humidity is low,"
Absorption
Absorption is Ihe movement of pesli,
cides into plants and, 10 a much lesser
degree, soil microorganisms, Once
absorbed, mosl peslicides are broken
down by Ihe plant, When Ihe plant or
plant pa~ dies, any remnining residues
can serve as a food (energy) Source for
soil microorganisms.'1
!!i!
TRANSFORMATION
PROCESSES
Photodecomposition
Sunlighl,induced transfonnation can be
an impo~ant fate forsome pesticides,
TIlese changes generally alter the
chemicul properties of a peslicide,
making it less loxic (somelimes less
effective) and more susceplible to
fu~herbreakdown by ehemienl or
microbial processes,"
TIre dinltroaniline herbicides (e,g,
benefin, trinurolin, pendimClhalin, and
prodiamine) are susceplible 10 pholode,
composition, However, once Ihey arc
watered into the soil they nre unaffected
by fu~her photodecomposition, II
Microbial Decomposition
The mosl common means of peslicide
degrudlltioll is Ihe action ofmieroorgnn,
isms found in soil nnd thatch, Microor,
15S~!
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gllnisms use the pesticide as as II food sigllled (ahout mid,May), The small
source, resuhing in pesticide degrada, Weeds should he idenlified to delennine whItish larvue eventually move from
tion, Microorganisms also may aher Ihe whelher Ihere is need for a pesticide, grass siems down into grass rools.lf
slruclure oflhe peslicide, usually Weeds may only he indicalive of olher there arc 10 larvile per square foot or
resuhing in detoxificalion and uhimalely euhural condit inns that need to he more, conlrol may he needed, Treatmenl
in furtherdegradalion," corrected. is nol effeelive after laic July or early
August us larvae move 1102 inches into
Environmental eondilions significantly Following arc some general guidelines Ihe soil 10 pupale,
affecllhe aetivily of soil microhiologieal regarding Ihe use of economic pest
populalions, Wann, muist soil Ihat is damage threshold levels and general . Sod IVebworm, Check for them hy
well,aerated and has a pH range of 6.510 pesticide applicolion praelices Ihm may flooding the suspecled area with water to
7,0 encourages high microbial activity, minimize adverse impact on water foree worms 10 the surface for counting,
Enhancing biological aclivily in the soil quality, This is best done in June and again in
encourages faslerbreakdown and carly Augustus there arc two genera-
degradation of applied pesticides," i!!!I lions per year, If 15 or more wurms per
square yard arc present, control may be
necessary.
ECONOMIC PEST DAMAGE
I Chemical Degradation THRESHOLD LEVELS For more complele infonnation on
TIle hydrolysis of pesticides also can be TIle concepl oflhreshold valnes for insect idcnlificalioll, life cycles, damllgc
i an importanl fme process, Hydrolysis of economic damage levels has been symptoms, and proper cOnlrol praelices
J
, pesticides may be enhanced or reduced applied to some lurf inseel pests, A of Ihese and olherlurf insecl pests, see ,
, :
! by the presence of mineral or organic healthy lurf can wilhstund a certain reference 5 and consuh with slale and ,
i ,
j absorbing surfaces, Further researeh will amount of insect damage wilhoul local EXlension offices for currenl insect i
perhaps clarify some of these pro' causing permanent damage, Even pest management recommendations. I
I
i cesscs,n Ihough some grass planls may be lost 10 I
I
Ihe pest, a henhhy lurfhas a relatively Threshold values may be differenl for I
!
I !!I !!I high degree ofrecoverabililY, The different turf silualions, For example,
I i
remaining turfplaats are able 10 quickly lolerance 10 insecl or disease damage on I
fill inlhose arcas Ihinned or left open by a golf green or high qualllY alhlelic field I
I PESTICIDE APPLICATION Ihe pest allnck, Following are some is lower Ihaa on golf course roughs or i
I PRACTICES suggested Ihreshold values for Ihree general lawn areas, i
I TIle firsl slep in responsibly nsing any common upper midwesl turf inseels,' !
I I
pesticide product is to follow the labcl Econnmic Ihreshold vnlaes have not
directions exactly as slaled on Ihe . While grllbs, TIlCse are Ihe larvne nf been applied 10 weeds in turf areas, I
produel container, TIle label provides the common May hectic or Jnne bug, Common se,nse and Ihe planaed use of I
I
necessary informalion regarding proper Cheekiag for grubs shoald be doae from the area may diclale whelher or not weed ,
i
produel appllealion and container mid,Jnne throagh Ihe middle of July, conlrol is necessary, For example, a few I
disposal proeednres, Labels arc legal Look for them by rolling back Ihe larf weeds scallered throughoul a geneml I
documents nnd nre enforceable hy law, from a I squnre fnol area of suspeeled purpose lurf do not pose n threallo Ihe I
while grub damage, Iflwo to five grubs well,bcing of an eSlnbllshed, healthy f
I
Before applying inseelicides nnd less than Y, inch in length nre fonnd per stand nf grass, In home lawns, ilmay I
fungicides 10 n lurf nren, be sure Ihnl the sqnare font, eonlmlmny be needed, Fnll be pmclieal to haad,remove the few
apparenl damage symptoms are being lrelllmenls nre ineffective ns gmbs move weedy planls thai ereep inlo the lurf,
caused by nn insect ordiscilsC.lf nn down into soil forthe wiater, High quallly, high nse tnrf nrens sneh ns
insect or disease pest is found to eanse golf greens or alhlelie fields mny
serions tnrf dnmage, Ihen n prnper '/I/lIegras,' bil/lmg, These nre besl periodically reqnire an herbicide
eontrolmelhod ellll he seleeled, 'nlis cnnlrolled before females Iny eggs nn lrealment 10 mninlain neeessnry qnallty,
mayor mny nnl involve Ihe use of a Inrfg"'ss stems, Apply an appropriale
peslicide, inseclicide nboullO days nftetadnlts nre !!I !!I
. .. I, ,'. 'Il., \. '" " .; II', '\ " ,1,1 Iii! ,,', I:. '15
f?l,fro!ecling Surtace W~lerQualllY, ';' ',-';:"", ,'..,':' : ..,~,i ,. ':,"; ..,'" ..
.. '
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readily lake up Ihe herbicide, Often, a far enough imolhesoil so il will nOl be
lower rale of appliealion of an appropri, carried away in runoff,
GENERAL APPLICATION ale herbicide applied once will be
PRACTICES effective, Since much oflhe olher Inseclicides and fungicides require
As wilh fertilizers, exlreme care musl be landscape planl material is eilher going similar posl,applicalion walering, This
laken 10 prevenllhe direcl application of dom"m for Ihe winler or has been paIS Ihe produel where il is most
pesticides inlo surface water, Appllea, removed fromlhe garden and Ihe 1I0wer effective, reduces Ihe chances of being
tors musl be alert, and their equipmenl heds, Ihere is less chance for off'largel moved off,sile by runoff or leaching,
musl be working properly, planl injury, However, that docs nol give and polenlially reduces exposure 10 Ihe
license to he careless, malcriu1.It22.l7
Dumping peslicide,trealed gross
clippings on or nearthe shoreline may Preventive pest control measures is Thateh can facililate Ihe breakdown of
represenl a polcnlial pollulion problem more effeclive Ihan wailing lilIa Ihese malerinls, pOlcnlially reducing
regarding bolh nUlrients and peslicide problem has begun-<specially Iheir effecliveness, hUI also shortening
residues," Clippings arc bcller left on regarding disease, Such measures are thcir.pcrsislcncc in the cnvironment.I~J6
Ihe lawn 10 be recycled within Ihe neecssary on high quality lurfs-sueh as Peslicide label directions indicale
lurfgrass eommunilY, golf grecns-wllere Ihere is low whether or nOl posl,appliealion iniga,
tolerance for damage, Turf managers lion is needed, "
can incrcusc disease control effective.
ness looking forenvironmenlal condi,
Application timing lions favoring disease devclopment.
To minimize adverse environmental New leehnologies in weather monitoring Application waler volume
impnels while effeelively eliminating devices and lurf disense diagnoslie kits His nOl necessary 10 thoroughly drench
pests, propertiming of pesticide improve disease eomrol effeeliveness an area with a herbicide to achieve
appliealion is crucial. Minimallllnounls and reduce Ihe need for pesticide salisfaelory weed conlrol. This may be ,
,
of pesticide can be used when Ihe pesl is applications, For example, applying low wnsleful ofbolh waler and herbicide,
in a young and/or highly vulnerable levels of fungicides when condilions are and may move the herbicide beyond Ihe
slage, When weeds or inseets are quile ripe for fungicide invasion may make plants and into soil where it is prone 10
large and malure, grealer nmounlS of beller use of Ihe producl, while slill leaching, or where planl cover is sparse
peslicide are usually aeeded and may nol providing adequale control. and Ihe herbicide could pOlemially
beeffeelive, For example, it isrelalively runoff, Spraying 10 welthe foliage is
easy to conlrol small, firsl'yeardande, sufficienlln gel eaough herbicide inlo
lion roselles with n minimal amount of the plant 10 be effeelive, Again, follow
herbicide, Lnrger, several.years,old Post.appllcatlon Irrigation label direclions for bolh proper mixing
dandelion planls have a greulercnpabil, Preemergent herbicides,lypicully used and for proper posl,appliealion waler,
ily 10 outgrow, aad hence recover from foreomrolling crabgrass aad other ing,
smoll doses of herbicides, Where annual weedy planls, must be moved
appropriale, small dandelion roselles can imo Ihe soil surface 10 be effective, They Prolecting surface wuler and groundwa'
be effeelively hand removed ond uffeel the seed as it begins 10 gemlianle, ler is nol somelhing 10 be laken lighlly,
eliminoled if most of the rool syslem is before Ihe plam emerges from Ihe But neglecling turf areDS for fear of
removed, Similarly, lreoting disease ground, Depending on Ihe soillYpe, V, 10 inlroducing nulrienls and peslicides inlo
problems al early slages of infeclion is V. inch of moislure shonld be applied woler supplies is nolo way 10 prolecl
more prudent_aad may require less following applicntion oflhese prod, Ihese resources, Properly mainlaining
fungicide-Ihaa lreoling large, heovily uels-oboulllO 2 hour.; ofinigalion lurfed nreas with appropriale bnl mndesl
iafecled areas, wilh most eommna lawn sprinklers, use of fertilizers and peslieides will do
more to prolCct waler resoarees Ihan to
Fnll is Ihe best lime 10 comrol perennial AUlomotie irrigation systems may need hurtlhem,
broadlcafwecds, Allhis lime of year 10 be approprinlely adjusted, This not
(mid,Seplember In early Oelober), Ihese only puts Ihe product where il will be Ihe
plants lire lIetively growing nnd will most effective, bul moves Ihe malerial
l~ ,.~'J "1"1",' \ ',' "l'.L'" ,'.j",I\!'lfi 'i~">'~'j' I"~ 'l"l'''',..,.t >"~"'I""
!.-16 ",',n,':' ;';,:,,>:- ,,',,: .;;i: ':":;"{ ":''';'';:;''1'' ';:,', ;Turlgrass Mahag"ement,
.. '",', ,~, ~. ; 'I : ' " i-' l ' , ',,'," " .', 'r" l' \ " 'I ,\" , "., I, .", .
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,
,
References
I. Agnew, M,L. 1989, Groundw"'er, relalionships in lurfgrass, In Omce of PeSlicide Programs,I989,
lurf management and public Gibeaull, V, A. and S, T, 625,030 U,S, Environmenlal
perceplion, Iowa Turfgrass Cockerham (cds,) Turfgrass waler Prolection Agency, Washinglon
Grower, March, pp, 4,5,6 conscrvalion, Universily of D,C. pp, 143,152,
2, Allen, P,S, and D, B. While, 1990, California, Riverside, Division 21. Gross, C. M" J, S, Angle, and M, S,
Lawn clipping managemenl. AG, ofAgricnllurc and Naluml Re, Wellerlen. 1990, NUlrienl and
FO,3915, Minnesola EXlension sources, pp 85,102, sedimemlosses from lurfgmss, J,
Service, Universily of Minnesota, 4 13. Cohen, S, Z, 1990, The Cape Cod Environ, Qnal. 19:663,668.
pp, Sludy, GolfConrse Mgl, February, 22, Harrison, S, A" T, L, Walschke, and
3, Anderson, J,L" J, C,Balogh, and M, pp. 26,28,32,34,38,40,42,44, G, Hamillon, 1989, NUlrients and
Waggoner, 1989, Soil Conserva, 14, Cooper, R, J, 1990, Evalualing Ihe peslicides in runoff and leachate
lion Service procedure manual: runoff and leaching polenlial of from irrigaled lurfgr"s siles,
Developmem of standams and lurfgmss peslicides, Golf Course Agronomy Abslracls, p,I58,
specificalions for nUlrienl and pest Mgl, February, pp, 6,7,10,12,14,16, 23. Horsley, S, W, and J, A, Moser,
managemenl. Seelion I & Ii, 15, Daniel, T, C, and R, R. Schneider, 1990. Moniloring ground waler for
USDA Soil Conservalion Service, 1979, Nonpoinl POllulion: problem peslicides al a golf course - a case
Slale NUlrienl and Pesl Manage, assessment and remedial measures; study on Cape Cod, Massaehusells,
menl Slandards and Speeificalion economic and planning consider, Ground Waler Moniloring Review,
Workshop, SI. Paul, MN, July alions for designing conlrol Wimer, pp,IOI,I08,
1989,453 pp, melhods, In Beally, M,T" G, W, 24, Hummel Jr" N, N, 1990, Laic
4, Anon, 1990, Researching Maime, Peterson, and L.D, SWindale, (cds), season fertilizalion,
'1 nance. Grounds Mainlcnance. Planning Ihe uses and managemem LandseapeManagemenl. Augusl,
October, p,l. of land, American Sociely of pp, 28,30,32,33.
,j 5, Ascemo, M,E, 1986, Controlling Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, 25, Kahler, K, E, 1990, Golf conrses'
;1 lawn and lurf inseclS, AG,FO, pp 829,852, groundIVale, passes lesting for
,
i: 1008, Minnesola EXlension 16, Daniel, W, H, and R, p, Freeborg, peslicides. Golf Can~e Mgl.
~ Service, Universily ofMinnesola, 4 1979, Turf managers handbook, December, pp. 42,44.46,47,
pp, Harvesl Pnblishing Co, Cleveland, 26, Koski, A. J, 1991. Early Season
6, Beard, J,B, 1973. Turfgmss science Ohio, 424 pp, Fertilizalion, Landscape Manage,
and enllurc, Prenlice Hall, Inc, 17, Foote, L. E" D, L. Kill, and A. H, mem, Februnry, pp, 38,40,42,44,
Englewood Cliffs, N,J, 658 pp, Bolland, 1970, Erosion prevenliaa 27, Krause, A, A. and H, 0, Niemczyk,
7, Beard, J,B, 1987; LlIle seasall alld lurf eslllblislllnemmannal. 1989, Vertical mobility of six
fertilizalion, Gronnds Mainlenanee, Omce of MlIlerials Conslruelion preemergelll herbicides applied to
Angusl, p,64, Division, Minnesola Departmem of Inrfgmss, Agronomy Abst,"elS,
8, Beard,J,ij, 1987, Nilrogen: lIpply Highways, 44 pp, p,I60,
less more often, Gronnds Mainle, 18, Gold, A. J" W, R. DeRagon, W, M, 28, Leslie, A. R, 1989, Societnl
;) nance, June, pp, 26,28,30, Snllivan, and J. L. Lemunyon, problems associated wilh peSlieide
, 9, Becker, R,L" D, Herzfeld, K. R, 1990, Nilmle'nilrogen losses 10 use in Ihe nrban seclor, In Leslie,
IJ Osllie, and E, J, Slanlln,Kalavich, groundIValer from mral and A, R. and R. L. Melcalf,lmegrated
"
,; 1989, Pcsticides: Surface runoff, snburban land nses. J, Soil and peslmanugemem for Inrfgrass and
,
I leaching, and expasllre eoncems, Wnler Cons, 45(2):305,310, omamenlnls, Omce of Pesticide
I
I AG,BU,3911, Minnesola Exten, 19, Gold, A, J" T, G, Mnrton, W, M. Prograrns, I 989,625,030 U,S,
; sian Service, Universilyof SlIlIivan, and J, McClory, 1988, Environmemnl Proleclinn Agency,
I Minnesota, 32pp, Leuching nf2,4,D and dicamba Washinglon D,C. pp, 51,54,
I
I 10, Brach, J, 1989, Prolecling Wlller from home 11Iwns, Waler, Air, lInd 29, Leslie, A, R, ulld W, Knoop, 1989,
'lulllily innrban lIreas ' best SoilPolllllion 37: 121,129, Sociellll bellenls of conscrvalioll
management pnlcticcs for MimiC. 20, Gold, A, J" W, M, SlIlIivlln, 1I11d R, oriented mllllagemenl Oflllrfgruss
Sola, Minllcsola Palllltioll Conlrol J,III1II. 1989, Influellce of ill home lawlls. In Leslie, A, R, alld
Agelley, Divisioll of Wilier Quality fertilizalion lInd irriglilioll prncliees R.L. Metcalf, IlIlegrnled pesl
Il.llrullham, B, E, 1989, Pesticide fllle on wlIlerboOle nitrogelllosses fmm mnnllgemcm for lurfgrass lIod
in lurf, 10wlI Tllrfgruss Grower, tllrfgrns., III Leslie, A,R, lInd R, L, omllmenlals. Office of Peslicide
MlIreh, pp, 24 Melcalf, 11IIcgruled peSlll1l1l1age' ProgmOls, 1989,625,030 U, S,
12, ClIrrOlv, R, N, 1985, Soil/WlIl.r mem for IlIrfgruss alld amamcnluls, Envirollmellllll Proteclion AgellCY,
.'
forprol~clrngSUrfaceWalerQuallly", "', '...,'" "",..:", ;:,;' :;',;', "'17'
/5$
r. -"" "
- " - l~ 'I '
: ',: r I :,,' ,':e.-l ,,~; ,
, I ' , ' " . ,,",V '
~~" ~_ , .;. _: .', ':~. '. . ''\ .," ~. ~..' I . ~ '. ,}~
Washinglon D,C. pp, 93,96,
30, LundtlUisl, J. B, 1975, A primer nn
limnology, Un iv, of Minn,
Limnologieal Researeh Center,
Contnhulion No, 142, Public
Report Senes No, 1.28 PI"
31. Mancino, C, F, 1991. Nilrate and
ammonium concentrations in soil
leaehale and N leaching losses
from fertilizers applied to turfgrass,
Golf Course Mgt, February, pp,
66,68,70,72,
32, Mancino, C, F, and J, Troll, 1990,
Nitrnte and ammoniumleaehing
losses from N fertilizers applied 10
'Penneross' creeping bentgrass,
HortSei 25(2): 194,196,
33. Martin, D, 1', 1970, The composition
of lurfgrass Ihateh and Ihe innu,
enee of several matenals to
increase thatch decomposition,
M,S,Thesis, Michigan Slale
University,
34, Mciver, T, 1990, Liquid vs, dry' The
pendulum swings, Landscape
Managemenl. Augusl. PI" 26,27,
35, Morton, T, G" A, I Gold, and W, M
Sullivan, 1988,Innuenee of
ovenvalering and fertilizalion on
nitrogen losses from home lawns,
I,Environ, Qual,17:124,130,
36, Niemczyk, H, D, and A, Krause,
1989, Degradation and Mobilily of
inseelicides applied to turfgrasses,
Agronomy Abslraets, p, 162,
37, Niemczyk, H, D, and H, R, Krueger,
1987, Persistence and mobility of
isozofos iuturfgrass Ihalch and
soil, I, Econ, Entomol. 80:950,952,
38, Petrovic, A, M, 1989, Golf course
management and nitrates in
groundwaler, Golf Course Mgl,
September, 1'1',54,56,58,60,64,
39, Petrovic, A, M, 1990, TIle fate of
nitrogenous fertilizers applied 10
turfgross, I, Environ, Qual. 19:1,
14,
40, Polter, D, A" S, D, Cockfield, and
T, A, Morris, 1989, Ecological side
eITeets of pesticide aud fertilizer
ase outarfgrass,In Leslie,A,R, und
R, L, Metcalf, Integrated pest
management for turfgrass and
ornamentals, Office of Pesticide
Programs, 1989,625,030
U,S,Euvironmeulnl Protection
Ageuey, Wnshiuglou D,C, PI" 33,
44,
41. Rehm, G, 1987, Mnnagement of
soils in southwestern Minnesntn . a
correspondence course. Unil2:
understanding phosphorus aud
polassium, AG,FO,3333. Minne,
sota Extension Service. University
of Minuesola, 41'1',
42. Ricke,!'. E. and B, G, Ellis, 1974,
Effects of nilrogen fertilization uu
nitrate movements under lurfgrass.
In Proe, 2nd Inl. Turfgrass
Res,Conf, pp, 121,130,
43, Roberts, E, C, 1990, A view from
the gnLlsrools up, Nursery Ousi,
ness,Relailer Edilion, luly, pp,
40,41,45,63.
44, Roberts, E, C, and 0, C. Roberts,
Lawn and sports lurf benefilS, The
Lawn Institule, Pleasaul Hill,
Teunessee, 31 PI"
45, Rosen, C. I" D, H, Taylor, aud D, 0,
White, 1990 Prevenling pollUlion
problems from lawn and gurdeu
fertilizers, AG,FS,2923,A,
Minuesola Extension Service,
Uuiversity of Minuesola.
46, Shapiro, I. and Hans,OIaf
Pfannkueh, 1973. The Minneapolis
Chain of Lakes - a study or urban
drainage and its effeets 1971,1973.
Interim Reporl No, 9, Limnological
Researeh Center, University of
Minnesota,
47, Sharpley, A, N. and R, G, Menzel
1987, TIle impact of soil and
fertilizer phosphorus on Ihe
environment, Adv, iu Agron,
41 :297,324,
48, Stahuke, G, K" 1', I, Shea, R, C,
Sheaonan, R, N, Stougaard, and D.
R,Tupy, 1989, Dissipatiou of
peudimethalin in Keutueky
bluegrass lissue, thalch and soil,
Agrouomy Abslraels p, 166,
49, Stahuke, G, K" 1', J. Shea, D, R,
Tupy, nud R, C, Shearman, 1988,
Movement nnd dissipatiou of
pendimethalin in Kenlueky
bluegrass lurr. Agronomy Ab,
slracls, p, 156,
50, Starr, I, L,und H, C, DeRno, 1981.
The fate of nitrogeu fertilizer
applied to lurfgrass. Crop Sci,
21 (4):531,536,
51, Tuylor, D, H" C, I, Rosen, and D, B,
White, 1990, Fertilizing lawus,
AG,FO,3338,O, Minnesotn
Extensinu Service, University nf
Minnesota,4pp,
52, Timmons, D, R" R, F, Holt, uud I, I,
Lnlterell, 1970, Leaching ur erop
residues as u source of uUlrieuls iu
~-' ....
18"',-""" '" ',' ,,','," "',", cr fgrassManage I'
I~ ",.',:'1\1',':', I'; :..:~i"'I;'~:;:,:,.:\\'I():',!,\'rl,,'}\ur '.' meQ
, ' '
, ..
surrace runorf waler, WnterResour,
Res, 6(5):1367,1375,
53. Tisdale, S, L. and W, L. Nelson,
1966, Soil fertility nnd
fcrtilizcrs,2nd Ed, TIle Macmillan
Co, New York, New York, 694 PI',
54, Turgeon, A. J. 1980, Turfgrass
management. Reston Publishing
Co, Reslon, Virginia, 391 PI',
55, Waddington, D, V, 1985, TIle fnte or
nitrogcn applied to turf, Groonds
Maintcnance, November, 1985, pp,
14,16,18,22,
56, Walker, W, I" I, C. Oalogh, M, 1',
Kenoa, and I, T, Snow, 1990,
Euvironmental issues related to
golf coorse eonstrucliou and
managcmenl. United States Golf
Associatiou, Green Section, 378
PI"
57, Walschkc, T, L. 1990, The euviron,
memnl benefits of lurfgrass and
their impact on the greenhousc
erfecl. Golf Course Mgt, Fcbruary,
pp,I50,154,
58, Walschke, T. L, 1990, The envirun,
mentnl fate of peslicides, Goif
Course Mgl. February, pp,
18,22,24,
59, Walsehke, T, L" S, Harrison, and G,
Hamilton, 1988, Movemenl of
nutricnts and pesticides iu runoff
from torfed slopes, Agronomy
Abstracts, p, 157,
60, Wnlschkc, T, L" S, Harrison, and G,
IV, Hamiltou, 1989, Docs fertilizerl
pesticide ose on a golf course put
waler resourees in peril? USGA
Green Sect, Reeont, Mayllune. pp,
5,8,
61, IVelterlen, M, I" C, M, Gross, J. S,
Angle, and R, L. Bili, 1989,
Surface runoff from lurf, In Leslie,
A,R, and R, L. Metenlf, Integrated
pest management for lurfgruss nnd
omamentals, Ornce of Pesticide
Programs, 1989,625,030 U,S,
Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington D,C. pp, 153,160,
62, Welzel, R, G. i983. Limnology, 2nd
Ed, Snonders College Publishiug,
858 PI"
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'File: HMlcullure,4,1
... ond Justice 10ra1l
The Iowa Coopcr,ll1\'c Extension Service's progmms and policies arc_
consistent with perllnen! federal nod stale laws and regulations on
nondiscrimination regarding filCC, color; nntioni'll origin, rcllglon,scx,
agc,ilndhilndlcap,' . ,_
, '
. COl.Jper,lli~c Extension Scr\'lc~. Iowa Slale University of Sclcn~c and
, Technology ,nd the Unit,'ll Stales Deparlmenl of AsrleuHure coopcral'
Ing. Robert M. Anderson,Jr" director, Ames/Iowa. Dlslribuled In
. rLrlherance of the Aels of Congress of M,y Band Jone 30, 1914,
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO. 21
i
A CITIZEN I S GUIDE TO USING LAWN'
FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES RESPONSIBLY
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Again, this was prepared by Iowa State university Extension,
It is simply illustrative of the numerous free materials available
for educational purposes, Additional handouts and pamphlets for
this purpose are enumerated on the last page, all of which are
available ,through county extension offices,
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" -Close the gate on the fertiIlzer spreader
TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT when crossing hard surface areas or
FOR PROTECTiNG SURFACE WATER QUALITY sweep up the material ofT of hard sur-
~............................................~ faces and reuse ltanother time. Or put it
~.~<<<<<<.~.s bacl, into the spreader,
--- - - -
('. . . ." I,'
A citizen's guide
to using lawn '
fertilizers and
pesticides' '
responsibly
,Even when proper lawn care practices
are used, usually at some point pest
control or ferlllizer supplements may be
necessal)' to maintain a quality lawn,
Following are some guidelines for using
lawn ferlllizers and peslieides In a .
responsible manner to help safeguard
surface water, .
General fertilization practices .
oNever deposil or inadvertently apply'
any fertilizer materials into lakes, ..
oFlII granular fertilizer spreaders on a
hard surface where spllls Cali be easily
cleaned up, NEVER wash off fertilizer
spills Into the street or other hard sur-
face area where they can easily enter,
storm sewers and uilhnalely surface
water. Wash off granular fertilizer ,
spreaders over turfed areas to prevent
runoff of fertilizer materialli'om hard
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
. University Extension
I" t
. ,.
......1 ',.' Amos, Iowa
--.- -
,
oUse drop spreaders near shoreIlne areas'
to apply fertilizer to create a buffer zone, ' '
Drop spreaders are more precise but
slower than rotaI)' type spreaders, The
rest of the area further away from the
shoreline can be fertilized with a rotaI)'
, spreader. Since the perimeter has al-
ready been earefully,done with a drop
spreader, ilis not neeessal)' to tl)' to hug
the shore, potentially getting fertilizer
into tile water, The same kinds of
pereautions should be taken when using
lIquid applications, ' ' ,
oAvoid getting fertilizer into mitura'l
drainage areas or pathways on a prop~ "
erty, These may not necessarily be hard ,
surfaced areas aiJd can carry fertilizer ,
directly into the surface water area be:
, fore before having the chance to infiltrate,
' into the surroundlngtu~f(sOi.1 are~" '
, oLeave a bufferzoiie of tinma~aged ',': ,
grasses or natural vegetation along "
shorelineareas, This can help prevent
soil erosioiJ and retain some of the nutrt-,
ents that might otherwise enter the lake,
Nitrogen management' .,'
The amount of nitrogen (N) required bY a .
lawn or turfgrass area depends on the,
. type,of grass plants present and the
management praellces used, ['Ugh-main.
tenanee lawns often eimtain the more '
vigorous, impl:oVed l{entuclty bluegrass
and turf-type perenniallyegrassvariet_
les. These lawns perform belleI' when .
pm,t447blSOPIOmj 556
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,
,
adequate water and fertlllzer are regu-
larly provided, Low-maintenance lawns
usually consist of common types of blue-
grass In combimiUon with a mixture of, '
other grasses, These lawns grow and '
spread more slowly and usually receive
little extra water or N fertilizer, Table 1
' describes the annual appllcatlon of N
requirements for these lawn types and
how leavIng the cllppings on the lawn
fmpacfyearly N requirements,
On highly leachable soils-sands, and
sandy loams, the above recommended N '
appllcatlon rates may result In excessive
loss of nitrate-N due to leaching, Where
soluble N sources are used on these soli'
types, reducIng the N rates to 1/4 to 1/2,
lb, N per 1000 square feet per application
may minImize potential nltrate-N leach- ,
ing, If frequent, lower N rate applicaUons '
. , ~
are not practical, siow-release N sources
may be a better choice for these soils,
ThIs practice is adaptable to late-season
NferUllzation and may be especially true'
where sandy solis are,In close proximlty ,
to surface water ,or groundwater, '
Waterl~g' practl~es that result In water"
, movement beyond the root zone may' "
, Increase potential nitrate-N leaching,
Frequent, daily IrrigaUondurlng cool
moIst perIods also can Increase the, '
leachIng potential. IrrigaUon pracUces
that cO\lslder tile grass plant's needs'. '
during any parUcular cllmate condlUon <
are more effective, Adding enough water
to compensate for that removed by plant,
uptake and evaporation minimizes po; , '
tential N'leachlng, Sloped areas may
require more f~equent but smaller
amounts of water per appllcaUon as they,
are more vulnerable to runoff before', ' " '
ample water has Infiltrated into the'soil"
Irrtgation or. I /4 to 1/2 Inch of water,
, Immediately after an appllcaUolJ of a
, quick-release N source will help move the
N into the ,surface soil whcre It can po-, ,
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"
tenUally be used by the grass plant. Also, '
, It \vlll be somewhat protected from runoff
and possible 'volatilization back to the
atmospher~, , ,',
Grass cllpplngs should be returned to,
the lawn area to decompose, and recycle
, nutrients back to,theturfarea: Thcy
should not be blown or raked into street
gutters or onto Sidewalks and driveways
where they may be carried in runoff to '
surface, water, Nutrients ,released to' , ",'
water through deconiposlUon may be '
responsible for causing lIndeslrable algae' :: , '
, ,and vegetaUve growth, '
NEVER apply N ferlllfzers to wat~~ re- ,',',
, sources dIrectly or apply thenlto frozen
ground, ' , ,
. .' , . '
, , ,
Phosphorus management " "
Phosphorus ferllllzei:'ridditlons to turf,'
areas should be based ,on a rellable soil
' test.'The soil test can be obtained from, '
soil tesUng labs 'at land gra'ht univerSities.' ',' '.,
, "I
or private soiltesUng laboratories, .,
. . , . ;' ;.. ',' r,
, , j"'.,, .....,
. ..:.... .......,: ';. ",. '"OJ'
As P,is qulcldyimrnobiIlzedIn the soil.)t'." ' ,;: ',;
does not pose a threat to water resources' ';c, "..
, from leaching. Where sedIment I~ ~roded :;': "
"from the site, it is likely thar~om~ ,~'.. ,:, ,":.-,
amount of P will be carried \Vlth it. In ,'" ,"
establlshedturfgrass a~eas': runbff poten~':" ,
.. tial is quite low due t\Jthe dense:" ' ,',::~". ',,',,' ',;
turf grass canopy, and extenslye nbrou~" ; ,: : '.:;
,root systems,.Therefore, whe~e P is' rip- '...' :::" '; , ,,', ' ,
plied to turfgrass'areas; it should b!l' ',,' ", : ':,.
, watered into the soil where it is inimobi:, ,:,,',: "
llzed and generally protected from lossby, :' , ." '"
runoff, .. ""', ':;, . , , '
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During the winter months~ leaves, dead, " ',.... , , "
grass plant" parts, and other organIc ';, ,: ';,:' " ,"
debris may, upon breakdown due to" :,..,,:,
freezing and thawing acUons,' release ' ,,'- ..
. soluble fonns'of phosphate (and nl. " :' , :,
, trates), These can Jiotenlialiy runoff from' . :,' "
frozen ground, especiaily slopes, during , '
, . spring snowmelt and early, spring rains .:, "",' '. '
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, Proper timing also can rel~te t~ the, tl~e " '"
of year when a pes~lclde may, be most, "
efTectlve, For example: fall Is the best,: " ,
. " , . .' : ":" - . .r..' -." . <
, ' time tocontrol perennllll, b~oadleaf::.: ' .. '';' .
, ,we~ds, At.lhlsUnie:ofy~a~ (rilld:Septem.,'.' ,', ,
ber to earIyOclober).. these plan!s arc'..,",,;', '.
acUvely gi-owhig andwlll more readlly,>,,'" '... .
,takeup the herblcide,Often,lowerra,tes:':;',"
",and only one'appllcationofan apprciprl~', ,.".,' .
ale herbicide are needed, to be effective: '.', ':' '
\ ," . , . .
As much of the other landscape plant ...~:, :'
, malerlalls ellher goIng dommnt for th~,.' ,',' ','
. wInter or has been removed froni gard~n,"" '
and flower beds, lhere Is usually less, .; -: : :;.. ,,: ,
chance for ofT-Laniel plant inJury, How-,..,':" ',., '
ever, lhat does not give hcense'to'he' ":':,:.,,,'
, careless when applying a pesticIde prod- , '
Beforc applying Insecticides and fungi-" ,ud:, " ' '. .',":', ", ,',,'
cldes lo a lurf arca, be sure lhallhc ' '
apparenl damage symptoms arc being ,
caused by an insecl or disease, If an ' ,
Insccl or dlscase peslls found lo be '
causing scrlous turf damage"lhen selecl
a proper conlrolmelhod, This mayor,
may nollnvolve the use of a pesticide,
and possibly be carried Inlo surface,
. waler areas, Thus, rakIng the lawn in lhe
fal!lo remove excess organIc debris also
may be beneficial from a waler quallly,
slandpolnl.Grass cJJppJngs, leaf liner, ,
and olher fomls of organic debris should
be removed and kept ofT of hard surface .
areas where they can be carrIed In runoff '
, ,
lo surface water areas, Obviously, lhese .
same malerlals should not be dumped on
or near shoreline areas where nutrienls '
released during decomposItion can move'
'dlreclly Into the water. ' "
As P Is Immoblle in tile soli Ills often,
advisable to add some P at the time of
establlshmenl, even though soli P levels
may be adequate for an eslabllshed,turf.
, This ensurcs lhal so'me P is avallable
near the soli surface for the young devel-
oping grass roots, ,Prolectlng newly ,
Seeded, areas, espe,clal!y slopes, wllh
,some lype'ofmulch cover during estab-
IIs11nlcnl helps prevenl runofT andero-
, slon of sol! and possible nulrlenls.Ap-
plying P lo an eslabllshed lurf following ,
. core cultivation helps move P down Inlo
the solllhereby prolectlng Il from,loss by
. 1 . .
runofT, ,',' ..' :' , ,:', ",
, Responsible pesticide applicatloll' '
The firsl slep In responsibly using any ,
pcstlclde produclls torollow \he .label., '
directions exactly as stated on the prod. ' ,
ucl conlalner, The label provides 'rieces. ,
sary Inlormation regarding proper prod-
, ucl application and conlalner disposal
procedures: Labelsare legal documenls
'and are enforcible by law should lhe' ,
producl be used.ln a manner Inconsls."
lenl wllh directions. '
Weeds should be Identified to determine
whelher there Is a need for a pesticide,
, They may only Indicate whether other :, ' ,
cultural conditions lhat als'o need to be
corrected, As with fertiJJzers,exlreme,.'
care musl be taken tq prevent the direct,
'application of pesticides into surface ,','
'. . ".
water areas, ' "
Properly timing pesticide applications Is '
crucial to theIr overall effectiveness, '
against the pest and to mInImize advenie, '
envlronmehtalimpllcts, Often minimal . ,
amounts ora pesticide can be used when
. "';" .,
the pest is In a young and/or highly, ",' '.
vulnerable slage: When weeds or insects,
, ,are quite large and mature, greater. ,', ".
amounts of pesticides, are usually needed,
and may nol be that efTectlve, Likewise;, .. "
treating diseasy problems at ~ery early,,; ,:' ,
stages of Infection is more prudent an.d ",
mayrequire l~ss funglGide than attempt-, '
Ing treatment of large; heavily infected' . ,':,
areas,' , , ",," ' " ,,'
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Sometimes itlsn~cessary to water:ln a'.,
pesticide tre~tment fOrl~ to be most' . :,
, effective, Pre-emergent,types of herbl-:, '
cldes lypically used for controlling crab-
grass and other annual weedy plants
must be moved Into the soil surface,
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Their mode of action Is such that It af-
fects the seed as it begins to gemllmite'
but before It emerges from the ground,
Depending on the soil type, 1/4 to 1/2
Inch of moisture should be applled fol. ,
lowing appllcatlon of these products. ','
With most lawn sprinklers, this Is about
one.to two hours of irrigation, Automat!c
Irrigation systems may need to be ad-
Justed accordingly, This not only puts
the product where It will be the most
effective but may move the material far '
enough Into the ,soli that It wlll not be'
carried away In runoff,'
Aslmllar situation exists when using
insecticides and fungicides. Those male. '
rials used ,for controlllng thatch and soli
Inhabiting insects and diseases usually
require some type of Irrigation follo\vlng
appllcation to move the product Into lhe
thatch and thatch/soil area, This puts
the product where It'ls the most' effective, '
reduces the chances of runoff, and po., ,
,tentlally reduces exposure to the' male- "
rial. While thatch can facllltate the' ,
breakdown of these materials and poten,
tially reduce their effectiveness, It also
can shorten pesllcldes' persistence In the
environment. Pesticide label directions" '
wl11lnctlcate whether or not post-appllca-
tlon Irrigation is needetl, , "
, ,
In the case of herbicides, 1t'ls often Ui1-
, necessary to throughiy drench an area to
achieve satisfactory weed control. This
may be wasteful of ooth water and, herbl- '
clde a's well as moving the herbicide
beyond the plants and Into the sollwliere
it may be more prone to leaching, Where
plant cover Is,sparse, the herbicide could
potentially be carried In rLlI10ff either,
directly or bound to sediment, Sprayh)g
Just to wetlhe rollage wlthouleauslng, '
runoff Is usually sufficient to get enoUgh,
herbicide into the plant to be effective,
Again, follow label direcllons'for proiJc("
mixing and \vater volume to use with 'die,
product. '"
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Protecting our surface water as well as
groundwater Is 'not something to be "
taken lightly, However, neglecting our
turf areas for fear of Introducing nutrl' ,
ents andpesllcides Into ouhvater sup~
piles is not a way to protect these re-
sources: Evidence Is beginning to build , '
that pnjpedy maintaining turfed areas , "
, with appropriate but modest use of ferUl~,'
izers arid pesticides may do morc'to
protect our water resources' than to hurt, ' :,;
them, " " " ' ,,~,' ,
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, . _. , .
. '. . ." . .
For addltiomillnformatlon regarding the';
responsible use of laWl} fertilizers and ,,'
pesticides to protect surfage'water qual-' :" ,
Ity, see the following'publlcatlons, avail.'::, '
able at county extension offices," :': '
.. :',', ','
, "
TUlJgrassManagementPra~llcesfo~ '
Protecting Su1jace Water Qualily, Pm-
1446. ..' :' ',.: .",'.
Lawn Care Practices Lo Reduce the Need . ':
Jor Fertilizers arid, Pesticid~Si i>m~ 144 ia, .':,,:::: ,',
A Ciiizen's Guide to, Resporlsible Use oj \: " .-
Lawn CarePesHcides, Pm' 1 447c;' ,,'
Responsible PhosphOrus M~magemeni'," '"
, PracticesJo~Lawns, Pm~1447d":,
Responsible Use oj Nitrogen Ferl.ilize~s on.' ',: .
Lawns, Pm'1447e, ,;" '.: :':::>. ,::,
Prcparcd byRobcrl J, Mugaas: HC;l~~~ill ,.', ,
County Extcllslon,hortleullurlst, Unlvcrsllyof ,:, " ' ' , '
Mlnnesola: Michael I;, Agneiv, Extension hortl: ',' , '
Gulturlsl-turf, and Nick E, Christians, profcssor ',','
of hortlcullure, Iowa Slatt Unlvcrs,IlY, '
"
, ,
AJoln( publication of Iowa Statc.Unlverslly
Extcnslon and University of Mlmicsola " ' " "
Extension, ,,' '
Cl11lf"!t.lllvl' 1:~II'lIsllln &'n'lfl'~' ImY,1 51.111' U;'lv~rslty IIUkll:nfl'. rind . " .
. ,'I'l"hI1LlltIIIY allllthl' Unlll'll SlilIL", 1~'Il,1rlnWnlllr AHr1cullurl'I'lIllpt.'r"tll1l\',
Illlhl',l M. Alltll'rSllll, Jr., tUn.'clnl, Ami'S, IUWil, lJistrlbull'illn 11Irlht'r.1l1l1.' '. .
Ilrlhc^d~llfCllnli'l's!lilrM'lyK'lIId.lllnl':IlI, 1'J14. " " . .
", ~rid IU!lkcfoull '.' ,: ..':.:..,' "," I,' .
. '11ll' 1\1\\'il Clltll"l'f.,lll'I' H_II'lIs11l1l Scrvkl"s prul\r,lnls nn~1 pilUc1L'11 Mi' ,
. wn~ls'cnt wilh pl!/Ihwnl fl!llcral illllllit,'I!'I"ws allll rCllul"l1tlllH till,
. IwndlM:rlmlnatlulI rl'I:.udII1H ratio', (lllllr, n"ltltll1"lurll;ln; rl'lln1un, lll.'X; illil'. :,: .,.,"":
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Errata Sheet
The following table Is missing from this publication,
Table 1
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Annual Nitrogen Requirements and Application
Timing for Lawns in the Upper Midwest
Nitrogen (Nj to apply Timing
Maintenance Practices Ibs, N/IOO, II' of Applicallons'
High maintenance lawn
(Irrigation, clippings removed) 4 May - June,
Aug" Sept., Oct.- Nov,
(Irrigation, clippings not removed) 3 May-June,
Aug" Oct. - Nov,
Low maintenance lawn
(No Irngalion, clippings removed) 2 Aug" Oct. - Nov,
(No irrlgallon, clippings not removed) 1 September
!. \. '.1
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i . Assume lib, N/l000 fr of a soluble, qulck,release N source applied at each application, 1
, ' I
,
! Note: Lower, more frequent rates of a qulck,release N fertilizer can be used on sandy to
"
, ' sandy loam soli, Slow,release N lertillzers could also be subslituted lor !he quick,release
1
" ~pes, Follow manufacturers' and/or Exlenslon suggesllons lor proper application rales,
'I
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Insert for Pm-1447b, A citizen's guide to lLsing lawnjertilizers and pes.
ticides responsibly,
'I
Octobor 1991
>::11
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO. 22
RESPONSIBLE USE OF NITROGEN
FERTILIZERS ON LAWNS
This is simply another example of the free educational
literature available for public use and dissemination,
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~~~'i,t'ff.I~~'~it' ~~~tA~'~I~'&~t '..: ,~~~(~:;o~u~~~~~l~~i~~a~~~~~:s~~~;~:s, ,,'
'Ii I' Ilj ~ l~ II ~I ~~~ ~ 11 !I ~I r", ,Ivater is applied to Ule turf, These feril,izcrs '
11 ~ .1., I II ,respond quickly and results 'are fairly" . "
, , I" " '" ",.' ' Immediate, However, theh: burn potential.
,TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT, isqultehighimd the effect~arerather ",;..
FOR PROTECTING SURFACE WATER QUALITY shqrt lived, On sandy soils, hlghappIlca-. ,
,,' , ' ' ",: ' ' lion rates of these products conlbined with
~.A.~...A.~"~'~, ,'high Irrigation or rainfall amillintsmax '
~~~~~~~ result in higher N losses due to leaching,' ,
~~~~~~~ Lcaching is the movcmcnt of water and
possibly mitrients down into and poten. ,
, ,tlally beyond thdurfgrass root zone, Once '
. , beyond the root zone, nitrates cancon-" ,
tlnue inoving through the soil and rilay, find ".'
their way Into w~tcr sourccs, '
'Organic fertilizer pro'duclsi na;u~al or ",
synthetic, contain carbon [C)In \hcJr,',,: " "
chemicitlstructure,:Nili'ogen fromnattiral',
"',organic sources becbrilesavililable,only :',
, , afier thc pt:oducLbeghls to ~reakdown due
Few soils, have enough natural niitogen IN)' ", to soil microbial action: These are consid:" "
to maintain desired turfgrass quality and,,' . cred slow'rel~ase N sources as Nls grad~,; :,'
recuperative ability throughout the,growing ally released ,to the soil and beconie,s avail-', "
season, Nili'ogen shortagcs can cause slow' able for plan['use,~oll tcniperatureand,'" :,:' :.
grOlvth, ycllowing of the plants, thinning ,moisture are key factors governing Uie",,:' .', ,:'
out of the,turf, and increascdincldence of' microbial activity',and thereby th~N re-..' ',' .,..,
some diseases, However, excessively high: ", 'lease: Compared to qulck;~cleasc~ources;:" '
'levels of N cari lead to excessive shoot and "slow-relcase N sources, have a iowcr Idf..: :,,'
',leaf growth, reduced roo( gi:owth, loi~plant . :: blirn potentiai and can beappllecl'ai ,".'"
carbohydrate (food)i'escrves, Ihcreasi:d,', sllghllyhlgher rates 'without dal1laghig the,:' '
susceptIbility to cnvironniental sti'esses, ., turf,,',..., ",..'::, "..",,' :',' :,' .' ::: .,',' ' .0'
and some discases, A primmy consider~' ".. ,', ' ': ',: ,I ,'" '.
, atIonin using N ,fertIlizers respqnslbly is to , The primary synthetic 'organic fertilizer,"',', ' ':' ,
. malch the, site conditions and the desired, ,'..' prod\lct Is u'rca, Itls considered a"quick- "
nuilntenance progrmil with UieprojJei':N 'relcase N product with ~'r~laUvcly, hlgh'leaf' ',..':
Iertilizcr, sources.. burn potcntIaLUrca has been furUicr :,',:,:',:,',,;':
,', ," ". .' . .,' .', ""." "'(' "","
, proccssed and/ 91' combined with other:' .,':, '.:,',
,.,l1laterlals giving orgillllcf~rtIlized)ro4ucts':' ,:.
11l0i'c' or lc,ss o'f a slow-relcase chill'actei-ls-,. .. :' '..'
'tic, The N relcascd from thesesloo/:rel~asil '",' ,
N products depends on soil Clienilcal andj" ,
" . ,or microbiaiacti~n,has ~;raltlyloiv:I,ea(" ':>
burn IJotcntIal,:illld i:a~ bc applied at ,',::,:,\','::;': '
, , slightly highcr ratcs ,[hiln qulck-r~leasc ~:',',',', :"
'sourccs." ' , .'.. '"., ','..' ..',
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Responsible qse'
, of nitrogen .. ,
fertilizers on lawns
Nitrogen fertilizer sources ,'"
Nltrogcn fertlllzcr sourccs ai'e oftCIi catego-
rizcd as Inorganic typcs or organic tyiles, A ,
, . brlcf description of scvcral Nsourccs Is,
given In Table 1.
'Inorganic fertIlizers such as aimilO1ii;lm
, nltratc and ammonium sulfate arc all "
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
Uiliversity Extension
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rm'1447o I Soplombor 1991
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:, : :" "Nitrogen fertiuzer use ,
:: ";, ',':',;rqeamoimt of N required by t)lrfgrass'
, , :,'" ,'depends on the type of grasses present and
: ," :', the mamigement practices used, High' '.
i ::'. :,,"::'lI1aintemince lawns 'of ten contain the'more ,
I . ,.,. ......-.. '-", "
" '/, ,:,' vigorous, Improved Kentucky bluegrass ' '
I . '."., . ,," . .
I:: ; . , 'and turf-type perennial ryegrass varieties, '
! '>',::These lawnsWlIl perfomibellerwhcn,
i:':',:,adequate\vat~r anCl f~rtillzerare regulary ,
i:' , .,');provlded, LOw malntenailCe lalvns usually'
;', :',':" 'consist ofcoii]fii6ntypes 6fbluegnisBln
: ;',' ::': ~6mblnation,wtt~ri mlxtilre of other "
.'. ;,: ,grasses. These lawnsgraw and spread .
. " : .,:'rri6re slawlY and usually receive 1I1l1e extra, ' Watering practices that resullln water
: : water or N fertilizer, Table 2 describes the, movement beyond the root zane may In-
" ,;'annual appl!c~tioilOf Nrequiremcntsfar " :creas~ potential nltrate-Nleachlng, I're-.
,,:', ,,',:these lawn types andhow~lIpplngBleft on , quent, dally Irrigation during cool malst
: :..':,::-\",:"'thi:-iriwn 'Impact yearlY N requlrell1ents, pedods, Increases the patential far leach-
.. "..",:::.' : ,',::. ,', .' ,:\"', ", ,,' ,': .. 'Ing; Irrigation practicesthattal(e Into ,
!:::', '" On'higl1ly leac~able sotis":"'s~nds"mid' ",', consld~~ation the grass plant's needs'
(i',;:" ;"sflndy loa~s.the:rib6~erecomm~ndedN ' durlngimy particular climate condltian are,
:, ,";, 'appllcatian ra(es"may r~suit In excessive:, ',moreeffecHve, Adding enough Ivater to ,
I . . ' ., .., .j . . .,' .' . ;._, , .' ." . ~ . .' '. " . .. ~ , . .
! : ,,:,: ;:.I9SB .of nttrate'N,:a ,inoqlle form of N In the:, , compensate for that removed by plant ,
[,,:,:0:, ::"; " ,;,'" ' . .. ' '. ',', " , uplal(e anci evaporatian
:'.,',:::".';:"'",: " :,:,...,',.:,1 :':, "., ' minimizes patential N
,:, '.," : '.~.;." '" ' " ,:'."c, .. ',Table ( 'p'allutiori prableins frain'
, "
'.';'::'- ;,i', ";"",i,::r.. i ',"" , leachlng,Slopedareas
" , ,may require mare fre-
, "i;,. c{Jara,ct~~iStics of ~o~~on Turfgrass N Sources. quent hut smaller., '
,:,,:'::i ';:..':" , " .. amotnits qfwaler per
;:" ", ,'" ' applicatian, ,They are
",..,:'".. ,'.'" ',:: 'ticonl'nl :,'l;'thing Bum.' lOWI,~p,""i Reslduai'marevulnerableta "
: ; ..:':FerlilizorSourco..".:. . '::" '. %'., ,:polenWal:' polential, -repsonse,'. :eUecI,"
,"." ,.,,", nmoffbefareample
, ,', ' " water has Infiltrated Into
".' the soil.' .
sail, due ta leaching, Where soluble N
, SatlrCes are used an these sail types, re-
ducing the N rates ta 1/4 ta ] /2 Ib, N/
, 1,000 ft2 per application may minimize
patential nitrate-N leaching, If frequent,
lawer N rate appllcatians are nat practical,
slaw~release N saurces may be a belleI'
, chatcdar these solis, This practice Is
adapiable ta lale season N fertlllzatian and
may be especially true where sandy salls '
are In c1ase proximity ta surface water .or
, groundwater.
',::.'
" " :.<:..:j~.o~~~nic.::";~,/'.",~'.':.':;\.' ,'; ,',!','
',,, Ammonlum~~DIO'\', ",' '33.34
'C,lclumnl~C1' '<, 16
,..:; Ammonlurnsullalo' .. 21':
\. ....."
Irrlgatlan .of 1/4 to 1/2
, Inch afivater Immecll-,
ately aflcr applying a. ,
qulck-relcase N saurcc
helps mavethe N Into
thc slll'face sail where It
can bc used by thc grass
plant. Also, the N will be
proiectcd 11'.001 ninaff
and passlblevolatillza,
tian back ta the 'atma-
spherc, '
. ....1 :", I
,
, High
High
High,
,',SholtI
Short
ShOJI. ,
High
High
H~h,
Rapid
R,p~
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. ....
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... " ';' :":,"..
, ';,Aclivaledsewagoslu~o ';,', ': 6'
"" " Manu/os .:', ',' '", ", '3.10
':OlholnalurolproductS",. :'. :3-10
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"
'V,~lcw ,
v,~i,w
Very low .
" v,~~w
V,~I,w
" V,~~w
lo"l'
Long
Long
" V,~lcw
" V'~Ow
" v,~.w
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Olganl.c-Synlh,lIc' ',',
".. ",' '~'i~ .' ,:., "r ",'
,',,;"lIro',.., .' '''':,,",'''45-46
:' ,lIlo'5OIul.."':'''' ,,' 1.2.14
';;: Sullur,coolcdurea,'.. 22-37'
',:'" Resln,coolcdurca'" ." '24-35
,." Isobu~I~'n,diuro'(IBD41 31..
.. ",M"hylcneuro.s& 3D
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"', IJ'
, Mod,ral' , H~h Rapid, .. . SIIOlI '
, Modoral', , ..H~h ' Rapid Shoil
Low. Low . Moderalo',' Modcrolo
, low Low Modcr,l, " Mcd,t,"l
Mod,('w" Low" Modcr,I,', Moderalo
Low" . " Low'.. V'~low Mod,rol'
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i' '.' .'. ,Grass, clippings should be ,
, , "left'onthelal'lT1 'area lo .. '
I'" .,:,dec6rnpose~nclrecycie "
, " ""nuirlenlil back to the lurf"
t." -, . .\ .
,;, area, Theyshouldnotbe'
'::: biow-nqr ral(~d Into slr~d,' ,
: " " gutters or onlo sidewalks
:' ",' ::' and drlve\yays where th~y ,
f" ,," ,',i: riiay be'calTled wltl1mnoff '
i ,',' ,:\':" ':waterlo surface Wliter:" ' ' ~Igh maIntenance lawn'
I,., ,,;' 'j" :';>N~tr\e~tsr~)e~sed1n water. ' .
i ,.,:' , ,"~I Jhrpughdecompcisi~lon'", ,. ;,: \llrigation,CIiPPing;removedl,'
I.-:,:\i:',rriay cause undeslrabl~ ,', :'
I ,,:;,,:'>'algaearid ;Vegetative ",; "
I\{,,:,:.;~.::,grow~h;,:'::"i';:,:,' :,' ,
!" ';:(; ,:'NEVERippiY'Nferliiiz~~S ' Low malnlenance lawn ,
. f::::; '\,: ,,'td waterresoll rc~s ,dtl'l;clly , (Noirngation, clippings 'removoo)
r: ': ,'..",,>orapplythem,t~ frq,zep, : , ,', (No irngatlon, clippings nol lamovedj
L' ,'" ',.:' '..,.. ground' ',' ..,',. , ,
L;'::-':" ..', ,": ,:,! '," ' " .,' , , "Assume, ,lib, :Nl100'O II',Of a soluble, qulck'lelaase N sourcaapplied al each applicatio,n"
Ii,'.. >::;:, Nll~ogeri,ferUlizer prodl~~t'"
,':", ',' '" :knowiedge and being , ,:',
["', ',<::,:', .fainiHar,wilh the s'fteinay, .." ,
" ,'inliiimlze'oreven elijiilriale'
":,,:" :: potenllal adverse'lmpacts,,:,
,/>, 'on Ylater quality, Inaddl-": , " '
. ,"" .. /.\'Ul)o, alWays' follow mamifacti.irer guide- ",
I ',,:,' "',lines'or ~onsuj(with'local extensIon turf "
,: ").,,,,::', sjJecbllsts' fo~ tipproprialeappllcaLlon " ,.', ",
\,", :;':",".'rates,'" ,:,; '".... ",: '. ,,', ',..
~:.\....".'..;;...::-.....:,::':.:'". ~':',;. .:~:;.':;-:::~>:,~:...,,:':.<': ..:....,.j..'; .'
:,: ' '..i": Prepared by, Roberl J, Mugaas, Hennepin "
. . I.'......, ., ," - ,-'" :.,," ",.""
," ' '""" Coul)ly Exlenslol) horticulturist, Unlverslly of "
:' ';,'(.,:':, Minnesota: Michael J"Agnew;Exlension hortl-,'. "
,,: ..,: ,':' ':!,;,:cultiirist-turf," rind Nick E, Chrlsllans: professor"
, ",:,', ':~fhorllCllhl!I'C, Iowa Slalc Unlvcrsity", '
i ,-, : ',' ..>,: ,:- <:. " ,-, .; :.'1" : ;, ',' . ' ".,' .'.
I, ' , '.'\'/'ii j'qtn\P~bli~~llon o'rlp~a Sirite uiliycrstly; ",
'.. i,.-:,:,.,"'Extenslon and University of Mlnn~sola Exlen,
-:;,,' :",.~>~,J,':;~ :~.:' ';;",'~',;",,:~Ion"': :,,;: ':" J': ,:;,;' " :',," ", '
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"r..;.,,' '.'
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. "';, "; ..,<:'.,::,::,.,,: . ',,' I., .:
, ". 'Annual Nitrogen Requirements and Application '
Timing for la~ns in. the Upper Midwest
", -,' ," ..". '.,.\ .
'MalntenancePraclices':':
Nitrogen (Nllo apply
"lbs,N/l00'1I'
Timing
, 01 Applications'
'4
May-June, '
Aug" Sept., Oct.- Nov,
May-June,
Aug" Oct. - Nov; ,
. (Irri~a:lon, clippings nol removed)'
3
2
1
Aug" Oct. - Nov,
Saplembar
. . " .
.,. " ..' '" ..' ' . ,
, ' Note: Lower,mole frequant raleS oi a qulck,ieleaseN'lertilizelcan be used on sandy 10
: sandy loam soil" Slow,release N fertilizBls could also be substituted fOllhe qulck'release
~pes, Follow manufaclulels' and/or Exlenslon suggaslions lor proper application rales,
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';':"::;, :: rcsj:JonslOlcu$e oflawn' fertilizers and" ' , .
~ .' p' ",/'.''1 ,",', . ','.:,. . .... .', '" ,,' ".,' '.' '. ...1, ' ,', -', '., ..
'~::~,":", p~stlc\des tp 'p'rotcqfsurfacc water qual-
,,\ ,. .'::';/ty;; sec,'tl1e folloWing publlcatlons,avaU;
, . \ '.- " .., ' . . , ' ,\' , ," .. ..' . . .;.,;' ~ .' " . . , .... " . . ... " .' "
i:,,:';J\:;;ilP!eA~b,:\po/:~e)1stoii ilffI~cs",,'" '
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: i..S: ,~./Dl1:fgrrss ~anagernent Practices for,; .
.:,<,'.:'::"Prpte~lln!i$uifack WalerQilality, Pm'
',::~, ::':~' ~.:';:) 446>~'::.~';"'::':,~:;,'. ,.~.,:,.:\.~.:::. ",\ ::',:":, ".' : . '"~I '''" "" \
::', ,,-, Lawn Care PraCtices loRedllce aie Need
: ".':::l:'Jor Fertiliiers:i:iiid Pesiii:/des:'PIl1'1447ri,:
" ',':..'" , ,~.- "'-. . ", . ~ ;. i': ." ",' ':." ~...;. .", :'.... ..' ,', ;'; ,..:.' - ',:, ' ';:. '\ .~' . .', ; .
,~~ ,; ,:,:::,il9J(izen's q~id!{ lo.Using Ldilin Fertlli?:";' .
" ";;'".:er~, i:m~,,~~~,lipi~I~~,~es~ons!JjliJ, Pm- '~':'
':":1; L.,;;..; /i} 1.179.'::'~~::~':.r~,:,.,\t.~:.'. "~;1'~:"::i:J'~:::/: ~'~ ;:.:." ~ ,': t.<':, ',,:~ '.',' '1"
,',:: ';:A-CWien'sGuicletoRespons/ble Use oj
, ',',,' u1luii Care pes'liciCies,' pin;144 7c,' ",
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" ': Responsible Phosphorlls Management
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CnopUllllvc E~lc'nslllll SelV!ec, lawn Stille U~lvcrHIlY of SclclU'c and'
Technology nlid.lhe Un lied Sinks I>clllIrlmcnl of ^~rlctlhllre '
'coolleritlln~; I~oberl M. Allllrrson;'Ji;, dlrectur, Allies, Iowa. ,', .
D1slrlhlltcd In furlhcrullce orlhe Acts of CongrclIs.ofMny 8 nnd.
'June:lO.:lOi4;. . . ' .',', , '
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'andjustlco(or all'. . " . ,: .. .",,' ".. '. .'. " .
, 111l! lown Coopcrnllve EXleil!iloll SelVlt:c's pmg'niills nnd "nllcles ore
: ('ol1slslenl wltli jlCrllnentrcdernlolld sinh! InwlIol1t1 n'~lllullo!lSnll
ilomllscrln\ltiuUon rcgnrtllll~ rur.e, eulor. Ilntfonulnrlntn, rclll\lnll,
,5ex,n~ollllitllill'!ldlcnll' .
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO, 24
po, WN CARE.
~HEMI CALS.
Again, this pamphlet was prepared by the American council on
science and Health, The ACSH is a national consumer education
association directed and advised by a panel of scientists from a
variety of disciplines, This panel is committed to providing
scientifically balanced evaluations of issues relating to
chemicals, environment, health and lifestyle factors, Ihe ACSH
is not beholding to any 5peci~1 interest 9rou~,
Based upon its review of the scientific literature, ACSH
concludes (near the bottom of page 10) that natural carcinogens
are present in amounts and relative potencies' far greater than
pesticide residues that may be present in human food pr tha
llXtlOsure resultina from 11 neiahbor' s lawn treatment.,
This in-depth pamphlet cites many scientific studies, It
concludes that if health problems were to arise from chronic
toxicity to lawn care pesticide exposure, than commercial
pesticide applicatorS, turf management personnel at golf
courses, and ground maintenance employeeS for large landscaping
firms would be the first to show the effects, It states that
these heavily exposed individuals, as a group, have demonstrated
.. no chronic risks, It cites a study conducted at the university
of Cincinnati Medical Center, College of Medicine, This
discussion is concluded on page 11,
On page 18, ACSH concludes that common lawn care pesticides have
many scientific studies supporting their safety,
Regarding pesticide sensitivity and the requiring of posted lawn
signs, the report at page 20 states that the risk to anyone from
lawn care chemicals is minute compared to other common allergens
and irritants which are untouched by such posting requirements.
It concludes at page 21 that lawn care chemicals, when correctly
and legally used and applied, pose no known hazard to human
health. It further concludes that regulatory controls are
unlikely to significantlY benefit public health,
\ .'
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), ,.ihN EWS Fo. I..'''ATE 'fl''''
fi:'LL;jf:\~t;j
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............."...."""'........"............"".............................,,,,"',,...,,..,,,,.........."'...""...................""...."....."."..."",,,.....,,,,,,,,,,,............................""".................."....................
American Council on Science and Health
ACSH is a nonprofit, lax exempt consumer educotion
and public health institution, directed and advised by
over 200 prominent American physicions and scientists,
For more Information contact:
Elila~elh M, Whelan, 5c.D" M,P.H,
fdward G, Remmers, 5(,0.
Phone 12121362,7044 · Fox (2121362. 4919
LAWN CARE CHEMICALS ARE SAFE
New York, NY - May 1992 Lawn care chemicals, when correctly and legally used
according to label directions, pose no known hazard to human health or the environment.
New pesticides must pass a series of demanding health and environmental safety tests '
before they may be sold in the V.S, Reregistration is proceeding for many older
pesticides which were registered before taday's strict testing requirements, However,
there is no cause for alarm, Most older lawn care chemicals have a long history of safe
use, No chronic risks have been demonstrated far some of the mast heavily exposed
individuals, lawn care professionals,
There are many benefits of a healthy lawn beyond the pleasing green color and uniform
surface, Grass controls water and wind erosion, diminishes sun glare, noise and heat
buildup, It also produces a significant amount of oxygen, Roadside turf increases
visibility on highways and promotes safety by providing a uniform shoulder for drivers
during an emergency, Open space around a home deters burglars and"'landals, Turf
rarely sustains fire while trees, shrubs, litter and vines can do so, A healthy well-
landscaped lawn can add significantly to property values, Short grass discourages
unwanted creatures like snakes, rodents and ticks and reduces their tendency to invade
the home. Finally, well,kept and weed,free lawns reduce allergies and the likelihood of
bee stings,
Clearly a healthy well, maintained lawn has many benefits, Lawn care chemicals are
often important in preserving these valuable assets and are essential to maintain
tUrfgrasses on recreational areas, such as athletic fields and golf courses,
Additional regulatory controls such as lawn posting or bans on common lawn pesticides
are unlikely to significantly benefit public health, Severe allergy due to lawn care
chemicals seems to be rare or nonexistent and in reality these pesticides would be likely
to help prevent allergy through weed and insect reduction. Precipitous actions to ban or
severely restrict common lawn care chemicals are not risk,free options,
......................""......"'....."'","'""............"'"""........",,,,,......,,..........,,,,......""".."..",,,,,,,....,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,..................,,,,,,,,.........,,.,,........,,
Leem more in the newly reJeased American Council on Science end Haaltll (ACSH) report, Lawn Care
Chamlcala, To obtain a copy, send $3,85 (poslage Included) to:
Lawn Cale Chemlcala, ACSH, 1995 Broedway, Floor, New Yerk, NY 10023,5860
.."",,,......................."'................,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,.........,,,,,,,,......""",,,,,,,......,,,,....,,......,,.....,,..,,,,,,,....,,.....,,,,,,,,,..,,,,....,,......."',..".
American Council on Science and Health IACSH) . 1995 Broadwoy, 2nd Floor · New York, NY 10023,5860
"""........"...""",,,.....,,....,,,,,...,,"',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,.....,....",,,,.....,,,,,,,,,,......"""""""""",,,.......,,,,,,,,,....,,.,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,..,,,,,,,,,.......,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,....,
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PUBliCATIONS ORDER FORM
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Alcohol: DeRning the Porometer. of Moderolion ..............,........
Alzheimer. Di5OOse...... ..,......,.. ....,.. ..,....,.. ..,....,....,.., ........,....
America'. Heolth: A Cen~ry of Progress ..................,..........,...
America'. Woler: Assessing the Quolily........................,........,
Answers About AIDS ..........,................,....,........,...................
AulomobileOccupont Res~oint Systems ......,....,....,..........,....,
Baby Food. ..........,..,......,....,....,....,....,...................,..........,..,
Biolechnology: An Inlroduction ........,......,........,.........,....,......
BST, A Sole More Plenliful Milk Supply,..........,........,....,..........
Conee, Clullars ,..........:....,....,....,..........,........"..,....,..............
Conce, in the U,S,: Is There on Epidemic!............,...............,....
Chronic FoHgue Syndrome......,....,....,..............,....,....,....,........
Cocoine Focts and Dangers, ,...."..,..........,...."........,......,....,....
Coronary Heort Disease, The Facts & Myths ....,....,....,............
Diet and Behavio, ..,..........,.............."....,....,..........,..........,..,
Dielond Co"e'........,.............."....,....,..........,........,..........,..
Dioxin in the Environment .....................................................
Fluoridation ......, ................. ....,.. ..,.... ..,.... ..,.., '........ ......,........
Food Allergies,.., '.......... '.... '...... ..,....,.. ...., ........ ......................
Food and U~, A Nulrition P,ime, ..............,..........,..................
From Mice ~1Ien: BeneRb & Umiloti",s 01 Animoi Testing..,..........,
Hay Feve'.........."......,........,............,..,..,.............."..............
HMOs: Are They Right For Youl................................,............
Hyperten.i", ....,'.. ...., ..............,.... .........., ....,...... ....,.... '........
Irradiated Foods" ,............, '........ '.. ....,..................,................,
Laborolory Animal Testing ,........,............,..,..............,............
lawn Care Chemicols ......,..,....,..........,......,....,....................,
low'level Rodialian, Th. Health Effecl. 01.......,......................,
Lyme Oi5OOso........,............,................,......,........,........,..,....,..,
Molignant Melanam. ....,....,.............,..,.........,.."..........,........,
Microwave Ovans ,....,........,............,..........,..,..,...................
N.~ral Co~inogens in Am.rican Food .............,..........,........
PCBs: Is the Cure Worth the Co.Il,........,......,..,..........,..........,
Pe'licides and Food Safely ,...................................................
Pe.ticid.s: Helpful a, Harmfull ..............,.................................
Smoking CessoHon ,..............,......,......,..,...............,............,..,
Smoking a, Heehh: It's You, Choice ........................................
Sugors and Vour Health ..............................................,..........,
'PIC/AI .'PORf'
ACSH Summer Handbook..........,........,..,......,....,........,........,..,
AlAR, On. YeorLate'............,........................,......,..,..............
AlAR, Throe Veers Later .....,........................,............................
Dubious Denlol C.re ......,.., ............, ................ .............., ..........
Ethics of Accepting Mon.y From Ihe Tobacco Indu.try ...............
Helorosexual~ Tronsmilted AIDS in the United Slales..............,..,
H.liday Dinner Menu ..,:....,............,......,......,..,...."........,........
Oua<kery and the Elderly,............,..,......,........,....,..................,
Oua<kery by Meil""............................,.......................,....,....,
Smoking Cavemge in American Mogozines, 1990 ...................
The Unhealthy AlIi.nce, Crusaders fO, 'Heahh Froodom' '........,
un PI. nru
IDiJc..h 'WI ~.... ,.... .f ... ff~ ooIy, """ lidudt ",lag,.. hanclingl
1-9..p._Sl,lS,oI lOHII..p._SIJlool
IH9..p.___..SJ,llool lOO-'"..p.---lI.~ooI
lO-99~p/o1___Sl.1lool lOOO->..p._SI,llool
100-199 ',,",_S2,2100l
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Lawn Care
CHEMICALS:
WHAT CONSUMERS SHOULD KNOW
A Report by the American Council ou Scieuce and Health
ACSH accepts unrestricted grants on the condition that it is solei)'
responsible for the condnct of iLl research and the dissemination of its
work to the public, The organization docs not perform propriet)'
research, nor docs it accept suppon from indil'idual corporations for
specific research projects, till contributions to ACSH - a publici)' funded
organization under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code-
arc tax deductible,
FirJ/Pdnlillg, tI/l/il 1987
Second I'dnling.jnl)' 1987
71Iird Prinfing, November 1987
Fonr/It P,inling,julle 1989
Fiftlt Pdn/illg, t1fl/il 1991
Si,r/It I'1in/ing ami Revision, Ma)' 1992
En/ire COlllellfs cO/i)'liglt/ @ 1992
tlmeliall/ Conllcil 011 Scienc/lalld Healtlt
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American Council on Science and Health
1995 8roadway, 2nd floor
New York, NY 10023,5860
phone 12121 362,7044
fax 12121362,4919
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Lawn Care
CHEMICALS:
WHAT CONSUMERS SHOULD KNOW
The prior edition of t11is report was written by Leonard T, Flynn, ph,n"
M,B.A. Dr, Flynn is a regulatOl)' and scientific consuhant. This report has
been npdated by James F, Wilkinson, ph,n" a scientific conslll~1t1l,
The American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) gratefully
acknowledges the comments and contributions of the following
individuals in revie\\ing one or more drafts of this report:
Walter S, Barrows, Ph,D, Thomas Milhy, M,D" M,P,H,
C.1rpinlcria,C.1Iifornia I.afa)'cttc,C.1Iifomia
Blaioe L. Blad, Ph,D, Dade W, Moeiler, Ph,D,
University of Nebraska l-IarvardUnivcrsity
Hinrich L. Bohn, Ph,D, Edward G, Remmelll, Sc,D,
Unh'crsity of Arizona Americall Council on Sciencc and Hcalth
Robert M, Devlin, Ph,D, Edward C.A, Runge, Ph,D,
,I UnivcrsityofMassachusct{S TcxasA& M Univcrsity
I Leonardj, Goldwate" M,D, Roy F, Spalding, Ph,D.
i
I, Chapel Hill, North C.1rolina Uni\'crsityofNcbraska
I
Waylandj, Hayes,jr" M,D" Ph,D, Fredrickj, Stare, M,D" Ph,D.
Vandcrbilt Univcrsity HiI"'.1rd Unh'cnity
William E. Hazeltine, Ph,D, Stephen S, Sternberg, M,D,
BUlle County, California Mosquito MClllorial Sloan-Kettering C.1nccr Center
AbalcmcntDisuicl
Michael A, Ramrin, Ph,D, E1lzabeU. M, Whelun, SC,D" M,P,H,
Michigan Slate Univenlty American Council on Science al1d Ilcilhh
Manfred l{roger, Ph,D, Christopher F, Wilkinson, Ph,D,
l'ennS)'lmnla Slate Unimsit)' Cornell University
Bernardj, liska, Ph,D, Virgil 0, Wodlcka, Ph,D,
l)urdueUnh'crsil)' Fullertoll,C.11lfurnlil
Roger p, Malckel, Ph,D, john A, Zapp,jr" Ph,D,
Purduc Unh'crslty Kcnllctt Squarc,l'cnnsyh..mla
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.............,.... ......,.. ................ .......... ..,..,........ ..,........,2
Turfgrass..",....,.., ......" ..,..." ........,.....,..,..,.... ,..'".. .....""""", ....,2
What Are Lawn Care Chemicals and How Are They Used?........3
Herbicides.......... ....,......,..,........................,. ....,............ ........,..3
Insecticides......,........,..............,..,..,.. ............,.. ........,..,..........,,4
Fnngicides..........,..,....,....,......,..............,......,.......,......,.....,...,..6
Nematicides,.............,..,..,.........,....................,....,..........,........,6
Growth Regulators,...... ........,.....,..,..,....,.... ,....' ........,......,.......7
Ferlilizers,...,....,..,....,.....,....,......................,..,..........................8
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Are Lall'll Care Chemicals Safe?....,....................,......,......,........,8
Chemical Toxicity..,..,............,......." .............................,..,.......8
Pesticide Registration: Testing Reqnirements and LimitatiollS....9
Allergy........... ....,....,......, ............' ,..,.. ......,.... .....,......, ..,....,....,12
Alleged Hazards: Three Pesticides on Trial...............,.....,..13
Diazinon ......,..,.. ........,.., ..,..' ,..........' ,......,.....' ........, ..14
Ch lorolhalon i1.. ..........................,.. ...., ..,..,.............. ..14
2,4.D..,..,..........,........................,....,.........,.....,..,....,..,15
Summary........ ,... ..... ............ .........,.., ,...... ......,.........,16
The GAO Reporls.................,...........................,...................16
Risk Reduction Through Posting Laws...........,..........,..,....,......19
Do Lall'll Care Chemicals Have Benefits?...........,......,........,.....21
Conclusion",..",......"",...."""..,.., ......., ........""......".... ...... .....,21
References........ ................,.. ....... .......... ............,.. ..,....,...... ...... 23
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INTRODUCTION
Recent IICWS storics havc suggested tllilt chemicals uscd to maintilin
healthy lurfgmss for, home lawns, commercial properties, parks and
oUldoor recreational facilities like golf courses cause harmful elTecLs, In
Ihis reporl, Ihe American Council on Science and Health examines m:lIl)'
of the health and scielllific issues' concerning lawn care chemicals and
Iheir use by bOlh homeowners and commcrciallawn care services, The
possible health hazards arising fromlhe use of Ihese materials are
discussed as are risk reduclion proposals, such as lawn posting laws,
Finally, the risks from lawn carc products and scn'ices arc weighed against
Ihe benefilS of good turf to assess the merils of grealer cOlllrols oulawn
carc products and commcrciallawl1 scrviccs,
TURFGRASS
Turfgrass is Ihe leading ornamental planl in America and has num}'
other usefulnon-ornamelllal properties, Grass 1'0015 hold soil together
and prevenl erosion, Soil covered wilh lurf cannol be blown or washed
away easil)', Tnrfgmss has a cooling elTecI onlhe environmenl- wheu
sidewalk or slreellempenllnres exceed 100'F(38'C) Ihe surface of a lawn
will remain around 75'F(24'C) ,I Tnrfgmss alsn prodnces a signilicant
amoul1l of ox)'gen and absorbs carbon dioxide, A 50'x 50' turf area
produces enough ox)'gen for a famil}' of four,'
Quality lurris necessary for recrealional areas like foolball and baseball
fields and golf courses, Dense lurris dnrable and can recover mpidl)' from
huu!)',
Gmss is unique among ornamental plan Is in ilS abililY to lOlemle
mowing, Tnrfgrasses provide a permanenl ground cover because lhe)' arc
perennial planlS, thaI is, Ihe)' live longer than one (annuals) 01' Iwo
(biennials) years, There are man)' dilTerenll)'pes of lurfgmss and suitable
varielies exisl for nearl)' an)' pari of Ihe counllY, Gmss is relalively easy lO
grow and oftcn tolerates improper maintcnancc. MallY lawns slll,.j\,c
sc\'cre mismanagemcnt.
Despile Ihe lolerance of grass 10 abuse, mainlenance is essenlial for Ihe
turf 10 allain its auractiveness, ulility and environmelllal benefils, Toward
this end, man)' homeowncrs, busincsscs and lawn sCl1'icc com panics llSC
lawn care chemicals 10 achieve and main lain high quality lurf,
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'11 relaletl,\CSH I~//Orl, Assessing the Qualit)' of America's Water, ,,11I1,
IUlleJ Ihe 1/OIelllial role oj IIIWII elm dlCmiralJ ill/lOssiMe grolllld waleI' ralllamin,
{ilviil alioll. III lhis CIlI1~1I1 Imb/iCIIlioll, M;SH is I'/.'v;"1Ilillg allly cmlcems aboal di,ul
'~D"""" health efJectJ oj IIII/m ram chemim/l,
CIIIMICAlS,
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WHAT ARE LAWN CARE CHEMICALS AND HOW ARE
THEY USED?
The chemicals used oulawus arc pesticides, growth regulators and
fertilizers. Lawn care pesticides arc sullSlunccs llScd by man to comral
pests, primarily destructil'e insects, fuugi aud weeds, Growth regulators
are used to slow groll'lh rate, thus reducing mowing, water and fertilizer
requirementl, Fertilizers are plant nutrients that help grass groll',
Almost alllawlI care pesticides can be used by homeowners and are
"generalllse" products, The public is expected to be able to appl)' them
salely according to label illstructions and wltholll additiollaltraining, The
Environmental Protection Agenc)' (EPA) has determined they will not
calise unreasonable adverse effects 011 man or the em'ironment ifllsed
accordiug 10 label direction,
Howel'er, some types of lawu products arc "restricted use" substances,
They are onl}' sold for use by "certilied applicators," persons who satisfy
EPA aud state training and testing requiremeull, For -restricted use"
pesticides, the label instructions alone arc UOl considered adequate to
assure safe and propel' lIse.
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Herbicides arc used to control weeds alld arc the class of pesticides
most often applied to lawns, Weeds arc "plams growing ont of place" _
where they arc not wanted, Bluegrass growing ill a bentgrass golf greell
wOllld be considered a weed, Conl'ersely, bentgrass in a bluegrass lawn is
a most objectionable weed, Yet, each grass is excellent for Its particular
pnrpose,
Some herbicides arc applied before weeds are expected to appeal"
These "preemergence" herbicides destroy weed seedlillgs belore they
emerge from the soil and arc primaril)' used to control annual gmsses like
cl1lbgl1lss, III addition, there arc -poSlemergence" herbicides, generally
IIscd against broadleafweeds sllch as dandelions and clol'er after they
hal'e appeared abOl'e the soil surface, The time of application is I'ery
important,
The \'astlmtiority of herbicides IIsed on tmfare s)'stemic _ entering
the weed through itl roots or leal'es and thenmol'ing throughontthe
plant, El'elllllally, the s)'stemic herbicide kills the entire plant, Turf
specialists occasionally use nonsystenlatic or comact herbicides, These
herbicides only kill the part of the plamto which the herbicide is applied,
Herbicides can be selectil'e, killing one type of plant bntnot hljllring
another, The widell' used lawn herbicide 2,'I,D COli trois broadleaf weeds,
sllch as the dandelion and plantain, bllt docs not harm most established
perennial grasses, NOlIseleetil'e herbicides, sllch as gl)'phosate
(ROlllldllp@), kill all plants in a lawn, Therefore, the)' c)m be IIsed before
reseedillg lawlI areas thatlulI'e been OI'eITIII1 b)' IIl1desirable perellnial
gmsscs.
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Most herbicides applied to established lawns arc of the phenox)' t)'pe
(such as 2.'1-D). for the control of broadleafweeds, The)' genemli)' work
best on piallls that arc aClivel)' growing at the time of application, Grass
seedlings arc sensitive to herbicides, so newl)' planted areas should not be
(remed unti/lhe)' have been mowed two or three times, The lawn should
nOl be watered for m least eight hours, and prefembl)' 24 hours, after
herbicide has been applied, In addition, the lawn shonid not be mowed
for at least two da)'s after application to prevent herbicide loss,
Phenox)' herbicides are plant hormones that control broadleafweeds
b)' disrupting the piants' normal growth process, Spra)'ing Iiqnid
herbicides, if doue properl)', usuall)' pml'ides belleI' weed control than
spreading dt)' herbicide, Therefore, spra)'ing liquids is often the method
preferred by coll1ll1crciallawll carc companies, howe"er, granular
herbicides available for homeowner lIse can 11150 be effective.
Phenox)' herbicides ma)' voiatilize when tempenllures exceed B5'F,
therefore, the best control of weeds occurs when air lempemtures al'emge
65,B5'F (I8-29'G), Ph)'totoxicit)' (damage to plauts, particulari)' those one
is lJ)'ing to presel,'e) to gmss is aiso more Iikel)' above B5'F,
Herbicides can be troubiesome if aliowed to drift onto sensitil'e
nontarget plants, \%en it is wind)', herbicide spra)'iug is inadvisabie,
Professionais use speciai equipment designed to minimize drift and safet)'
equipment to protect e)'es and skin and prevent inhaiation,
Insecticides control nuisance insects which damage turfgrass or
othenvise disrupt a lawn, Grubs arc the lamlC of beetles such asJapanese
beetles, Ma)' beetles (June bugs) and chafers that damage lawns b)'
feediug on grass roOLI, The damage is most evident in the spring and fall
when grub-infested turf can easil)' be pniled up because the roots hal'e
been cut b)' the chewing insects,
Careful vigilauce to detect specific iusect pests is essential to facilitate
carl)' diagnosis and treatment of insect problems,
Chinch bugs h~ure grass b)' puncturing the stem aud sucking the plant
juices, As the gmss dies, the bugs ntove onto live gmss aliowing the h~\lI)'
to spread to large areas, Such damage becomes most appareut during dl)'
periods in the summer months and can easil)' be mistaken fOl'dormauc)'
due to moisture stress - except that the grass docs not become green
again after min 01' irrigation. This misdiagnosis is a serious error since
chiuch bugs can be controlied easil)' b)' an application of insecticide
during the carl)' stages of iufestatiou,
Sod webwol'lus arc caterpiiiars, the lan'ae of moths which huure
turlgrass b)' chewing on the leaves, stems aud crowns of the gmss plant, A
lawumoth is the adult slage of a caterpillar, which docs not feed on turf
but is often seeu la)'ing eggs on iawns,
Generali)', a weli,kept and feriilized lawu is belle" able to resist
liw"", damage and other turf problems; however, sod webwol'lns arc more
CBrs'''t....
4 CKIMICAtS,
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Iikel)' to damage well,managed turf becanse the)' arc allracted to
higher qualit)', vigorous grass, If the caterpillar population is small,
plants can OftCII produce ncw Icaf tissues and recovcr. Intcnsc
fceding b}' a largc sod wcbwonll population, howcvcr, ma)' causc
signilicalllloss of tnrf qnalit)', especiall)' during dl)' weather periods,
lusect population control is critical to the amonnt of damage
inllicted b)' several other tmf pests, Greenbugs arc a t)'pe of aphid
which feeds on Kellluck)' bluegrass, Mites arc vel)' small spider,like
animals closel)' related to insects, Both greenbugs and mites can build
up enormous popnlations in a short time period because of their rapid
rcproduction rates, so carefull)' timed insecticide applications ma)' be the
onl)' wa)' to stop these pests li'OIll seriollsl)' huming turf.
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Unlike most commonl)' used lawn herbicides, a few insecticide
formulations (genemll)' those with high concelllrations) arc classilied for
restrictcd llSC b)' certilied applicators, Sillce humans and insects share
certain biological similarities, chemicals lethal to insects ma)' also be
injurious to humans or non-targct organisms such as birds or fish if thc
latter arc exposed to high doses.'
Until the mid,1970s, chlordane, an orgmlOchlorine insecticide, was
widel)' nsed ontllrfgrass and in homes for termite control. Chlordane
often killed insects for more than live )'ears after application, This
persistence proved 10 be the chemical's llndoing when mice, which were
fed enormous amonnts of chlordane, developed liver tumors, Ahhough
mOllse liver tumors arc no longer considercd a rcliable sole basis for
considcring a substance it potential cancer causing agcnt (carcinogcn) ill
humans,' chlordane is nonetheless no longel' available for use h)' either
homeoll'ners or prolcssional applicators,
Thc loss of chlordane, and other long lasting (persistent) insecticides,
had a great impact on insect control methods for turf, When persistent
insecticides were amilable, insect popnlations conld be suppressed for
months, or C\'en )'cars, with a single application. Now,ll1Dre frequcnt
applications arc nccessiU)'.
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One alternative to chemical control orinsects is the use of biological
agenls- organisms intl'llduced into the environmelllthat compete with
or allack the target insect, Unfortunatcl)', the biological control of tnrf
insects is limited, /iadllll.l/w/Ji/I;al, a bacterium which causes milk)' spore
disease, kills.lapanese beetle grnbs over several seasons, BUl it is
inclTerlive against other species of turf grnbs and aduh beetles, Hence
even with biological control of.lapanese beetle grnbs, chemical
insecticides ma)' still be necessal)',
Resistant cultivars (varicties) of grass mc of grcat illtcrcst, but so far
mosttnrfgrass varieties arc suscepllble to insect h\im)',\ Some new
v;\I'ietics of pcrenniall)'cgrass ami fcscuc ilrc now i\\'i\i1ablc which rcsist
llamage 10 the lawn from certain snrface feeding insects such as chinch
bugs and billbugs,
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Fungicides arc used to control fungus diseases of unf, Examples of
commou turf fungi arc brown patch, dollar spOl, leaf SpOI, p)'lhinm blighl
and snow mold, Fnngal diseases of unf arise lI'ith Ihe presence of a
disease organism on Sllsceptible grass in an ellvironment fa\'omblc for
disease developmenl, Cenerall)', arter a few )'ears a nell' grass plalllll'ill be
well populaled lI'ith most common disease organisms, Thns, enl'iron,
mental factors often delermine the presence or absence of disease
damage to lurf,
Proper tnrf management helps prevent disease, Health)', vigorons gmss
is belleI' able to fight 01T a disease than poor turf, Improper mowing is a
m;uor reason for disease, "Scalped" lUrfgrass (turfgrass ClIttoo short) and
gmss mangled b)' dnllmower blades, is seriously weakened, Both low and
excessil'e fertilizer nse can contribute to fungal diseases,
Some varieties of grass arc resistant to disease attack. Hence, choosing
grass cullivars resistant to local diseases call avoid future problems in it
nell' lUrf planting, Nevertheless, as time passes, a plant I'ariet)' ma)' lose ilS
resistance becanse fnngi change geneticall)' by mntation and ma)' Ihereby
overcome the cnhivar's resistance mechanism, Mnltivariet)' planting can
solve this potential problem becanse the other I'arielies of grass will
spread and fill in damaged areas,
Fnngicide treatment is expensive becanse of chemical cost and time
reqnired for repeated applications, Most lall'n care sel"ice companies,
therefore, do not rontinely apply fnngicides, particularly when
homeowners call too late to prel'ent significant damage, Minor damage
gCl1crnll)' docs not warrant treatlTtent unless weather conditions arc
optimal for the spread of the disease,
Some high \\lIne tnrf nreas, snch as golf courses, practice preventive
fnngicide programs, Calf greens arc predisposed to disease dne to hea\1'
fertilization, daily close mowing and frequent irrigation, Since even minor
damage to greens is generall)' considered nnacceptable, preventive
fungicide applications arc orten nsed whenel'er weather conditions favor
the actil'ity of common fnngi.
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Nematicides arc nsed against nematodes, small (orten microscopic)
hairlike worms, which injnre tnrfgl1lss primaril)' b)' feeding on root cells
or occasionall)' b)' entering the root ;md feeding inside, The)' arc used less
freqnentl)' than other pesticides, Nematodes arc nsnall)' a mnch greater
problem in the son them U,S, than in the North since nematode
populations arc more Iikel)' to grow to injnrions levels with warm soil
temperatures and a longer growing season, The combination of
nematode root h\inr)', fnngi enu)' throngh the injured roolS and stress
factors snch as dronght and high temperalUres can resnh in sel'ere
rednctions in turf qnalit)',
Nematicide treatments arc expensivel iUld mosl arc considered
pntentiall)' hazardous to hnmans, Therefore, the)' usnall)' arc ciassilied as
lj.n, restricted nse pesticides, Fnmigants arc volatile chemicals which can
G8ro~'~.
tHIMltALS,
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be applied to the soil before planting to control nematodes, The)'
often cannot be applied to esisting turf because the)' ma)' also be
toxic to plants (ph)'totosic),
Growth regulators can be used to retard grass growth to reduce the
need for mowing, water and uutrients, Unfortnnatel)', some growth
regulators also inhibit root growth, or make the grass more
susceptible to weather or disease stress, Herbicides arc needed to
prevent broadleaf weeds (geuerall)' unaffected b)' the regnlators)
from replacing the grass, At present, growth regulators arc used
primaril)' on low maiutenance areas snch as golf course ronghs,
roadsides and difficuh,to,mow areas, including cemeteries, steep
banks and areas surrounding trees or fences, However new growth
regulators arc used in more Wll)'S to manage high mainlcnancc tl1l'f,
to control growth aud improve qualit)',
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Fertilizers arc nutrients applied to assist plant growth, Primmy nutri.
cuts arc nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, These nutrients must be
added to the soil at regular intelvals for good turf growth, Secoudary
nutrients arc calcinm, magnesium and sulfur which arc normall)' supplied
b)' the application of liming (calcium and magnesium) or acidif)'ing
(sulfnr) materials, Micronutrients arc also essential but arc reqnired in
snch small amounts (parLs per million, ppm) thatmicronutrieut
deficiencies arc rare,
Fertilizers arc applied as eithel' a (hy granule or liquid spra)', Beller
qualit)' turf can onl)' be achieved b)' snppl)'ing adequate amounts of
fertilizer, particularl)' nitrogen, However, overfertilization can weaken
turf,
Turfgrass is one of the few crops where fertilizel' is directl)' applied
onto its foliage, increasing the likelihood of fertilizer burn, Fertilizer b'urn
can be a serious problem if fertilizers are applied improperl)', so label
instructions should be followed, Soluble fast,release nutrient sources
generall)' should be watered,in following application,
To permit less freqneut application of fertilizers, slowl)' available
nitrogen carriers hal'e been dereloped, These fertilizers arc more costl)'
than soluble forms, but they have a lower burn potential and a prolonged
plant response,
Fertilizers arc not pesticides ;lI1d arc generall)' not cousidered toxic
substances, Users of fertilizers should be carefnl in haudling them, for
instance, to avoid e)'e esposure and to prevent access b)' childreu, Clearl)',
fertilizers arc not elllirel)' risk,free substances, Nevertheless, recent
concerns have been raised abolll pesticides, not fertilizers, so the
remaindel' of this hooklet will focus on pesticides,
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ARE LAWN CARE CHEMICALS SAFE?
Chemical Toxicity
Unlike most other snbstances nsed by man, pesticides arc designed to
kill pests and mnst be toxic to the pests in order to work, A few lawn care
pesticides arc toxic to nearly all animals and plant life, such as fumigants
used to climimllc nematodes prior to replanting grass in an infested area.
Most lawn care pesticides, however, are relatively specific beeanse their
primary toxic e/Teets arc directed only to target species, For example,
under normal conditions of nse, phenoxy herbicides kill most broadleaf
plants bnt do not adversely a/Tect grasses, insects or rodenL~,
Toxicity to animals, plants or hnmans can be acme or chronic, Acute
toxicity refers to the damage a substance can do as It result of a single
exposnre to relatively large amount of the material. Chronic toxicity
describes the ability of a substance to cause damage as a result of many
repeated, 10w,Ievcl exposures during a prolonged period of time, Toxicity
can result from dermal (skin) comact, ingestion (oral) or inhalation,
Chronic e/Tects can range from relatively mild irrilation, to serious life-
threatening disease.
Eye exposure to some chemicals may be potentially hazardous, but eye
damage is usually due to the local irrilant properties of the snbstance
rather than its systemic toxicity, Table I presents the fonr categories used
to describe the acute toxicity of pesticides,
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TABLE 1: CATEGORIES OF TOXICITY
Adapted from 40 Code of Federal Regulations 162,10(h)(l)
CATEGORIES
SIGNAL WORD CATEGORIES OF ACUTE TOXICnY
Ri:QUlRFJl ON LlBFl. OIlAI. DFIlSt.l1. INIIAIATION
I.Dsomg!kg LD"mg/kg LC"mg/t
DANGER- o thru 50 o thm 200 o thm 0,2
Skull and crmsbol1cs
POISON
WARNING frol1l50 from 200 from 0,2
thm 500 thm 2,000 thru 2
CAUTION from 500 from 2,000 from 2,0
Ihm 5,000 thm 20,000 thru 20
CAUTION greater greater greater
than 5,000 than 20,0110 than 211
Hi~hlr
Toxic
II Modcmtclv
Toxic
III Sli~htlr
Toxic
II' Rcl:Ili1;cly
Non.Toxic
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The hazard presenlCd by any gil'en pesticide depends npon the
inherent toxicity of the substances as well as the amount (dose) aod
the test organism receil'ing it. An insecticide is generally lethal to
small insects bnt presents little hazard to much larger animals and
humans, In spite of the protection this size dilTerence provides, there
is always a oeed to keep any chemical away from children, For
example, el'en common table salt can be lethal to small children; its
LD" is 3,000 mg/kg; a lethal dose for a one'year,old child is
approximately two tablespoons,"
The oral or dermal dose of a substance capable of causing death
(lethal dose) in 50 percent of a gronp of laboratDl}' animals is called
the LO., For inhalation toxicil}', lethal dose measurements arc gil'en ~
in units of air concentration snch as milligrams per liter (mg/I) j
leadiog to the designation LC", Although the LO" aod LC." arc crude ~'
. . . .. nnllll
measnres of aente tOXICity, and chlTerent speCies of annuals may hal'e ~, ~~I
dilTereot susceptibilities to a substance, they prol'ide a scale by which i! i
the acute human toxicity ofa substance can be roughl}" estimated, ~'
The LO" is usually expressed as Ihe amount of subslance administered '
dil'ided by the weight of the animal (usually rat, mouse or rabbit) lested;
for example, milligrams of snbnance per kilogram 0 body weight
(mg/kg), The {owenhe LO" or LC" \'alue, the 1II0re loxicthe material 10
the test organism, \\1lCn they arc dilnted wilh water for application
according to label direelions and applied to turf, most lawn care
pesticides would fall in the leastloxic categor)' IV and pose a I'el)' small
hazard.
The high LO" and LC" for indil'idual pesticides when dilulCd for use
provides aSSUnlnce Ihat aCUle toxic reactions arc unlikely, When applied
10 home lawns and public reerealion areas, lawn care chemicals pose little
hazard 10 humans and theh' pelS, One study demonstrated thai a
combination of various pesticides and fenilizers commonly used in lall'n
care was notloxic to dogs,' Despite being gil'en doses oflhe chemicals
much greater than would be expected in exposl1l'e after lawn Ireatment,
"Ihe dogs did not exhibit any clinical signs of illness associated with the
treatments,"
I, PESTICIDE REGISTRATION:
I TESTING REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS
The Enl'ironmenlall'rotection Agency (EI'A) is responsible nnder
FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodelllicide Act) for
registering nell' peslicides to ensnrelhat, when used according to label
direclions, they will not pose unreasonable risks 10 human health or Ihe
environmenl, FIFRA requires EI'A 10 balance Ihe risks of pesticide
exposure to hnman health and Ihe enl'ironment against the benelits of
pesticide use 10 society and Ihe economy,
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Peslicide regislmtion decisions arc based primaril)' on EPA's emhmtion
of Ihe test dala prDlided by m,muraclurers, Depending on the type or
pesticide, EPA presenlly requires up to 120 dilTerenttests, Fur a m,uor
rood,use peslicide, testing can cost the mauuracturer up to 520 million,
Extensive tesling or peslicide ingredienLl by manuracturers and many
years or experience without signilicant adverse heahh elTects ror
established producLl, provide reassuring data indicaling lhal serious
chronic elTecLl arc nnlikely, Since many lawn care peslicides have been
used for decades on llnf and ror agricultuml rood purposes, experience
with human exposure is substantial. Nevertheless, scientists continue to
sludy the toxicity orlawn chemicals to determine whether there are any
unsuspected health risks,
The greatesltoxic hazard rrom pesticides generally arises from
occupational exposnre duriug the preparatiou, shipment and storage of
the pesticide's active ingredient, or duriuglhe measuriug, mixing aud use
or the producl by the pesticide applicalor, Manuraclurers or pesticides arc
well aware or the risks or acute and chronic toxicity, Therefore, they
providc engineering con Ira Is, employee training and worker protective
equipment to assure safe handling or their producLl, !lased on scientific
sludies, medical recommendalions and government regulatory
requiremenLl, labels are prepared by the uuinuraclllrer to guide pesticide
users in the sare and proper nse or the product. As new inrormatiou is
collected, the label is changed as needed lo provide the latesl, moSl
accurate instructions to pesticide applicators and the public, All labels
must be reviewed and accepted by EPA,'
Despite the systemalic and logical procedures ror evaluation,
controversies sometimes arise over some pesticides, parlicularl}' whell a
human cancer risk is suggested based on an effect obscn'cd in all iUlimal
study or labomtOlY lest where animals were exposed 10 enormous
amounl~ or the pesticide, It Is sometimes suggested thal a pesticide be
banned ir exposure 10 even a small, insignificant amount or the product
lIliglll jlOssibly cause human cancer, Such positions arise rromthe belier
that there is "no threshold" or minimumloxic dose ror any carcinogen
(caucer causing agent),
However, as one loxicologist explainC(l, the one,hit/one,molecule
model for carcinogens cannot be correct because if it were true, "it is
difficult to undersland how auyone could escape multiple cancers, much
less one cancer,'" This "no threshold" proposition does not wilhsland
scientilic scrutiuy,People ,ire cOllSlantl)' exposed to carcinogens rrom
natural sources, including minute traces or mold loxins iu roods such as
peanuI bUller, nUlS, graiu producls, as well as chemicals formed in burnt
or browned foods and IllcalS,1O Natural carcinogens arc present in
amounLl, and rehllive pOlencies, rOll' greater than pesticide residues Ihat
may be preseut in humau rood or the exposure arising rrom a neighbor's
h\wn treatment. 'l1wrr is 110 evidellce of a llClII/cer e/Jit!emic"jromlllWII ((Ire
jJfSlicidls 1101' froll/Jllllllml dilllll)' mrciJlogeJl.l,1I
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This obsel>'ation severely weakens the "no threshold" concept of
cancer causation and supports the gencmlization that 110 illlimal
could slllvil'e on earth -if it were not capable of handling amonnts of
a wide ",riet)' of foreign chemicals, It is only when we ovemhehn the
natural defense mechanism of our bodies by taking too much at one
time, or too much too oftcll, that we get into trouble," l~
To properly eSlimate human ehrouic toxicity hazards for pesticides
already in nse, the best populatiou to stndy is notlaboJ1ltOlY nus, but
workers who face occupatioual exposure to the substances, usually in
much greater qualllities and for longer periods thau consumers
would ever experience, "If the people receiving the heaviest exposure
during the applicalion of a pesticide show no ill effects, then it is
extremely improbable that those absorbing minute tmces in food will
suffer any i1\,health effects,"" The same is true for those who
occasionally spray their own lawns or reside where pesticides arc
occasionally sprayed, They have little exposure compared to
professioual applicators,
If health problems arose from chronic toxicity to lawn care
pesticide exposure, then commercial pesticide applicators for lawn
care companies, turf management personnel at golf courses and
grouud mailllenance employees for large landscaping finns should
be the first to show the effects, So far, 110 chrall;c r;s/" have beell
demolls/m/ed for Ihese heavily e,'IJOsed illd;v;dllals as " gIVIIIJ,
The results of a stud)' conducted at the Uuiversity of Cincinnati
Medical Celller's College of Medicine showed no longterm adverse health
effects allributable to lawu care applicator's work with chemicals," The
study was couducted on oue hundred applicators with at least uine years
experieuce who were examined for all knowu or potential adverse health
effects associated with exposure to insecticides, herbicides, fuugicides aud
fertilizers,
Lawn care professionals haudle uudiluted pesticides while they mix
solutions for lawn applicatious, Their pOlelllial exposure to the chemicals
is, therefore, much greater thau for homeowuers or their ueighbors, It
would seem hard to disguise siguiIicaut numbers of chrouic heahh clIeClS
for lawn care workers from health insumnce iuvestigators, occupational
safetyaud health professiouals, industrial hrgienists aud medical
professiouals in occupatioual health - uotto meution governmeut
regulators, Despite this comfortiug lack of adverse iuformation, eITecll
h>1Jolhel;tally lillhed to lawu care pesticides withom scientific evideuce
continue to appear iuthe uews,
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Allergy
Allerb'Y is an abnormal reaction to ordinarii)' harmless snbstances,
C0l111ll0l1 allergens arc grass itself, polletls, molds, 110lISC dustl animal
dander, fcathers, kapok, wood, dyes, industrial chemicals, foods,
medicines anel insect stings, CurrentmedicaltheOl)' snggests that allergic
reactions DeCll!' when -the immune s)'slcl11lllistakcnly rccogniles innocent
foreign subslilnces as pOlentiall)' harmful. The bod)' overreacts to the
substaoce prodncing t)'pica! allergic s)'mptoms like rhinitis (ba)' fever),
eczema (a scal)' skin rash), urticaria (hives) aod asthma (a conditiou
chamcterized b)' coughing, wheeziug and breathing dinicnh)'),
Statistics compiied b)' the National Institute of Allerb'Y and Inlections
Diseases (NIAID) show that 35 million Americans have allergies and ten
million of these have asthma, Allergic reactions arc seldom falal, but
approximatel)' 5,000 people die from asthma in the V,S, each )'ear,
What is the role of pesticides as allergens? According to recent
reference texts on allcl'bf}', nonc or the l1suallawn care pesticides is
considered to be a m~or allergeny..l7 Pyrethrum aerosol, all insecticide
derived from nower heads of ch,)'samhemum plants, and organo'
phosphate insecticide dusts arc called 'suspected but unprol'en"
occupational ;Illcrgcns,'~ Pyrethrum insecticides arc 110t used for lawn
care, Organophosphates arc used iulawu care and arc pesticides for
which allergies ma)' occasionall)' appear in insecticide applicators, One
scientific report" memioned a case of bronchial asthma following
exposure to an org<mophosphate aloug with other contempor.u)'
incide,m of adverse allergic responses to these agents, Allergic reactions
to organophosphates ma)' arise out of their drug,like (pharmacologic)
elTects which arc Iikel)' to aggravate pre-existiug asthma, Therefore, direct
correlation to occupational exposnre ma)' be dinicult,w
Possible sensitizatiouto pesticides throngh skin (dermal) exposnre was
studied in 1968 with the conclusion that 'despite their extensive use in
agriculture and horticnlture, dermatitis from pesticides is regarded as
rilI'C,"1\ Se\'eral insecticides were mentioned, but nonc is illIlong lhose
common I)' used toda)' b)' lawn care services, Dermatitis from two
dithincarbamate fungicides still used on turf was reported hnt "it appears
to he uncommon," Skin reaclionto soll'ents used iu fonnnlating
pesticides ma)' occur,
In sumlmu)', IlIe IIIcdimllilemlllre collc""lIillg II/le,gh's IIl1d IIII1WI/.\ ,\1Iggr.<IS
IIIIIIIIIWII "w",imls dll,wl mil'" sigllijimlllllccIIJlllljlllllllll/lm!!)', If occupa'
tiona\ exposure docs uot produce allergic ellects, then the limited
consnmer exposure arising from greatl)' diluted pesticide concentrations
nsed b)' professional lawn care companies seemS highl)' unlikel)' to
prodnce allergic effects,
Given the puhlic concern and controvers)' about lawn chemicals,
however, it ma)' he wise to conduct fi1l'lher investigations and testing
C ' through independent clinics or allerb~' research centers, In this wa)',
ara '"-
12 CHEMICAtS"
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the scielltific filets call be determined alld sensible policies can be
del'eloped in the fnture,
Gne aspect of allerm' needs to be remembered, I.l/wl//lrJlirid/?.. filII
l)ol""lil/l/)' mill" wl!!l,kllolll/l I/llng""", For example, herbicide treatment
can control ragweed to help rednce its allerg)"prol'oking pollen,
Eliminating dandelions andclol'er with herbicides can rednce the
risk of bee stings, which arc serions allergenic hazards to
h)'persensitil'e individnals,
Abont 40 Americans die each )'ear from the allergenic ellects of
11)'1I1""olJ/"'''' (bees, wasps, hornets, )'elloll' jackets and lire anLs) stings,
All aJmphylaclic reaction, an imlllediate, dramatic allergic anack, is
estimated to oecnr for 0.'1 percent of the people stnng," Anaph)'laxis
can result in death if not treated prnmptl)' and proped)', S)'mptoms
include throat spasm, breathing difficult)' and sometimes sel'ere
vomiting and diarrhea. FOl'llll1iltcl)' slIch serious reactions
arc rare.
Alleged Hazards: Three Pesticides on Trial
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Alleged health hazards hal'e recend)' been attribllled to particUlar)3 /
lawn care pesticides, The insecticide diazinon has been iinked to the V
death of geese and other waterfowl at golf courses and other areas g~~
where the bird~ ga~her, ~ia~i!'on has, also allege(,II)' ~)ee~llinked with ~1
.m adverse rcaCU01I1ll illllllchvl(luallaklllg the IlIc{!Icauon fagamcH@, :tl t:ji
EPA cancelled diazinon's registmtion in 1988 for Use on golf conrses .'
and sod larms where waterfowl often congregate, hOll'el'el', home lawn
use is still permitted, At the cancellation proceedings, an EPA adllliu,
istmth'e lawjndge ruled that diazinon use should cOllliuue on golf
COnrses and sod farms with appropriate restrictions, The EPA Admin,
istrator, howel'er, OI'erturned the jndge's decision,
Death of birds ma)' result when diazinon is uot "watered,in" proped)' in
accordance with label directions, Failure to follow label instructions for a
pesticide is a I'iolatiou oflhe Federal Insecticide Fnngicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), which sul~jects the applicator to ch'i1 and
criminal penalties, in addition to the olll'ious considerable eh'i1 iiabilit)'
li'om damage caused b)' the error, Substantial costs imposed on negligent
01' careless applicators ilrc it powcl'lill incentive for applictllol's to exercise
caution and appl)' pesticides proped)', Strict enforcement ofFIFRA
requiremellls and strongjndicial ellbrts to seck full restitutionlbl'
danmges frum irrespolISihle applicators encourage applicators to com 1'1)'
with labeling instructions,
There is el'idence to snggestthe deliberate misuse of pesticides b)' a
few golf course operators to rednce nuisance hiI'd populations, The U,S,
Department ofAgricultnre (USDA) Cllllllllellled 011 this poillt ill its repl)'
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to the EPA's proposed ban on diazinon use: 'If misuse is occurring, the
problem should be snh'ed by enforcemelll, not cancellation,""
USDA further states that many years of use provide "weighty evidence
that diazinon, when properly applied, is not a significant threat to birds,"
Bill EPA claims that the pesticide has caused bird deaths even when
properl)' applied, The mannfaClllrer disagrees because its investigation of
bird kills cited in the original EPA proposal to restrict diazinon"
concluded that accidental or deliberate misuse caused all of the hird kills,
Another consideration in evaluation of diaziuon is the elTect on birds
of its substitntes, The EPA's FIFRA SciellliIic Advisol)' Panel, ahhough
supporting the agency's proposalLO restrict diazinon use, noted that "it
remains to be demonstrated whether alternative pesticides will be any less
hazardous than diuzinon." 'No Diazinon is it broad-spectrum insecticide
labeled for nse against nearly all nndesimble tnrfinsects, sevemlmore
thau its likely substitlltes carbat)'1 and chlorpyrifos," EPA notes that
diazinon is the on I)' insecticide registered for colllrol of fruit Ilies which
call cause 11I1'f damage. Thus, if diazinon is prohibited, lIse of additional
insecticides may be required and the toxic elTeets 10 birds could even be
increased.
Cancellation of an)' pesticide for a signilicant use shonld not be done
lightly, Even if one snbstance olTers superior cOlllrol of a partienlar pest,
less elTective alternatives arc still important. Pest resistance can develop if
a single product is used exclnsively over an extended period,
eMomi/mlol/it
The turf fungicide chlorothalonil (Daconil 2787@) had tentatively
been linked to the September 1982 death of a 30,)'ear-old Nair
Iielllenant, He presumably had been in good health, but after three da)'s
playing golf at a course near his Arlington, Virginia home he became ill,
Less than two weeks after entering the hospital, he died of a heart allack,
His alliction was diagnosed as toxic epidermal necrol)'sis (TEN), a
serious disease with s)'mptoms resembling a second degree burn;
loosening and peeling of large areas of the skin with swelling and extreme
tenderness, About 20 pereelll of patiellls die from the disease, but in
cases of sudden, spolltaneous (probably idiopathic) origiu like this, the
mortalit)' mte is 50 pcrcelll,"
Various prescription drugs have been suggested as causing the disease
bill "no oue has provided any direct immunologic evidence for drug
allergy," ~ Bacterial infections, mthet'than drugs, arc related to most
cases of toxic epidermal necrol)'sis, and pesticide allerb~' had not been
suggested before as a cause of the disease, The Daeonil 2787 label notes
that the products ma)' "produce temponu}' allergic elTects" in applicators
but the lieutenant's illness was far lIlore severe,
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The Iieutenalll's death resnhed in a 'wrongfnl death" lawsuit by his
widow againstlhe connllY c1nb and the fungicide manufacturer. A
lrial court elllered judgmenl in 1988 in favor of the manufacturer.."
Daconil2787 was not associated with the disease TEN, The fnngicide
cOlltinues to be used 011 golf courses and other 1III'f areas.
2,4,J)
During the pas I decade, questions have arisen regarding the
potential for phenoxy herbicides, such as 2.4,dichlorophenox)~cetic
acid (2,4,0), to cause certain forms of Jnnnan cancer. This began
with a series of case-reports and case-control studies from Sweden" in
the late 1970s and early 1980s which focused on increased risks of 111'0
diverse groups of neoplasms referred 10 respectively as sOfl,tissue
sarcomas (STS) and non,Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), STS arc
uncommon cancers which arise in the fal, muscle 01' other connective
tissues of the body, NHL encompasses several forms of lymphatic
cancer, Each year in the V,S, abo1ll8,000 patients arc diagnosed with
STS, and another 16,000 wilh NHL. The causes for the nUUOril)' of
these neoplasms arc largely nnknown, but the fact that Ihey occur
with greater freqnency among AIDS patients has suggested a complex
interplay belween viruses and tbe human immune system,
The early stndies linking herbicides to STS and NHL were
conlroversial because of snspected methodological problems,"
Nevertheless, the hypotheses genemted spawned additional research
on three continents, Subseqnenl studies have provided little or no
snpport for a link with STS.'''' However, there have been mixed l/'
resnlts for NHL with some slndies finding evidence for a link,"'" but J5,
others not."'''''' Slndies of workers who manufactured phenoxy,,,",
herbicides suggeslthat an)' risk of NHL from exposure, if it exists at ~~JI
all, mnst be small.'HI el
Two of three slndies condncted b)' the V,S, National Cancer Insti, -
tute (NCI) found evidence of an association between Ihe freqnentuse of
herbicides and NHL."" The first of these sludies," conducled in l~lIlsas,
reported a six,fold increase in the risk of NHL associated with farmers'
use of herbicides for more than 20 days pel' year, Oala were not collected
regarding the frequenc)' with which individuallypes of herbicides were
used, therefore, a specific link to 2.4,D could nol be made, Subsequellll}',
the NCI conducted a similar slndy in easlern Nebraska" and found a non,
statistically significallllhree,fold risk fOl' NHL associated with the
reported use of 2,4,0 for 20 or more days pel' year, This risk estimate was
made based on only three cases and foul' conlrols, Because the nnlllber of
cases WilS limited lInd infonnalioll all pesticide lIse was based not Oil
scientific measurelllellls bnt on telephone inten'iews with the cases and
cOlllrols or Iheir next of kin, Ihe stlld)' reslllts arc qlleslionable. In any
case, Ihe stlldy noled that occasionalllse of herbicides or bystander
exposure was not asmciated with an increased risk of NHL.
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AI illC request of the National Wlleat Growers' Foundation, the
1'lali':\r(1 School of Public Health colII'eued an expert panel of
toxicologists and epidemiologists 10 review ail of the amilable health
studies ou 2.'~O," The EPA and Health and Welfare of Canada each selll
multiple obselvers to this workshop, The expert panel concluded thai,
"The toxicology dala b)' itself provides little reason to expecttha! 2,4,0
causes cancer in people," Weighiog ail of the epldemiolo!,')' studies the
panel concluded that, "cause,aud,elTect relallouship betweeu 2,4,0 aud
cancer is far Irom beiug established," The results of two studies
condncted b)' the same research team suggest an association between the
occupatioualuse of 2.4-0 and uon,Hodgkin's I)'mphoma, However, the
workshop participanls felt that this association needs to be illlerpreted
cautiousl)', first, because other sludies have not showuthe same resullS
and secoud, because Some factor other than 2.'~D might be iuvoil'ed, The
panelists discussed the need for further research, and iudeed, more
toxicology aud epidemiolob')' studies arc ah'ead)' uudema)', In the
meantime, the EPA has concluded that the contluued use of2,+-0 docs
uot pose a public health risk,'"
A 1991 National Cancer lnstitllle stud)' " reported au association
between 2,4-0 treated lawns and an increased risk of I)'mphoma among
dogs, The amhors conclude the findings arc cousistent wilh previous
studies showiug humans have an increased risk of uon'Hodgkin's
I)'mphoma due to frequeut exposure 10 2,+-0, Howel'er, the associatiou
betll'eeuuse of 2,+-0 and I)'mphonla was weak, the stud)' contained
numerous technical biases, and other explanations for the lindings arc
possible, As this 1\'l1S the lirst stud)' to report such an association,
additional studies arc needed to determine if the results can be
replicated,
Meanwhile, Arnold ,/ n/,Il attempted 10 produce 2.4,0 loxicosis iu dog!
on 2,4,0 treated grass with up to four times the normal applicatiou rale,
The stud)' concluded that dogs arc notlikel)' 10 be c1iuicail)' poisoued b)'
lawn applicatious of 2.4-0,
SUI/llllm)'
For each of Ihe three pesticides discussed above, the scientilic issues
need careful consideratiou, Despite scientific 'tudies and extensive
experience with Ihese chemical" the pnblic cOlllinue, to hear repeated
claims of health hazard" Is there cau,e for alarm? Arc Americans al risk
because lawn care chemicals and other pesticides require further te'tiug
10 check certain a'pect, of their safet)' for humans and the environment?
This poilllll'as raised b)' the 1986 and 1990 Gm'ernmenl Accounting
Omce (GAD) reports on pe,ticides,
The GAD Reporl'
On April 18, 1986 the V,S, Geueml Accounting Omce (GAD) issued two
'CiiWn, reporls on pe,ticides,''''The Ih~1 report portm)'ed a nation a! risk because'
Cllra."':.:-...
16 CHEMICAlS,
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"most of the fift)' thou'"1(1 pesticide products registered (liceused) for
use to[la)' h'lI'e uot beell 1'1111)' tested and el1lluated in accordallce \lith
curreLll testing requiremenl'," B)' amending FIFRA in 1972 Congress
directed EPA to reregister older pesticides taking iLllO accouLll each
product's pOleLllial for Glusillg chrollic heahh elTeclI in humans (',g.,
cancer and reproductive disorders), birth defeclI and enl'ironmeLllal
damage.
Reassessment and reregistratiou arc formidable tasks: ol'er 600
actil'e and 900 inert ingredieuts need el'alnatiou, But the GAD report
stales thm, "People and the enl'irollment cOLllinue 10 be exposed to
man)' pesticides that have not been full)' tested ami el'alllaled," and
"ULllil EPA completed reregistration it cannot full)' assure Ihat the
public and the elll'ironmeLll are adeqllalCl)' protected against possible
unreasonable risks of older pesticides," (page 20, 1990 report)
In its 1990 report," GAD states that EI'A is slill at a preliminat)'
stage in reassessing the risks of lawn care pesticides under its
reregistration progliUll.
The GAG perspectil'e mirrors the ecological fears which spawlled
the 1972 FIFRA amendmeLlls and other eUl'ironmentallegislalion
incIllding creation of the EPA, Neither EI'A nor an)' other regnlatOl)'
agenc)' can "full)' assure" the public against "possible unreasonable
risks" for an)'thing, not just 'older pesticides," There is no substance
in existeuce, el'eu those needed to sllstaiu life, that is not hazardolls
under specific circmnstances,
EPA's failure to issne bLll a fell' final reregistrations in the tweLll)'
)'ears since the 1972 amendments ma)' seem negligeLllto GAG and a
cause of alarm, Realisticall)', howel'er, the benelill of learning more
aboLll the risks of chronic elTects I'ersus the cost of gathering data
might suggest that the dela)' was prlldent and that a slower pace is
acceptable - or el'en that the compulsor)' chronic testing
requirements of the 1972 amendmeLlls were in error and should he
abandoned,
Resource allocmion is ignored b)' the GAG reports, Scientilic and
toxicological resonrces are being diverted awa)' from new pesticide
del'elopment into hu'gel)' unnecessal')' chronic testiug of older
pesticides, Research in olher impOrlaLll health areas like anticancer
drugs or AIDS trealmentma)' sulTel' because of the increased cost of
additionaltoxicologicaltcsling arising from EPA,mandated pesticide
sludies,
Man)' older lawn care pesticides have a long histOl)' of safe use without
au)' el'idence of cancer, binh defects, reproductil'e disorders or enl'iron,
meLllal damage, )'"", of n,llIlI/ 11111I1111I ',I1IO,"re 10 11/111 exliedell" willi III,s,
li/vdll,I" .r1101I/dlmwide "I""'g 1.r'"/WIfe Ihlll .rClillll' ellmllie rffiel' me IIl1li/wl)',
so thm the accelerated toxicit)' testing prognull urged b)' GAG appears
unneces"lI)' and excessil'e, Il'id,.rli/eru/liII'l 1111"'1111 ",vllO'lIIe 10 o/dli,.rli,itfto.r
"IWllltI di",illhll, 11111 o"'/ilify, II" IIml fill' ,IImll;c le.rlillg. And, indeed, mosl
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lawn care pesticides have made significant progre" towards ftlll
reregistration.
Common lawn care pesticides have many scientific studies snpporting
their safety, They arc used extensively in agriculture and arc therefore a
priority for testing and research, GAG allegations of serious data
deficiencies for those 'nonagricultural" pesticides arc incorrect,
Two important issnes arc raised by GAG for Congressional
consideration: (I) mandating label statements that EI'A has tlot fnlly
assessed chronic health risks and (2) reqniring pnblic notification when
public places arc treated with pesticides, Both these proposals arise from
the premise that pesticides arc particularly hazardous to human health
and the environment and therefore deserve special regulato'l' controls to
alert the public about them, The GAG report mentions Rachel Carson's
Silent SI,ringas the prime reference for the proposition that pesticides
could canse "snbtle,longterm or chronic damage to hnman health and
the environment." (page 10, 1986 report) Carson's apocalyptic view of
carcinogens and environmental damage has been strongly criticized,19"'IIl
but her legacy lives on in the GAG report,
Singling oUl pesticides for mandatory label statements mentionitlg lack
of chronic data is not justified by the alleged risks, Consistent regulatory
treatment of all substances for which chronic testing has not been done
would lead to a prolifemtion of "not tested" statements on all kinds of
household products like foods, detergents, cosmetics and dmgs, Clear
benefits from sneh label statements have yet to be demonstrated, In any
case, warnings and label statemenLI should reneet actnal, not hypo-
thetical, hazards,
Public notification is a sepamte and significant issne which is discussed
later in this booklet. GAG states that, "Legitimate reasons exist for public
notification.., the costs, however, could be substantial." (pagC'l7, 1986
report)
GAG also recommends that EPA "encourage" states to institute
programs for regulation of commercial pesticide applicators who
exclusively use unrestricted (j,e" general me) pesticides, GAO's reasoning
for this recommendation is as follows (page 51,1986 report): 'When the
public applies pesticides themselves, they can read and follow the label
directions for proper use, However, when pesticides arc applied
professionally - and a large portion of nonagricultural pesticides arc
applied professionally-the public health and safety may depend on
proper use by professional applicators,"
GAG's 1990 reporlurges EPA and the Federal Trade Commission
(fTC) to take action against pesticide manufacturers and "professional
pesticide applicators snch as lawn care and pest control companies" who
claim the pesticides they use arc safe, harmleSl or EPA,approved, EI'A has
authority over safety claims made by manufacturers, and FlC over claims
made by applicators, The fTC, however, has taken fell' enforcement
actions in this area since 1986,
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Profes.,ional applicators, whose livelihood depends on proper nse
of pesticides and who arc likely targels of lawsnlts for damages or
civil/criminal penalties arising from violations of label instrnctions,
seem to be more likely to apply pesticides correctly than home nsers
who Use the same pesticides, In any case 40 of the 'J.! states
responding to GAO's inquiry already have licensing prol'isions for
applicators who apply genemluse pesticides on a for,hire basis, GAO
shonld have compared the commercial applicators' safety record for
the four unlicensed states to the record for the other ,10 to
snbstamiate the need and benefit ofils recommendation,
RISK REDUCTION THROUGH LAWN POSTING LAWS?
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The GAO repon on nonagricultural pesticides notes that the
public may be exposed to pesticides "without theh' knowledge and
against their will," (page 42, 1986 repon) This situation may present
special problems for a fell' individnals who suITer allergic reaclions
from exposure lel'els that cause no apparent problems for most
people, As noted previously in this booklet, occupmional allergy to
these substances is apparently uncommon, so consnmer allergic
reactions due to much more dilute preparations, snch as those
applied by lawn care senke companies, must be quite mre,
According to GAO, "Neither EPA nor the American Medical
Association has quantitative data to sholl' the number of people who
arc seusltive to pcsticides or the severity of theh' reactious," Officials
of EPA's Office of Pesticide Progmms called pesticide sensitivity "a
'messy area' which nobody seems to understand well aud a difficult
question on which the medicai commnnlty disagrees," (page '13)
The 1991 GAG repon" discnsses various notilieation programs
established by 23 states relating to the professional application of
lawn pesticides, These notification programs take many forms,
inclnding sign posting at the time of application, prior notice to
customers and neighbors thm applications arc abont to take place
and the establishmem of registl)' systems, These reglstt)' systems allow
people allegedly sensitive to pesticides to be notified priOl' tn
applicmions within a specified distance of thek home,
GAO nrges the EPA to ,(ssess each of these 23 state programs for
elTectiveness, determine the best provisions of each and then share
the dilla with all stmes, This EPA assessment is underway,
The fnndamenlill issue is the pnblic's "right to knoll''' abom paten,
tial bazards and the ability of sensitive indh'idnals to, In elTect, give
"informed consent" to possible allergic reactions throngh their awareness
tbat pesticides will he applied nearby, Many lawn care companies
voluntarily notlly individuals upon request of upcuming applicatlous, Tbe
Professioual Lawn Care Associmlon of America has recently adopted a
position In favor of reasonable sign posting and prior nolificatlun
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requirements ror the homeowner and commercial applicalOl'.
Direct notification is it standard procedure Ilsed to lIolilY apiarists
(heekeepers) of impending pesticide applications which might endanger
Iheir hives, For example, New jerse}' pesticide regnlallons (N:f.A,C, 7::JO,
!I,9) reqnire at least 36 hours ad\llnCe nOlilication to each apiarist within
one,half mile of the applicalion sile for a peslicide having a label
indicating it is toxic to hees, Apiarists mnsl register with the New jerse}'
Department of Environmental Proleclion (lI(jDEP) prior to March I of
each year, Man}' other stales have similar progmms,
Area,wide pesticide applications in New jerse}' (e,g" aerial spI1l}'ing of
carball'lto control g}'ps}' moths) mnsl he preceded b}' notilications
pnblished from seven to GO da}'s hefore application in at least 111'0
newspapers Iikel}' 10 informlhe pnhlic, In addilion, the regnlations
(N,J,A,C, 7:30,9,8) reqnire thai the applicalor's designee suppl}'
addilional information on request 10 individuals within tbe applicalion
area, including specilic time and date of application, the particniar
pesticide used and precallliolHul' slalements on the laheL These
notilication requiremenLs provide sensitive individuals witb the nOlice
and opportunity to exercise informed consent to potential exposure,
The ErA c1ead}' recognizes that h}'persensitivity to a substancc is
independent of its source, If sociel}' deems it important to protect certain
sensitive individuals having veil' I1lre allergies from peslicide exposure,
thenlhe law must require not onl}' commercial lawn care pesticide
applicators 10 prolecltbese people bnt also their peslicide,nsing
neighbors l1lultheir local grocers, elc, The ErA believes uotilication
should not single out professional applicators, Any notilication
reqniremenls sbould include olher exposures "including diell1ll'
exposures from pesticide residues on the fruit and vegetables sold in
grocer}' stores. "
The sign posting/notilication issue really mises an ethical qnestion
heyond the scope of strict scientilic e\llhmtion: how can society deal witb
snper'sensitlve indit'iduals? If}'our neighhO!' is death I}' allergic 10 painl
fumes, may }'OU palnt}'our house? Ma}' }'OU allow nl!,~reed to grow on your
property which nm}' provoke serions asthma allacks next door? Mllst you
get rid of yo III' pet cat if the lad}' inlhe apartment across Ihe hall is
allergic? Arc people compelled 1II gain "impiied consent" and incllr
slgnilicant expense and illconvenience 10 prolecttheir less harely
neighhors? Is the sensitive person solely responsible for him/herself and
parenls responsible for Iheir sensitive children?
None uflhese qllestlons is simple to ansll'er and posting laws will do
little to resolve them, In any case, I", 1i.'/llo llIlY01wfrom IIIWII care elwmical.
is millllle com/lllmllo o/l",rcommoll oll"'g"".< IIlId i1,illlll/" which ore IIl1lollelll'll
0'lh'/IOSlillglllw,<,
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DO LAWN CARE CHEMICALS HAVE BENEFITS?
The value of a \'igorouS, healthy turf is obvious for high
maintenance grass like golf course greens, CoIf courses must use
diligence and proper :'ppliealion of lawn care chemicals along with
competent maintenance or golfers will go elsewhere to play, But what
is the value of good turf for home lawns and conllllerclal properties?
Even if the risks of lawn care chemicals arc small, is greener grass
worth it?
There arc many benelitS of good turf beyond the pleasing green
color and uniform surface, Crass controls water and wind erosion,
diminishes sun glare, noise and heat buildup, It also produces a
signilicant amount of oxygen,
Roadside turf iucreases visibility on highways and promotes safety
by providing a uniform shoulder for drivers to avoid trouble during
an emergency, Open space around a home deters burglars and
vandals, Turf rarely sustains lire while trees, shrubs, Iiller and viues
can do so.
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A healtlty well,landscaped lawu properly can mid signilicantly to
property values, Real esUlte appraisers estimated that well,designed
and maintained landscaping added seven percent to the value of
residential properties and six percent to commercial properties," A
stn~ey of buyers of new and previously owned homes estimated that
good landscaping added lifteen percent to the value or selling price
of their hOllies.
Turf provides a cushioning eITeet for sports and aclive play, Short
grass discourages unwanted creatures like snakes, rodenl\ and licks
and reduces their tendency to invade the home,
Finally, well,kept and weed,free lawns reduce allergies and the
likelihood of bee slings, The sell,litivit)' oj II/lelgic l,eoPle /0 !Vreds, Im/lm
0",1 hued,' ~"r(/iI)' excml" 111"'"'" "ell"itit,;/)' /0 IlIlIIlI CIIre clIC/IIiCIII,I,
Clearly a healthy well,maintained lawn Ims many benelits, \.;,wn
care chemicals arc often important in presel~ing these valuable assets
and arc essential to maintain turfgrasses on recreational areas, sllch
as athletic lields and golf courses, If one ignores the economic
henelit of good turf, the health benelits alone exceed the risk of the
pesticides used to eliminate weeds and insectS,
CONCLUSION ~l~
g~~1
\.awn care chemicals, when correctly and legally nsed, pose no e~ll
known ha1,ard to luunan health, Additional regulatllry cuntrols sllch ~I
as lawn posling or bans on common lawn pesticides arc unlikely to ,Iii'
signilicantly henelit public health, Severe allerh'l', due to lawn care
chemicals seems to be rare or nonexistent and on balance Ihese
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TAROET SERIES
f9l-!I]12_1\1
WT-S
J[W
CORPORATION
J"'I CORPORATION
MICROGRAPHICS OIVISIOij
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DO LAWN CARE CHEMICALS HAVE BENEFITS?
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The I'alue uf a \'igoruus, healthy turf is obl'ious for high
mailllcllilllCC grass like golf COlll'se greens. Golf courses mUsL lIse
diligeuce and proper application of lawn care chemicals along with
competelllmainlenance or golfers will go elsewhere 10 play, Bill what
is the I'alue of good turf for home lawns and commercial propenies?
El'en if the risks of lall'n care chemicals arc small, is greener grass
wonh it?
There arc many benefitl of good tnrf beyond Ihe pleasing green
color and uniforlU surface. Crass conlrols water and wind CI'OSiOll,
diminishes snn glare, noise and heat bUildnp, It also prodnces a
significant amoulll of oxygen,
Roadside InrI' increases I'isibility on highways and promoles salcty
by prOl'iding a uniform shoulder for dril'ers to al'oid trouble dnring
an emergency, Open space around a home deters burglars and
\\In dais, Turf I1Irely sustains fire whife Irees, shrubs, litter and I'ines
can do so,
A healthy well,landscaped lawn properly can add significantly to
propeny I'alues, Real estate appraisers estimated that well,designed
and maintained landscaping added sel'en perCelllto the I'lllue of
residential propenies and six percel1lto commercial propenies," A
sun'ey of buyers of new and prel'ionsly owned homes estimated Ihat
good landscapiug added fifteeu percel1lto the \\Ilue or selliug price
of their homes,
Turf prol'ides a cushioning effect for sports aud actil'e play, Short
grass discoul1lges Uuwauted creatures like suakes, rodents aud ticks
and reduces their tendeucy to hllllde the home,
Finally, well,kept and lI'eed,free lawns reduce allergies and the
likelihood of bee stings, '/'lie JCI/sitivity oj /llIm'gie /leo/lle to wmls, /lOlIel/
/ll/d iI/sects ".mll)' exceeds 111/11I111/ sel/sitivit)' 10 Imol/ am ehellliml"
Clearly a healthy well'maintaiued lawn has many benelits, Lawn
care chemicals arc often importal1l in preserl'ing these I'llluable assels
and arc cssclllial to maintain lurfgrasscs on recreational arcas, slIch
as athletic fields and golf courses, If one ignores the economic
benefil of good turf, the health benefit" alone exceed the risk of Ihe
pesticides used to eliminate weeds and insects,
CONCLUSION jIV
2~~i
Lawn care chemicals, II'hen correctly and legally used, pose no e,~1
kuown hazard to human health, Additional regulatol)' controls such fif
as lawn posting or bans on CO/\Jmon lall'n pesticides arc unlikely 10 ~Ei
significalllly benefit public health, Sel'ere allergy, due to lall'n care
chemicals seems to be rare 01' uonexistel1l and on balance these
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peslicides would be Iikel)' 10 prevent more allerb~' Ihrough weed aud
iusecI reduclion than the)' mighl cause,
The GAD report.' on peslicides posllllale risks 10 public health due 10
iocomplete chrooic loxicit)' data for "older" pesticides, bOllhis view
overlooks Ihe long, sale humao exposure 10 and experieoce with Ihese
produCls, More iuformaliou ma)' be desimble blll chronic data arc not
desper,nel)' needed based on an)' idemiliable heahh hazard for Ihis
group ofpeslicides, Congressional pressure 10 accelenne EPA's
reappraisal and reregislration of older peslicides, including EPA
demands Ihatlhe indusll)' submit data on mau)' lawn care producIs,
serves 10 divert limited research and loxico!ob'l' resources IowaI'd chronic
sludies of old pesticides, to Ihe great del rim en I of more crilical research
ou uew pesticides and pharmaceulicals,
Despile Ihe lack of scieulific evidence of pre'lIIued health risks for
lawn care pesticides, public coucern suggest.' Ihe mlue of Iilrther
research 10 confirm Ihe safel)' of Ihese products, Precipitous HClions 10
ball or sc\'crcl}' restrict cOllll11onlaWIl care chemicals arc not risk.frcc
options.
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REFERENCES
,
)
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,
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I
I. Emmons, Robert 0,; 'J'lIrfgmn
Srirl/u(/flfIMfIIWgflllflll, Delmar
Puhlishers,lllc. (1084) pp,:-\'6,
2. Rohens, E.C, "I.ml'll 8: Sporl.~ Turf
Hcnefils,"Thc Lmmlnstitulc, 1'.0, nox
lOS, Jlleasmllllill, TN 38578-0108,
3, EIIlIl1()I\S,p, 277.
4, \\1lClan, Elizabeth M., '(ox;r l'rnor,
Jameson Hooks, Inc. (1985) fl' 11.1.
5. EI1\IllOIlS,p.280.
6 Olloholli,M,Alice: 1'I1rDo.lrMnkrJlht
Poi"lfJlI: \~lIcente Hooks (IUS.I) p, 35,
7. Yeill)' Ro~er A.: .Oral illlUhatiulIllfdogs
Wilh combillations offerlilizer,
herbicide, and insecticide chemic:tls
commonl)' used Oil hmm,"
ttmmralljounwl of1't/nillfll)' RfJrflrtJ,
'15(2):288-290 (198'1)
8. '10 Colle of Feci era I Regu!:niolls (CFR)
parLIl62,I80,
9. Oltoboni, p. H5.
10. Ames, Bnlce N., "Dictar)' Carcinogells,"
Srif1lrt221: 125r~6,1 (Scptembcr23,
(983),
II. Whelan, Elizahelh M., 1'ox;c 7mvr,
Jallleson Books, Inc. (1985) pp. 301.
322.
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I
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I
I
12. OUoboni, pp. 37.38.
13. GUlIn, OJ.., andJ.G,R, Stc\'cns;
Ptj/iritltj mill l/r/lllall II'tlfarr, Oxford
Unill. (lres.~ (1976) p. 189.
I". Results ofHeahh Stlld)' ofChcllll~l1\'n
Specialisls, Released 1991. Press Releilse
from ChCIIII...11I'1I Sen'ices Corp.
Columhus, Oil, Reports j>tmdillg
publicatioll.
15, K:lplilll, Allall P., Mlr'lO" Churchill
Livingstoll (1985) p, 370.
16. Patterson, Ro)': ItIltrg;r mW/JrJ,' WII},rl1luiJ
(/I/(I Mflllt1grmrnt..I.H, L1ppincoll
Compan)' (1980) liP, I,ICJ.I,I.
17. Middletoll, Elllul; Reed, Clmrles E,;allll
Elliott F. Ellis, Editors: ,Wt7JO': Pn'llnJdtj
(/Ilfl I~ll(/;(f, volullle two: the C.V.
Mosb)' Compilll)' (I (178) PI" 812. 8'12
ilncl8UO,!I56 (chapters .15 8: 50),
lS.K:lplall'I',!irll.
i'
,
19. Weilll'!'. Aaron: "Uronchial A.~tllJl1il Due
10 Ihe Organic Phosphate Insecticides,"
ItlllW/JofAllnro'19:3!I7.101 (r\pril
I9lil),
20, I\:iplan, p. 551.
2J.1\'ilkillsOIl, D.S, ~COlllr.lCt Del'lllat:litis"
II: Semilizatiull 10 Peslicides." lJn'liJI,
}tlUmal of Dmlltllolo~' 80: 272.27.1
(1968),
22, Paucrson, pp. 3fl8.3fl9.
23.1~lIilll{J(e, T.; omltestimllll)' beforc the
Senate COllllllillee on Em'ironment allll
Puhlic W()rl~; Senate Suhconullillee
IIcaring (Ma)'9,1991),
2-1.51 Fecleral Regisler m 35039
(10/1/86),
25.51 Federal Register FR 18'12-"4
(1/15/86),
26,51 Fedeml Regisler m 35038
(10/1/86),
27. IIcard,Jilllles II., "Tmfgrass chemical
upd;uc: Inseclicides," GlUlIll(b
MI/;/I/tl/a/ut'21:22 & 2.1 (1/86).
28. Pattersoll, p. .189.
29. Middleton, p, 1150,
30, /'rior II.matl/oml SIUlI//mrk Chtl//;ml, II/r.;
JudgmclII b)'Judge Paul F. Sherid:m,
Circllit COllrt of t\rlingloll, VA (Mar !I,
1088),
i
,
;
!
31.llardell, I.. tl al; ~Milligllilllt
I.)"mphom:l ilnd Exposurc to Chemicals,
[~peciall)' Organic Sol\'ellts,
Chlorophellols allll Phellox)' Adds: A
c.1~e-Col1lrolled Stud)'," lJriIi.f/,jollmal of
fl",,,,.,13, 16!I,I76 (1981).
32. Collou, T.: Editorial: "Herhicide
It~po~llre iHld Cancer, "jollmal of tllr
i1mflimll Mtdimllhwrialirm256: 1176.
1178 (Scplclllbcrrl,l!I86),
:13, Smilh, A.II. ,md Pcarce, NJ:.: "Updale
on soft-tis.~uc sarcoma and
phenox)'herhicide5 in Ne\\' Zealand,"
Chfll//Jj/,I/rrtI5:1795, (198t1).
~H. WUlIds,J.S" et al.: "Sofllisme S:lrCUl1lil
.mll Ilon.llodgkin's 1)'llIphflllla ill
relation to rhellox)' herbicide illlll
chlurilliued phellol exposure in weslern
Wmhinglflll," }0I1/1/(/1 oflht Nf/liollal
Cl/lw'rlmlitll/r78:S!19,1987.
':
;J 4' ,_ " .
I .-J 'I LI I, I' .' ,
\ f1 '/ '. . I '
I" ,/."1,,:, , :,f ,:"1 , lJ, ..
_ _',. ." ~ ~ ',. -', .rr-~ ~ ' .'
I,
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:l:" HUilr, S.K. rt (/1.; "t\gricll1tur.11 hcrhiddc
uscllnd risk ofl)'lllllholllilimtl sofl.
lissue sarCOlllil, ~ jOllnlll/ of/h, ;\11I1'11(/1/1
MrlUmf AJJorilltiOll25li: 11.11, 1986 (See
")sf) mffl'cliOlJ,jlllmllll of Iht;\ mninm
Mnliml ,\JJorilllirm2r,6: :1:\51, (1986)).
3fi.1..111111, 5,11., rt a/.: -A C4\SC.(Olllro) sIudy
of lIo11.Hodgkin's 1)'l1Ipllolllll and the
Ilcrhicidc 2,'kliclll(lropllCll()X}~ICCtic
add (2,.1.1)) in easlern Nehraska,"
1~Jid(lIIiolo~'1:3'19,(1990),
37. Pc,lrcc, N,t:. r/ ,,1.: "Non.llmlgkin's
1)'1l1Jlhomil mul expusure III
pllcox)'IICrllicidcs, chlornpllcllols,
fcndllgwmkaudmcilllI'orks
Clllpl0)'II1CIlt:i1CilSl"{(Jntrolsllld)',~
IJriliJIljOlmwl of [m/rHlrial Mrtliritl(
'18:173, (1!I91),
38. Call1or, K,I'. aud lI1air, A.: "Agricuhural
Chemicals, Drinking Water, and j1ublic
Health: An Epidemiologic O\'er\'ie\l',~
N;lIiOllal Canccr lusliUlIC, Bcthesda,
MO(1986),
39. Hond, G.G., tl a/,: "Cmlsl"spccilic
l1lorlalit)' :l1l1ong cmplo)'ces cngilgcd in
thcmanufacturc, formulalion or
packaging of2,'klichlowphcn.
OX)'ilcclicacid and rChllCds,1Its," llritish
jormwl oj ImlllS/rial Mrdirill,45:98,
(1988),
.10. L}'lIgc, ~:.: "A follow'lIp stud)' of c;mccr
illcidcnccillllong\\'ol'kersin
lIlilllufacture of phcnox)' hcrbicides in
Delllllark,"/Jritis/.jollmalofCu/lcrr52:
259. (1985),
<II. Cog!l:Oll, D., PilllllCll, It iIllll Winter, P.:
~Mort;lIit)' ilnd incidencc of callcer at
four factories making phclltlx}' hcrb.
icides," ll1itishjOlm/(/{ of lm/lulrial
Mrdirillr~8: 173, (1991),
.12, 1'lammlSchool ofl1uhlic Ilcalth: "fhe
Weight of thc Evidcnce oJlthe HUlIIilll
Carcinogenicit)' of2,'I.D ~in:lI Rcport-
J:mu;II)' ImlO,"llamml Uni\'crsit)',
Uostoll,MA,p,(j5.
.13. U.S, EPA: "2,.!.DU, and 21.I.IW;
Proposed Dccision Not lu Initiatc iI
Spccial Rcvicw," Ftrlrral /lrgisl/'rFR
53:!IMIO, (March 23, lUIUl).
;.\
I
.It Ha)'cs, IUI., ct al.; ~C:IS{',Colllml
Snul)' of Cilninc MaliYllilntl.)'mphollla:
Pmiti\'c A\.,ociation \\jth Dog OWllcr's
Un' of 2,.!.l)khlorophellO()X}ilcctic Acid
Herbicidcs, ft jmln/ll/ oflllt NllliOl/fl1
umerr Im/ill/lr, 83: 1226.12:\1 (1991),
.m. Arnold, E.!\. rl Ill,; M2,.1.D Toxicosis III:
All Auemptto I'roduce 2,.1-1) Toxico.ds
ill Dogs on Trcated GlilSS Plots," \'rl
III10R 'lo,';101.33(:,):,1[,7-lIil (1991),
.\6, U.S, GCllcml Accollllling Ollicc (GAD);
~Pesticidcs: EPA's Formidilble Task to
A,seli.' lIntl Regulatc their Risks," GAO/
RCEIl-8r,12:, (,11',;11986),
.17. U,S. GAO; ~N(JlIilgriclllt\lr;11 Pesticidcs:
Risks and Regulations, ~ Gt\O/RCED-8ti-
971,lprilI98&),
,lB. U.S, GAD; ~1.i1wn Carc Pcsticides-
RisksRcmainUllcerlaill"1111e
Prohihiled Silfet)' Claims ContiulIc,ft
GAO/RCEIl90-13,IIMarch 1990),
4Y. Efron, Edith: '11" t\llO(al)plirJ: fA/tlrf'(
mill Iht /Jig !.ir: Simon and Schuster
(198,1) PI" 12'~13'I, 382,383, '120-123,
50, Whelan, pp. 19.58.
M. U.S, GAD: ~LlIWll C:lrc 11cslicidcs-
EI'A Nccds to AS!ics.~ Slate Notincmioll
I'rogr.ulIs." GAO/RCED-91.20B (Sept.
1991),
I
1
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:,2. Wc)'erlmcllSl'r Corp; 'The Valllc of
L1ndscilpillg~ M(IlsforTodll)', \'Illumc IV:
Wc)'crlmcmer Nurscl'}' Products
Di\'isioll, Tacollla, Wil~hil1gton !J8477
(1986) PI" 13 :11111 20,
!
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Edward G. Remmen, Sc.D.
I'irt.PltllJrnl
, ' ACSH, EXECUTIVE ,STAFF' '"
Eliubclh.\t.Whrlan,Sc.D.,M.P'Il.
P,,,Menl
, ACSH BOARD OF DIRECTORS ":' " ' ,
lIoward G. Maum
Dimr~r ifDtrtlopmml
Sldnc)'Shlmlell,M,O., Ll.II.
C^oltllldnQ,/rlll8c.JrJ,ACS/1
,l/cJINIColltgtiflll/(cmtn
Donald F. AUllln, M,D., hum.
Colifmdo Drf'dlllll(l1f oJUN/lh Sm/w
Norman E.Borlaug, I'h,D.
TtldJ,i4.IIUnltmtlj'
James M. Cunnlngh:.m
Ntlt l~tirllllrrAulhotltr
T.1Iwo K. Oanmola
A"hu,.f"Jmtn&.C~
F.J.Fr.1ncis,Ph,O.
UnlrmllJif,IIdllQchultlU
AlrrcdE.If.1rper,Ph,D.
Unlm,ilJi?fIl';/(cnlin
JeraldL.llill,r:sq.
LmJlIldrilt8"lruunJoIlQ/l
Roberl Eo Ol,on. M,O., Ph.D.
SUNI'Il/SIC/lllllool
R.T Ral'cohalt, M.D., ,\I,P-It.
lIotIJlfrolrhSufrtp,/Ill.
Fredr!ckj.SlarC'IM.D.,Ph,I),
lIo"l.IIJSthllClofl'uhlirIlNllh
StrphenS.Sternbcrg,M,D.
,ltrlnorl~/SIl'dn.litlrtrlna C~IlCIl'(,"ltr
LomlneThclian
IimhumCemmunJCllflclll,lM.
Eltuheth.\t, Whelan, Sc,D" M,P.II,
htffJtnr, ACSII
, ACSH BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC AND POLICY ADVISORS '
j'
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Ahvyntlle S. AhI, Ph.D" D.V.M.
U.S.~lImtnfojA8rlru/rUlt
Ro!l)'nB.Alfin-5later,Ph.l).
UCU
Richard G. Allilon, Ph,D,
.imttltlln/mlllUttojNurrlllon(F.l5E8)
Robert S. Baratz. D.D,S" Ph.D" M.D,
T,!/iJUnlrtttJlj'.ScboolcjDtnrcl,lftJJdnt
Stephen Il.ntell, M.D.
Alltnlo.Tl,P.l
WallerS, BarroIVsSr., Ph.D.
ec'pJnlttlc,Ci
BlollneL.D1atl,Ph,D,
UnJrl'ffl!/'ifNrbNJi~
IlInrlchL.Bohn,Ph,D,
Unlttnl!/,oj,itllOTlc
Ntmoll 0, Borholnl, M.D,
UnlrttJJlrcjCclifo,nfa,D.rrll
josephF.Dotzellecol,Ph,l),
,lltJJClllCol/tgtojl'Jrs'n/ll
Michael K. Dott., uq,
KlInJ4JCI!/",1I0
George A, DrolY, M.D,
t'tnnlnli'enBlemrJlf~IRntalchC,"rtt
Albn Brell, M,D,
Ntlf Ena/anJ Dt.xentu 1l0lp11CI. ,itA
EtlwardE.Durnl,Ph,D.
TtJdlAo\lIUnhml!y
Frolnd,F.Bulla,Ph,D,
UnlTttlllfoj,IIJnntwlc
Ogbourne nutler, Ph.D., Ret,
CelltOtSrcelen, TX
WlUlam G, Colhan, M.D,
,l!tffle,lcIS/l/lJ/l.litlItlJngCcnwCtnrtt
E1wootl F, Caltlwell, Ph,D,
Alllt'rltllnAlll1('lar/onojCtttalCbtmJJu
john P. Colllan, M.D.
LJbmplllt,IL
Barbara N. Campalgne, Ph,D,
Chl/Jltn'II/CJpllc/,I'tJlccICtnttr
ErnellE.Campalgne,Ph,D.
InJJcnallnlltTlllf
7.crlel..Colrllenler,Ph,n,
TtJillA&.IlUnlrmll}S)'lltm
C.jelleITCarr,llh,D.
Cclumbl~,,lfD
Rohert G. Cauenl,11h,D,
Unltmllfojll'uccruJn
jame.j. Cerd."M.D,
UnftmllfojFlollJIJ
l)alej,Chollol,M,D,
KlI/cmlllco,,1f/
lIobhe I.. Chrlltenlen,1111,D,
Unhml~'e[Ttldl
F,M.CI)'del,fale,Ph.U,
Unhml~'oj.lf~ulltlIUltl/l
i
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I
Donald G, Cochran, Ph,D.
1';rs'nllll\Jlp<<bnlr/mtIMtanJSrllItUnJtttlll}'
W, Ronnie ColTmoln,I'h,D.
Cor/ltIlUnlrttfJI}'
DcrnardL.Cohen,Sc,D.
Un;tttJJIJojP;IfJ.u1Bh
Ne\'lIIe Colman, M,D" Ph,D.
.Ilounr Sinai Stbool oj.llrJldnt
Jullul M. Coon, M,I)" Ph.D,
T/loma'l1ftllon UnlrtllJ'l
Eliot Corday, M,O,
(n!lIn.Slnal.lltJira/(tnrtt
Bernard D, Davll, M,O,
IIcmuJ,lIrJltlllStbool
Ernll M. DolVil,Ph.D.
UnjTml'lojTt~iJJlIIIIOltIIOn
TIlOmou R, DcGregori,llh,D.
Unlrml!/'ojllcullen
RohcrtM,l)e\'lIn,Ph.D,
UnlTmllfoj.tfawlAultllJ
JohnDlehold
'ThtDJtboIJGrcur,/nr,
Ralph Dltlman,M.D"M,P.II.
J/auJten,T.\'
Theron Downe., Ph,D,
,tlllhl8"nSr~rtUnlttll!~'
lIenry D)'msLl, ph,n" R,D.
UnlmJI!TojMcJt/JJlInJ
jame. E. Enltrom, Ph.D,
UCU
Myron E. l;ssex,D,V,M"Ph.n,
lIamzrJSchoo/ojl'u1ollcf/tlllrb
S,A,Ewlng,Ph,l)"D.v'M,
OllahomaSrcrtUnlttNII)'
IhnleIF,fatka!,Ph.D,
OrtsonSWtUnltWJI!
IUchardS.fawcell,l'h,D.
IIUI/I},M
O\\'en Il. Fennema,Ph,n,
UnhmfIJifllllronlln
Lloyd juhon FlIer,]r" M,D" Ph,l),
Unlrtlll!Tof/~\lllarrIICI&.Cllnlll
Kenneth 0, Hlher, Ph,D,
F.A.S.E,B,
lJunC.Flelcher,11h.D,
U:nhlnaranSruttUnlmll!,.
l.conard T. fl)'nn, Ph.D" M,n,A,
.lforlflnrlllt,NJ
WlIIlamll.foegt',M.D.,M,llll.
TlrtClIlItt(tnrtt,/nt,
ltalphW.Foglem"n,I),v'M,
Upf'trBlarlF.J.lj,r.1
Glenn Ftonlng, ph,D,
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1995 Broodwoy, 2nd 1I00r
New York, NY 10023-4919
Phone (212) 362,7044' fox (2121362-4919
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO. 25
ASSESSING THE OUALITY OF
, AMERICA' S WATER
This is a report by the American Council on Science and Health
("ACSH"), The ACSH is a national consumer education association
directed and advised by a panel of scientists from a variety of
disciplines. This panel is committed to providing
scientifically balanced evaluations of issues relating to
chemicals, environment, health and lifestyle factors. The ACSH
is not beholding to any special interest grmip,
The essence of this pamphlet can be reviewed at page 26, The
ACSH concludes we need not worry about the water we drink from
public water systems, It contrasts, for example, the
probability of getting cancer from drinking water with that of
being killed in a fatal automobile traffic accident, The
traffic death probability is three (3) million times greater
than the chance of contracting cancer from drinking water, The
ACSH suggests that our society must be prudent and encourages
vigorous programs to prevent groundwater contamination as well
as private and industrial use of chemicals, It suggests that
the best strategy is one that minimizes risk and maximizes
benefit,
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American
Council on
Science and
Health
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1995 BROAOWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10023'5B60
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACTS
Elizabeth M, Whelan, Sc,O" M,P,H,
Edward G, Remmers, Sc,O,
Eric Stephen Berger, M,O,
(212) 362,7044
PUBLIC WATER IS SAFE, PRIVATE WELL WATER IS QUESTIONABLE
"Americans should feel eonfident that the water thcy drink from public water sys-
tems is safe," ,noted I)r, Elizabcth M, Whelan, Executive Director of the Amcrican
Council on Scicnce and Health (ACSH). "Stringent regulations and treatment proce-
dures arc in place to cnsure the safety of public tap water, However, private well
water is not subject to extensive regulations in most statcs and, thcrefore, should bc
tested periodically to ensure safety,"
This is the basic conclusion in ACSH's newly-released report Assessing the Quality
of America's WaleI', The report also notes that the medical benefits of chlorination
and nuoridation vastly outweigh any possible disadvantages, There is no scientilic
evidence that properly chlorinated water causes adverse heallh effects, In addition,
the report discusses dioxin and PCBs, both found to be non-threatening to our water
supply.
On the topic of private well wuter, Dr, Edward Remmers, ACSH's Associate Direc-
tor, pointed out thut, "Public heallh officials recommend that private well water be
tested at least once for chemical and nitrate contamination, and at least yearly for
microbiological safety,"
Differentiating between "public" and "private" water, Dr, Whelan noted, "Approxi,
mately 87 percent of the U.S, population receives drinking water from a publie water
supply, which typically undergoes treatment involving chemieals, sedimentation,
filtration/aeration, and chlorination. In eontrast, private well water is the responsi.
bility of the owner, and is, therefore, usually not regulated, tested, or treated to the
same extent as publie water."
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The American Council ou Scicncc und Hcalth (ACSI!) is a nonprolit,lils,cxempt consumcr educution llIuludvoeacy group,
directed nnd advised hy over 21111 promincnt Al1Iericnn physicians and scientists,
For n copy of Aml'l'im's \I'll/I'/', send a check or money order for $3.1111 and a self,addressed, business size (11111) envclope '
with 75v poslUge to Americn's Wilier, ACSII, 1995 Brnndway, New York, NY 1II1I23,5H611,
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I WATER AND LIFE 3
WHERE IS OUR WATER FROM? 4
l CONTAMINANTS IN WATER 4
1 How Does Water Become Contaminated? 5
ISSUES OF PUBLIC CONCERN 6
I Hard vs, Soft Water 6
Bollled vs, Tap Water 7 ,
Distilled Water 8
~M/Q)~~@ I!W@U@IJ'
WATER TREATMENT 8
PU8LIC WATER CONTAMINANTS 10
Microbiological Contamination 10
Inorganic Chemical Contamination 10
Primary & Secondary Standerds for Water U
, Organic Chemical Contamination 14
!. Radioactive Contaminants 16
. , ENSURING SAFE WATER 17
!
Protecting Raw Water at Its Source 17
Law, Protecting Drinking Water Quol/ty 18
How Standards are Set 19
PUBLIC WATER ISSUES 20
Chlorination 20
Fluoridation 21
Rlters and Magnets for Tap Water 23
Questions on Taste and Appearance 23
~IJ'~W~U@ I!W@~~ W~U@IJ'
PRIVATE WELL WATER 24
OUR WATER IS SAFE 26
GLOSSARY 27
Summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act 29
Summary of LegiSlation 30
Seltlng Primary Water Standards 31
REFERENCES 32
FURTHER READING 36
ACSH ADVISORS 37
HINTS ON WATER CONSERVATION 40
First Edition: Oucember 1988
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/REVIEWERSj
This report WilS prepared by
Krislin, M. Napier, M.P,B.. R,D,
ACSH gr.Ilerully a,knmvl,dgcs Ihe 'omm'nls
and conlribUlions of file following individuals
who reviewed this report.
Eric Stephen Berger, M.D.
Am,ricon Council On Sciencc and Hcalth
Hinrich L. 110110, Ph.D.
UniycrsilY of Arizona al Tucson
C. JellelT Carr, Ph,D.
Columbia, MD
Julins M. Cnon, M,D., Ph.D.
Thomas Jefferson University
Robert M, Devlin, l'h,D.
University of Massachusells
flalph W. Folglemaa, D.V.M.
Upper Block Eddy, PA
F..I. Francis, Ph.D.
University of MassachusclIS
floger E, Gold, Ph.D.
University of Ncbraska
Willinlll E, Hnzelline, Ph,D.
OroYille, CA
Pnul M, Hymnn, Esq.
Wnshington, DC
Michael Knmrin, Ph.D.
Michigan Slale University
Manfred Kroger,Ph,D.
Peansylvania State University
lIernard .I. Liskn, Ph,D.
Purdue UniversilY
John .I. McKellu,Ph,n.
UniyersilY o(Texas al Auslin
A. Alan Moghessl,Ph.D.
Alexondria, VA
Eric W. Mood, LL.D" M.P.H.
Yale University School of Medicine
SlcphenJ. Moss, D.n,S" M.S.
New York University College of Denlislry
John S, Neuberger, nr. P.H.
Universily of Knnsas School of Medicine
flobert E. Olson, M.n., Ph.D.
Slote University of New York at Slony Brook
M. Alice Ollobolli, ph.n.
Berkeley, CA
Edwnrd G. flemmers, Se.D.
American Coancil on Science nnd Health
Eliznbeth M. Whelnn, Se.n., M,p.H.
American Conncil on Science nnd Health
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Waler is the universai symbol of life. Throughout lime and
across the globe it has signified birth, renewal, and purifica-
tion. The ancient Greeks honOR'!! the litan Oceanus as a
powerful creative force.J1 Modern Christians anoint their
de"d and baptize their living wllh II. Waler blankets three,
quarlers of our planel and constitutes over half of the
homan body.
Waler is Ihe body's mosl essentialnolrient. Every cell con-
tains it, and as IlItle as a 15 percenlloss may be falal. Waler
composes 75 percent of all brain and muscle cells. Even
rock-hard bone is 25 percent water.
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Why is water so essential? In blood, it carries nutrients and
oxygen 10 cells. Through urine, II helps rid the body of toxic
wasles. Through perspiration, water helps coollhe body.
Finally, water is Ihe pool in which Ihousands of continuous,
Iife-supporting chemical reactions take place.
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Thirsl, regulated by the sodium concenlration of the blood,
usually lells us when the body's water supply needs replen-
ishing. A high sodium level turns on receptors in Ihe hypo-
thalamus gland and Ihus Iriggers the thirst sensation.
From time immemorial, humans have relied on their senses
10 guard them from danger. Food and driaks with an un-
pleasant odor or appearance were usually rejected as unfit
for consumption. Bul modern lechnology has made Ihe
situation much more complicated. What we perceive as
safe..or unacceptable--is not always so. For example, water
wllh an objectionable odor due 10 a small excess of chlorine
is likely 10 be much safer than odorless waler Ihal harbors
infectious organisms.
Humans have always been concerned with water's micro-
biological quality, Today's chemophobic sociely is worried
about even minute amounts of many chemicals in drinking
water, Although Ihe public is more concerned about chem-
ical contamination, scientists worry more about contamin-
ation with disease-causing organisms.
This booklel is about Ihe water we drink: where it comes
from, how quality is prolecled, and what you should nand
shouldn'I..be concerned about.
NOTE TO READER:
Pages 4 through 6 apply 10 bolh public and pril'ale waler
supplies. Pages 610 24 apply 10 public woler supplies only,
and pages 24 and 25 apply to privale well water,
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The waler we draw (rom the lap each day comes from either
a public water system or a private wel1.10 U.S. census data
for ]985 indicale tho I 87 percenl o( Ihe populotion receives
drinking water from a public water syslem,u
Aboul hol( o( Ihe public woter supply comes (rom surfoce
water: rivers, slreams, reservoirs, and lakes. The remainder
comes from groundwater, mainly from aquifers under the
cluth's surface. An aquifer is a waler.bearing formation of
earlh, gravel, or porous rock capable of yielding significant
quontities o( waler. Some geological formotions ore good
aquifers, while others ore poor ones. The quolity of on oqui.
fer is delermined by Ihe soiis through which woler perco.
lotes to reoch it and Ihe kind of rock from which the oquifer
is formed. These soils ond formalions conlribute dissolyed
and suspended porticles 10 the woter.
Well waler, both public ond privole, is drown from ground.
waler sources.
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No one wants 10 drink contaminated water. We want our
water safe. Many people, however, equate safe water with
"pure" woter. Bnl pure woter is 0 humon perception. It is
not found in nature but made in laboratories. Natural wa.
ler supplies contoin many types of dissolved or suspended
solids. These constituenls include nulrienl minemls such os
iron, fluoride, and selenium, as well as organic malter.
,
Contaminants are substances that change water quality, but
do not necessarily render it unsafe for human consumption.
Some people call conlominonts odditives, ond distinguish
bel ween intentiono! ond uninlentionol odditives. Inlention.
nl ndditives ore substonces odded to drinking woler for
some express purpose, such os disinfection. Unintentional
odditives nre snbstonces Ihol nccidenlolly seep into the wo.
ler supply, such os industriol chemicnls or orgonic molerial
(rom forms. Whether contominonls (or noturolly found
constituenls) Ihreoten heolth depends on the nolure of Ihe
substances and Iheir concentration in the water.
Our ever'improYing lechnology hns enobled detection of
sllloll ond sometimes iusignificont omounls o( subslances iu
waler supplies. In mony cases, the limits of technology
ollow scienlists to detect one molecule of 0 chemicolln n
trillion porls o( woter, With this sensitivity, it is possible to
detecl contominant molecules in every woler supply. Some
groups Insist ou 0 "zero conlominnnl" concept. The driving
force behind Ihls orgumenl is thai even one molecule of 0
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substance may adversely affect human health. Cancer is the
most fearlod adverse health effect.
Scienlists c.mnot examine the effccl of one molecule on the
human body. Bul it is clear that everyone is exposed to bil-
lions of molecules of carcinogens eyery day, yel we do nol
all develop cancer. If peopie were susceptible to "one mole-
cule," humans would all die of cancer at an early age. But
we don't, because our bodies have elaborate defenses
against tiny amounts of harmful chemicals.ll
Thus, even if "zero" levels of potential contaminants were
attainable, they are nol necessary for good health. To cause
trouble, a contaminant must have sufficient concentration.
Amounts below this critical concentmlion (reference point)
may be of scienlific interesl, bul should nol be of conccrn for
human health.
HOW DOES RAW WATER BECOME CONTAMINATEO?
Raw water supplies may become contaminated by virtue of
the surrounding geology or as a result of nature's or human
activities. While conlaminants or undesirably high levels of
conslituents may be found in raw water, the final producl
from the waler lreatment planl has been treated and moni-
tored, and with a few exceptions, is safe.
,.
SlIrrOlllldillg geology. As described above, all water is held
in its own natural reservoir, either above or below the
ground. Some of this nalural reservoir, paris of Ihe soil and
minerals, leach into the water. Sometimes, however, an
area's inherent mineral content is exceplionally high,
causing undesirable levels of Ihal mineral to leach ioto the
waler supply.
Natllre's activities. Like humans, animals center many
aclivities around their waler supply, Animal excremeul can
thus become an undesirable addition 10 the water supply.
Bacterial, viral and/or parasitic contllmination may result.
Humall aclivlties, Humans use mony chemicals thai must
be manufaclured, slored, Imnsported, and/or disposed of.
Care laken in each step can prevenllhese chemicals from in,
approprintely entering our ecosystem. But, chemicals are a
part of the environmenl, and may euter Ihe water supply,
Household cleaners aud chemicals cau euler Ihe waler sup-
ply. Whatem goes dowuthe toilel or draiu will go through
a sewage treatment plant, undergo detoxificalion and be
discharged inlo a body of water. Household cleansers,
scmbbers, whiteners, and deodorizers arc ere.ltlng a monu-
mental job lor sewage lrealment plants.
Induslriol 1v.1Sles, includiug orgauic solvents, radioaclive
wastes, and brine are often iujecled into underground geolo-
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gical formations similar 10 aquifers. Some injection wells
arc linked by passageways of geological formations to
aquifers bearing usable waler. In some areas, valuable
aquifers have become permanently polluted by Ihis process.
Wastes disposed of in dumps, pits, ponds, or lagoons can be
a source of water contamination. Sometimes undesirable
substances from wasle percolate through Ihe soil into an
aquifer. In other cases, substances may wash ncross the
ground surface, Irickling inlo rivers or lakes.
Petroleum producls are often slored in nnderground tanks.
Such tanks may leak, sometimes into an aquifer. This is
especially lrue of older lanks.
Road salt has also been a problem in some areas. The salt is
sometimes stored uncovered, resulting in excessive funoff
into surface water when it rains or snows. In other cases,
Ihe salt is directly over an aquifer. The brine (salt plus
water) can percolate Ihrough Ihe soil, finding its way 10 the
aquifer.
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HARD V5. SOFT WATER
Water hardness is defined as Ihe concentration of certain
minerals (polyvalent calions) presenl in waler, usually
expressed as Ihe equivalenl quantity of calcium carbonate.
Hardness also reflecls the ability of water 10 react with soap
to form suds. The most common polyvalent calions are cal.
cium and magnesium. Others minerals that Ciln contribute
10 hardness include zinc, manganese, aluminum, strontium,
barium, and iron. Water equivalent to loss Ihan 75 milli.
grams/liIer of calcium carbonate is usually considered soft,
and water equivalent to 75 mg/I or more is considered hard.
Water hardness varies from llrl'il to area.
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Hard waler enn be made soft by exchanging Ihe calcium and
magnesium for sodium in an ion exchange process. Many
people prefer soft water because illathers beller and, Ihere-
fore, cleans better. It docsn'llclwC as much of i1 ring in the
bathlub, alld laundry is cleaner because soap rinses oul
beller. Some who find a metallic laste disagreeable prefer
Ihe tasle of soft waler. Water thai has been filtered as well as
softened is known as "condilioned" water.
Softened waler may pose he,llth problems, Soft waler has a
greater potential for picking up undesirable metals, such as
lead and cadmium, which have deleterious health ef.
fects."."'. lu addition, Ihe sodium conlentuf soft waler may
be a problem (or people wilh hearl disease or high blood
pressure who must restrtcl sodium intake.
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On the olher hand, hard waler may help prolecl againsl
hearl disease. Some studies have found Ihal those drinking
hard water have a lower incidence of cardiovascular
diseasc,2u,.,w In fact, although some researchers have failed
10 confirm this association, a World HClllth Organization
(WHO) experl group recommends hard water. The group
reporled that Ihe vasl majority of studies by independenl
investigators in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the
United Slates confirm a lower incidence of cardiovascular
mortality associated with drinking hard walcr.2&
Scientists don't know how hard water prolcets against heart
disease. Mosllikely one or more of Ihe elements conferring
hardness also confers the beneficial effect. Anolher possi-
bility is that soft water, with its acidic and corrosive prop-
erties, picks up harmful elemenls or tosic subslances Ihat'
could adversely affecl cardiovascular heallh. The former is
considered more plausible by scienlisls."
Most health officials recommend drinkiag hard water. If
you desire 10 soflen part of your waler supply for deaning.
laundry, and personal bathing, it is advisable to leave a
faucel in your home wilh hard waler for drinking.
BOlTLED vs. TAP WATER
Americans drank three times as much bollled waler in t986
as Ihey did in 1976. This consumption is expecled to double
by 1990. Per capita bollled waler consumplion Is almost 4
gallons per year. There is, however, no scientific evidence
Ihat bollled water is healthier Ihan water direcl from your
lap, except when your lapwaler is known to be contam-
inaled at unhealthy levels.
All water comes from the same places: wens, rivers, streams,
or springs. Some bollled waler comes from springs, bul
some comes from Ihe same public water supply as lap
water.
Whelher boUled or from the tap, ail walcr must meet stricl
bacleriological standards. This is where Ihe similarity oflen
ends. Public waler supplies are usuaily disinfected with
chlorine gas or chloramines, which may Imparl an objection-
able laste to Ihe waler. Most bottled waler companies, on
Ihe olher hand, use ozone (a form of oxygen) for disinfec-
ting. Ozone is more expensive, bul is often more desirable
10 cOllsumers because it leaves no aflerl.sle. Ozone,
however, is less slable Ihan chlorine and less polenl as a
long-term disinfectant. Bottled waler held for long periods
may, Iherefore, be al risk for contaminollon. In 1985, tesls
conducted on bOllled waler atlhe Santa Clara Waler
District's Rinconada Waler Trealment Plant found Ihal the
bacleria levels in randomly sampled bollled waler were
between 5 to 2,300 times grealer t1mn In the public waler
supply,
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By law, many bottled waters (e.g., mineral willer) may not
be labeled "drinking waler" bemuse Ihey do nntmeel fed.
eral drinking water standards.
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Bottled water suppliers sometimes use misleading promo-
lionallilemture. Remember Ihal despile claims to Ihe
conlmry, the chemicals added 10 filter and disinfccl pnblic
drinking waler make it safer, not less healthful." Don'l be
misled by overly ambitious marketing strategies.
Since there is no evidence thai bottled Willer is healthier
than t.,p water, Ihe decision 10 use bottled waler should be
based solely on lastc, mineral composition, cosl, and
personal convenience.
DISTILLED WATER
Because distilled water lacks the essential minerals found in
drinking water, it is not recommended for drinking. SomE!
mcdicill conditions stich as kidney failure or very raTe
sensitivity reactions may require a lower mineral intake, but
healthy individuals should nol drink dislilled waler in place
of tap Willer. Consult your physician before you choose to
drink distilled water.
The waler drmvn from surface water sources and aquifers is
nol ready for human consumption. This IIraw" water
undergoes several processes to render it clean, healthful,
and safe. Groundwater generally needs less trealmenllhan
surface water. In many cases, groundwater is fillered
nalurally, so it may only need disinfl'Ction. In other cases,
groundwater requires the same treatment process as surface
water:
1. Passage Ihrough an intake screon: Pipes bring
water from its source (river, aquifer, elc,) to Ihe
lreatment plant. As the water enters the planl, an
intake screen filters oullarge objects like slicks and
leaves.
2, Addition of chemicals: Various chemicals are
added to help purify Ihe water. Their Iype and
amounl depend on Ihe chamcleristics of the raw
woter. Chemicals used include:
. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate or
ferrous or ferric chloride. Coagulants calise
suspended particles 10 group together in
clumps, called floes,
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. Chemicals to remove particles that would
otherwise lend an odor or unpalatable taste.
. Lime to remove some of the minerals that
make waler hard. Excessively hard waler can
clog pipes.
. Oxidants, such as chlorine, that break down
organic compounds, rendering them easier 10
remove.
3. Mixing: The water is rapidly mixed 10 disperse the
added chemicals,
4, Sedimenlalion: After Ihe w,ller has nocculnted, il
is moved over sedimentation basins. The heavy
floes settle to the bottom and are removed.
5. Filtration: This removes mosl of the remaiuing
particles. (The initial screening eliminales Ihe
largest; flocculation and sedimentation remove the
medium and most of the small parlicles.) The
water goes Ihrnugh sevemllayers of filter media:
several sizes of sand and gravel and a layer of hard
coal. Then, it is propelled Ihrough Ihe fiUmtion
beds either by Ihe force of gravity or by exlernally
applied pressure,
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6. Filtration/aeration to remove organic chemical
contaminants: If raw water tests positive for
ceria in contaminanls, it may be filtered Ihrough
activated carbon. If volatile organic chemicals me
present! aeration will transfer them from water to
air.
7. DisinfedionlOnoridalion: W"ter is genernliy dis-
infected as it leaves the trealment plant. Disinfec-
tion kills any remaining bacteria and vinlses, and
keeps the waler clean during slorage and Imns-
pori, Disinfection is commonly accomplishcd by
chlorination, If nalnmi fluoride levels arc low,
fluoride may also be added as Ihe water ieaves the
plant.
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MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
Clean water is an age-old concern. Hieroglyphic dmwjngs
of wnter'purifying equipment on Egyplinn walls dnle bnck
10 Ihe fifleenlh cenlury B.c. Hippocr"tes wrole aboul public
hygiene nnd Ihe imporlnnce of boiling nnd slr"ining ",ntor
10 prevent disease. The c10llt b,'g he endorsed for straining
bccame known as 'IHippocratcs' sll'cve",JO
Worldwide, wnler-borne diseases such ns dysenterl' still
claim as many as 25 million lives cnch year and C.luse severe
illness in millions more." The grenl majority of Ihis wnter-
cnrded morbidity nnd mortnlity occurs in counlries whose
waler supplies ore unlrented.
Even with sophisticoted wnler trenlrnenl methods nnd slrin-
gent regulations, microbiological contamination sliII poses a
real henlth threnl in the United States. Since the early 1960s,
there has been a steady increase in reported outbreaks of
waler-borne disease, with an ilverage of 41 per year from
1979 to 1983.22 SnlmonelloSis, shigellosis, ginrdinsis, nnd
cmnpylobacteriosis hnve been the most lroublcsome infec-
tions." Such oUlbre,lks occur in both privnle well "'Mer and
public wnler supplies.
Many infections OCcur in wnter snpplies the public Ihinks
are the safest. Pristine mountain slre,lms arc perceived as
"pure" nnd "nolural," bUlthey nre easily polluted by micro-
scopic organisms from nnimnl excrement. Waler from
mountnin strenms should be disinfecled ns stringenlly ns
wnter from nny other source inlended for humnn consump-
tion. The Environmentnl Protection Agency tEPA) stresses
thnt infections cnused by contnminnled wnler oc'nr exclu-
sively in wnler systems in violntion of current microbiolog-
ical standards.
INORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
Mosl inorgnnic substnnces in Ihe lVnler supply nre melnls.
The vnslmnjorily nfC trnce minernls necessnry lor life nnd
i optimal henlth. Meinls come mninly from four sources.
They mny be nntuml constituents of lVnler. Industrinl pro-
cesses, such ns electroplnting and Innning, use melnls
(especially nickel and chromium). Wnste prodUCls Irom
these industries mnl' become pnrt of Ihe ellvironment nnd
eventually find their lVny into the waler supply. Metnls in
house,hold c1enners, mnny of which are high in nickel, hnve
become nn increasing problem becnuse they enn enler the
sewnge system nnd ultimntely Ihe lVnter supply, Finnlly,
metnls such ns lend and cndmium may be lenched from
wnter distribution pipes lVithin the home, especinlly when
Ihe Willer is soft and ilcldic.liUJ.N"\'l.lI,~1
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Oyerall, melals pose little d,nger in public drinking waler
Ihal has passed Ihrough the waler lreatmenl plant for three
reasons. First, some arc essential nutrients that contribute to
good health. SL'Conrl, scientists have extensive data about
the human health effects of metals, so thai setting standards
is relatively easy. Scientisls use the lowesllevel known to
cause an adverse heallh effect and add a margin of safety.
Thus, only it fraction of the level known to cause harm is al-
lowed in drinking waler. Third, many metals are not found
in toxic amounts and do nol need regul,tion. Table 1 lists
maximum conlamin,nt levels (MCLs) lor regulated mel,ls.
Concern has mounled that raw water contains increasing
quantities of metals. While evaluation and treatment of the
raw water, along with monitoring 01 the final product
should ensure salely al the tap, it IVould be advisable 10
change ccrlain induslrial and household practices th,t
release Ihese melals.
TABLE 1: Primary and Secondary Standaids for DrinkIng Water
Primnry staudards (maudalory for public waler syslems)
Substance
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Nitrale
Selenium
Silver
Fluoride
Trihalomelhaues
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4'D
2,4, 5-TP Silvex
Trichloroethylene
Carboulelrachloride
1,1,1-Trlchloroeth,ue
1,2-Dichloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Benzene
1,I-Dichloroelhylene
., ."
Maximum contaminanllevel
Ippm or mglliler)
.'
0.05
1.00
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.002
10.00
0.01
0.05
4.0
0.10
0.0002
0.004
0.1
0.005
0.1
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.20
0.005
0.002
0.05
0.07
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Primary stalldards COli till lied
Microbiologicnl
Total coliforms
Turbidity
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(see footnole ')
11urbidity unit"
Radioactivity
combined mdium 226 and 228
bela porticle and pholon
radioactivity
<5 picocuries/liter
an amount not 10
exceed a total
body concentmtion.
gross 111pha particle ilCtiVitt**
<15 picocuries/liter
'Number dependent upon sample size, method of
determination, and other (actors. Waler companies must
consult a chart.
"May go up to 5 units (or no longer timn 2 consecutive
days if microbiological quality of water is maintained.
!;
fUlncluding radium 226, excluding radon ilnd uranium.
Secolldary Stalldards ([or aesthetic qllalities)
:
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Chloride
Color
Copper
Corrosivity
Fluoride
Foaming Agenls
Iron
Manganese
Odor
pH
Sulfale
Tolal dissolved solids
Zinc
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250.0 mg/liter
15.0 color units
1.0mg/1
non-corrosive
2.0 mg/I
0.5mg/1
0.3 mg/I
0.05 mg/I
3.0 Ihreshold odor number
between 6.5 and 8.5
250.0 mg/I
500.0 mg/I
5.0mg/1
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Source: 40 Code o[Fedeml Reglltaliulls 141-143,}uly 1, 1987.
Call selellilllll pose II Itcalth risk ill drillkillg water?
Hart~ly. Selenium, which is an essential nutrient, occurs nil.
lumlly in Ihe environmenl, higher in some areas than olhers.
Although cerlain iudustrial processes release selenium,
drinking water is rarely a source of selenium intoxication.
Americans usually consume far more seleulum iu their diet
thau Ihey do in Iheir driuking waler.'~ The level of selenium
iu drinking waler is regulated by ErA.
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SI/OII'" I be cOllcented abolll lellll ill my drillkillg wilier?
At toxic doses, lead causes severe adverse health effects.
Recenl reporls about lead have been confusing. These
reporls indicate Ihat Ihere may be subtle biochemical
changes occurring at lower levels of lead in the body Ihan
previously Ihoughl. The significance of these sublle chan.
ges is nol known. But this doesn't mcan thai lead levels arc
increasing in air, food, or water. In fact, these levels arc
decreasing.
In November, 1986 it was announced that one in five Amer-
icans is consuming water with lead at toxic levels.5W
However, the EPA reporll~ from which these news accounts I
originated was based on outdated figures {rom all
unidentified number of tap waler samples. These figures I
were then used 10 proiecl Ihe possible number of people I
exposed to lead in drinking waler--yielding an unreliable .
conclusion. I
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Some homeowners do have a problem with excessive lead
in Iheir drinking waler. However, the problem is due 10
contamination within the home. Many older homes have
lead pipes, and many new homes, built prior to June, 1986,
have copper pipes soldered with lead. Sofl and acidic waler
tends 10 leach metals, including lead, into watcr.IS.B,N,38,~l,U
Water coolers, with Iheir lead soldered pipes, have also been
identified as a lead source.
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If you h~1Ve lead pipes, or coppcr pipes soldered with lead,
tesl your water for lead. If the le,ld content is high, run your
waler three to five minutes in the morning or after any pro.
longed period of non-use (such as overnighl), Affecled wa.
ter coolers should also be nushed, Flushing eliminales lead
leached from pipes while waler has bcen slanding, Do nol
use hot waler for cooking or drinking as it is more corrosive
than cold water and leaches more lead from Ihe pipes.
I've heard mlldr abollt asltes/os in drinking water. Shonld
I be cOlleen/cd?
The general population is exposed to asbeslos through air,
food, beverages, drug products, and denial preparations. II
is well established thai workers who breathe asbestos have a
marked increase of certain cancers, particularly of the lung,
Ihe lining of the lung, and the lining of the nbdominal
cavity. Bul, many sludies provide good evidence that
people exposed to asbestos in drinking water do nol have
an increased risk of cancer, Drinking wnter in Dululh,
Minnesota; Quebcc, Canada; and several Connecticut towns
has contained high asbestos leyels for many years,
Asbestos may occur nalurally in water or be leached inlo
water from pipes made of asbeslos cement, Sludies fail 10
confirm an excess of cancers from asbeslns ingested Ihrough
waler suppllcs.).U7.'iI,~I.W
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Some waler from the Sail Francisco area is highly contam-
inilted with asbestos. An increased risk of lung cancer was
found in this area. However, scientists question the signifi-
cance of Ihis finding becilllse asbestos exposure appeared to
decrease Ihe incidence of cndomelrial caneer.))
SllOlIld 11lc cOllecn/cd a/Jollt lIitratcs ill illY drillkillg tuatcr?
Nitrogen build-up may occur in areas of municipal and
industrial wash~ disposal, high fertilizer use, abandoned
feed lois, and septic lanks. The nitrate ion is Ihe form of
nitrogen usually found in groundwaler.~ Drinking waler is
not Ihe only source of nitrate we ingest, nor is it the main
source. Far more significant leyels come from our diet.
Excessive nitrate intake call cause health problems, particu-
larly in infanls. To prevenl excessive intake throngh water
supplies, the EPA carefully regulales waler nitrate levels.
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION
Many people fear that our waler supply is threatened by
various organic chemicals, particulmly pesticides and PCBs,
However, the best available evidence indicates that no
chemical or group of chemicals poses a nationwide health
threat via water. In looking at this issue, two concepts
should be kept in mind: isolated conlaminalion and defined
lrealmenllechniques,
Some chemicals do find their way into isolated water sup-
pties at one time or anolher. Such chemicals can render thai
water supply temporarily unfit for use. However, allY ques-
lionable water supply is not used withoul furl her lesting
and/or use of defined and effective lrealmentlechniques.
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Volatile organic cllcmica's WOCs) in drillkillg water.
Although the word "volatile" may sound ominous, it sim-
ply means thai a chemical easily goes from liquid 10 gaseous
form. Some VOCs are carcinogenic in laboratory animals
and may be carcinogenic in humans. Some cause other
adverse health effecls.
Trichlorelhylene (TCE) is a volalile organic chemical com-
monly used as an industrial cleaner and degreaser, In high
doses, TCE causes cancer in several strains of mice under
laboralory conditions. However, there is no evidence Ihat it
causes cancer in humans. Working near high leyels of TCE
may result in skin rashes, a change in liver enzymes and/or
nervons disorders. TCE in drinking water is nol regulated
as a human carcinogen, but rather on the basis of chronic
health effects in humans.
Pestici,lcs illl/rillking water.
Many people have a deep-scaled concern thai pesticides
con lamina Ie drinking water at unhealthy levels. This
concern has been stimulated by such headlines as "Ethylene
Dibromlde: The Analomy of a Cancer Scan.l,"
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Some degree of concern, however, is warranted. There ha\'c
been isolated events of water supplies contaminated with
ngricultural chemicnls. Since 1985, Ihe Et'A has verified
reports from various states on the presence of pesticides in
groundwnler supplies. These incidents hnve nil been
peslicide-specific nnd Iimiled to certnin geogrnphic,,1 nre,".
In April, 1988, 10 delermine the exlent of Ihis problem. Et'A
began a two-year naUonwide survey of pesticides in private
nnd community drinking-wnter wells throughout Ihe
Uniled Stntes. Approximnlely 600 communily nnd 750 pri-
vnte wells will be snmpled for more thnn 100 commonly
used pesticides plus n number of pesticide metnboliles.
Results of Ihis survey will help determine the frequency of
pesticide contamination in drinking water wells. Another
gonl is 10 define the relnlionship belwecn pesticide use nnd
gronndwnler vulnernbilily. The estimnled cost of Ihe slndy
is $8.9 million.
Exposure 10 high levels of peslicides mayor mny not pose n
human henlth Ihrenl. Wise use of pesticides, including Ihe
manufacture, storage, transportation, and application of
pesticides, grenlly Iimils inndverlenl exposure. Moreover,
we should consider the vnlue of pesticides. Experls believe:
.Slopplng the use 01 pesticides. it has been eslimaled.
would result I" a 9% 10 50% decrease In crop production. A
9% decrease would be associated with an $8.1 billion
Increase In crop losses and a 12% Increase In the ralail
price 01 commodilies. A 50% decrease has been estimaled
to cause up 10 a 400% 10 500% increase In retaillood
prices.,l6
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A 50 percent decrense in crop production would cnuse
severe food shorlnges in the Uniled Slnles.
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Dibromochloroprop.ne (DBCI') wns n popular pesticide
until 1977. In 1977, nil uses were ",ncelled dne 10 n high
incidence of infertilily In exposed male workers.""" DnCt'
moves through soil freely, nol binding to soli pnrtic1es, It,
Iherefore, hns Ihe potenUnl of finding its wny inlo ground-
wnler. However, iI hns been found in gronndll'nler in less
Ihnn 10 slntes. The EPA does not regulnle DnCl' in drinking
wnler bul proposes to do so in Ihe fulure,
Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is n pesticide whose use wns
suspended unnecessnrily. EDB is used ns n gnsoline
ndditive, ns well ns nn ngrlcuituml fnmignnl. EOn in large
doses cnuses cnncer nnd birlh defects in some labomlory
nnimnls under lnbornlory conditions. There is no evidence
of these ndverse henllh effecls in humnns.
In 1983, EPA issued nn emergency snspension of EOn nnd
called it an "imminent hazard" to human health.l~ Ground.
Willer around some areas of EDB use had become contam-
inated. ^ closer look at the situation, however, revealed no
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emergency. The highest level of EDB found in any water
supply is 2.0 microgmms per liter. A person who COosum('d
two Iilers of water daily (mosl people do not drink Ihis
amount), would have ingested 4 micrograms of EDB,
assuming the water was contaminated to the maximum
ilmount detected in any water supply. But, even this
amount is not known 10 be harmful. EDn manufacturing
workers arc exposed to 10 milligmn1s or more per day
without experiencing relaled adverse he.1lth effl'cts.
EDB will soon be regulaled in drinking waler. The Maxi.
mum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) is set al Zero and Ihe
MCL is "peeled to be 0.00005 paris per million. This is an
unrealistic, unattainable level for any waler contaminant.
0;0.\';11.
Dioxin is Ihe short name for 2,3,7,8-telrachlorodibenzo_
dioxin (TCDDJ, formed during the produclion of trichloro.
phenol, which is nsed 10 make Ihe disinfectanl hexachloro.
pheoe nnd the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacelic acid.
TCDD is also a by.produCI of combustion processes. such as
industrial and municipal incineration, diesel (uel combus-
tion, and coal burning in power plants. Incidents al Love
Canal in New York and TImes Beach, Missouri, as well as in
Vietnam created concern about the health hazards of dioxin.
Since TCDD binds tightJy 10 soil and is unable 10 migrate in-
to groundwaler sonrces, conlamination is highly unlikely.~
Polycldorinafetf bipllellyls (PCBs),
PCBs, a family of aboul 200 chemical compounds, arc valu-
able insulalors in electric<11 equipment, due to Iheir chemical
slability nnd rJame.relardanl characleristics. Widespre,ld
use, relatIye long-term slabilily, and inappropriale disposal
methods have made PCBs ubiquitous in Ihe environment.
PCB use is now reslricted. reducing the chance of its escape
into Ihe environ men I. PCBs pose Iillle Ihreatto drinking
waler supplies. Like dioxin, PCBs bind tighlly 10 the soil,
rarely re,ldling groundw<1ler supplies. PCBs also pose Iillle
thrc,l1 10 surface Willer, as they are IlcMly insoluble in wilter.
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS
Minule Imccs of radioactivity arc normally found in drink,
ing wall'r supplies. In many cases, the composition of soil
and rock formations through which raw W<1ter P,lSSeS deler-
mines the composilion nnd concenlmtion of Ihe r<1dioactiye
components of the walcr.30 The mdioactivc materials nor~
mally (onnd in water arc only a fmction of the lolal back-
ground mdlatioll present onlhe earth's surface. Mosl scien,
tists feel Ihnl the radioactive contaminants ingesled by drin-
king two liters of waler daily muse no delectable change iu
the incideuce of developmenlal, teralogenic, and genetic dis.
orders. We receive more mdlalion from sunlighlthan (rom
water. Still, EPA regnlates radioacllve conlaminanls in our
water. See Tnble 1 for more det<1i1s.
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Two tiers of federal regula/ions pro/eCI our drinking water.
Four laws protect raw Willer at its source, ilnd the Salt' Drill.
killS Woller Ad (SDWAJ provides for slrict quality control at
water treatment plants. In additioll, many slate and local
governments have more stringent regulations than the fed-
eral government. See Appeodices I and 2 for more detail.
PROTECTING RAW WATER AT ITS SOURCE
Prevention of unhealthy ground and surface water
contamination is the cornerstone of ensuring a safe wilter
supply. Because the SDWA demands adherence 10 striel
qualily conlrols designed 10 prolcct human he.llth, contam.
ination almost never results in unsafe drinking water.
Nevertheless, source contamination is still undesirable
because it increases the cosl of water treatment and can
reduce Ihe quanlily of available SUUfce water by irreparably
tainling it.
Uoth surface and groundwater are vulnerable, but the con-
sequences of groundwater contamination are genemlly far
more serious. Once polluted, water is no longer pumped
from an aquifer. This may be permanent, or sometimes only
until the contaminating material can be cleaned out. Some
aquifers arc difflculllo reach and, Iherefore, more difficult 10
clean up. When many aquifers are interconnected, it can be
difficult to pinpoinl the original site of coulamination,
necessitating Ihe closure of an entire well field.
j
An ounce of prevention may be worth millions and even
billions of gallons of safe drinking water. A survey by the
Clean Water Task Force in Sanla Cia,", CA found thai 99
induslrial sites had pumped 22 billion gallons of water
belween 1982 and 1987 for Ihe sole purpose of groundwater
cleanup. Approximately 90 percent of this waler ll1el
federal and slate drinking waler standards.~
Tlte Resollrce Couservatioll oml Recovery Act of 1976 was
enacled 10 improve handling and disposal of hazardous
waste.
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The following four laws help protect waler at its source:"
TIle Safe DriukillS Water Act of 1974 and its subsequent
amendmenls diclale slricl requirements for the quality of
water dispensed to the public. In addition, Ihe SDWA reg'
ulales the underground disposal of liquid wasles discharged
inlo deep wells (underground injection).
TIle ClealllValer Act of 1977 and its reauthnrization in 1987
allolVs regulation of discharge (by Induslries, municipalities,
and water-borne vessels) inlo navigable waterways.
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TIle Comprehellsive Ellvirolllllelltal Respollse, Compell-
satioll alll( Liability 11et (CEIlCLAJ, also referred 10 as
"Superfund/' authorizes (('der.11 cleanup of contamination
resulting from inactive wasil' disposal.
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LAWS PROTECTING DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Until 1970, waler quality was regulaled by the Public f1e.1l1h
Service (USI'f1S) only if Ihe waler was intended for inter-
slate commerce. In 1970, Ihis responsibility was shifted 10
the Environmentall'rolection Agency (EI'A), which began
working with Congress 10 develop federal legislation
granting EI'A Ihe nuthority 10 regulale all water supplies.
The SDWA of 1974 required EPA to sel inlerim primary
drinking water regulations, Primary stilndmds regulate
substances with known adverso health effects. This first
Slep allowed EI'A 10 enforce Ihe slandards sel in 1962 Ihat
were unenforceable by USPflS. EI'A was also charged with
setting a Recommended Maximum Contaminant Level
(RMCL) for each conlaminanl with known adverse health
effects. RMCLs were to be scrutinized and, if necessary, rc.
vised 10 Maximum Contamination Levels (MCLs) by 1976.
The MCLs, along with possible Irealment techniques,
became Ihe Nationall'rimary Drinking Water Regulations.
Water utilities have Ihe ultimate responsibilily fur monitor-
ing conlaminants. Results musl be repurled 10 the stale
within seven days. The state is required 10 report all viola-
lions 10 EI'A on a qaarlerly basis. In addition, SDWA
demands Ihal consumers be notified through Ihe media if
Iheir drinking waler is deemed unsole.1I
The SDWA of 1974 also called for secondary drinking water
regulations. Secondary slandards regulate subslances in
drinking water that offect aesthetic qualilles, such as odor
and color. Two such subslances are iron and sulfate. The
1986 SDWA amendmenls called for more exlensive regu-
lations, including a review, possible revision of existing
standards, and the phasing in of more standards. Nine
additional standards were 10 be wrillen by 1987, with a total
of 83 by 1989. EPA was also given theresponsibilily for:
. est,lblishing filtering criteria (some water utilities
were already filtering, bul as of November, 1988,
no enforceable regulations esis!);
. calling for mandalury chlorination of all surface
Willer;
. prohibiting lead products in all conveyances for
drinking waler;
. establishing regulotions to prolect groundwoter at
115 source;
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. selling regulations requiring water ulilities 10
monitor for some contaminants not currently
under enforceable regulations.
HOW STANDARDS ARE SET
EPA is charged with a difficult task, It must coiled scientific
data about the health clfecls of water constiluents and con.
taminants. It must then decide what level of each is allowed
in water. In most cases, scientific data on how chemicals af-
feel human health afC lacking because we can't experiment
with humans. However, judgments can be based on epide'
miologica1 studies and animal data. Standard setting is,
therefore, a malier of risk assessment and risk management.
Risk assessment combines information about the hazards of
a chemical (or substance) with data on hnman health effects
and results from animal experiments. Risk management
uses risk assessment information together with economic,
political, legal, and social factors 10 decide what amount of a
contaminant or conslilnenl will be allowed.
Water qualily standards apply to all public water syslems,
which are defined as syslemS serving 25 or more people.
The current standard is called the maximum contaminant
level (MCL), MCLs are set for substances known 10 pose a
national hazard. Hazardous chemicals afC identified by re~
viewing and analyziog toxicity dala; by weighing evidence
that it substance may cause acute or chronic hcallh effects;
and by evalnaling whether toxic effects In one selling will
occur in olher settings, Appendix 3 describes Ihe process of
selling MCLs for waler conlaminanls and constitnents.
I
It is very imporlantlo note Ihat water quality slandards are
set using mony margins of safety. Where dnta on human
health effects arc locking, animal data nre used, These
figures olten represent effects found under labornlory
conditions harsher than could possibly occur with humans,
These resulls arc then cut to allow but one,lenth or even one
len.lhousandth Ihe amounlthoughtto cause adverse effects
in animals Of humans. Finally, the standard assumes it
generous datiy waler intake for 70 years, The standard is
inlended to allow for all "what ifs" Ihat might occur.
Prior to the 1986 amendments, water companies WCfe re-
quired to meet two slandards: coliform count and lurbidlty.
Coliforms arc fecal bacteria, some varieties of which are
found in sewage. Coliforms are "indicator" organisms: if
presenl, there may be other disease.producing organisms.
Some coliforms ore not from sewage, Their origin may be
delermined by further testing, Currenlly, the SDWA
requires tho I woler utilities sample for coliforms at least
three limes per month, but an Increase in this frequency is
expected. Currentiy, snme waler ut\li\les perform many
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thousands of tests on thousands of waler samples each year
to ilssure the quality of our drinking watcr,M
Turbidity is defined as the concentralioo 01 suspended
malter, such as clay, silt, non-living organic particulates,
plankton, and olher microscopic organisms.~~ It is all
indirect meilsurement of microbiological quality becilllse
disease-carrying orgilnisms ciln attach to particles that
conlribute 10 it.." Turbidity is regulated and monitored daity
and is conlrolled by filtering the water.
The 1986 amendmenls mandaled Ihe establishmenl of fur,
ther standards, the most imporlant of which concern HUm-
lion and disinfection. According to Et'A, selling of these
standards has bccn delayed unlil June, 1989.
Currently, water ulilities arc uol required 10 filter or dishl.
feci, although mauy do so. Utilities are required ouly 10
mccl designated microbiological qualily, as measured by to.
lal coliform counl and turbidity. The 1986 ameudmenls will
soon require disinfection of surface water supplies (with a
few minor exceptious) and fillmlion of nearly all supplies.
Olher requiremeuts will also be phased in:
. Ihe standard plate counl: waler wili be sampled
lor many types of bacteria;
,0
.. mandatory monitoring for Giardia/nil/bUn, i1 water-
borne organism causing serious discl1se;
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. mandatory monitoring for vimscs.
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CHLORINATION
Waler disinfection was first occomplished in the U.s, by
chlorination, inlroduced in the U.S, in 190B at Ihe Ooonton,
New Jersey walerworks supplying Jersey City.lJ Chlorina-
tion is probably Ihe most imporlanllechnological advance
in water lreatment. Chlorination drastically reduced Ihe
U.s. typhoid morlality rale," Adequate melhods of
sludying microbiological quality were alsu developed dur-
ing Ihese years, These new laboralory methods allowed the
objective evaluation of Ihe effectiveness of chlorination.~
HolU /llIIell ell/orille IIIlIst I,e ntltled to ,lislllfect water?
Several faclors dicta Ie Ihe amounl of chlorine needed for
woter disinfection, The main delerminanl is the level of
baclerial conlamination, Hot summer wealher supports a
higher bacterial growth Ihan cold weather, necessltallng
heavier chlorination. Fillrallon can reduce bacteria levels,
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I WHAT IS ACSH'? I
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IT] he American Council on Science and Heahh is a
consumer e<Jucalion organization concerned wilh is.
sues relaled 10 food, nutrition, chemicals, pharmllCculi-
cals, lifestyle, Ihe enyilOnmenl and health. ACSH is an
independent, non-profit, tax-exempt ilssociillion.
The nucleus of ACSH is a bo,lr(1 of 200 physicians,
scientists, ilnd policy advisors-experls in il wide variety
of fields who review the Council's reporls and partici.
(Jate in ACSH seminars, press conferences, media com-
municillions ilnd other educational aclivilies.
ACSH was founded in 197B by a group of scientists
who had become concerned lhat milny important public
policies relating 10 he,llth and Ihe enyironmenl did not
have a sound scientific basis. They created the organi.
zation 10 add reason ilnd balance 10 debates about
public health issues and 10 bring Ihese common.sense
views 10 Ihe public.
American
Council on
Science and
Health
Wilh Ihese goals In mind, ACSH produces a wide
range of publications including peer.reviewed reporls
on issues r"nging from AIDS 10 heallh and safelY aspeels
of video display lerminals 10 concerns about environ.
menial chemicals like PCBs and dioxin; a quartelly
nlagilzine I'riorities covering heilllh issues; an informal
quarlerly newsieller covering ,1ctivities of ACSH adyi.
sors and the ACSH execulive slarr; consumer informa.
tion flyelS; and proceerlings from ACSH seminars and
conferences.
In addition, ACSH plOduces a nalionally syndicaled
radio commenlMY series J-/(!alth Digest, hosls seminars
and press conferences and presents an annual award 10
an Olllst"nding scienllsl for his or her achievemenls.
ACSH also direcls an in.house inlernship program for
sludents in he,lllh science fields and pallicipales in leg.
islative and regula lory hearingsl rlldio and television
programs, public debates, and other forums. ACSH's
research findings receive extensive media coverage.
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: .' MEMBERSHIP ,;'...
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Membership cnlillcs you to all ACSH public.ltiol1S (or .1 yeilr
including Priorities, the quarterly magazine, Inside ACSH, AlI..'CIi"
Updatt..., ACSH Annual Report, as well as all (ulure sdenlifrc
reporls plus a choice of six currenl ones.
o U.S. $40
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II.all
PUBliCATION ORDER FORM
TITLE
QTY x RATE
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America's Health: ^ Cenlury of Progress ..........................""..
Americals Waler: Assessing the Quality,............".........."......
Anim.l1 Cancer Tests: Ilcncfjts & Limitations ...."..............""..
Ans\\'crs About AIDS "'''''''"""".............,..........,,,..................
Antibiotics in ,\nimal Feed .......",,,,,......,,,,................,,...,,,,"'.
Automobile Occupant Restraint Systems ....".......".....,.....",,,.
Oally foods ..........................""............."...."...........,,,......."'.
Biotechnology: An Introduction .............................................
Breast or Bouler ............."....,,,,,.......,,..,,,,..,,,.....,,..................
Cafr.in., The Hcollh Err.cl. of ...............................................
Cancer in the U.S.: 15 There .10 Epidcmicl ......................."....
Cancer Screening ......,.............,......,..,..."...,.......,..,..".........,..
Diet & Coronary Hearl Dise.lse ....,......,...."......,.....,........,......
Diet and Behavior ...............,,,,,,........,..........,,.........,...........,..
Diet and Cancer .........."..,.........."..,....,...."..."..........,..,..".....
Dioxin in the Environment ...............,................,........"..........
Elhyt.n. Dibromide (EDBI .....................................................
fast Food and the Amerie.ln Diet .............."...,...............".....,
Hay F.ver.............................""..............................................
H.aith ,1nd Saf.ly A.peCl. of VDT. ........................................
HC.llth Weels of low.level Radiation .......'.................,....."...
Irradiated Foods .................................,...".....,.....,....,...........,.
l.lwn Care Chcmicals................".............."..........................,
Low Caloric S\vccteners .."..,,,,,,,.......,,.....,,,,,..........,,..,.....,,,..
Lyme Disease..................,...........................,..,..........,...........,
Malignanl Melanoma ....'m........"....................,.......,..............
Micro\v.lve Ovens ...............""..,............",..,..........................
Natural Carcinogens in Americ.ln Food ................................,
ObslclricAnesthesia..........."....""................"..........,.............
Osteoporosis ................................".........,............,.................
PCB" Is Ih. Cure Worlh Ihe CoslI..........................................
Pesticides in Your Home and Garden .......,.............,.."....,....
Pcslicid." H.lprul or Harmfull...."........................................
Postmenopausal ESlrogen Ther.lpy ......................................,..
Premenslrual Syndronlc ..........................",.....,......,...............
Rcyc Syndrome ................,...................,..."'................,..........
Smoking Cessation Teehni{IUeS .................,.........,...............".
Smoking or Health: II's Your Choice '...........,.........................
Sugars and Your He.,lth ..........................................................
Wood A. Hom. Fu'I..."...........................,.."..................."....
TOTAL $ ..""."".
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SBOr<rrllllY
Ulllr<rcllJlY
SI,7'srcrrllllr
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1l114'J'J copi<<
3(ll.l)l}lJClll'ic\
100). > col'l~\
RATE
SI.23r<rcupr
Sl.lllr<rcllJlY
SO.CXIr<rrl11')'
, ,MEHtOD OF PAYMENT
o Check/M.D. 10 ACSH Enclosed
o MClVISA
Expiration Dale
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American Council on Science and Health
1995 Broadway
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reducing chlorine demand. The willer source is also im-
portant. Since grollndwillcr has relatively fewer bacteria
and snspended solids, it generally requires significantly less
(or nol chlorination than surface waler.
Do proper ell/orinatioll practices /,ose a /Iealf/I tlireat?
Concern arose aboul chlorination in the early 19705 when
scientists discovered Ihat chloroform and olher Irihalo-
methanes (THMs) arc formed in the process.'" Chlorine
reacts with some natura) organic material, such as humic
acids (from decaying leaves and grass in Ihe sediment). to
form THMs, of which there ilrc 10 varieties.1I1 Subsequent
sludies revealed the presence of chloroform in almost every
chlorinaled waler supply. Concern mounted after high-dose
animal studies al the National Cancer Institute demonstra.
led il carcinogenic (cancer-causing) effect of chloroform..\l
ErA scientists and many other scientisls feellhere arc no
significanl adverse health effecls (rom chlorinalion. The
risks of nol chlorinaling are far more likely to be deadly
than chlorination itself. The key poinllo remember is Ihal
chloroform in high doses caused cancer in certain animal
species under laboralory conditions. We do not ingesl such
doses in Ihe water we drink. THMs arc regulated in drink-
ing Willer to ensure we do not ingest excessive amounts.
i
IV/lilt are tlte a/tematiues to ell/urination?
There arc four alternative disinfectants: chlornmines,
chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ullraviolellighl (rarely used).
Chloramines are reasonably inexpensive and produce fewer
trihalomethanes. Chloramines, however, are not as potent a
disinfectant as chlorine, so more arc required. Chlommines
are stable compounds, so we consume some of them in
drinking \Valer.
Chlorine dioxide disinfecls as well os chlorine docs and Ihe
process produces fewer lrihalomethanes. Chlorales and
chlorites are produced, however, and arc more acutely toxic
Ihnn lrihalomethanes,
Ozone is an excellent disinfectant, and docs not leave a
residue. Ozone is impractical, however, because it is
expensive and it Is not stable In water. This menlls thai
some disinfeclant mnst be added as the \Valer leaves the
plant, 10 main In in dlsinfeclion os Ihe waler tr.1vels Ihrough
Ihe dislribution syslem. In addition, ozone produces or-
ganic epoxidcs, knowl,' to tic animal carcinogcns,bl
FLUORIDATION
Fluoridation of waler was begun during the 1940s. By Ihis
time, dental experls had established Ihal children raiscd in
areas with naturally flnoridated water had far fewer denial
cavities than children from areas wllh no fluoridation, Over
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the pasl 40+ years, fluoridation has been endorsed by Ihe
American Dental Association! the Americall Medical
Association, ilnd most national and international health
organizations as effective in slrengthening leelh and
preventing cavities, Despite the unquestionable efficacy of
fluoridalion, nearly ,10 percent of tap water in Ihe United
States remains unfluoridated.
Wily ltave so lIIallY COllllllllllities resisted ill is Ilfovell
prevelltive lIeaWI proctice?
Misguided antifluoridalion aclivists have persuaded some
local governments and voters to reject fluoridation. They
claim fluoride causes cancer, sickle cell anemia, Down's
syndrome, and even AIDS. To date, however, there is no
scienlific evidence that properly fluoridated water has ever
caused an adverse health effect.JO,5-I
! IV/lat 'evel of fllloridatioll is lIecessary to protect agaillst
dellta' cavities?
The American Dental Association (ADA) recommends
water be fluoridated to 1 pari per million (1 ppm), with an
optimal raoge of 0.7 to 1.2 ppm. The ADA further recom-
mends a fluoride supplement from birth through 13 years of
age if water has less Ihan 0,7 ppm fluuride.'
Call too 1II11c11 fllloride be IIaMllfll/?
Yes. Teeth and bones ore sensitive 10 excess fluoride.
Mottling, which can occur at levels upwards of 2 ppm,
appears as while flecks on Ihe teeth, and brown streaks al
higher levels, Ailhough unsightly, excessive fluoride does
not affecttoolh inlegrity and does not endanger heailh.
Large amounls of fluoride in the bones causes crippling
fluorosis, reducing bones to brillle, chalky slruclures.~,"
This, however, has nothiog 10 do with waler fluoridation.
Fluoride is regulated In drinking waler, The primary
slandard is 4 ppm, which prolects againsl adverse health
effects. A person would have to consume 10 to 20 times Ihis
amounllo be Ihrealencd by skelelal fluorosis.'" The secon-
dary standord is 2 ppm, to guard against denial moll ling,
Excepl where fluoride levels arc nalurally high, most waler
companies mainlain a woler fluoride level of 1-2 ppm. Your
waler company or state health departmenl can tell you how
much fluoride is in your water,
/low is waler fllloridated?
Effective water fluoridation occurs In one of Iwo ways.
Adequate levels of fluoride occur naturally in some are,lS of
Ihe country. Alternatively, water companies can adjusllhe
fluoride level upward by adding fluoride. In a few oreas
where the natur~1 fluoride level is very high, defluoridation
Is advisable, ailhough expensive. The waler IllUSt pass
through special fillers laden wilh a molerialthal otiracls Ihe
fluoride ion.
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FILTERS AND MAGNETS FOR TAP WATER
Generally, Ihere is no health reason 10 nller lap waler.
Fillriltion, however, may improve the aesthetic allribules of
waler by removing unpleasant taste Of odors.
Water provided by a public waler supply musl mccl stricl
chemical, microbiological, and lurbidily standards, Gener'
ally, thcre is no need to pay the added expense of filtering
this waler. During very hot weather, Ihe need for subslan.
tinl chlorination may impart a disagreeable taste and odor to
water. Filters help redur.e Ihese offensive tastes and odors,
bul should be changed on a regular basis. Baclerial build.
up on the filter can contaminate water.
Beware of scams. Aggressive filler salespeople may come
into your home and Iltest" a water sample. Some test
procedures arc actually designed 10 produce a dark pasle'
like material from your water, even when water is perfectly
safe to drink, If you desire a filler, contact a repulable dealer
for correct information.
Do filtcrs tllat Mtae/I to tile fallcet work?
They do in most cases, but capacily and life arc Iimiled by
Iheir small size,
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COil magllets tllnt attacll to water pi/,es remove
cOlltalllillallts uIld IUlrdllcss mil/crals?
Claims of Ihis sort have been made since Ihe early 1950s,
Authoritative evidence concludes that no measurable
change is mode to a residenlial water supply by magnetic
devices.'
QUESTIONS ON TASTE AND APPEARANCE
If pllblie water smells like rottell eggs, is it safe to drillk?
The "rotten egg" odor is caused by hydrogen sulfide,
produced from sulfate under cerlain condilions. Sulfides
have an unpleasant odor, but are generally harmless at
Icvels usually found In water, Sulfa Ie is regulaled in public
water supplies as a secondary contaminant, one that affects
aeslhetic qua lily only.
Ifwnter tnsteslike Iroll, is It snfe to Ilrillk?
Yes. Iron is a constituent of water thai primarily affecls the
color and lasle, While the iron imparts an objectionable
taste to some people, il is nol harmful 10 heailh. Remember
that Iron is an essential nulrient in Ihe human body. Iron Is
regulated as a secondary contaminant, one Ihat affects
aesthetic quality only,
Do tlw c1loiky wMte 1'lIrticles ill ice ellllCs lIIeall tllat tile
lVllteris dirty?
No, Tap water high In minerals ("hard water") doesn'l
always make c1enr Ice. The minerals turn inlo solid while
particles when frozen.
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Does clolldy IlIp WilIer lI/wllYs j",ticllte II problem?
No. Distribution pipes carry wnler under pressure,
meaning air is dissolved in the waler. These bubbles
initially make il glass of water appear cloudy, but will
slowly rise ilnd disappear. Waler that remains cloudy
should be reported to your waler company.
W/lIlt IIbOll1 dirty WilIer?
If there is an abnlpt change in waler pressure, stich as that
caused by a broken water main, small amounts of silt, which
have settled to Ihe bottom of these pipes, are dislurbed.
This causes waler 10 appear dirty as It comes out of your
lap. Running the water for a few moments should clear it.
IVIIIlI ClIlISes wilier 10 IlIste mllsly or filiI?
Water usually contains i1 certain amount of trapped air.
Oxygen in the air gives waler its fresh taste. When oxygen
is absent, water willlaste "flat." Shaking water in a closed
container will mix oxygen hack in and improve its flavor.
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Very few slates require any quality conlrol slandards for
private wells. Before a well is dug, the site musl be ap'
proved by the local public health department. An initial
water sample musl be tested for microbiological safety.
Once approved, a well does nol have to mccl furlher sian.
dards unless (in some slales) Ihe property is sold or the
mortgage is changed. The safety of well waler is the
owner's responsibility.
Public health officials recommend Ihat well waler be lesled
ill least once for chemicals and nitrate contamination and ill
leasl yearly for microbiological safely. Testing can be done
by a certified testing laboratory, or in some cases by your
local public health deparlmenl. In either case, check with
your local public health department for reputabie labora-
tories. In addition, your public he,llth department can an.
swer specific questions regarding your waler and its quality.
If Illivllle wel/wlller smells like rollell eggs, is It Slife 10
tlrillk?
This odor in prlvale well water should not be ignored.
While it probably is allribulable 10 sulfide at harmless
levels, it can also indicale Ihe presence of microbial
contamination, A w,lter analysis should be done promptly
to delermine Ihe cause of the odor.
IVllllt nbollt IIltmtes ill well wilier?
Nitrates may pose a re,llthreatlo well water, especially in
agricultural meas. Agricultural runoff contains high levels
of nitrates. Shallow wells me .11 highest risk of becoming
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contaminated. Your local public health deparlment can
advise YOll whether monitoring (or nitrate on 11 regular basis
is advisable.
SIlOlIld well water be filtered?
The lasle of well water may be improved by fillering.
Analysis of your well water will delermine if more sophis- .
lieated fillering methods are needed to ensure safe water.
Does wellwa/er cOII/aill adeqllate fllloride?
Well wnler fluoride levels vary from area to ilrca. Testing
c.1n delermine the fluoride level.
How call COII/amillatioll of well water be prevellted?
Proper well construction can help prevent contamination
and reduce the spread of contnminalion between aquifers.
Check with your locai public health department/or detailed
inslructions before you begin well constructiou, and be sure
10 use a licensed well driller. Once conslrucled, well
IIhousekeeping" is essentinl. All valves, pumps, and fittings
should be checked for leaks and proper operation. The con.
"ele slab around the well head should slope away from Ihe
well, and proper sealing should be mainlained. In addition,
keep surface activities such as molor vehide maintenance
and livestock far away from Ihe well. Septic fields must be
placed down gradienl/rom the well.
If private well water cOII/aillS chemicals at adverse health
levels, cmll/Ie water still be IIsed forbatMllg?
It depends on Ihe chemicals and Iheir concentmtion. Some
chemicais are dangerous only if ingested, while olhers cau be
absorbed through the skin or inhaled if the chemic,ll ae/llsolizes
(as in a shower). 1/ you know that your privale well woller is
contaminated al unhe,llthy levels, it is bcstlo check with your
local public health department before using thatwaler.
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When conlamination at unhealthy levels is discol'ered, you
should first identify and remove the source 0/ contamina.
tion. Often Ihis means improving housekeepiug practices
Mound the well head. Five alternative actions arc then
available: 1) dig a new well; 2) connect with a public water
syslelll where available: 3) Use bollll'd water: 4) install filters
or other Weller trealment systems; and 5) some SC\'cre cases
mlghl necessitale a mOl'e. You should consult with your
public ho,1lth depMtlllenl and olher experls 10 ensure your
family's health in such a sitU<1tion..
This section has only briefly addressed some a/the issues
illlportantto ensuring the safety of private well waler. Your
loml public he,llth departmenl should be a good source 0/
in(orlllalion about J'our well <1nd its proper opera lion.
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Americans needn't worry about the water they drink from
public waler syslems. As described, a sophistic.,led and
stringent system of regula lions and defined treatment
lechniques are in place 10 ensure the safety of tap waler.
The chances of getting cancer from drinking water are
exlremely low. Over a 70.year life span, Ihe chance of being
in i1 fatal traffic accident is 3 million limes greater than Ihe
chance of conlmcting cancer from drinking water. Drinking
water standards (or substances believed to be carcinogenic
are generally placed at a levellhal would cause a l-in.a-
million cancer risk over a 70.year life span.
Our society must be pruden I, however, aboul activities Ihal
affect the qnality of drinking water supplies. Vigorous
programs to prevent groundwater contamination should be
used. Privale and induslrial use of chemicals should be
prudent, from prodnction to storage to use and disposal. We
shouldn't be quick 10 call for the banning of known or
possible animal and human carcinogens. Such ilCtiOlll11ight
give rise to even grealer health risks, such as using
alternative chemicals with unknown ilnd possibly severe
effecls on human health. The best strategy is one Ihal
minimizes risk and maximizes benefit. The presence of a
chemical doesn't always represent a health hazard, just as it
cloud doesn't always mean rain.
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Microbiological conlominalion of waler conlinues to pose
Ihe most severe renllhreallo human health, Disinfection
has greatly reduced Ihe threal of illness and denth from such
waler.borne diseases as typhoid. Bul vigilance for c1e.11l
water must be maintained, Allwaler supplies intended for
human consumption should pass rigorous lests for micro.
biological safety, Even mountnin slreams, often perceived
as pure, may harbor serious diseasc8causing organisms.
Government and private scientists must continue inves8
tigating and selling standards 10 ensure Ihal waler qualily is
mainlalned while lechnology in olher areas improves our
quality of life,
28 "",',,\\
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Ilceeptable daily illtake (ADI): Estimale of the largest
amount of chemical to which a person can be exposed on a
daily basis that is nol anticipaled to result in adverse e((ects.
(ADI is synonymous with RiD),
AI/llifer. A geologic (ormalion made up of rocks, sand, or
grayel saturated with water and replenished suf(icienlly 10
produce a reliable water supply.
Carciltogen: A substimce Ihat causes or induces cancer.
Chrollic e{fec/s:The health e(fecls over a long period of lime
following repealed or continuous exposure 10 a substance.
Coagll/atioll: A slep in the water treatment process in which
suspended particles combine, (ollowing chemic<1ltrealmenl,
to (orm larger particles. Coagulated parlicles will sellle or be
filtered oul o( the water.
Deep well illjectioll: Injection of liquid wasles into an
underground well especially dcsigned or chosen for that
purpose.
Disinfection.' Removal or inactivation of infectious micro-
organisms in the water treatment process.
Drillkillg water eqllivalellt level (DWEL): Developed for
chemicals having a significant hUlllan carcinogenic
polential, DWEL is the eslimated exposure believed 10
protect againslnon.carclnogenic endpoinls of loxicity over a
lifetime o( exposure. This level manages a chemic"I's non.
cancer endpoints, bul maintains thai carcinogenicity is Ihe
toxic ef(ecl of greatest concern.
Drillkillg water stlllldart/s: 1\vo categories of conlaminants
(primary and secondary) for which EI'A has established
permissible levels in drinking W<1ter.
E.rtml'olatiolli Estimation o( unknown v<1lues by eXlendlng
or projecting (rom known values.
Filtmtiolli The process o( removing suspended mailer from
\Vater as it passes through beds of porous material such as
sand or activated cMbon.
Giafllia lamblla: A microscopic organism found in
untrenled water that is responsible for an inlestinal disorder
known as giardinsls.
Gralllllar lIetivated carboll: A substance thai can adsorb and
remove cerlaln contnminilnls (rom drinking Willer.
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Grol/1ufwalcr: Waler beneath the earth's surface in zones of
saturation.
lIal/1 water: Wnter with n high mineral conlent.
IIIO/gallie chemicals: SubstMlces composed of mnller Ihat is
neither plill1lnor animal. Minerals are inorganic chemicals.
Lowest-Observed-Atlverse_Ef/ect Level (LOAEL): The
lowest dose in an experiment that produces all observable
ndversee((ect.
Ma.rimllm cOlltamillallt level (MeL): An unen(orcnble
henlth goal for a substnnce 10 be regulnted in drioking
waler.
Microgram (meg): One,miliionth o( a grMn (0.000000035
ounce),
Milligram (mg): One.thousnndlh o( n gram (0.000035
ounce).
Ma.rimllm tolerated dose (MTD): The dose an nnimal
species can tolerate for a major portion of its lifetime
withoul significnnt impnirment or loxic efrecl other Ihan
carcinogenicity.
I
No-observed-arluerse-effect level (NDAEL): The highest
dose in nn experimenllhnt dnes not produce no obsenoable
ndverse e(fect.
1: .
\
':
i
I
pllblie water system: Any syslem, public or privnte, Ihnt
serves nn nverage of nllensl25 individunls 60 dnys or more
a year.
Referetlce dose (RfD): The dnily exposure ICl'et which,
during an entire lifetime of a human, appears to be without
nppreciable risk on the basis of nil fncls known nllhe time.
(Synonymous with AD!.)
Sedimentatiol/: An early slep in the wnler Irenlmenl process,
when suspended mnterial in waler is sollled out.
Saft water: W.ller with a low mineral con lent.
Teratogelll A chemical or mixlure o( chemic.,ls thai can
cnuse birth defeclS,
TI/rbidity: Cloudiness in wnler, usunlly cnused by
suspended sediment; turbidity mny prevenl effective
disinfection.
lIlIeertaillly factor: A number used to diVide NOAEL or
LOAu!. values derh'ed from mensuremenls in nnimals or
28.
...;.,\\
,
1S5~
(.' .pI ,~l :~, ~1 l=t "
, . ; ~ ,','
>\
)
small groups of humans. Used to ,stimale a NOAEL value
for Ihe whole human population.
Volatile organic cIlCmical (VOC): Carbon,containing
chemical that evaporates casily at room temperature.
Water IItility: A system responsible for treatiog and distri-
buting drinking waler to the public.
.'
_ ")" ,. ~.. . .,..... , . . -.." -, ., ,,'~ 'I
'. .' '. '., ,,' 'A'npE"NOI'X" "1""'" 'c.'c,.;'!..""
;, J. ':)~:):, :'\ ,;,.~-. !7',':1 . _ ,~,'" \,', .<;;::;,:ifS,.~~~;I~n,i;
Summary of The Safe Drinking Water Acf of :1974
and Its Amendments through 1986
i,'
. Provides legislative initiative under which
drinking waler slandards are promulgated by EI'A;
i.,
I
;
I
I
I
,
I
,
,
I
i
. Sets primary slandards for drinking water
specifying maximum levels for certain
contaminants in public drinking wateri
. Establishes secondary Slondards providing
recommended contaminant levels as guidance 10
Ihe states for non,heaUh (aesthetic) qualities of
drinking waler;
\~
:j
I
. Mandales filtration and disinfection processes
under certain condition to control organisms such
ilsGiardiai
. Provides for the protection of underground sources
of drinking water;
. Assures there will be adequale supplies of
chemicals needed 10 lreat pnblic waler syslems;
. ESlablished National Drinking Water Advisory
Councli to make recommendalions 10 EI'A about
mailers relating to Ihe SDWA;
. Bans the use of cerlainlead solder, \lux, and piping
in the installation and repair of public water
systems and In residential or nonresidential
plumbing connected to a pnblic waler syslem.
\
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. ."f'....,,'\,.,"~~ ' ,',. , ., ,..:..::;,.,~I.'.,"~t_'~.';Ji','.;~;~'.
'ifi);' J .t'~\ {(~,' A PcP END I Xf.(2/~.,:I;>:;,'~'f;:7,.~/-\'h~~i
t, '("( :".\('.. .....,J:. ) , ,;.',,- ,.:,~ , ,'.);;'~~ ,~
Summary of Legislation Relevant to Water Quality
ClealllYater Act of1977 me-enacted January, 1987)
. Controls discharge from induslries and sewage
systems;
. Authorizes funding for clean-up of polluted lakes;
. Conlrols release of toxic pollulants;
. Sets national standards for industrial treatment of
wastes;
. Extends controls on oil pollution from the U.S.
coastline;
,;
. Requires commercial vessels on Great Lakes to
treat their discharges at a level atleasl equal to
secondary treatment onshore.
Resollrcc COllscrvatioll alld Recoocn) Act 0/1976
!
,
f
I
. Eslablishes federal permit program 10 regulate the
transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of
hazardous wastes;
\
.1
.'
,
.,
;
,
I
I
. Includes requirements for record keeping.
reporting, storage, labeling, and disposal;
. Calls for studies of solid waste recycling and
conservation methods,
"
,
30
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. r.-', '. I
i"
,
::.'j' ;~~~.ll )\:"!'<:':1, A'~P'P"" E' N' O'IX'''e. '3"~'~.:~I'~~li;.;:>:,I;.1:/
~', ',,; .',: "';;.: ,',li,.. . >""",:c., ,,", ):,"!~:;.,!c:'/('~'
Setting Primary Water Standards
. Delermine NOAEL (no,observed,adverse,effects-
level) or LOAEL (\owest.observed-adverse-effects.
level) of chemical in question.
. Determine Ihe RfD (reference dose), The RfD
(formerly referred 10 as the ADl, or acceptable
daily inlake) is determined by dividing Ihe
NOAEL or LOAEL by an uncerlainty factor. The
uncertainty factor ranges from 10 10 10,000."
. Delermine the DWEL (drinking water equivalenl
level), The DWEL assumes a 100% drinking water
contribution. Maltiply Ihe RfD by 70 (for Ihe
average 70 kg person) and then divide by 2
(assuming 2 liters of water per day),
'j"
,
I
I
I
I
. Determine the MCLG (maximum contaminant
level goal). Multiply the DWEL by the percent
drinking water contribution for that chemical. A
figure of 20 percenl is ossumed for organics and 10
percent for inorganics.
I
I
j
. The MCL is then set ns close to the MCLG as
possible. For some known human carcinogens, the
MCL is set at zero,
Source: Ohanian, E, V. Chief, Health Effect Branch, Office
of Drinking Water (WH-550DI, United Stales Environmental
Protection Agency, "Natiooal Drinking Water Regulations
oud Health Advisories"
'.,
.' ,
155ft; 31
. , ,
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-", :,-
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-., .
\
:\
1. Alleman, j.E., The Quantitalive Assessment of Ille
Effectiveness of Permo1lwnt Magnetic Walcr Conditioning
DeYices, Purdue University School of Enginl",ring. 1985.
2. American Dental Association, Direct Communication,
1987.
3. American W<1Ier Works Association, AsbeSlos in Potable
Water Supplies, jOllrnal uf Ihe Alllericall Waler Works
AssociaIi01l66:515,1974.
4. Americ,lI1 W"ter Works Association, 1984 Water Utility
Operating Data, 1984.
5. Auberbach, O. el al., AsbeSlos Bodies in Lung
Pareoehyma in Ilelation to Ingestion and Inhalation of
Mineml Fibers, Ellvirolllllet/lal Research 14:286, 1977.
6. lIell,'r, T.A. el al., Determining Volatile Organics at
Microgram-per_!iter Levels by Gas Chromatography,
JOllrl/al of Ihe Alllericall Waler Works Associalioll 66:739, 1974.
i:
7. 40 CodeofFcdeml Reglllaliolls (CFR) 141.11.
,
j
I
I
I
J
i
8. 40 CFR 141. 51.
9. 40 eFR 143.3.
..
10.40 eFR 141. 2.
lJ.40CFRI41.32.
12.40 eFR 141 and 1>12.
13. Census lIureall, Series 1'-25, No. 970.
14.1985 U.S. Census figures.
"
15. Cenlers for Disease Control, Denial Disease Prevention
Activity, U.s. Depnrlll1ent of Health and Human Services,
1986.
16. Enrly, J.D., Testimony lIefore the Senate Commillee on
Agricullure, Nutrition and Forestry, 1986.
17. Egnaz, D.G. el al., DOCP and Tesliculnr Effects in
Chemical Workers: An Epidemiological Survey in Midland,
MI., JOllrl/al of Dm/I'al 101101 Medicille 22:727, 1980.
18. ElWood, 1m. el al., Hnrdness of Domestic Waler and
Blood Le.ld Levels, /JlllllaIl7h,l'lcolosy 2:645, 1983.
32
, ~ ""
" '.;"
/556
(: i-I '.:, f' '~. t-'" -m " . ,:
I '. , " "\'
': I, -I ." . . I. .>. -. "
\ :1"-'-", ! M, . ---r',>, ,~' ,', ~, .," ,.'
,',
!
19.48 Federal Regisler (FRl, PI'. 46228-248, Gclober 11, 1983.
20. Freeze, R.A. el 01., Groundwoler, Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Holl, Inc., 1979.
21. Gloss, It!. el 01., Sperm Counl Depression in Pesticide
Applicolors Exposed to Dibromuchloropmpone, Americall
10ltrlml of El'idemiu/osy 109:346, 1979.
22. liMier, L. el 01., A Three-Stote Sludy of Wolcrborne
Diseose Surveillonce Techniques, Americall 101l1'/l" of Pllblic
Hm/th 75:1327, 1985.
23. Johnson, G.A., Hypochlorite Treotment of Public Waler
Supplies: lis Adoptobilily ond Limitotions, 101lr/wl of I/tc
Alllericall PII/J/ic Hcallll Associllli,," 1:562, 1911.
24. Locey, R.E ct 01., Changes in Waler HMdness ond
Cordiovosculor Deolh Rates, IlIlemaliollallolll.llol of
Epidemio/osy 13:18, 1984.
25. Lyon T.D.U. ct 01., Corrosion in Solder joinled Copper
Tubes Resulting in Lead Contamination of Drinking Water,
Bri/is/l Conusioll 10111'/10112:41,1977.
i
26. Mosironi, R. el 01., Epidemiologico' Sludies of Heolih
Effccls of Woler from Differenl Sources, Allllllallleviews uf
Nlllriliall 1:375, 1981.
27. Masson, T.J. el 01., Asbestos,like Fibers in Dululh Waler
Supply, 10111'/101 of Ihe Americall Medical Associalioll 228:1019,
1974.
28. Mitchell, H,S. el 01., Nutrition in Health and Disease,
16th cd., Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincoll Co., 1976.
29. Moore, M.R., Influence of Acid Ilain Upon Water
Plumbosolvency, Ellviromllelllol llcalth Persl'cclives 63:121,
1985.
30. National Research Council, Drinking Water and Health,
Washinglon, D.C., Volume 1, 1977; Volume 2, 1980; Volume
3,1980; Volume 4, 1982; VolumeS, 1983.
i
31. Notional Research Council Geophysics Study
Committee, Groundwater Contamination, National
Academy Press, 198'1.
32, Ollobonl, M.A., The Dose Makes the Poison, Vincente
Uooks, 1984.
33. P,'ge, N.r. ct 01., Reporl on Carcinogenesis Uioossay of
Chloroform, National Cancer (nslilute, Division of Cancer
Cause and Preventinn, Uethesda, MD, 1976. (As cited in
'''. "'~ \,
/55 (fJ 33
< , - --t
' -~ . ,
- '. L:,. ,
[ 11i,/. ;:1 -f. Ll: U' ~:'. ,-,
i\~.J~.. '.; M '_:. - ,l":'"'!'''' ,
\
"
!'
Canlor, K,P" Epidemiological Evidence of Carcinogenicity
of Chlorinaled Organics in Drinking Water, ElIl'irolllllt'lltal
Health Perspeelil'es46:J87, ]982.)
34, Powledge, F., Waler: The Magnificenl Liquid of Life.
Naliollal Wildlife, Feb/Mar:7, ]984, pp. 7.10.
35. Pye, v., et 01., Groundwater Contamination, University
of Pennsylvania Press, ]983, pp, to.]].
36. Reggioni, G., Toxicology of 2, 3, 7,8.lelrachlorodibenzo.
p,dioxin (TCDD): Shorl Review of its Formation, Occur.
renee, Toxicology, ilnd Kinetics, Discussion of Human
He,llth Effects, Safety Measures, and Disposal, Reglllatory
Toxico/ogyalld Pharmacology ]:2]2, ]981.
37. Regiona' Planning Agency of Soulh Central Connecticut,
The Need for Groundwater Proteclion in South Central
Connecticut, 1980.
38. Richards, W.N., el al., Lead Hazard Conlrolled in
Scottish Waler Systems, 10llmal of Ihe Americall Waler Works
Assoeialioll 76:60, 1984,
! ~
39. Rook, ).j., Fonnation of Halforms during Chlorination of
Natural Walers, 101lr/101 Soeiety Water Trealmellt alld
tmm/llatioll 23:234, 1974.
;.
,
"r:
j
I
40. Schroeder, H.A" Relation bel ween Mortality from
Cardiovascular Disease and Treated Waler Supplies, The
10llmal oflhe Americall Medical Assoeiatiall172:1902, ]960.
41, Sherlock, j. C. el 01., Reduction in Exposnre 10 Lead from
Drinking Water and its Effect on Blood Lead
Concentrations, Hllmall Toxieo/ogy 3:383,1984.
42. Sigurdson, E. E., Description and Comparison of Two
Population-based Studies of Duluth, Minnesola, as a
Follow.up of Asbestos Exposure and Ilecommendations for
Facilitaling Similar Stndies in Ihe Future, 10llnlOI of
Elluirollmelllal Seielleealld Health, A] 7:463, 1982.
43. Sledman's Medical Dictionary, 22nd cd., Baltimore:
Williamsand Wilkins, ]972.
44. Thomas, H,F" Domestic Waler Usage and Blood Le,ld
Levels, PII/1/ie Heallll (London) 94:294, 1980.
4S, Todhunler, j,A" Risk Management Strategy Under The
Toxic Substances Control Act and The Federallnsccticide,
Fangicide and Rodenticide Acl, Reglllatory Toxicology allfl
Pharmaeo/ogy 3:164,1983.
46, UNICEF/WHO joint Study on Water Snpply and
34 '
, .<<,
Ilf"
/5SfI
"
I ~ .
if ,'f - -
1" L,. ;'. b:' UH-' "
. ., " _ . .i
..
(I
Sanitation Components of Primary Heallh Care, United
Nations; document E/ILCEF/L, 1286; 1978_
47. U.S. Department of Iieallh, Education and Welfare,
Natural Fluoride Contenl of Community Water Supplies,
UsDIiEW. Public Iieallh Service, National institutes of
Heallh, Bureau of Iiealth Professions Education and
Manpower Training, Division of Dental Heallh, 1969.
48. UsEPA, Reducing Lead in Drinking Waler: A Benefit
Analysis, draft final reporl EPA,23B-09.86.019, December,
1986.
49, UsEPA, Groundwaler Contamination in the Norlheast
Stales, Environmenlal Protection Technology Series EPA.
660/2-74.056,june, 1974.
50. UsFDA, Compliance Program Report of Findings - FY79
Total Dielstudies. Adull, I'B83-112122, Appendix 5, 1982.
51. van Damme, j.M.G., The Essential Role of Drinking
Water and Sanitati.on in Primary Health Care, Tropical and
Geographical Medicine 37:521, 1985.
I:
52. Weisskopf, M., Dangerous Amounts of Lead in Much
Drinking Water, EPA Says, Was/llllg!OIl 1'051, November 6,
1986.
53. Weliborn, 5., pouring Lead From Ihe Tap, 1I. S. NelOs
olld World Rel'orl,November24, 1986.
I
54. WIiO, Guidelines for Drinking Water, Volume 2: Iieallh
Criteria and Olher Supporting Information, Geneva: WIiO,
1984.
55, WHO offset publication number 85, The International
Drinking Waler Supply and Sanitation Decade, Review of
National Baseline Data, Geneva: WIiO, 1984.
56. WHO offset publication number 92, The Inlernational
Drinking Water Supply and sanllation Decade, Review of
Regional and Global Dalo, Geneva: WIiO, 1984.
57, Whorton, D., el 01., Testicular Funclion in DBCI' Exposed
Pesticide Workers, 101111I01 OCCUl'atiolla' Medicillc 21:161,
1979.
58. Wyman, J., Testing of Privale Wells, Michigon Stale
University Cooperative Extension Service, Extension
Bulletin WQ01, February, 1986.
59, Wigle, D.T" Cancer Morlalily in Ilelalion to Asbestos in
Municipal Water Supplies, Arcliives of Ellv;lOlIlIIellla' Heo/lll
32:185,1977,
'., ~.
..
/$S~35
- ,_., .
l . - t t. .(
... -. ., .
; :. 'r.: I ,:' I . L" " ' ~~ ."
"'1 . , _ ......
~, ~.:' '1''', -.
i't
60, Clean Waler l;,sk Force, Prolecting the Valley's Water:
1988 Update (September)
61. Annual Water Quality Report for 1986, Dep<1flmenl of
Public Works' Municipal Waler System, City of5.1n Jose, CA
62,52 FI{ 25726, July 8, 1987
63. 44 FH 68626, November 29, 1979
:..,,;,J\' l,,' ',' ",,'. .".1":",,;;','1.,
~ ,( ",.",.' FURTHER' READING' ',>;'"''.,\,:
' " .;,> ", ." " . l '_ I ~' , ., . '''" 11":" ,':, J '"
From ACSH:
Of Mice and Men: The Benefits and Limitations of
Animal Cancer Tests, March, 1984.
Ethylene Dibromide. May, 1984.
Dioxin in the Environmenl, Its Effect on Human
HeaIth. October, 1988.
PCBs: Is Ihe Cure Worth the Cost? October, 1987.
National Hesearch Council. Drinking Waler and Health.
Washinglon, D,C, Volumes 105, 1977,1983.
Olloboni, M. A, The Dose Makes Ihe Polson, Vincenle
Books, 1984.
i
I
World Health Organization, Gnidelines for Drinking Waler.
Volume 2: HeaIth criteria and olher supporting information.
Geneya: WHO, 1984.
38
t.....'.
/ I"
1S5~
l,fl :'.I.L' n .' ,.; .." ....
, '.,- .' '" _'. ,I It. ,&;;,,: .
,_ _. ~. J'~~ '3 r-
I
jl
r ACSH- ADVISORS
ACSH EXECUTIVE STAFF
Elizabeth M. Whelan, 5c.0., M,r.lI.
Ex(!(utiveDillx:lor
Edward G. Remmers, Sc.D.
AssocialcDilcc\or
EricSlephen8ergcrM,D.
McdicalDireclor
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
i
I
,
i
\
I
i
\
\
i
SlcphenS,Slcrnbcrg,M,D,
Chairman of the iloard, ACSII
McmOlialSloan.KeUcrlog
lnslltuteforCanccrRcsc,lIch
Donald f Austin, M.D.,M.P.H.
Dcpanmcnl of Hcahh Scrvic~
SlilleofCalifornia
Norman E. BOTlaug, ph.D.
Texas A&M UnivclsilY
F.!.Frands,Ph,O.
UnivcfsityofMilssachuscllS
Al(rcdE,Harpcr,Ph,D
University of Wisconsin
pauIM,Hyman,bq.
I-lyman, Phelps & McNamara
Robert E. olson, M.D., Ph,D.
SUNY al Stonyhrook
TcdVincus,C,P.A.
A'lhurYoung
SidncyShlndcll,M,D"Ph,D.
Medical College of WiscOMln
Frederick I. Slare, M.D., rh,o.
Hi\lvard School of Public Health
Elllabelh fool. Whelan, Sc.O., M.P.H.
ExC(utlveDlret:lOf,ACSH
BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC
ANO POLleV ADVISORS
Alwynollo S. Ahl, Ph,O.
Michigan Slate Unlversily
RoslynO.Alfin.Slaler,Ph,O.
UCLA
RlchardG.^lIlson,Ph,D.
Aml!llcanlnstltuteofNUlrltlon
IFASEttI
G. Harvey ^ndmon, Ph,D.
University or TOIonto
Robert S. Bara!l, D.D.S., Ph,D., M.D.
Newton,MA
Stephen Darrell, M.D.
Lehigh Vallcy Commlt1Ct! Agaln~t
HeahhFraud,lnc,
BlillneL.Blild,Ph,o.
UnlvctsltyolNcbraska
11InrlchL.Bollll,Ph,D.
Unlverslly 01 Arizona
lol1nC,80Ilon,M,D.
San Franclsco,CA
losephF.oonclleca/Ph.D.
Medical College of Virginia
" '..,'
MichaclT. Boils, Esq.
KansasCity,MO
GcorgcA.Dray,M.o.
USCMedicalCcnter
EdwardE. Burns, ph.D.
Texas A&M University
Francis F. Busta, Ph,o.
uniWrsilyolflorida
Ogbourne Buller, Ph.D., Rei.
TexaS MoM UnlvelsllY
William G. Cahan, M,O.
MCOlorlalsloan.Ketleling
Instilute for Cancel Rl>SC.uch
ElwoodF.Caldwctl,Ph,D.
UnlversilyofMlnneso1il
lohnr.Callan,M,o.
l1bertyvil1e,IL
Barbara N.CaOlpaigne, ph.D.
UnivcrsltyolCinclnnati
Ernest E. Campaigne, Ph.D.
IndianaUniversily
Zelle L. Cil.lpenler, ph.D.
Texas MoM University System
c. Jelleff Clur, Ph.D.
Columbla,MD
Robert G. Cassens, Ph.D.
University 01 Wisconsin
James I. Cerda, M.D.
UnlversilyofFlorlda
nobbeL.Chrislensen,Ph.o.
Unl\'elsilyofTexas
F.M,Clyd""lo,Ph,D.
UnivelsltyolMassachusclIS
Donald G. Cochran/ Ph.D.
VirgInia rolytechnlclnstitute
and State Unlvclsily
DernardL.Cohen,Sc.D.
University of PiUsburgh
Neville Colman, M.D" Ph,D.
Mount Sinal School 01 Ml'{lIclne
Jullu5 M, Coon, M,D., Ph.D,
ThomilslelrclsonUnivcfslly
Uelllard D. Davis, M.D,
Harvilld Medical School
EIIl5IM,Davls/Ph.D
UniversllyolTexilsilt!-lomton
Thomils R. DcGregorl, ph.D.
Unl\'clsllyofHou~ton
RoberIM.Devlln,Ph.D.
UnlvClsltyofMilSSilChusCllS
lohnOlebold
lhcOlcholdGlOull,lnc.
lhcron Downes, ph,D.
MlchlganSlatcUniverslly
Henry Dymsza, Ph,D., R,O.
Unlvcrsltyol Rhode lslilnd
laOlCs E, Enstrom/Ph.D,
UCLA
Myron E. Essex, D.V.M" Ph.D.
H,uvard School of PubUc Ilcilhh
owcnR.FcnneOla,rh.D.
UnivcrsllyofWisconsln
lloydJacksunFller,lr.,M,D.,rh,D.
Un!vclSltyof lowil
,
.'
,
J~37
, .
{, . - " " -'- t-, ,":"t .,
" L'", ' .,
(, " 'I :/., """ "
\. U. ,. f . .I. ~. ,,_ "
. .~. l' ~ _, I, \
Kennelh o. Fisher, Ph.D.
fAsm
Dean e. fletcher, Ph.D.
WalhinglonSlJlcUnh'crsity
Leonard Flynn, Ph,D.,M.D.A.
Morg,lnvillc,NJ
Ralph W. Fogleman, D.V.M.
UllllCrUlackEddy,PA
Glenn Froning. Ph.D.
UnivcrsilyofNcbraska
LaNrlleE.Ceddcs,Ph,D.,R.N.
PurducUnivcrsilY
William Paul Glezen, M,D.
lJaylOl College of Mcdicinc
Roger E. Gold, rh.o.
University of Nebraska, Uncoln
Leonard J. GoldlValer, M.D.
Ch,l!>!?1 Hill, NC
Snon Graham, Ph.D.
SUNY at Buffalo
Jamrs Ian Gray, Ph.D.
Michigo1rlStalcUnivcrsily
lesse f,Gregory III, Ph.D.
UnivefsityofFIOfida
HelenA. Guthrie, Ph.D.
I'cnruylvanlaSt,llcUnivclsity
Rurus K. Guthrie, Ph.D.
Unl\'c,silyofTcxasnc"hhScicncc
Center
Philip S. Guulian, M,D.
Medical Collcgc o(Virginla
Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
V.lmlclbih Universily School of
Ml'(licine
VirgiIUays,Ph.D.
Unil'crsily of Kentucky
William E. Hmllinc, Ph.D.
Bullc County, C1\
Norman Heldelbaugh, V.M.D., Ph.D.
Te)(a~ A&M University
L.M. Henderson, Ph.D.
sandy,UT
Viclor Herberl, M.D./J.D.
Bronx VA Mcdic.ll Ccnter
MI. Sin.ll School of Medicine
D.BonlaUlscoe,M,D.
Lilnslng.MI
Helen B. Hlscor/Ph.D.
Mlchlg,lnSlalcUnlvefsily
Richard M. Uoar, ph,D.
ArI\Ullnlernatlon.l1Incofpor.ltl'(!
John Uolbroo~, M.D.
Unlvcrslly of Utah
RobeIIM.llolUngworlh,Ph.D.
rurdueUnlvcr~ilY
EdwardS.florlon,M.D.
University o( Vermont
Josephll.Holch~jS!/ph.D.
ComcllUnlverslly
C. Sluall Houslon,M,D.
UnlvefSlly I-Iosplt.ll, SaskatchewJn
Lucien R. Jacobs,M,O,
Uni\'f;'rsit~' of C,lll(oml,l
G. Rlchardlansen, Ph.O.
Color.ldoSlall!UnlvefsilY
WIIII.mT.Jmll,Ph,O,
LOOlallncl.l University
MJchaeIKilmrln,Ph.D.
Mlchlg,mSI.1leUnlvl.'rslly
38 . ..,-~ \
,_ if';
:'
,
lohn D. Kaneene, D.V.M" M.P.H"
Ph.O,
Michig,InS\JleUnhmily
Edward Ibrold K.ilIS, M,D., Ph.D.
IlarvolrdMcdlc.llS(hool
Philip keeney, Ph.D.
Pennsylvani,lSI.lleUnil'crsity
G.A.Kc)'worlh II,Ph.D.
Chahman, Keyworth Co.
Washinglon,IJ.C.
lohnkinsella/Ph.D.
CornellUnlversily
katht)'n M. KolaSJ,Ph.D., R.D.
Ea~ICarolina Uni\'ersily
DJvidkrllchmky,Ph,D.
ThcWis1.lrlnSlilule,Philadc1Ilhla.PA
Manfred krogcr, Ph,D.
l'ennsylvaniaSlaICUni\'crsity
LenoatdT.kurland,M.D., Dr.P.H.
Ma}'oClinic,Rochcsler
Carolyn Lac~ey, Ph,D., R.D.
NorlhCaroUnJSt.lleUnl\'crsily
I. Clayborn LaForce, Ph.D.
UCLA
l3wrcnce E. Lamb, M.D.
Communications Inc" TX
Bcrll3rd I. LiS~il, Ph,D.
Purdue University
lames A. Lowell, Ph,D.
Pi01aCom01unilyColll'jjc
DaI}'ILund,Ph.D.
Unil'ersityofWlsconsln
Howard D. Maccabee, Ph.D" M,D.
Radi,llionOncolouyCl'nler
W.llnul Cree~. CA
RogerP.Maic~cl, Ph.D.
11urdueUniverslly
HcnryG,Milnnc,I.S,D.
EmoryUni\'ersity
KilIIMafamorosch,Ph,D.
RUlgersUnil'crslty
ludilhA.Matlell,Ph,D.
Unl\'crsltyofWiscomin,M,ulison
lames R. Marshall, Ph.D.
SUNY Medical School
MargareIMa~cy,Ph,D,
Uni\'clSilyofTcx.1S
lohnMcKeIlJ,P.E.,ph,D.
Unll'efslly of TC)(tlSal Austin
Donald J. McNamara, Ph.D.
Unll'ersilyo(Arlzllna
Lee loseph Melton Ill/M.D.
Ma~'OCl!nlc,Roclll'ster
W.W. Melvin, M.D" 5c.D., M,f'.II.
Color.uloStaleUnll'cfsily
RobcrIMenler,Ph.D.
Unl\'ersilyof M,uyl,1nd
Thomas Milby, M.D.,M,P.H.
l.lf.1yelte,CA
Joseph M, Ml1Ier, M.D., M.P.II.
New 1'I,1011110n, Nil
W,I.Miller/Ph.D.
Urllvefsllyo(Gl'(lIgI.1
IA.Mllner,Ph,D.
Uolvcfsilyofllllnols
DadeW.Moellcr,Ph,D.
IlJrvardSchool of Public HC.llth
A. Alan Moghlssl, Ph,D.
InslllulcofRcgul.110fySclence
155~
:'. :';1 .:, f L: t~l '/;:~' .:
" . ,I ,I t. .
I ,:.-... ,. :, ~ '-,- ~. . ~. .;
i'l
,
W.F.Wardowskl,Ph.O.
Univcrsilyof FlOflda
Miles Weinberger, M.D.
Uni~l'lsltyoflowa
Scoll T. Weiss/M.D.
Uarvilld Medical School
Philip l. Whil"Sc.O.
American Medical Association
C.K. Whitehair, D.V.M" Ph.D.
Mfchigan Slolte University
Carol Whitlock, Ph.D., R,O.
Rochester Insl. of T&hnoloHV
Chris!apherWilkinson,Ph,O.
COIncl1Unlvl'rsily
VirgilWodicka,Ph,O.
rullcrlon,CA
George T. Woods, D.V.M.
Universilyof ll1inois
lamcsHarveyYoung,Ph,D.
ErnoryUni\'cfsily
piana)lollsMichacIZavos,Ph.O.
UniversltyolKcntucky
EkhardE.Zle~lcr,M.O.
Universilyoflowa
The opinions expressed in ACSH publlc.ltiolls do nol nl,(f.'SS<uily
represent the views of all ACSII Din.'(lors and Advisors.
. , ,. ,,' 1 '~I -." ..',' " . ,.'
": 'HINTS"'ON'CONSE'RVATION,h:;
" ',' _. ,"\' .,' >. .' '^, l: . '_""
1. Do not over-water your lawn.
1,:
2. Avoid washing down paved areas n sweep
instead.
3. When washing the car, use a bucket of water and
hose off only 10 rinse.
\:
,
4. Repair faucelleaks. As much as 15 gallons of
water can be lost each day with a slow drip.
5. Avoid toilet water waste.
6. Don't foil asleep in the shower. An exlra 5 minutes
in the shower could mean anolher 50 gallons of
water down the dmin.
7. Use the dishwasher and washing machine wisely.
Only wash fuii ioads.
8. Avoid running the faucet continuousiy while
washing or bmshing your teelh.
40.
.,>1(,.""
155ft;
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"i.l/' :, f L ~, I Id.l
t't' Il,l " , ..' .," f, J\ : ,.V' . . -.i
,'1',_. ,. 1'1' M, '--"~ ',-
GraceP.Monaco,I,U.
Whitc,Fint!&VcNiIlt!
Eric W. Mood, LL.D., M.P.H.
Yalt!Uni\'clslly
Gary S. Moorc, Dr. PJI.
University of M.ma(hllS~US
JahoP.Morgan/M.D. '
Cily College of New York
Slcphcnl.Moss,D,O.5"M,S,
NYU DenIal Ccnler
Susan G. Nayfield, ,1,1,0., M.Sc.
Medical College of Virginill
Philip Nelson, Ph,O.
PurdueUnivClsilf
John Neuberger, Dr.P. H.
Univcllilyof K,ll1SaS
lamcsL,Oblingcr,Ph,D.
NOIlhCarolinaStalcUnlvclsity
Richard Ok5J.s, M,P.H" Pharm. D.
SoulhBayFrl>eClinic,Cr\
t,E.Oldn,ld,ph,O.
OregonSli1leUnlvcrsily
laneOricnt,M,O.
Tucson,AZ
Robert Oscasohn, M.O.
Universllyof Tcm
Graccl.Osten50,Ph,D.
(amm. on Science & TcdlOology
U.S. Housc of Represenlaliws
M.All{eOllobonl,Ph,D.
lJerkeley,CA
RoseMariepangborn,M.S.
University of Ca!irornla, D,wls
MlchacIParlza,Ph.D.
University of Wisconsin
AlbcrIPearson,Ph,D.
Michlg.mSlaleUniversily
TimolhyDukesPhilllps,Ph,D.
Texas A&M University
Mary Frances Plcclano,Ph,D.
UnivelSilYof 1Illnois
stanlcyM. Pier, Ph.D.
UnlversllyofTms
lohn I. PowerS, Ph.D.
UnlvclSltyofGl'Orgla
William D. Powrlc, Ph.D.
Uni\'erslly or nrilish Columbia
R.T,Rmnholl,M.D.
World Heallh Surveys
DldeleeRay,Ph,D.
Foxls!anuW,tshlnHlon
lohnRcnner,M.D.
St. i\IMY'S HOSllit.l1
KansasCUy,MO,
RllaRlcardo.Campbcll,Ph,D.
UoowrlnstlluHon, Slanford Unlv.
I. D. Robinson, M.D.
W.uhlnglon, D.C.
David 8. Rol1, ph.D,
Unl\'crs1tyofUtah
DaleR,Romsos,Ph,D.
Mlchlg,mSlalcUnl\'ersllY
Kennetbl.Rolhman,Dr,P.It,
The New [n!llanl! EllidemlolollY
Institute
Sheldon Rovln,D,D,S"M,S,
UnlvclSllyof pennsylv.lnla
Edward Rungc,Ph.D.
Texas A&M University
.- '.
~ . '\.
'i.
Paul D. Sallman,Ph,D.
Ueal San Dicgo
Wallace I. Sampson, M.D.
losAllon,CA
llaToldH,Sandslead,M.D.
Universlt)'of Texas Ml'(lical Br.lnch
layP.Sanford,M,D.
F. Edward Ilerbe'l Schoof of Medicine
Ilerberl P.Sarell, Ph.D.
S,uasol.l,Fl
loweIlD.Sallerlec,Ph.D,
Unl\'Crsll~'ofNebr.l\k.l
Frank D. Schaumberg. Ph,D.
Orl'gonS1aICUniversil)'
D.S.Schwelgert,Ph,D.
Unlve.silyorCalifornla,D.wis
Palrickl.Shea,Ph,D.
UniversilyofNebr.lsk.l, LIncoln
David P. Sheridan, M,D., M.S.
Ml>dicalColIl'lleofWiscon5In
lacquelineShlelds,Ph,D.
University of Texils Heilllh Science
Cenler
Sarah Short, Ph,D., Ed. D.,R.D.
S)'rilcuseUnlverslty
A,l. Siedler, Ph.D.
Unlvcrsilyof 11linois
John Sil1i~er, Ph,D.
silliker l.l!xuillories, CA
lullanL.Slmon,Ph,D.
University of Mi\.yl.1nd
Gary C. Smilh, Ph.D.
Te~,ls^S.M UniversllY
MarlynT.Smllh,Ph,D.
UniversilyofC.1lifornia,8erkeley
Roy F. Spalding.Ph,D.
University or Nehra5ka
Roberl R.Spllzer, Ph.D.
Milwaukee School or Englnl'Cring
Robert A. Squire, D.V.M" Ph.D.
lohnsHojlklnsUniwrsily
RoberIT.Slanko,M,D.
Unlversllyof Pillshurgh
James H. Steele, D.V.M., M.P.H.
Uni\'crsityo(Texas
ludithS.Stern,Sc,D.
University of California, D.wls
ElllabethF.Stier,Ph,D.
RulHersUnlversity
MaTlhaOarnesSlone,Ph,D.
KansasSlateUnivelslly
SII.R. r.llnl,Ph.O.
UniversityofMlnnesot.l
SlevcL.Taylor,Ph,D.
UnlversilyofWiscollsln
William A. Toscano, Jr., Ph,D.
U,uvanJ School of Public Ill'ilhh
Murray M. Tuckerman, Ph,D.
TemplcUnl\'crsily
lohoW.Turner,M,D.
SJlrin!lflcld,MA,
10eD.T)'e
ll,lys1olteMedic,1ICcnler
VarroE. Tyler,Ph,D.
l'urdueUnivcrsily
RoberIP.Upchur{h,l'h,D.
UnlvcrsityofMlzona
Shashl8. Verma,Ph,D.
Unlvcrsily of Ncbr.uka al Lincoln
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/551439
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American Council on Science and Health
1995 Broadway
New York, NY 10023.5860
Tel. (212) 362.7044
Fax (212) 362.4919
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. American Council on Science and Health
1995 Broadway
New York, NY 10023.5860
Address Correcllon Requesled
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The American Council on Science and Heallh
(ACSH) is a national consumer education associ-
ation directed and advised by a panel of scientists
from a variety of disciplines. ACSH is committed
to providing consumers with scientificaliy bal-
anced evaluations of Issues relating to food,
chemicals, the environment, heaith and lifestyie
factors, ACSH is a nonprofit association exempt
from federal income tax under Section 501 (c) (3)
of tho Internai Revenue Code, All contributions are
tax-deductible as provided by law.
First p,rlnting, September 1988
Second Printing, December 1989
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American Council on Science and Health
1995 Broadway (16th Floor)
New York, NY 10023-5860
(212) 362-7044
FAX: (212) 362-4919
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PESTICIDES:
HELPFUL OR HARMFUL?
This report was prepared by Leonord T, Ftyon, Ph,D" M.n.A,
Dr, F1yan is a regulatol}' and scientific eonsuhanL
ACSH gratefully acknowledges the eomm,nts and eootributions
of th, following iodividuals who revi,wcd this report:
Erie S, Berger, M,D,
Ameri,an Council on Science and Health
Jellerr C, Carr, Ph,D,
Columbi~ Maryland
Jullns M, Coon, M,D" Ph,D,
Thomas Jefferson University
),'
Robert M, Devlin, Ph,D,
University of Massaehusclts
Roger E, Gold, Ph,D,
University of Nebraska
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Leonord J, Goldwoter, M,D,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Wayland J, Hnyes, Jr" M,D" Ph.D,
Vanderbilt University
Wllllnm E, Hazeltine, Ph.D,
Bulle County, Califomia Mosquito Abat,ment District
Poul M, Hyman, Esq,
Washioglon, DC
Manfred Kroger,Ph,D,
Pennsylvania Slate University
Bernard J, Lisko, Ph.D,
Purdue Univ,rsity
!loger p, Molekel, Ph,D,
Purdue University
, 1
Karl Mnrnmorosch, ('h,D,
Rutgers University
')
Thomos Milby, M,D" M,p,H,
Lafayelle, California
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Dade W, MotJler, Ph.D.
Harvard University
A, Alnn Moghlssl, Ph,D,
Iostitut, for Regul'lory SeI,ne,
,
M. Alice Ollohonl,Ph.D, I
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Berkeley, Califo""a I
!
Timothy D, Phillips, Ph,D,
Texas A&M Univ,rsity
Edwnrd G, Remmers, Sc,D,
American Council on Scieoce and Health
Edwnrd C,A, Runge, Ph,D,
T,xas A&M University
B,s, Schweigert, Ph,D, I.-
University of California at Davis
Sidney Shlndell, M,D., LL.B,
Medical ColI'g' of W~consin
I. Roy F, Spalding, Ph,D,
University of Nebraska ;:
,
,
,
i fredrick J, S\Jlre, M,D" Ph,D, 'I
,
I Harvard University )
,
I
! James II, Steete, D,V,M" M,p,Jl,
University ofTexas
Stephen S, Sternherg, M,D,
Memorial Sloon.K,"eriog Concer C'nler
Roherl p, Upehorch, ph,D,
Uoiversity of Arizona
Ellznheth M, Whelan, Se,D" M.P,II,
American COlln,1I on Science ond Health
Christopher F, Wilkinson, l'h,D,
Com,lI University
,
Virgil 0, Wodlekn, ph,D, ,
Fullerton, California
Th, opinions expressed in ACSII poblie'lions do nol
necessarily represent tlle vi,w of all ACSII Dircclors ond
Adyisors,
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I TABLE OF CONTENTS
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SECTION fMlE
INTRODUCTION 4
POSITION STATEMENT 4
ParI I, UTILITY OF PESTICIDES 6
Pari 2, TOXICITY AND HUMAN HEALTH . 16
Part 3, PESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT AND
REGULATION 23
Part 4, PESTICIDE ISSUES 26
Persistence 26
Biomagnificolion 27
Wildlife Effects 27
Resistance 28
Bcneficial Specics 29
Pcsticide Residues 30
Groundwater Pollution 31
"Bnlnnce of Noture" 33 ,
PnrlS, USING PESTICIDES SAFELY 3S '}
Parl6, ALTE!lNATIVES TO PESTICIDES 37 I
Biological Controls 38
Genelic Controls 40
Cultivation Practices 41
Inlegraled Pcst Managcmcnt (!PM) 41
Going Back 10 Nalure 42
Pari 7. HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOT USING
PESTICIDES 42
PariS, POLITICS VS, SCIENCE 43
DDT 43
J 2,4,5-T 46
EDB 47
CONCLUSION 47
SUGGESTED !lEADING 48
!lEFE!lENCES 49
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used pesticides (e,g" DOT, EDB), however, may
haveresulred in grenter risks 10 pesueide users due
to higber toxieilY of the subsututes and the need to
use them moreoflen. Replacemenlpestieidcswith
less well characterized toxicological properties
may have to be brought into widesprend use when
cuslomary and familiar pesucides are forced off
the market by iII.advised and excessive regulotory
action. Huon to users genernlly arises from im-
proper and careless use of pesticide produc~,
y
The cbarge that pesucides "contamioule"
Americo's food is lIot founded on scientific fact.
Much scientific evidence supports the conclnsion
that traces of pesticide residues ill food pose no
hazard 10 human henlth,
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HART I. UTILITY OF PESTICIDES
Peslicides have been used for ccnturies 10 combal pcsts,
For example, ancient Romans used burning sulfur to
control insects and snllto kill weeds. Modem pcsticides
vary in their uses and are far more efficient than these
crude chemicnl agellts, Table lUsts different types of
peslicides and the organisms they control. NOle thot for
regulotory purposes the term "pcsticide" inclades sub.
stances snch as defolionts and repcllents which do 1101 kill
pests,
Insecticides control insects that destroy food, clothing
and shelter, Crop protection through insecticide use can
be spectacular like stopping a plague of locusts (see
Figure I) or less visible (but probably more impcrl.lIll)
like destroying maggots and becties by fumignling slored
fruits and grains.
Vegetable and fruit plants often require severnl inseclicide
applications during the growing season 10 prevenl severe
losses. Any home gardener who has walched eaterpillurs
and worms otlUck unprolected cabbage, broccoli, or
squnsh can appreciate the problems cOffimercinl growers
woald hnve without insecticides,
Beetles and their larvae can destroy vegelUble crops, such
llS beans by Ihe Mexican bean beetle or pelUtocs by the
Colorado pclUlo beetle. Aphids, smoll sucking insects,
damage fruit and vegelUble plants and can be vectors for
transferring diseoses from plant to planl, Insecticides con
effectively limit beelle and aphid damage, The apple fly
maggot is a serious fruil pest that can only be controlled
effectively by insecticide spmying, Evell one or two
maggots can make the appeamnce of Ihe fruit become so
poor that il is unmarkelUble,
Raising food-producing animals can be helped considera-
bly by insecticides, In one case, systemic inseclicides 10
control the heel fly and its larvae (northern cnttle grub) in
cattle were developed after years of reseorch, Before
these chemical trClltments were available, cattie were
pestered by die adult flies, and their grubs burrowed
through the hides and migrated intemnlly tIlfough the
animals' bodies, The "grubieides" worked so well that
tile pesl was ertldicuted in Ireland. The same inseclicides
arc now controlling an even more debilitating species of
cattle grub in Latin America, permitting increllSed mCllt
6
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! Type of Control target or
Pesticides mode of action
Insecticide Insects
Miticide Mites
Acaricide Mites, ticks and spiders
Nematicide Nematodes
, (microscopic worm-like
i animals)
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I Fungicide Fungi
Antimicrobial Bacteria, viruses, and
other microorganisms
Herbicide Weeds
Rodenticide Rodents
Avlcide . Birds
Piscicide Fish
Mollusciclde Mollusks (slugs and
snails)
Predacide Vertebrate predators
Synergist Enhances effect of
another pesticide,
Attractant Lures pests,
Repellent Keeps pests away,
Growth Regulator Changes normal
growth processes,
Defoliant Removes plant leaves.
Desiccant Ones up living
organisms,
Antltranspirant Reduces the loss of
water from plant.
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and milk prodaetion in many areas where these prolein
sources are bodly necded.1
Production of clothing materials is assisted by insecti.
cidcs which prolect nolurul fibers likc wool and cotton.
The boll wcevil severely d:unaged late 19th century
cotton production in thc soathem U,S" but now insccli-
cidcs usually control this pest,
Thc use of insecticides is often a part of good forest
mnnagemenL The gypsy moth entered Ncw England in
1869 and has since sprcud Ihroughoat mach of the U,S.
and Canada, defoliating millions of foresl, park, and
backyard trees, Oncc held undcr reasonable control by
thc now banned inSCl;licide DDT, gypsy moths are
presclltly a scvere threat to custem onk forests, Older
larvae may cut some conifers,
A singlc conifer dcfoliolion may be fOlUllo a tree, but
even onc or two consecutivc years of complete dcfolia.
tion cun kill hardwoods duc to reduced vigor of Ihe trees.
Serious conifer pests includc thc southern pine bark
beellc, Tussock moth and spruce badwollll; major
infestations by them often kill thousands of acres of
formcrly hculthy trees.
After harvesting, wood must be prolected from telll1lites,
ernpcnter ants, and olhcr insccts, both during slorogc and
when constitaling pan of homes and farm baildings.
Wood can bc impregnated to stop termites; for instancc.
ulility poles arc protected by the wood prescrvative
creosote, Long.lasting ("persistent") inseclicides are
applied in or around the foundotion of suscepliblc
bnildings. By using thcse peslieidcs, tellllite damagc can
be prevcnted for many years whcrc unprotected wood
would be destroyed,
Inseelicides also prove valuable in prolecling and
prcserving public hcalth, A vector is an animal capnble
of transmitting a patilOgen (organism which causes a
disease in the animal recciviog it) from onc organism to
anotilCr, Transmission can bc mcchanical, whereby Ihe
vector carries Ihe pathogcn without changing it, or
biological, when tile pnthogen multiplics or changes in
form witllin tile vcelor, Table 2 illustrates patilOgcns and
some discases tiley cause which arc tronsmilled by
artilfopod (insects and relaled species) vectors, I
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TABLE 2
Arthropod Transmitted Diseases
Pathoaen
Diseases
Viruses Yellow fever, encephalitis,
Colorado tick fever
I Bacteria Relapsing fever, plague,
tularemia, salmonellosis
(typhoid fever and food i:
poisoning)
Protozoans Malaria, trypanosomiasis
(Chagas' disease and
African sleeping sickness),
toxoplasmosis
Roundworms Filariasis (elephantiasis),
heartworms,
onchocerciasis (river
blindness)
Rickettsiae Rocky Mountain spotted
fever, typhus, Q fever,
trench fever
.
Onc observer calls control of arthropod.bornc discuscs by
insecticides "onc of thc outsullIding achicvcmcnts in
science and medicinc during lhc post few decodes," and
insecticides are likcly to be "esscntial wClIpons for
protecting man and animals".for many decadcs In eomc,'"
Cockroaches deservc tilC repugnancc most peopic havc
for them because thcy contaminate food with tllcir
droppings, tilcir bodics and thc microorganisms thcy
carry, Thcy act as carricrs for snlmoncllosis, dysenlery
and Inxoplnsmosis, Cockroachcs mUSI be controlled
lhrough ploper food storagc, saniUlry pracliccs aod
9
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H'.:.!: ';;0. .~:.;..} .i\~..:'lr,!"""": ,.r, i; ;,\.~:L" ,..'"..-l.~..I~, :.,;:'jI'ri1:'" .""N.,..
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':J'P." '1;:.,;0,;:, "~"""rc."".)"q ,~~r'~: ..""..,,:..;,~..~.,.
'i'.r."....~~.""rrl"': .... ,'~. !'t::....,' ''f.. ~~ .r"-,. ;'.';-'" ;' :.
~l;Ji':'~,,". ';,,?J';"'f~ . i{G:.~~(!"1 "; ~,.t<"".\'kl.~ J.lf'~\. .Il': !'
~.\";u ~' :\',f!::" ,."'" c. . !,itj~*:'(j~~~:&r,:"\k
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';"i)9f. ' ' ..' .'~-' .,'1.\\"
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. -.~~r,,~ft"f;""~ ..~~.~;l~...La
Figure lA. Unless controlled, tocu.l ewarm. euch" lhl. In
ElhloptB con.umB vegBIBtlon leBvlng fBmllle. Bnd enlmBI.
wlihoullood, Coune.y: World lIoaUh Organ/zstlon
FlurelB" A awarm ollocuels alter serielsproylng 01
Insoctlcdo
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insecticide use.
Fleas, ticks and body lice eUIIlrnnsmit serious
diseases' includillg typhus, relopsiog fever, Lyme
disease, lularemia and bnbonic plague, Inseclicides arc
essential in controlling the vectors for these afflictions.
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The greatest humUII health protection resulting from
insecticides in recellt decodes is probobly the control of
mosquitoes and the mony serious diseuses they carry,
including malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue and
hemorrhagic fevers, and filariasis (elephantiasis). These
diseases arc not exclusively tropical; both malaria and
yellow fever epidemics were reported in Norlh America
withill the pnst century.
Mosquitoes arc the principal vectors of encephalilis
viruses which can cause serious bUI, fortunotely, not vel}'
common illness, One parlieularly dangerous virus type
(Enstem Encephalilis) causes high mOr1lllity, and mallY
patients who recover have permanelllly damaged nervous
systems, The diseuse occurs moinly in small ehildrell.'
Oftell the ollly control ofmosquilo,vectored virus diseose
is the control of mosquiloes.
Another common affliction transmitted by mosquitoes is
heartworm in dogs. The debility of ofmcted pets reminds
us of Ihe suffering Ihat mosquilnes can deliver-and do
deliver-In human malaria victims if insecticides arc not
available or affordable,
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Insecticides also assist lawn keepcrs and flower growers
in preventing various types of inseel infeslUlions, The
'M'::i~:':',~' :;~5""::~:;.';:::';'~tr:':',:~~1:;';~::.:,:~~:~Cl::1lE
Flguro 2, Carrol. harvostod 110m throo ploto,lofl to right,
troated and wooded, untroalod woodod, ond untroatod and
unwoodod. Courtosy: Agr/bus/noss Floldmon
II
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- i J" f L. -d .~~ /,
I:. .tJ' . i. _. ,.:) . L. ,. :,,;.~. ::
Japanese beetle is one pest which attacks both turf (as a
larva) ond fruits and flowers (as an adult). Milky spore
disease, a biological control agent, helps cOlltrol the
Japonese beetle lam (grubs), bal chemicnl insecticides
are nccessory to kill the adalt beetles or other species of
turf grubs,
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Herbicides nre used to control weeds, Ihat is, "plants
growing out of plnce," Aboatlwo-thirds of the volame
of agricultural chemicals used in the U,S, are herbicides;
insecticides account for about one,founh, Thanks to Ole
use of herbicides, farmers can greatly reduce eompetitioll
for water and nutrients by weeds and thereby significantly
increase yields of grains, vegetables and fruits. (See
Figure 2.)
One authorilY estimotes that the use of herbicides yields at
leasl five additiollal bnshels of brcud groins per acre,
which is a to to 20 pcrcent inercused yield in trcuted
acreoge'-. a net illcrease of one billion bashels annaally,
enoagh for 65 billion loaves of bread, ncurly fifteen
looves for each person on cartll!
Herbicides also reduce the nced for cultivation, soving Ihe
farmer fael aod labor while redacing erosion, soil
compaction and crop domage which occur whenever farm
equipment is driven dlrough fields of growillg plants.
In fact, hcrbicides cnn replace plowing and cultivation
entirely throngh "no-lilloge" agriculture,! In this way,
farmers can grently reduce erosion and prevent extreme
water loss by evaporation from plowed fields, Some
sloping land can be aSed for row crops that olherwise .
woald be subject 10 wind or water erosion under conven-
tional tillage, Use of no-tilloge or reduced tillage agricul-
ture has been incrcusing nnd up to as mnch as 65 pereent
of die acrcuge of crops grown in the U.S. may utilize dlC
no-tillage prnctiee by Ihe year 2000 if present trends
continae,
Redacing die need foreultivatioa is not a labor or fucl
saving oplion solely for modem countries but moy be
especially usefullu fnrmers in developing countries, For
instance, weed control in COllon is absolalely essenlial
during dIe first six weeks of growdl, Many farmers in dIe
tropics rely on hand hoeing for weeding and are unable to
cope with rapid weed growlh at the starl of Ihe scason,
whcn COllon foliage grows slowly and inter.row space is
not covered,'
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I', _ . ,_ '" . ',.1' I '. hi '
.' __,' I M -; , ,....''""'':''. , . """'":~ . ~-:
Herbicides assist ranchers in providing suitable lIIld
productive grazing arcus for caltle, sheep, goats lIIld
horses, Essentially all plllllts manufaclare chemicals that
destroy or repcl invaders; in this sellse, there is no such
thing as a pesticide-free planL Scientists have idelltified
about 700 species of plants as pctentially toxic to man or
domeslic animals.' These plants contain commonly
recognized naturnl toxins inclnding alkaloids, polypep-
tides, amines, glycosides, oxolates, resins, phytotoxins,
excessive concenlllltions of certain mincrals (e,g.,
cadmium, nitrales and seleninm) lIIld compoonds cuusing
photosensitivity," Brush olso competes with grasses on
range Innd lIIld aggravates drought conditions by druwillg
water from lower depths, thus exhousting the subsoil
water rcserves, Since most of an animal's wcight gain
results from converted forage, compclition by woody
plants reduces cmeiency of land utiliZlltion by ruminants
and ellll detrllct from soil and wnler conservntion.1I
NonfOllll herbicide use includes elimioolion of lIuisunce
plants (e,g" poison ivy, a dcfinite heallh hazard) from
park, yard or garden areas and control of weeds in lawns.
Modem commercial chemical treatroent procedures
minimize the homeowner's lobor involved in lawn upkecp
through the ase of hcrbicides, fertilizers, plllllt growth
regulotors lIIld insecticides.
Fungicides help com bot varioas plant discuses. These
diseases have been serious problems for mankind's
survivallhronghout hislory." Wheat rust fungi caused
many of history's famines and, ontil reeently, only tile
development of resistanl varieties could combat the rusts,
Scentists have now developed fungicides against them,
making it possible to conlrol the discuses during Ihe
growiog scuson by spraying Ihe crops,u
The potato famine in Ireland was cnused by the lale blight
fungas Phylophrhora infesrans, From 1845 to 1851, it
destroyed thc poL1to crop, causing an estimated one
million people to die of starvation and forcing anolher
million 10 emigratc, Now, in addition to resislllllt varic-
tics, fungicides arc avnilable 10 control tllC blighl."
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Prcvention of seed dccay is critical for good crop yields,
particularly when cool wcatller delays germinntion.
Commercial seed producers use fungicidc seed protcctants
which allow farmers to planl curlier and take advantage of
tile fovorable moislUre conditions usually prevniling at tile
13
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< ,~I , ~t. ....' ,.,_1, ,~. \, '-, .. ,:'1
,\
beginning of the growing season. In addition, early
planting allows the usc of higher-yielding 10llg-seasoll
hybrids and utilizes soil nitrogen more efficielltiy.
Cilrus fruits can be aUUcked by discases ofter harvest-
for example, blue mold of oranges. This post-harvest
decay is now largely prevenUlble by mold inhibitors
applied by "dipping" the fruit 01 the packing plnnL
Rodenticides control rats alld mice in food handling
esUlblishments, homes, faclories, warehouses and wher-
ever thesc rodents arc nuisances, More than 200 diseasc-
causing microorganisms, parasitic worms and insects arc
associated with rats and mice," including plague, lepto-
spirosis and murine typhus. Rats plunder one-fifth of the
world's crops each year and arc occurately called "man's
worst enemy."" Sanitation and security ploy a key role ill
rodent control in tempcrate urban areas, but when access
to food cannot be denied, rodenlicides are asually needed.
In die tropics or in rural areas, where rats food directly on
crops like rice in the field or on food spilled by domestic
animals, rodenticides often prove the critical component
of an integrated program to conlrul rut populntions.
Nematieides controlncmatodes, small hair-like wonns,
many of which live in the soil and feed on plant roots,
Practically all pincopples must be treated with a nemati-
cidal fumiganL and soybeans, even those resistuntlo
nematodes, can produoo much higher yields with help
from nemalieides in nematode infested soil,
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Antimicrobial sanilizcrs and disillfectunts reduce ~ie
namber of po tho genic orgonisms to non-hal.urdous levels
on hard sarfaces like floors, walls and eountertops in food
service establishments and hospiUlls.17 Phannaceutieal,
medicnl device, food and cosmetic manufactarers also use
hard surface disinfooUlnts for general saniUllionto control
product contamination by microbes.
Cold slerilonts or chemoslerilizers arc a class of hospiUlI-
use antimicrobial products thai slerilize medical inslru-
melllS used in or onlhe human bedy, Unlike hard surface
disinfectunts which reduce microbes to safe levels, cold
sterilant formulations arc designed to eliminate bacteria
and their spores plus viruses and fUllgi widlin a specified
time,
A third cluss of hospital-use antimicrobial products
14
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III ,Ii,' ". -.-".;1 _''-'_ , ,
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includes IDpical antiseptics, presurgical hand scrubs aod
antibiotic drugs which arc designed 10 kill microbes on
or in the homoo body. Thesc antimicrobials arc not
regulaicd as pesticides but ore controlled by the requirc-
ments of the U.S Food and Drug Administrution (FDA).
industrinl biocides are antimicrobials used ID inhibit
growth of algoc and other microbes in boilers and
cooling IDwcrs. Commodity preservatives inhibit
microbial dcgrudolion of many household or commercial
products. (Food preservativcs are not considered to be
pcslicides bul arc FDA -regulated as food odditives.)
Attractants coo be ased to trap pes~, For cxamplc,
phcromoncs arc scx attractaots that lure adnltmnlc gypsy
moths, pink bollwonns and bark beetlcs 10 traps contain-
ing insecticides. Insect repellents help peoplc working
oaldoors 10 keep mosquitoes, gnats and blnck files away.
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Defoliants assistthc harvest of crops like COIIOII,
soybeans or lomoloes by causing OIC Icaves 10 drop off
thc plants, Desiccants specd up thc drying of ploot puns
ID aid the harvest of seed crops such as alfalfa, clover,
sorghum, potatoes, dry beans and nurscry slack, These
"harvest aids" assist fanncrs by simplifying mechanical
harvesting, killing wceds, reducing disease or insect
populations alld reducing Ihc moisture conicnt of seed.
Tennites and rooehes coo be killed by desiccant dusts
blown into tlleir hobitats, TIlc powders erode the wax
laycr inlhe cuticle ood pennit dryillg of body fluids, The
insects Ihen die of dchydrolion.
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Plnnl growth regulators slimulnle or reduce growth,
flowering or fruiting during thc production of fruits and
nn~, vine ood small fruits, vegetables nnd field crops,
Sprout inhibitors are growlh rcgululors applied to onions
UlId potatoes to prcvcnt sprouling during sloruge, Inseet
grolVlh regulalors like synthetic juvenilc hormone
prevent insccts from molting into ndult stagcs. Inability
10 reproduce leads to pCsl populntion declines.
Synergists are substances which enhance tlle effecl of
other pesticides wilhout neeessarily having inhcrent pest
killing properties tllcmsclves. Antitranspirants reduce
water loss ood thus prevcnt winler damagc and maintnin
color in evergreens nlld prevenllleedlc drop in Christmas
trees,
/sst,
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\. ,~.., ,-{"M "_: ~'" "~!,!_' .,.:
Birds and fish seem unlikely to be "pests" but occasion-
ally the use of pesticides (nvicides llIld p~cicides,
res~tively) may be re<Juired to control excessive
populations. Loss of jet aircraft alld human life hns
occurred because of coll~ions with birds during Iakeoff
llIld landing; therefore, bird control and monagement must
be practiced in these arcus,"
Pigeon nesting and droppiogs can lead to property
detcrioratiolllllld the birds crcute public hculth problems
"unmatched by any other bird s~ies. "" Pigeons carry
or llllnsmit ornithosis, ~Imonellosis, coccidiosis and
Newcastle disease, They also carry ectoparasites, many
of which bile man,
The sea lamprey greally reduced the lake trout populolion
in the Great Lakes, but with the use of the peslic'ide TFM
(3-trilluoromelhyI4-lIitrophenol), the parasitic eel has
been held ill check and the fish bnve reboanded.w '[',"0
decades after the trout had disuppeared from Lake
Ontario, researchers delCCled fingerlings in 19~;;, evi.
dence thot hntchery lake trout slocked inlo the lake were
mature und able to produce offsprillg, 'I
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PART 2, TOXICITY AND HUMAN
HEALTH
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Given the widesprcud ulility of pesticides in controlling
insects, wecds, plnnt diseases, rodents and other nui-
SlU1Ces, how Cllll much controversy exist about them? Arc
these benefits not sufficient to show the value of pesti-
cides? The llIlswer hinges on consideration of the toxicity
of pesticides to hamans and the effect of pesticides on the
environmen~ These issues arc considered here (toxieily)
llIld in Part 4 (environment) of this bookle~
Unlike most o~ler subsll1nces, pesticides arc designed to
kill pests and must be loxie to ~lem 10 work, A few
peslicides are toxic to ncurly allllllimal and plant life,
such as fumigants used to eliminate insects and rodents
from buildings, vehicles and grain slorage conll1iners,
Mosl modem pesticides, however, arc relatively s~ifie
because their primary toxic effects are directed only 10
target species, For insumce, under nonnal conditions of
use, phelloxy herbicides kill most brondleaf plants but do
16.
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not adversely affect gmin crops, grosses, insects or
rodents.
Toxicity to lIIlimals, plllllts, or humlllls COli be acute or
chronic. Acule toxicily refers 10 the dUl1lage a subsumcc
con do as a rcsult of a single eXpOsure to relatively large
UI1Iounts of the mnteriol. Chronic toxicity dcscribes the
obilily of a substance to couse damage as a rcsult of many
repealed exposures during a prolonged period of time to
relatively low levels of the mOlerial, Toxicity can arise
from dermal (skin) contact, ingestion (oral), or illhaloOon,
Tobie 3 prcsents the fonr calegories used 10 dcscribe tile
acute toxicily of pesticides. Eye exposure to some
chemicals mny be potentiolly hozardous, but eye dUl1lage
is usunlly due to the local irritant properties of the sub.
Slance rather thnn its systemic toxicily.
"
Acute loxieity of any given pcslicide is one mcusure of
the inherent toxicity of the subslllllce and deponds
primarily on the amonnl (dose) ond Ihe test orgonism
receiving iL In Contrast to all other factors" (e,g., sex,
age, nUlrition, roule of exposnre, specics lIIld tempem.
ture), "the dosoge of any eompoand always is decisive in
delCllI1Iining its effeel,"" lIIld this dosnge.response rein.
tionship constitulcs "the most important siogle principie
inIOxicology." A suffieientiy large dosage of lIIl ordinar.
ily hlllll1l1ess mnterial is fntal, yet a sufficientiy small
dosage of the mosl virulent poison may be without effect,
For every compound, "dosage can make the difference
bclween hculth and dealh," As the sixteelllh eelllury Swiss
physician Paracelsus wrOle: "Whol is Ihere tilllt is not
poisoll? All tilings are poison and nOlhing (is) WWIOUt
poison. Solely the dose delermines that a Ihillg is IIOt a
poison. n~
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TIle omlor dermal dose of a Subslnnee capnble of causing
death (Ielhal dose) in 50 percent of a groap of Jaberntory
animals is called the LD '" For inhalution toxicilY, ielhal
dose mcnsurements arc givell in unils of air cOlleenlmlioll
such as milligmms per Iiler (mgIL), ieading 10 the desig.
nation LC ". Although the LD lO and LC lO arc crude
mcusurcs of acule toxicity and different sJlCliies of
lIIlimals mny hnve differenl susceptibililics to a substance,
tilcy provide a scale by which Ihe ncUlC human toxicity of
a substance can be roughly eSlimnted, TIle LD lO is
usually expressed as tile omount of Subslllllce ndmilli.
slcred (ill milligmms) divided by Ihe weight of tile animal
Icsted (in kilograms), or mg/kg, The 10IVer Ihe LD "or
LC lO vaiuc, the lIIore toxic the malerial is to Ihe tcst
17
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LABEL REQUIREMENTS
CATEGORIES
SIGNAL WORD REQUIRED
ON THE LABEL
TABLE 3
CATEGORIES OF TOXICITY
CATEGORIES OF ACUTE TOXICITY
LDM LCM
DERMAL INHALATION
maiko maIL
LDM
ORAL
mg/kg
o thru 50
o thru 200
o thru 0,2
I . Highly Toxic
DANGER. Skull and
crossbones
POISON
WARNING
from 50 thru 500
from 200 thru 2,000
from 0.2thru 2
II. Modefalely Toxic
III. Slighlly Toxic
CAUTION
ffom 500 thru 5,000 ffom 2,000 thru 20,000
greater than 5,000 gfealef than 20,000
from 2.0 thru 20
greater than 20
IV. Relatively Non.toxic CAUTION
. Ad'pled from 40 Codo 01 Fodoral Rogua/lIons 162,10(hI(1)
,....--.
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Thc interspccics differencc in toxicity exploins why a
f givcn concentration nf an insecticide spray or dust is Icthal
to insccts bat harmlcss to hamans, Thc tremendous
i difrercnce in body wcight between illsects and largcr
,
I animals or humans also provides protection since a larger
,
, individual can tolcralc greater amoants of a toxicant than
I
smnll insects, There is a1wnys a need to kecp any chemi.
, cal away from children, who are both smoller and gencr-
I ally mOlC scnsitive than adults to toxicants. For cxtll1lplc,
common U1ble suIt can be lethnlto small childrell; tile
LV lO is 3 g/kg and a lethnl dose for a onc-ycar-old child is
,
I about two tablespoonfuls,u
I
Chronic loxicity ariscs from long term or repcated
I
I exposure to a sabslance and agoin depcnds on thc dosc and
test orgonism, but it also depends on tile duration of
i exposure to the toxic agent, Chrollic cffects range from
!
t relatively mild irritation to serioas, Iife-Ihrcatellillg
, "
" disease,
I
I Extcnsive tcsting of new pcslieide ingredients by Iheir
\
manufacturers and years of expcrience witilOut significant
. ., adverse hcalth effects for esUlblished products provide
i
., . reassuring data indicating that serious chronic effects are
I II not overlonked, Nevcrtheless, scientists conlinuc to study
,
i thc toxicity of pesticides 10 determine whether allY ansus. '1
, I;
pccted chronic erfects exisL The sUlndard for pesticidc I
safety is a maximum residue at least 10.100 times below
tho exposure foand not to cause adversc effects in test
animals. For carcinogens (canccr.eausing agents),thc
safety factor "will vary depcnding onn voriety of factors,"
but ror watcr qualilY crileria tile estimated incre~sed
\ lifetimc cancer risk nllowed is less than 0,0/ %. This
SUlndard mcans there is 10,000 times more risk from other
I' unavoidnble causes of cancer than from cxposure 10 the
" subsUlnce,"
,.
"
,
I
I Used properly, pcsticides are sufc and effectivc in control.
\ ling the pests for which they arc intended, Of tile approxi.
\ mately 4,500 lethal poisonings in Ihe U,S, each yeur, only
about 25 (0,6%) are altributed 10 agricullaral chemicals,
However, accidcnts and errors can happen, so knowledge
I
I about how to deal wilh pcsticide cxposare is esscntinl (sec
I Part 5, following),
TIlc pwple at grcatest risk from exposure 10 pesticides arc
\ Id~
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gencrally those who work with Ihem, Potential occupa,
tionol exposure 10 pesticidcs occurs during the preparn-
tion, shipmcnl ond slomge of the pesticidc's nctive
ingredient or during thc measuring, mixing alld use
of the producl by the pesticide applientor, Manufac.
turers of pesticides arc wellnware of the risks of
acute and chronic toxicily, so they providc engi.
neering controls, employee trainillg nnd worker
protective equipment to nssure safe hondling of their
products, Based on scientific studics, medical rec.
ommendations alld government regulatory require.
ments (see Par! 3, next), labeling is prepared by the
manuf.lelurer to guide pesticide uscrs in the snfe nod
proper use of Ihe product. As new informalion is
collected, thc lobel is ehonged as lIeeded to provide
the latest, mosl accurate instructiolls 10 pesticide
users and to the public. Alllnbels must be reviewcd
and approved by the U.S, Ellvironmental Protee.
tion Agency (EpA), according to its regulalions.27
Despitc Ihis syslematic ond logical procedure, cOlltrover.
sics somelimes nr/se over porticular peslicides, especially
whcn a human cancer risk is suggested bused on an effect
observed in nn onimnl study or a laboralory tesl proce.
durc. Thc accusation is oflenmade Ihotlhe peslicidc
should be entirely ballned because exposure 10 evenlhc
smallest amoam of Ihe prodaet could couse human
cancer, Evell "onc moleculc" is said to bc cnpable of
producing a eancer.enusing (carcinogeuic) eITect; that is,
dlere is nssumed 10 be no "Ihreshold" or minimum toxic
dosc for any carcinogcn,
This "110 dlfeshold" proposilon CllllnOI wilhsumd sciea.
tifie scrutiny, People arc conslnntiy cxposed to enrcillo-
gells from nail/rat sonrces, such us dIe minute traces of
mold loxills ill peanut bUller, nuts and grain produCIS, as
wcllus ehemicais fo""ed from burnt or browned cooked
foods such as mea~.n Thesc nalurul carcinogens exist in
amoun~ alld relulive pOleacics far grelller dlllll tile
pesticidc'reslducs thai may be presclIl ill hamnn food,
Therc is no cvidcncc of a "cancer epidcmie" eilher from
peslicides or from Ihcse nUlural dielllry emcinogens,n As
onc toxicologist cxplained,thc infensibilily of Ihe one.
hit/one.moleculc modcl for corcinogClls is shown by dlc
obscrvalionthm if il werc true, "it is difficult 10 under.
slnnd how anyonc could escape multiple eancers,lI1nch
Icss one cancer,". AIIOlhcr loxicologist explains dlllt
dlfcshold levels arc "biologicul facts" aad dmt ncver hus
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I the absence of a threshold been demonsl1lllCll. On !he
\
I contrary, concenl1lltions ore known at which compounds
,
i wi!h even !he highesl biological activilY are inactive, such
i us !he beneficial viuunins D or BIl and injurious sub.
I
i stances botalillum toxin or lCtnlchlorodibenzodioxin
I (TeDD or "dioxill" us il is usually described in thc
,
I
I popalar press), 11 There is no chemical or o!her scicntific
I reason to suppose !hol a difference in !hc dosage.response
I relationship betwccn bencficial and hannfal compounds
i or notural and synthClie sabstaOces exists, In addition,
i
\ !he concept of a single molecule of curcinogen causing a
malignanl transfonnation of a cell which devclops into a
full.blown conccr ignores "all !he fandamental principles
I of cell biology.'''
i
These obscrvations sevcrcly wcukcn thc "no !hreshold"
I
,
I concept of concer causalion und support !he gencmliza,
\ tion!hal no animal could survive on curth "if it wcre not
, \ copable of handling small amounts of a wide variety of
I foreign chemicals. 11 is only when we overwhelm !he
natural defense mechanisms of our bodies. by takillg 100
much alone time, or too much 100 often, thai we gel into
trouble.'''
I
i EPA regalalory requircmcnts (scc Part 3, next) sCl
!
I maximum tolerances for pesticidc residues and establish ,
use requirements for pesticide appliealions to limit food I
I residaes 10 troce OI1Ioants far below the loweslloxic level
I found in animal sludies, Despite Ihese stringenl controls,
,
the quCSlion ns to whnl happens 10 an individunl after
exposure 10 a very low dose of a chemical remains an
unsettled "primc issue" concerning agricullural chemi.
eals. One expert bclicves !hat if this issue coald be
resolvcd, "much, if not all, of thc controversy involving
!he use of toxic chemicals would quickly disappear.''''
To propcrly eslimate human chronic toxieilY hazards for
pesticides alrcady in use, the best population 10 sludy is
not laboratory rats or in vitro (lest lube) labornlory
experiments, bul workers who face occupational exposure
\ to !he substances, usunlly illllluch grcnler qunntilies and
for longer periods lhnn consumers woald evcr experience
from residaes, Based on this information, "if Ole people
"
I receiving lhe hcaviesl exposurc during lhe application of
, a pesticide show no iII.cffeets, tllcn it is extrcmely im.
I probable thnl Olose absorbing minute traces in food will
\ suffer any iII.effects.""
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Unfortunotely, persistent pnblie concern over chemicnl
residues in foods remnins." As one top food safety
officinl at the FDA said, "Most people don'l renlize how
safe the food supply is from 0 ehemienl point of view.
They don't rculize thot virtuolly every person who hos
studied the food sapply in recent ycurs hos come to the
conclusion thOI, with cnocer, for example, ehemicols in
food play only a minor role in the risk forcnocer ",""
The general pablie's fear of mon,made chemical carcino-
gens could well be a rcsult of the anscielltific preseotation
of the rcsults of loxicology studies to the public by
regnlatory ogencies, Sensalionnlized distribution of the
inaecurnle infonnalion by the news medio compounds the
problem. One Notiollnl !leSCUfeh Council committee
noted thai "our prcsent understanding of the mechonisms
of cancer development does not pennit us 10 draw reliable
numerical inferences from the kind of laboratory data
nonnallyavailable," It odded thot namcrical cstimates of
humno cnocer incidcllee "are often misused" by EpA ill
its pesticide regulatory decisions,"
I,
The Sociely of Toxicology Tnsk Force of Past Prcsidents
echoed these concerns whcn il slated that "inoppropriote
scielllifie evalualions" were mode by the FDA in its 1970
bun of an arlificiol sweetener," The Task Force con.
cluded its report with the obscrvalion thai "ideally,
regulatory aeliolls shoald be defcnsible on tile basis of
scientific prillciplcs," bUI when actiollS are ilIken "for
nonscientific (e.g., socio.economie or polilical) reasons ."
thc action should not be dcfended on a
pUl]lortedly scientific bosis."
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One author prepared an extensive overview of "regulalory"
science nod the foulty decisions arising from it,,,
Her annlysis documents Ihe serious effects of misguided
und misreprcsellled scicnce, Recognizing timt regulolory
agencies arc polilical bedics sabjeel to "nonscientific
reasons" for Iheir aClion,\we now review their role in
evnluating and controlling pesticides.
. 22
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PART 3, PESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT
AND REGULATION
The Eovironmental Proteclion Agency (EPA) regulates
pcslicide produelS according to the Fede(ullllseClicide
Fungicide and Rodenlicide Act (FIFIlA). The regulntions
(40 CFR purlS 152-180) set forth extensive controls dmt
affect dIe research, development, distribulion, promotion,
handling, slorage, disposal ond use of pesticide prodnclS.
Early research involves screening new chemicul com.
poands for biologicul nctivity and toxicologicul effect.
Outdoor testing for effeetiveness is performed initially on
small plOlS, Long teon toxicology stadies arc conducted
to test for cellular or tissue obnormulilY, illness, cancer,
birth defeclS (teratogenesis) or matalions in laboratory
animuls.
Field sludies under actual forming conditions arc con-
ducted according to an EPA.grnnted Expcrimental Use
Permit (EUP). To receive an EUP, Ihe applicant mast
submit resallS from toxicology teslS and sludies done in
smnll test plolS, along wi!h plalls for the proposed tesl and
a label for use of !he product. If crops treoted under !he
EUP arc to be marketed, then adcqaote hcalth and sarely
data mast be submitted to EPA wilh a petition requesting
a temporary tolerance. (If the temporary tolerance is not
granted, the crops must be destroyed after !he field teslS
arc complete,)
i
Tolerances arc levels of ngrichemicals allowed to remain
in food for human eonsumplion or feed for livestock at
!he time the crop is harvesled, EP A selS tolerances after
public review and comment, then die FDA and olher
agencies enforce dlese tolerances on food and feed in
commerce.
Residue levels in crops arc determined through field leslS,
Safety of the levels is demonstraled by !he toxicity daUl
from animal fccding studies, A No Observable Adverse
Effect Level (NOAEL) is determined to be the level al
which !he chemical has no harmful effect on !he most
sensitive test nnimal, By dividing Ihe NOAEL by a sufety
ractorofup to 100 or more, an Aceeptable Daily Intake
(AD!) is esUlblished. Ep A plans 10 replace dIe AD! and
implement a "reference dose" (RfD) approoch 10 rcuch
I
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regulutory decisions about the significance of chemical
exposures."
Afler the above studies and evaluations of the pesticide
arc completed (aboat five to seven years), the registmtion
package is snbmitted to EPA. Scientists within EPA
review the submitted documents and evalualC Ihe
pesticide's ecological effects, residue data and toxicology
studies,
Agency officials mast coosider the benefits of Ihe
peslieide in comparison to its potential aeate, chronic und
environmelltal risks, Fecdback from the public, Congress
and industry assists the agency in its evaluation-ijthe
feedback is infonned und reusooable, Otherwise, "when
evellts move oat of the realm of science und into the
realm of public emolion, sciellce may become fore-
closed,''' Althoagh EPA's review process und criteria
under F1FRA may be for from pcrfect" the system works
best when science, not hysteria, is the basis for regulatory
decisions,
Most form chemicals und home use pesticides ore
"general use" products; thot is, they can be used safely by
anyone who follows label directions, However, some
chemicnls ore classed as "restricted use" pesticides, TIley
are only sold to und used by "certified applicntors," .
persons who satisfy EPA und state tralning requirements,
"!lestricted use" pesticides are not considered suitable for
use by the general public; that is, the label instructions
alone are not considered adequate to assure safe and
proper use for restriclCd ase pesticides,
If Ep A accepts the registration forthe product, then the
final rules 011 die registmdon and uny tolerunce petition
are published in the Federal Register. At this point, the
lobel of the pesticide becomes a legal documenl, und ony
deviations from the instructions on dlO label, allless
provided for by the law (e,g., speciollocalneed und
emergency cxemptions, see below), subjectlhe pesticide
user to civil und criminal penalties. Note thnllhe legnl
requirement to follow Ihe label governs the nse of 01/
peslicides, whcdler gcneral or reslriclCd use.
Once the new pesticide is approved by Ep A and begins to
be used according to die label, farther research will
continue to uncover odler major uses of the product.
Each new use of or additional pest cOlltrolled by the
24
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pcslicide requires further review and occepulIlcc by EPA
before it can be added 10 the pesticide lobel.
Often, the potelllial morket for a product is 100 small to
justify Ole moonfaclurer's time and expense to gnin EPA
approval for use 011 small acreage crops or localized pests,
fIlFRA provides for Special Local Need (SLN) RegisLrn-
tionlO cover sach Iimiled situations and permits un
individual state 10 allow the use ofEPA regislered pesti-
cides for specific purposes within thot state under a permit
which becomes part of Ole labeling.
In addilion, FIFRA Sectioll18 allows emergency exemp-
tions for new agricultural pests or diseoses for which no
EP A opproved pesticide is available for COlltrOI. An
emergency exemption is grunted ooly uoder highly
restricted conditions including Iimiled time, precisely
defined area und rigid use restrictions.
Clearly, pesticides are pervasively regulated, and approval
of a new pesticide is not simple, inexpensive or fOSL Data
submilled to EPA in support of a typical new agricultural
chemical cun represelll as much as 25 millioll dollors of
cost and more than seven years of labcrnlOry, field, und
evironmentaltesling-un invesLrnent which callnot be
recovered unless und unlil EPA approves the peslieide,
The review of a regisLrntion document by EPA Iypically
requires about three years for new pesticides; thus, the
IOtaltime involved in development of the new product is
about 10 years from initialtcsting 10 final morkCling
opprovnl, a considerable period of time,
"
.j
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The developmem of peslicides operales on a progressive
testing system which eliminales lorge numbers of candi-
date eompoands during the inilial years of toxicological
testing. The slndy costs for these rejected substances must
be included ill the expenses pesticide manufacturers hope
eventually to recover through approval of new products,
Due to incrcased risk arising out of increasingly stringellt
requirements, new pesticide development is now primarily
feasible ollly for the largest companies and for pesticides
having wide agriculturalmorkets,
Do we really need new peslicides? Are present pesticides
"poisoning the environment" so Oint more of them would
make things worse? The environmental issues relnled 10
pesticides will now be considered,
II
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PART4. PESTICIDE ISSUES
Persistence
Most pesticidcs arc non-persistent and arc dcgraded fairly
rapidly (a few wceks or less) by sunlight. soil microorgan-
isms and moislurc, so thcy do not remain in thc cnviron-
mcnt for extellded periods. A few pcstieides- for
exam pic, some organochlorine insecticides-arc consid-
ered persistent bcenuse they mainlainlhcir pcsticidol
poleney for somc time after application. This oneil
represents an advantage in thol fewcr opplicolions arc
needed. Costs for labor and matcrinls can be lower
compared to more frequcnt opplications of rapidly
degradnblc pesticides.
Fnlldumental to the issuc of persistence arc thc toxicity
and utility of the pesticide. For cxample, the organo-
chlorinc illseclicides have been rouodly criticized for their
persistence; howevcr, they arc genernlly less toxic than
many other inseclicides, particularly in their loxicity
toward mammals, including humans.
.i
For exomple, two insecticidcs are used commonly in
ttopicol areas against mosquitoes to combat molaria, thc
persistent organochlorinc OOT nnd thc non-persistenl
orgonophosphale malathioll. .. DOT is very stablc and
may remain active against insects for up to a year,
n1though normnlly ODT is applicd as a residunl spray
twice a year to Ihe indoor sarfoces of houses for mosqaito
conlro\' Its toxicily to man is very low, Like organo-
phosphotcs ill general, mnlathion is more volalile than
OOT WId ilS active lifc is shorter (34 months average
residual action) for indoor application, Malalhlon, mllike
most other organophosphates, is relalively low in humWl
toxicity but some formulotions undergo chemical dcgra-
dation during storage under ttopicnl conditions rcsulting
in a much highcr toxicity d!Un cxpecled. Thus, even with
malathion, very sttict safety ptecaalions should bc
observed.
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The applicUlion of malathion is aboat five times as expcn-
sive as ODT nnd thc human snfety edge, if any, for mos-
quito eonttol is on dlc sidc of Ihe persistent DOT, not the
dcgradable maladlion, TIIC low cost and slUbilily of the
orgnnochlorine insecticides sach as DOT,lindane and
'.
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dieldrin are "precisely the reason why they have been
such aseful pcsticides in Ole lasl35 years and the main-
stay of vector,control programs.""
Persistence is essential for certain applications where
frequellt, repcnted oppliCOlions ore not desirable, Since
termites arc relenOess destroyers of wood, persistent
pcsticides are the preferred trcolmellt to protect homes
and farm buildings from deslruction.
Biomagnilication
A commollly held belief is thot some pesticides biomag-
nify as one proceeds up the food chain as, for example,
from algae to plonktonic crustaceans in small fish to
larger fish to predatory birds or mammals. The consump-
tion of low levels of peSlicides within eoch prey animal
was presumed responsible for increascd amoants in
higher predators.
Careful research has revealed that this phcnomenon is
uncommon in nalure lIIld that pesticide concentrations in
predators have little to do wilh biomagnificalion (ill-
creased pesticide levels) ap the food chnin." As one
review article" stated, "The popular conceplioll of food
chain biomagnificntion of chemical eoouuninanls is not
well substantinted," lIIld "the role of biomagnifiealion has
recently becll minimized as a sigllificant contribation to
the accumalation of residues." AnoOlerreviewer"
concluded similarly: "biomagoifieUlion of contaminllllls
is aot a dramalic phenomenon inmnrine and freshwater
food webs," He continued, "Most of the evidence for'the
existence or nonexistence of biomagnifieation wilhin
aquatic food webs has come from highly circumstantial
and/or marginolly relevant data."
For most pesticides, their presence in the environment is
shorl compared to Ole growing lime of mosl orgnnisms,
In fact, they are designed not to biomognify; hence, bio-
magnification is not even a Iheoretical problem.
Wildlife Effects
One important result of modem agricultare, including the
nse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, is grealer
prodl/ctivity per ucrc. Modem farmers cnn produce much
IIwre tllan tlleir predecessors and require less acreage to
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do it. This situation releases land for other uses including
consccvntion for wildlifc hnbilUt UlId humoll recreation
snch lIS camping, hiking, bird-watching, ele. Under less
productive agricultural methods, morc lond must be
utilizcd for farming-to Ihe dctriment of other lund uses.
Thc presumed detrimentul effect of pcslicides 011 wildlife
(e,g., as cxpressed in Silenl Spring by Rachel Carson) hos
been widely accepted by the public bat locks scientific
supporL (Ileduction in wildlifc population is genernlly
duc to habilUt destruction, overfishing und similar
faclors,) In fact, onc aathor slUled, "Wildlifc populnlions
allover thc notion arc biggcr and healthier than cver, not
in spite of pesticides, but in mUllY cases because of
thcm."" He cited surveys by fish nnd gnme authorities
who reported widespread and increased obundonce of
woterfowI, deer, small and big gnme compared to decades
ago before widespread use of pesticides,
The possible environmenlUl effects of the pest 10 be
controllcd shoald not be ignored when wcighing the
overnll environmcnlUl impact of 0 pesticide treatment.
For exomple, imported f[e unts "arc highly competitive
pests" which destroy "both harmful ond beneficinl
species"" in addition 10 the effect of thcir painful slings
on unimals und mun,
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Resistance
ResislUnce of pcsts to peslicidcs is often used as un
argument against pesticides and for Ihe "notural is bcller"
philosphy of pest control. AClanlly, proper control of
pests requires a more comprehensive vicw, Somc
pesticides cvoke resislUnce problems but cun still bc
suitable for use in specific situaliens; conversely, other
less resislUnce prone peslicides CUll still lead 10 serious
resislUnce in cerlUin uses, "Consequently, resislUnce risk
Clln only be lISSesSed rcalisticnlly in actual, complex
situations,"ll nol on on oversimplified, chemicnl by
chemical basis,
A recent review stated thnt, allhongh the basic principles
of rcsislUnce management apply 10 allmojor classes of
pests (insects, fungi, weeds and rodents), "sweeping gen-
eralizations about the applicablilily or feasibilily of
specific tactics arc nOI juslified:ll The review lists 15
IUclics for resislUnCe managmenl and rules their
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saitubility. Four methods are lOp rated as "very useful,
gellernlly supported by laborntory datu and/or field experi-
ence" for resistance control for single pesl classes, These
include using local rather than arcnwide applicntions (in-
sccticides), fewer or less frequent opplicotions (fungi-
cides), using less persistenl pesticides (herbicides), and
improved pesticide formulotion technology (rodenticide
boits),
However,two rcsistance mOllUgement methods have lop
ratillgs for all four classes: (1) n1lernation, rOllltion or
sequenccs of peslicide application alld (2) discovery and
development of new pesticidcs. The development of new
peslicides is villlllo continued pest control. Unfortu-
lIUtely, pesticide developmeot is cosily and slow (see
Part 3).
!:
One concern is the possible creation of "super pcsts" over
time through development of rcsistant slmins. Actually,
pesticide rcsistance often carries some defieiellcies in
filness, vigor, behavior or reproductive potential which
make the resislllnt pest more sllSceptible to other control
mcusurcs," For example, resistanl insects and miles mast
bo at a reproductive disadvantage inlhe absence of
peslieides or else resistance alleles (variants of a gene)
would be more common prior to selection, Similarly,
rcsislllnce allelcs are usuolly delelerious for rodents in the
absence of artificial selection with pesticides, In olher
words, Ihe lmit permilting rcsislllnee may be at Ihe detri-
melllof another trait more typical for the pesl population
as a whole." 11IUS, rCSistanl populations may bo con-
trolled with a less potent but more specific pesticide than
the one to which resistance has developed,
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Beneficial Species
Pcslicides are criticized because they cnn kill bellefieial
species along with the undesirable ones, PredOlors alld
parasitcs arc often portrayed as an efficient and ideal
mc.1ns to kccp pest prey in check. Unforlunately, such
"biological controls" are neilher consistent nor predielllble
cnough to adequately control pests except in a few
isolated cnscs, T.H.e, Tnyior, a scienlisl known for
successfully introdacing biocontrol ofpcst insecls to the
islnnd of Fiji in lile 1930s, concluded Ihat biological
control wns the bost of all controlmelilOds when ilworked
butlhat it seldolllworkedl"
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Insecticides create little or no hazard to beneficial insects
in mnny situations because few beneficial specics, if any,
are presenL When insecticidcs arc used to control house-
hold, structural and industrial pests alld when they are
applied directiy to cOlitrol insects on host onimals, harm
10 beneficial insects is rarely an issue,"
Predators are commonly given general credit for control-
Hog rodent populations, bat "the revcrse is more accu-
rate";" thnt is, the prey species must incrense before the
predntor population can coteh up and control the prey.
Poison baits uSUlllly reduce rodent populotions much
more effectively than predators, For exomple, the
average cat kills only nboal25 to 30 rats a year-far
100 few to affect n colony's numbers."
Farmers must denl wilh the whole pcst piclure when
selecting conlrol melhods to protect their crops, If a
farmer is eonfronled with three pests, coch of which call
devastale his crop, he may hove to spray against all three,
even if one wos beillg controlled by predatory illsects
which the spray will harm.
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Pesticide Residues
As anolyticul methods arc devcloped and improved,
identification and measurement of smoller and smnller
amounts of pesticidcs, pesticide metabolites alld other
truce chemicnls become possible. Since the 1950s,
analytical detectability hos advanced frommierogram
(10.6 g,) to nanogram (lO" g,) to even plcogram (1O.1l g.)
UI1Iounts. As a result, rcsidues previously reporled in the
ports per million (lO'~ range arc now measurable in parts
per billion (lO") or even parts per trillion (10.1l) concentra-
tions.
With such ineredibly minute qunntities now being detect-
able, pcstieides and otiler chemicals cnn be found nlmost
anywhere in the environmenl, food, water or human or
animallissues, This 100 often results in fears of tile "pesti-
cide eonL1mination" of tile earth and in calls for more re-
strictions or bans on chemicals ... a kind of "toxic terror,""
TIle ability to detect, however, has 110 relntion to the
biological effects of subslllnces; that is, "residues only
matter if they affect organisms,"60 As mentioned previ-
ously in Part 2, prcsence of minute pesticide qunntitics or
other substances rurely presenls even tile slightesl risk 10
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hamUlI henlth. Sillce any biological effcct is related 10 the
size of the residues, the environment is similarly unuf.
fecled by minule residues, The extellsivc testing of and
occupationol exposure to much higher pesticide levels
clearly demOnSlrll1C the lock of risk from miniscule
amoullts of these molerials.
Indeed, some argument con be mode that small amoullts of
toxic subslllnces are of tell beneficial, accordillg 10 the
concept of honnesis61 or "sufficient challenge."" It hns
been observed repeatedly in animnl studies thot the low
dose animnls often appear to be in beuer condition thllll
the control (110 dose) lIIlimals, e,g" by living longer, being
larger, having fewer lumors, ele, The phenomellon of
safficient challenge was saggesled in the bistoric "mego.
mouse" study conducted by the National Cellter for Toxi-
cologicnl Reseurch (NCTR), which was reviewed by a
Special Commiuee of the Sociely of Toxicology. The
sludy used 24,000 mice exposed to various amounts of the
cun:illogen 2-acetylaminoOuorene (AAF), The Society's
review noted thnt the results suggested "stalistically
significant evidence thot low doses of a carcinogen are
beneficial" lIIld dmt if the extrapelation models arc
corrcct, "we musl conclude that low doses of AAF
protected the lIIlimnls from bladder tumors"'3 (emphasis
added),
Groundwater Pollution
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Groulldwater pollutioll rarely occurs when pesticides arc
properly applied, Groandwaler is particularly criticnl for
agriculturnl opplications: neurly 70% of it is used annunlly
is for agrieullurnl irrigatioa," Obviously, farmers have a
strong incentive 10 avoid peisoning dleir oIVn water
sourccs, Contamination of neighboring groundwaler
subjccts a cureless pesticide applicalor to civil and
criminal penalties plus lawsuits for damages,
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Trace amounts ofpeslicides have been delecled in
groulldwaler, but this fundamental queslion has 10 be
addrcssed: Arc the trace amounts deteeled loxic 10
humlllls or animals or otherwise detrimental to Ihe use of
the groundwater? Unfortunately, the "sophistication of
present.dny analytical medlOds may have oalstripped our
ability 10 intel]lret whatlhey reveal, our ability 10 deter.
mine the significance of low.concentrations (sic) of
contaminants on the environment and on public health." 6J
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One recent study of pesticides and groandwater"
focused on the nced for better undersranding of toxicology
associated with the discovery of lrllCe amounts of pesti-
cides in woter. Public pressure to ban pesticides known to
be contarnioants can easily arise and this sentiment against
pesticide usoge can severely affect the agricultural sector
for minor or specialty crops because the range of oltemn-
tives for these crops is nuITOW,
To assure that regulatory actions reflect actual threats to
public hculth or the environmen~ not thoughtless pablic
pallic, the EP A should establish rculistie maximum con.
taminuntlevels (MCLs) or else provide hculth advisories
to guide state and local officials who must respond 10
pablie concerns about groundwater pollUtiOIl, Since EPA
already requires sabmission of data regarding hculth
effects ill its pesticide review program, federnllcudership
in setting MCLs secms appropriate, The lack of federal
MCLs is widely perceived as a criticol impedimenlto state
and local health protection programs, The widespread
cOllcern is that "public apprehension aboat groundwater
contaminalion will grow to the point where stalewide or
nutional bans will become politically expedient, even in
cuses where pesticide contamination is a controllable,
localized phenomenon.""
Pollution of surface or groandwater due to improper
disposal of pes lie ide wasleor from leaks or spills from
pesticide containers CUll be a serious local problem, Since
"in almost all situations, prevention of groundwater con.
taminutioll is clearly much cheaper than restorntion,""
every effort must be made to avoid such accidents or
errors in handling concentrated peslicides, Fortunotely,
severnl approaches are available or under development for
field scale disposol of pesticide wastes and spill residaes,
including evaporalion beds, activated carbon absoqllion,
incineration, water-soil degrndation, UV-ozone degrada-
tion, abiotic hydrolysis and enzyme degradation," Unfor.
tunalely, promising and viable treatment options cun be
paralyzed by ill.advised state and federnl regulations, In
one case, university peslicide trcuUllent facilities in Cali-
fornia, which had operated successfully and without
incident for 10 years, were made illegal by the stale's
1984 Toxic Pit Clcunap Act,"
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"Balance of Nature"
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One often hears that pesticides upsct the "delicate
bolnnce of nature," but this charge is without substance,
Actually, to restore the so. called "balance of noture"
mcuns returning to prehistoric times, the "caveman" era,
One scientist stated: ''The dominance of man, and his
ability to survive in his present numbers has been the
result of his saceess in brioging about an imbalance of
nature-in his favor.""
Man "departed from natural processes when he domesti.
cated his first animal and laler when he first planted a
seed."" In many places (e,g" Great Britain), it can be
snid, "there is no truly nalural vegetation,"" Modem
agriculture involves vast fields of single, denscly growing
crops which can lead to explosive sprcud of an insect pest
or plant diseuse. But only through such "artificial" and
intensive agriculture can enough food be produced to
feed America and much of the rest of the world's
population,
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Although natural regulating mechanisms will usually
maintain a reasonable balance beween many organisms
coexisting in the environment, devastating oUlbrcsks of
insects and other pests often do occur. More generally,
the nnmber of insects in certain ccosyslems may well be
within nature's nonnal balance, yet still far exceed
acceptable numbers for efficient agriculture, For pablic
health, nnture's "normal" levels of mosquitoes, flies or
cockroaches are unlikely to be acceptable lodoy, Notions
timt soeiety "will accept a natural balonce alone" to
control insects "must be disregarded as unrealistic,""
Pest insects often must be suppressed, The only a1tema.
tives arc "lower standllfds of living, comfort, and health,"
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pesticides affect land management and the conservalion
of land resoarces in severol different ways:
CJ rendering the land fit for human habitation,
throagh the control of pest.borne human
diseases;
CJ controlling the pests of domestic callIe on, for
example, land suitnble for grazing but notlfor cultivation;
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o inerensing agricultural prodaction per unit arcu,
thus relensing load for olhcr pUl]lOSes, or
compensating for load losses olready incurred;
o prolcctillg thot production in thc period
betwcen harvest and eoosamption; and
o conserving the productive soil in the face of
wind or water erosion"
If these obvious contributions 10 hamon welfare oller the
"baluncc of noture," Ihen lei us welcome the improve-
mentsl
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As for Ihe ulleged "delicote" stale of noture und its grcut
vulnerability 10 mon's intrusions, theenrlh "is still a very
large planet and its web of life is not nenrly so valnerable
as it hos been made oallo be,"" Those referring 10 a
"fragile environmental bolonce" fundnrnentally misunder-
stand the resiliency of nalurul syslems. Mali's inkoduc-
tion ofpellutants is "pany compared with that of nalure
herselr' for the major gtobol reservoirs-the atmosphere,
occuns, terrain und Ihe biota. Of conrse, moa eun und
does pollute local environments if he uses pesticides
incorrectly or if un accident oeeurs,
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PART 5, USING PESTICIDES SAFELY
11Ie key 10 safe peslicide use js 10 rcad andfollolV the
label.
FIGURE 3
Read Ihe labelllotjusl once, bUlfive limes:71when you
buy, mix, apply, slore, nod dispose of the pesticide.
!lemember that the pesticide label is a legal documellt
which directs Ihe pesticide user to follow prcscribed
procedures, nod il is a violation of fcdernllaw 10 use the
product in a monner inconsistent with its labeling, One
expert lists Olese occomplishments when excccding
inseclieide label direcuoos:"
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o It kills insects a few moments sooner.
o It increnses the ehonces of leaving 0
contaminOling residue,
o It increases ilie chonces of on oil slick
with oil.based soluuolls.
o It increases the chances of fire.
o It costs more,
o It violales Ihe Inw nnd leaves Ihe
operator without legal support ill
any caslomer Inwsuit,
Before buying a pesticide, the pest or pests must be
identified llIld proper control procedures selecled, When
pesticide use is considered nccessory, eqaipmelll for
mixing and applying Ole produelmllst be available, along
with safety equipment as needed. Pesticides arc formu-
Inted (mnde illlo usnble products) by mnoufuclllrers in
various ways 10 oplimize pesticide aetivily and occommo-
date different uses. The time to assare that the formula. I
tion is righl for an applicnlion is before ils purchase, '
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Transportation and slorage of pesticides require sensible
precautions, Always keep peslicides owoy from live.
stock, foodstuffs, animol feed and vehicle passengers.
Handle pesticide paekagcs with care, and clean ap minor
spills or leaks promptly. For major spillseontacl
emergency response personnel (see label), particularly
when life or properly is endangered. Clcunop of major
pesticide spills requircs compliance wilh waste cleanap
regulotions and immediale COli tact with federal or Slllte
regulolory authorities: Do not delayl
Examine the lobel before mixing 10 detennine mixing
instructions, wnmings and first aid measnres, protective
eqaipmelll needed, how much 10 use, how to mix, and
whal else can be mixed wilh il (compatibililY), If the
intended mix is nOllisted on the lobel, do not use itl
Accidenral exposure to and Ioxic effects from pesticides
are more frequenl dnring mixing operatiolls beeause
concentrated peslicide formulntiolls are being used.
Wear protective clothing and use suilllble measuring
equipment, Neyer pat pesticides in drink bOltles or food
containers, and be sure 10 keep children and animals
nway from pesticides and pesticide handling equipmenl,
The mOSl common cause of peslicide poisoning is
absorption throagh the skill (dennal), Never use leaking
or defective equipmelll, Be sure 10 wear clodling and
protcctive equipmen~ as required, 10 limit pesticide
exposure, and be sure 10 wash them aflereach day's use.
Do not spray or dUSl illlo the wind.
Avoiding the drifl of pesticide onto neighboring crops or
residences is critical to proper pesticide npplication,
Since herbicides ellll be particulorly destruclive by killing
nonlllrgel plllllts, particular caution is needed, Insecticides
cun similarly honn foraging honeybees or drift inlo
residential arcus, Do nOl work in strong winds, since
avoiding exccssive drift becomes virtuolly impossible. If
reentry instructions do nOl appear on the label, be sure 10
wait until sprays arc dried or dusts have seUled before
penniuing lIIlyone to reenter a lrCUted area wilhoul
proleetive apparel.
Personal hygiene is impOrllllll for all involved in a
peslicide operation, Operators must be trained 10 wash
their hands and faces before eating, drinking or smoking,
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Disposal of excess pesticides, empty pesticide cOllliJincIS
and washwater from equipmenl cleanup musl follow the
lobel illstruetions. Do not allow environmenlUl contamina-
tionlO occur through improper disposal or other misuse of
peslieides by opernlOrs,
The presence of an ilIegol pesticide residue can result in
seizure and eondemnotion of the entire crop. One nolOri-
ous incident occurred ill 1985 whell aldicarb was applied
illegally on watermelons in Californio. This incident
lCteived widespread attention in the media and was
ultimalely Irllced back to illegal use by two growers,
Aldicarb is not registered for use on walerrnelons. If it is
not certain that the waiting period before harvest will be
over in time, be sure 10 recheck the lobel before applying
the pesticide,
Since it is easier lO prevent poisoning than to treat it,
handle pesticides carefully. If symptoms of toxicity
oppcar or exposure is likely, seek medical al/enlion as
qaickly as possible, Be sure to show the peslicide 10bellO
the medical professional to assist in proper trealmenL
Human toxicity, damage lO neighboring crops, or environ-
mental harm can arise from pesticide drift, improper appli-
ClItion, disposal or storage, or an accidental spill, Remem-
ber, the pesticide user bears responsibility to handle the
pesticide properly, Le" according to the label instructions,
Civil and criminal penalties, plus legal liabilities, await the
peslicide applicator who ignores label instrucliolls or
carelessly misapplies pesticides.
PART 6. ALTERNATIVES TO
PESTICIDES
Critics of pesticides often stale timt alternative pest
control metilods arc vastly superior 10 tile use of chemi-
cols and can easily replace tilem, This view cannot be
supported by the facLI.
A place exists for pesticides and for Iheir alternatives,
11le development of allernate melhods to suppress pests
requires applying technical knowledge and condueling
seientifie research with the same diligence lIS for pesti-
cides. For the foreseeable fUlure, most pesticide alterna-
tives have significant limitations, bul we need all options
in order lO increllSe food prodnclion, improve pablie
37
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health and foster a better environment
Biological Controls
Varions kinds of biological controls have successfully
controlled a few pests, The cottollY cushion scale
accidentally enlCred Colifomia ill 1868, and by 1886 it
!hrcutened 10 ruill the citrus industry, The vedalin
ladybird bectle was inlentionolly introduced from Austro-
lia in 1888, and within two ycurs the scole was under
control, as it has becn ever since.
At about the some lime, !he European gypsy moth estab-
lished itself ill the easlem V,S" where it continued to
spread despilC Ihe introduction of more than 45 species of
. illsccts to try to control it Only when DDT insecticide
spmying from airernft became availoble could !he pest he
controlled. When sprnying was hailed by public pressure,
!he moth sprcud nnd forest destruction continaed.
Introducing predators to control pests is a limited melhod
bceouse many pests are notive to America and Oourish
here ill spite of their enemies. Ladybird beetles cut many
aphids in a dense nphid populalion. They are less effec-
tive against scotlCred numbers of the illsects which can
infect a whole crop of beets with virus yellows and cause
grenlloss,
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Detailed knowledge of the ecologicol behovior of preda-
tors is required before an alien species can be introduced
sofely, but acquisition of !his infonnatioll is very expen-
sive and may not be transfemble from one region to the
nexL Errors can be costly: the hoped-for frielld may turn
out to be a pest itself.
A c1nssie example of such a disastrous resalt was the in-
troduction of the mongoose to Hawaii for control of mts,
which had Oourished on tlle islnnd nfter they arrived as
passengers on curly ships visiting there. The mongoose
attacked more tlmn Ihe rots; domestic poultry and game
birds fell victim to Ihe new predator and it nearly elimi-
flUted severnl native bird species. Because of these
predations, tllC Hawaiian Division ofFish ond Gnme tried
to exlerminale Ihe mongoosel~
Another biologieol controlmelllOd is Ihe release of
mdlation.sterilized male flies 10 male with fertile wild
female flies, which Ihen prodnce no eggs or only infertile
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ones, If thc sterilc molcs greotly outnumber fertile moles,
thcn thc reprodactivc capoeity of thc wild population
drops to very low Icvels. In thc late 1950s, this method
wus used in Florida and complctcly eradicated thc
screwwonn, a fly moggot which infcsled woands oC ealtle
and othcr livestock end fonncrly killed thousands of
animols there,
The program was olso begun in thc soathwest at that timc
and achieved initiol succcss in grently reducing
screwwonn infestulion. In 1972, howcver, control efforts
in the southwest broke dowlI and nearly thc originol
amount of damage to calllc wus occurring annually,"
Genetic deterioration of thc fly colony used to produce thc
sterile males may have caascd thc screwworm resur-
gence, although numerous other cxplanntions arc pos.
siblc," Rcnewcd cffort cnsued including ncw strains of
flies, beller distribation of sterilc flics, and doubling Ihc
production rate for thc flies, Thc screwwonn has IIOW
been eradicated from thc Uniled Stutes and all butlhc
soathem tip of Mexico, Thc bouodary will hopefully be
pushcd down illlo Pannrno, whcrc Ihc lIarrow lalld moss
will minimizc cOlltrol costs to prevent reinfestution of
North America,
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Thc relcasc of billions of stcrilized flies requires raising
thc maggots in hugc numbcrs and Ihen sterilizing Ihc
papac with radialion, For mallY insects, radiation sterili.
zation redaces their VilUlilY, and thcy arc unnblc to
compcte well for mates, Using sterilc flies gives thc best
results when thc inscct pcst is prescnt in rclatively small
numbers in a restricted arca. This procedarc gencraliy
cannot bc used cxtensivcly Cor pest control.
Discuses havc hccn used to control pests, Milky sporc
disease is used 10 controllaponesc beetlc grubs, TIIC virus
diseusc myxomatosis was introduced from Soulh Amcrica
to control rabbits in Australia, but only aftcr several
decades was it successfal. 8acil/"r Ihuringiensis is a
biological insccticide which kills catcrpillars by toxic
eryslUls witllin thc bocleria, not by sprcading 0 discasc,Bl
Bccausc of this modc of action, it might be callcd morc
accuratclya chcmical insceticidc,
Dcvelopmcnt oC ncw diseascs Cor pcst control is slow and
cxpcnsivc. TIlc snmc rcgullllory requiremcnts apply to
them as for ehcmical pesticides (see Part 3), and lengtllY
39
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.
,
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IOxicological testing is required by EP A. Because it is
impossible to tesl all possible hosts, there is no obsolute
assurance of target specificity.
Advances in biotechnology mny revolutioni7'c pest conuol
in the next 10 to 20 years, but at present microbial controls
are much less sulisfaclory thon sUlIIdard chemical pesti-
cidcs, Onc reviewer of microbiol insecticides believes UIOI
unless major biolechnologieal breakthroughs occur, "there
may be no future at all for microbial insecticides as
commercial prodncts. ,.., Another reccnt reviewer of viral
insecticides for insect control observes similarly that
bnculovirus products "hove provided less thon expected
rcsults when used as substitules for ehemicol pesticides"
beeaase they arc unpredictable in the field."
Genetic Controls
Development of resistant crop varieties has contributed
enormously to increased productivity of modcm agricul-
ture, Wheal rcsisUlntto the Hession fly and alfalfa
resistant 10 the Spoiled alfalfa aphid have been developed.
Wheat varieties able to resist block stem.rusl are under
consUmt development by wheat breeders, Unfortunately,
the slem.rusl also produces its own varieties, ond they
quickly beeome domillUnt because they arc the only oncs
thot con propagate on the new wheaL Wheal breeders
must mectthis recurring challenge to produce additional
new wheat varieties,
Breeding plants for insect resistunce usaally involves
selecting varieties with enhallecd amounts of "nalural pes.
ticides," plnnt constituents which arc toxic or repellcntto
pests, Unfortunalely, thcse natural plant components may
also be IOxic to humans and uoimols. One potuto variety
which was resistanllo insect attuck had to be withdrawn
from commercial distribulion because it contuined rela.
tively high levels of toxic alkaloids ond was not suituble
for human consumption,
Even using resistunl varieties, crop yields can still be
substunlially increased with peslicides, For instance,
soybcuos are attacked by the cyst nematode and olher
types of nematodes, but use of a resistunt variely can yield
a crop in heavily infested lond where a susceplible variety
produces nearly none, Nematicide use increased yield by
n third for tile resistant variely in one sludy,8!
40
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Cultivallon Practices
Variations in farmillg practices assist in pcsl control. Crop
rotation aod fallowing help starve out insects tlmt con
survive only on olle kind of plaot. Choosing a suitable
dale for plaoting can avoid some pcst domoge; for ex-
ample, moderately late plnnlings of com suffer less com
rootworm damoge thao early plaotings. Cultivatioll cao
assist but is scldom an effective substilnlc for chemical
cOlltrols,
Somc humao labor is necessary for bolh modem and
i subsislencc agriculturc, and the primary differcnce
j between thc two is the productivity of thollobor. Mecha-
l nimtion of the modcm farm is importanl, but thc use of
j agrichemicals-fertilizers and pesticides-snbstantially
,
I eohances agrieultaral oatpal, Without herbicides, for
I instancc, fannillg would be far morc labor-intensive, ond
thc frcqucnl cultivation needcd to resirllin wceds woald
I
I consumc costly fucl and disrupl growing crops. Cultivo-
\ tion practiecs arc valuablc, butlhey alone caonot providc I
I the degrcc of pest conlrolllccessary for prodaclive
\ ogrieulture.
Integrated Pest Management
\
Intcgraled Pest Maoagement (!PM) is a carefully plaooed
I
I combinotion of control measures using soand ecological
prineiplcs to keep pests bclow ceonomic injury Icvels,
!PM has becn touled as 0 snbstitulc or replncemellt for
pesticides, but only a fcw pests can be effectivcly man.
aged by illlegraled genetic, biological and caltivation
methods alone," A chemical frcquenlly plays a eriticnl
I role in successfullPM progranls, aod peslicides arc tlle
only answer 10 a scverc pcsl outbreak or emergency." Thc
I diversities of urban cnvironments witllin n region and
among diffecelll regions "arc Iikcly to miikc widesprc.1d
I disscmillalion of !PM controls for homc and gorden pcsts
difficult to achicvc"; tllerefore, chcmical conlrols arc
I "likely 10 be preferred" for such uses," Modem agricul-
I lure does nOlneglect nonchemicnl melhods when they nrc
approprinte beeanse lodoy's flllmers cannol afford 10 woslc
resources onunncccssary chemicals wheuless costly
nonchcmical metllOds will safficc.
I However, the "pcslicides as a lasl resorl" philosophy,
! which advocntes pesticides only when all infcslUiioll is
i great and serious losscs are imminenl, is often unsoullll
I 1$
i
,
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both CCollomically and ellvironmentally," Delayed pest
eootrol usualiy requires much more pesticide than early and
selective applications for smaH ini~al pcsl populations.
Proper IPM leods to the eorrecl and judicious use of
peslieides and their allcmativcs;" thus, IPM may increuse
or decreuse pes~cide use,
Going Back to Nature
Abandoning modem agrieultuml practices, including
elJemieal pes~eidcs, ond "going back to nature" is
available to allyone who wishes to raise crops "organic-
ally" and thell convince consumers tholthe wormy vege,
tables and blemished fruit life somehow wortlJ their eonsid-
erabiy higher price. Thot hardly ony commercial farmers
have chosen this roalc speaks 10 its impracticality. Appllf-
en~y il is true thot "there jusl are nOI enough people who
prefer wormy apples 10 make Ihem profitable,"" Ameri-
cun consumers demand high qualily food and remain 10 be
convinced Ihat they shoald sacrifice this quality for neba-
lous nnd nonexiSlcnt benefits of "organic" foods.
"
PART7. HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOT
USING PESTICIDES
Nature is not benevolent to humans who abandon science
alld Icchnology. Even Wilhou! agriehemicals, there is
nothing "nalural" OboUI plan~lIg fields of crops or ruisiog
a herd of domes~e animals. Nor is it "natural" for large
human popula~ons to live in ci~cs or lowns without
cocxis~ng vermin alld the diseases Ihey transmit, In the
U.S, IOday, pest.bome diseuses and allaeks by pcsts
themselves accoant for 100 to 300 denlhs allnuuHy and
"probably 20 times Ihis number of serious disabling
illnesses und injuries" plus "several miHion episodes of
illness or injury that are serious enongh or paillful enough
to require medico I allell~oll.'~l Wilhont Ihe active and
deliberate interven~on of man, nature would rapidly
eradiculc the world's food prodacing capacity and unleush
plagues of 10ng-forgoUen virulence, In short, hUmalls
would suffcr and die.
In prosperous modem Amcriea, small-scale expcriments
in food produc~on WithOnlngrichemieals can be an
inlcresting and oceasionaHy usefol diversiOll, To mccl ~Ie
despcrale food needs in poorcr countries, howcver, such
praellces CUn be catastrophic,
42
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Wilhout insecticides, increasing numbers of mosquitoes
would spread malar/o, yellow fever and encephalilis.
Without rodelllicides, a growing rat popalalion could
thrcolen anolher epidemic of plogue, the "Black Death"
thot killed one.foarth of the popalation in medieval
Earope and occurred ns outbreaks in major U.S. cities
during this cenlury," Wilhoat herbicioes, brush would
replnce grass in rangeland, provoking dronght, erosioll
and starvation for domestic animals, Without fungicides,
roo~ and seeds would rot in the groand, and another
"pOInIO famine" could occur. Withoul disinfcclnn~,
hospilnls would filld it impossible 10 sanitize their
focililies and thus contain infeclious disenses.
Yes, a "world without pesticides" "would not be a
pleasant place 10 live. Pesticides provide three importnnt
bcnefi~: incrensed food and fiber production. health
protcction and environmenlnl enhoncement." TIley
enable as to have an abundant sapply of nourishing food
ot rcosonable prices. Pesticides ore oar firsllille of
defense 10 avoid food shorlng05, and they also pro~et our
heolth by stopping pest-llUllsmiued disenses und &'UIitiz.
ing onr food bandling ond health facilities, Properly
used, pcslieides improve the environmenl for desirable
plan~, domestic unimols and human survival.
,
"
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,
I
Even if peslicides lire generally useful, could it be that
certain 01105 are detrimental and should be banlled7
Although a complele review of 011 the banned or
seyerely restricted pesticides is beyond the scope of this
booklet, Ihrcc prominent examples of condemned
peslieides (DDT, 2,4,5.T and EDB) and the regulotory
actions againstlhem will be briefly considered,
PART 8. POLITICS vs. SCIENCE
DOT
Dichlorodiphenyltriehloroethone (DDT) wns introduced
into widespread use during World Wnr II and became the
single most importanl pesticide respoasiblc for mainlnin.
ing human health Ihrongh Ihe next two decodes. Malaria
in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) wns reduced from 2,800,000
cases in 1946 before DDT tojusl17 cascs in 1963 after
Inlge-seale DDT sprayiag programs had dmstically
reduced mosquilo popnllllions, Allllualmnloria denths
declincd from over 12,500 in 1946 to less Ihnn onc per
ycur for Ole decade 1958.1967,"
/~G
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During World War II, hcavy doses of OOT dust were
blown onto thc skill nod into thc underclothing of
millions of individaals 10 killlicc nod prevcnllyphas.91
Thanks to ODT, a 1944 lyphns cpidemic in Naplcs was
halted. For comparison, an estimntcd threc million
peoplc died in Russia nod Easlem Europe during a
typhus epidemic from 191810 1922.~
Rncbel Carson's book, Silent Spring, was rclensed 011
September 27, 1962, Hcr literary stylc was saperb, bul
her scicllcc was scriously deficient. Corson argued
eloquelllly bat erroneously thaI pesticidcs, especially
DOT, wcre poisoning the environment and cndangcring
humno health, whilc at thc samc timc causing resislUllcc
inlUrget insC1:ts. Shc concluded that thc insC1:ticides
were useless ill oddilioll to being dnogerous.
Emotional public reaclionto Silent Spring produced
strong political pressare from eonscrvotion and environ.
menial groups 10 bllll OOT. Pivotal in thc push was
Carsoll's apocalyplic vicw of Ihc future, Shcfeared thc
world was on Ihe brink of destruction because of
pesticides ond pollulion. Reasoned scicntific discussion
and sound doIU on thc fovorable health cffC1:ts of DOT
werc brushcd aside by environmcnlal alarmists, who
discoanted thc enormous benefits to world health from
DOT with lwo allegolions: (I) OOT was a carcinogen,
and (2) it endnogercd thc environmcnt, particularly for
ccrtain birds, Bolh charges wcre falsc at thc time'" 100
and remained so UpOIl furlher sladies in subsequcnt
years,IDI,IOl,IOJ
Eggshcll thinning and bird popalotion declines were
blnmed on OOT, but support for this relntiollship appears
to be lacking,'" Onc carefully controllcd study con.
cluded lhal thc "fccding of DOT prodnced absolulcly no
detrimental effeclnpon shell qualily in Leghorn chickens
or Japnoese quoil."ID' 11lC aalhors noted thnt many
reports relating rcproduclive declinc in wild birds wcre
bused on analylical procedures which do nct differentintc
DDT from otllcr chlorinated hydrocarbolls which havc
been shown to reducc hnlchoblility inlnying hens.
From 1960 to 1974, the Wcrld Health Organizolion
(WHO) scrccned about 2,000 compounds as anti-
malarial insccticidcs, of whicl~only 30 wcrc promising
enough for ficld trials, WHO found nonc hnd thc persis-
tencc of DOT, or was as snfe ns OOT, nnd-very impor-
44
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!Un! for mulnria control in less developed couolries-all
I were considerably more expensive.'"
!
i No moUer how maeh a person was exposed to DDT, such
I
I us by dusting the skin for lice control, !he pesticide caused
no harm; whereus other insecticides, purticuiarly mony
organophosphate Iypes, were extremely hazardous 10 !he
I opplicators,lOl U,S, regulalory officials and environmen!U1
1 lobbyists did not adequately appreciate !his effect of 0
,
j DDT bon on farm workers lllId other DDT applicators,
;
I pnrticuiarly those in less developed eoalllries,
I
,
, The carcinogenicity of DDT hus been revieWed recenUy
I
I
i with the conclusion "thot DDT has hod 110 significant
!
1 impact on human Cllllcer paUems und is unlikely to be all I:
I important carcinogen for mllll at previoas exposare lev.
I els,"IO' Indeed, DDT is now known to inhibit carcino.
i
I genesis by inducing enzymes 10 reduce the carcinogen.
icity of mnny chemicais,I09
1
I '.
J The V.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) restricted y
fl DDT use and several much more toxic insecticides (pam. ~
.J'
Ulion, dieldrin, ele,) were being used to replace ii, DOT .l
i coald only be used for public heal!h purposes (e.g"
mosquilo and louse control) aud on cer!Uill crops like
COUon by Ihe end of 1970, The ellvironmenlUl groups still
I I wllllled more; they pressnred the newly formed Environ.
I','
I ! melllUl Protection Agency for a tolUl DOT ban, After
, I sevenmollths oflestimony by some 150 expert scienlislS
I I
I und review of 300 technical documenlS, in April 1972 the
., EpA henring examiner recommended "no more extensive
r
I ban 011 DDT was oecessnry or desirable," Less thnn two
I months later, however, the EPA administralor repudiated
these scientific recommendations ond bllllned all DDT
uses cxeept for essclltiol public heal!h pnrposes.
I, Forlnnately, Ihe less developed conntrics did not eonlinue
10 follow the misguided lend of tlle U,S,lllId Europe,
DDT use ill the world todny rivals Ihe amonnt used when
Ule weslem coantries used UIe pesticide,'lO NeverUleless,
the concern over DOT "hus prolmbly been responsible for
an inereuse rather tlmn decrc.1se in humnn moltllity"
because of"n subslnnlinl nnmber of humnn denlhs from
inSecl.bome discuses tlmt would otherwise hnve beco
prevented,"11I
The environmellL1lisls had won, bUlthe biggest losers
I were not Ule DDT manUfacturers or UIC scientists who
I l.s~~
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defended the pesticide in vain. In 1969, five years afrer
DDT sprnying was Slopped, Ihc lIamber of malaria cases
in Ccylon hod grown 10 over 500,000. It was a particu.
Iarly "silcnt sprillg" for tilC 113 Ccylonesc who died of
malario in 1968- I 969, III
2,4,5.T
The herbicide 2,4,5otrichlorophenoxyocetic acid (2,4,5-1)
is a plaol growth regulator used for decades to Control
hardwoods UlId shrubs, It is particularly aseful in foresl
caltivation. Since 2,4,5-T lias Ihc ieast effect on conifers,
it cUll selectively controi sensitive brush wilh millimal
damagc 10 commercial cvergrecntrecs, Relcused from
intense competition, thc valuable foresltrecs grow beuer
aod fasler lhun beforc.
Unfortunalcly for the pesticide, it gnined on ullfnvornble
repatation us a major component of "Agem Ornngc,"
which was uscd 10 dcfolime thc junglc in tile Vielnom
War, VelcrUlls saed the mnnafactarers aod fede,ral
governmenl, alleging c1[onie loxieity and birlh defects
from TCDD (2,4,7,8-letrnchlorodibenzedioxin, often
CIllled "dioxin" ill the popular media), 0 mioor contllllli-
nont iIl2,4,5-T, Scientific sludics did nol supportlhc
veterUlls' ollegatiOlls,'", lI'bul POlilicnl realily led 10 a
$180 million seWemenl by Ihe manafacturers.
I
. i
Based on loborntory animol studies,npplicolion experi-
encc alld hUmUll exposarc in illdustrinl accidents, there
appears to bc a substantial safely margin for this pcstieide
aod other relmed phenoxy herbicides, III TIlc rccognition
ofTCDD loxicily led to modificolions in the herbicide's
maoufacturing process to minimize thc formotion oflhc
conlaminolll, Nevertilelcss, in 1970-71 tilC USDA and
EPA cancelled the use of2,4,5-T onmoSI food crops
because somc toxic effects ot very high dosogcs werc
noted in laboratory animals, Bused on thesc questionablc
and inappropriate studies, EPA proposed cancellation of
olher uses in 1978.
In 1979, EpA thcn issued ao emergency suspensioll ordcr
10 bon all 2,4,5- T uses execpl in rangelnnd and rice fields,
TIlis aeliOIl arosc from a scienlificnlly unsubslnlllialCd
report ("Alse.lll") alleging miscorriages nmong Women
near Alsea, Oregon, Subsequellt extensivc and virtaally
uoanimous scielltific crilicisllJ of Ihe reponl16 rcvealed a
46
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scientific consensus thnt the Alsca II study did not support
EpA's ban, Ncvertheless, similar to DDT, EpA's action
remoincd in effect Science again coald nOI overcome thc
polilical respollsc 10 misguided pnblic hOSlility 10 pesti-
cides,
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EDB
Elhylene dibromide (EDB) was used as a gmin ond fruit
fumigonllo kill insects and thereby limit contaminotion by
molds and fungi. Substitutcs for EDB fumigallts arc
phosphillC, mcthyl bromidc and a 4: Imixturc of carbon
tctrochloride and carboll disulfidc. Each of these a1terna-
tivcs is more hnzardous to pcsticidc applicators during fu-
migation thon EDB, Carbolltclrnchloridc and methyl
bromidc arc alii mal carcinogens, and phosphine and
carbon disulfidc arc flnmmnble (EDB is a flome retardanl),
I
,
1
II
.,
EpA banned EDB on February 3,1984, becouse when
ndminiSlered in extremely high doscs, Ihe pcsticidc wus
found 10 cause cancer in somc laborntory animals, At thc
extremcly minute Icvcls foulld ill food, EDB presents no
hOZllrd to haman health, As is all too typical, thc known
bcllcfits ofEDB and the potential hnzards of its alterna-
tives were largely ignored in thc "hysteria" to ban the
pesticidc,lI1,1I8
Conclusion
Wilh Ihc development of iocreuscd scicntific knowledge
plus Ihc use of modern pesticidcs and fertilizers, Ihc past
40 ycars have brought more progrcss in agricultuml
produclion than in all previous recorded hislory. Pcsli.
cidcs hovc savcd millions of lives in all parts of thc world
dne 10 diseasc veclor control and hygienc programs,1I9
Neverthelcss, public "chemophobia"-the ullfeusonoble
fear of chcmicals-has led 10 bans 011 usefal producls and
has jeopardized this progrcss, Despilc Ihc enormous
improvements in living slllndards, il seems "mankind still
finds ncw things 10 make himself misernblc," Thc ncws
media and olher groaps too oftcn "sensationalize dangers"
and fnil to providc n "mcnoingful pcrspectivc" on pcsli.
cidcs and pest control issues.'" As n result, opillions can
becomc polarized, One report by Ole Nntionnl Rcseareh
Coancil summarized Ihc silualioll ns follows: III
47
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'Uscrs of pesticides fear /hat /hey will be
rcgulaled to the point where pests ellllllol be
cffectivcly controlled, with concomitant losses of
food while opponcnts of the use of pesticides fear
~Jat people arc being poisoned and that irreversible
damage is being done 10 the environmellt."
As this booklet describes, the cnvironmental ood health
fears of pesticide opponents appear groundless. In
contrasl, the conccms of pesticide users that their liveli-
hoods may be jeopardized by bons or olher severe limita-
tions do not seem to be unjustified based on recent events.
Even nonehemical methods of pest control can be fills-
trmed by nonscielltifie and politieul allacks. Genetic modi-
fications ("gene-splicing") to creale new microbial
inscclicidesll1l11ld improve crop ploots "3 have been tied
up by legul mnneuvers despile considered scientific
opinioa that "there is no evidencc Ihol anique hnzards
exist" for such sabstunces,llA Similiarly, the use of
irrndiationto replace chemical fumigonts has becn slowed
by regulatory obstacies.'"
)1
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,
,
Ideally, the main thrust of regulation, science and politics
should be 10 improve the melhods of pest mllllagemenl.
NOlie of our pest control systems is perfect, and because
the pests keep evolving, our prescot techniques may be
even less effcctive in the fUlure, Rescarch and develop-
ment on n wide vnriety of fronts must continue in order to
stay even and in hopes of pulling nhead, This means
encouraging research to develop beller pest eontrollools,
including safer and more effcctive peslicides, Prudence on
all sides-envirollmentalists, indastry, researchers, and
regulators-would be welcome,
Science and seientisls must not be brushed aside by
hysteria and the deslruclive political decfCes which follow,
We muslnot forge I that "despile ~le fcurs and rc.11 prob-
lems they create, pesticides clearly are responsible for part
of the physicul well-beillg enjoyed by most people in the
Uniled StaiCs and ~IC western world,"'"
Suggested Reading
I, Keith C, Barrons; Are Pesticides Really
Necessary?, Regnery Gnteway, Inc"
Chicngo (1981),
48
/5'&t-
.-
,. . - .' - t' - "':"t . .
, , 1.' .~ .
, tl . ,:/~f t-" ., -1-" . ..
I I," ." . .....1 ,.',' '.,.1 ., I
Ll, ~.' .', ,';... '_ _ "~... . . ,
,\
I
I 2, Edilh Efron; The Apocalyptics: Cancer
I and the Big Lie, Simon and Schuster, New York(1984)
I
I 3. M, Alice Olloboni; The Dose Makes Ihe Poison,
i Vincente Books. Berkeley, California (1984)
I
I
,
4. Elizabeth Whelan; Toxic Terror, Jameson Books,
OllnWa, Illinois (1985)
I
,. REFERENCES
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58 /5 Sf.,.
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I WHAT IS ACSH? I
II] he American Council on Science and Health is ,1
'consumer educalion org.1nizalion concerned with is.
sues related 10 food, nutrition, chemicals, pharmi1CCuli.
colis, lifestyle, Ihe environment and health_ ACSH is an
independenl, non.profil, lax.exempt association.
The nucleus of ACSH is 01 board of 200 physici.1ns,
scienlists, ilnd policy advisors-experts in il wide variety
of fields who review the Council's reports and partici-
IMIl! in ACSH seminars, press conferences, media corn-
munications and olher educalional activities.
ACSH IVas founded in 1978 by 01 group of scienlists
who had become concerned that many important publ ic
policies relating 10 health Jnel the environmenl did not
have a sound scientific basis. They created the organi.
zation \0 add Wilson and balance to debates about
public health issues and to bring these common-sense
vieIVs to the public,
American
Council on
Science and
Health
With these goals in mind, ACSH produces 01 wide
range of public,ltinns including peer-reviewed reports
on issues ranging from AIDS to health and safety aspects
of video display terminill!' 10 concerns about environ.
mental chemicals like PCBs and dioxin: 01 quarterly
magazine Prioritic~ covering health issues; an in(ormal
quarterly newsleller covering aclivities of ACSH "dvi.
sors and the ACSH executive staff: consumer informa.
tion flyers; and proceedings from ACSH seminars and
conferences_
In ,lddition, ACSH produces 01 nationally syndicated
f,ldio commenlary series Health Digestj hosts seminars
and press conferences ilnd presents iln tlllllual aw,ud 10
an outstanding scientist (or his or her achievements,
ACSH also direcls an in.house internship progr,lm for
slndents in health science fields and parlicip,ltes in leg.
islative ilnd regul,llory hearings, fildio i1nd television
programs, public debates, and other forums, ACSH's
research findings receive extensive medill CDverllge.
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SUMMARY, REFERENCE NO. 23
PESTICIDES:
HELPFUL OR HARMFUL?
This is a report by the American Council on Science and Health
("ACSH"). The ACSH is a national consumer education association
directed and advised by a panel of scientists from a variety of
disciplines, This panel is committed to providing
scientifically balanced evaluations of issues relating to
chemicals, environment, health and lifestyle factors. The ACSH
is not beholding to any spedi'll interest aroup.
Based upon its review of the' scientific literature, ACSH
concludes that the benefits of pesticides vastly outweigh the
risks associated with them. It concludes that pesticides for
home use, agriculture and health protection have an excellent
safety record. When used properly, ACSH concludes that
pesticides pose no harm to humans or to domestic animals, ACSH
also concludes that suspension of pesticide use is in response
to public outcry not based upon valid or verified scientific
data. The group concludes that environmental concerns and
potential health risks are often overstated by pesticide critics
while the benefits are improperly disregarded.
ACSH concludes that the charge that pesticides contaminate
America's food is not founded on scientific fact, and that most
scientific evidence supports the conclusion that traces of
pesticide residues in food pose no hazard to human health,
Page 16 deals with toxicity in human health elements.
Re: CANCER - page 20 discusses the controversies arising
regarding the human cancer risk associated with pesticides, and
is excellent reading. It contrasts the cancer risk from
pesticides to that ,of natural carcinogens, like mold toxins in
peanut butter, nuts, grain products as well as other chemicals
formed from burned or browned-cooked foods such as meats.
Please see page 21, footnote 32 for the conclusions of a cancer
study performed by a pair of doctors at Columbia University.
Page 25 reviews the pervasively regulated pesticide process
which is very worthy of note.
Page 26 begins a discussion relative to persistence-residues,
groundwater pollution and the balance of nature.
Page 42 discusses the health effects of n2t using pesticides,
It concludes that pesticides provide three (3) important
benefits: increased food and fiber production, health protection
and environmental enhancement. Again, it concludes that,
properly used, pesticides improve the environment fOF desirable
plants, domestic animals and human survival,
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MEMBERSHIP/PAYMENT
Booklels and Special Reporls may be order&! singly or in
bulk orders, Annlher way 10 receive new ACSH booklels is
by becoming an ACSH member. There a,e two types 01
ACSH membership:
IJ General Individual Membership _ $25.00
Includes subscripllon 10 PRIORITIES, ACSH's quarlerly
magazine, plus a 50% discounl on all ACSH reporls,
(Canada and Foreign-$3S,OO per ye,lr.)
IJ Suslaining Individual Membership-$SO,OO
Includes subscripllon to PRIORiTIES, ACSH's qua~erly
m,'gazine, pius copies o( all new ACSH publlcallons as
Ihey are released-plus a 50% discounlon all previous
pubiicallons, (Canada and Foreign-$60,OO per year.)
, \
I:
METHOD OF PAYMENT-lor bookiels and/or membership
TOlai for booklels (Irom Irolll) $
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GRrlND TOTAL
$
o Check/M,O. 10 ACSH Enclosed
o MC/VISA
ACcounl Number
E'pirallon D,lIe
,
Signlllure
(lmpor/elllt: We must bllVt., your signa/urt' /0 process,)
ADDRESS INFORMATlON-plme prinl clearly
Name
Company
Address
Cily/Slale
Zip
Mail III:
ACSH
, ~J9S flm.JdmJJ~ 16/11 floor
New lo/k, Nl' 1/11123-58611
O/ca//:
(2121 J6l.711N
O,f.,x:
11I2) J62--19t9
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1/90
PUBLICATION ORDER FORM
TITlE
QTY
America's I-Ieallh: A Century of Progress ,..,...........................".
America's Water: Assessing the Quality..................................
Animal C.lncer Te~ts: Benefits & limit.llions ............................
Answ,rs AoouI AIDS ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m_''m'''''''''''''''m'''''''
Anlibiolics in Animal Feed ......................................................,
Automobile Occupant Restr.linl Systems ..............................".
Daby Foods "''''''m''''''''""".",,,,,,,_,,,,,_,,,,,,,,,_,,,,_''''''_''.m'''''',,
BiotechnoloHY: An Introduction ..............................................
Breast or Boltle..".................,.................................................
Caff,ine, Th, Hoahh Effocls of m""""m""""_m"_""_""m"_"'"
CancerCluslers........................................................................
Cancer in the U,S.: Is There an Epidemic? ..................."...........
CancerScrecninH................................................................,....
Coronary HeMl Disease: The Filcts & Mylhs ...........................
Diet & Coronary Heart Disease .............................................".
Dieland Behavior ....................................................................
Diel and Cancer ............".......................................................
Dioxin in the Environnlent ......................................................
Elhyl", Dibromid, (EDOI "'''''''''''''""_""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,_
Fast Food and the American Diet ............................................
FOodAIIOIgies"",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,_,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,.,,,,
Hay Fe,OI '''''''''''''''''__''''_'''',,,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Hyperlension..................."......................................................
Irradial,d Foods '''''''''''''-'''''''-".,,-,,''''''''-''m.''m''''''''''''''''''m
LawnCareChemicills.....""..........................................,,,.......
Low Calorie Sweeteners ....."...............,....................................
low.level Radialion, Th, H"lJh EIIecls of "''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Lyme Disease.......",...........".......................,.........",................
MalignantMelanoma.........."...................................................
Microw.lvc Ovens .."............"...................,.....................".....
Natural Carcinogens in American Food ...........,......................
ObstelricAncslhesia ...................................,...."..................,..
PCDs: /s Ih, Cure Worlh Ih, COll/ """""",,,,,,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_
Peslicldes and (oOlISalely "''''''''''"",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
P,"icldes: H,lpful or Harmtull """"-"""",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,_"""""m"
Peslicides in Your Horne ilnd Garden ......"..".....................,.....
PoslmenOIJausal Estrogen Ther.1PY ...................................".....
Premenstrual Syndrome ................................,.........................
Rey, Syndrom, """.""" "",,''',,'' ""'" "." """ """""_"",, ."""""
Smoking Ce"aliun Techniques """"""""""."""""""_"""",,,
Smoking or "'"hh: lJ's Your Choice .""_"""""."""""""""",,
Sugars and Vour 11',111h "_"""'''''_''''",,,,,,,,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
SPECIAL REPORTS
Thl'19a6.19aaSul\'l'YonNulliUon~I^'(ur.l(yrn^nll'l1cJnMJIIJllnl'i'"""""'"
M lnll'NIl.'W with DI. lIIuhl.1h Whl'l~nholltod by (d flradk'Y, MAli/lUll's ""''''''''''''
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Thl' Unb(.~hhy ^1II~1lrl': Cru~.llll'lS 10/ 'heJllh 11l,~lom. ."'''''"'''"""""..""".'''...,,,''',
tlulJdJyDlnJ\("Ml'Ilu"""",,,,..,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,.......,,,,,.,,,..,,...."....,.".""....,,,,,..,,,,,,..,,
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QTV RATE/COPY
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1O.49roplcs 12.51l
5O-99roplcs 12,00
10000199roplcs 11,75
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SUMMARY: REFERENCE NO. 26
RESOLUTION PASSED BY NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS
OF AGRICULTURE
This resolution was passed during the September 1991 Annual
Meeting of the National Association of State Departments of
Agriculture.
It urges that attempts to regulate the use of
pesticides at city or county levels will impede the regulatory
framework already in place at the federal and state level
resulting in an unmanageable and confusing system.
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National Association of State Departments of Agriculture
1616 H Street, N,W., Washington, D,C. 20006
1991
V' r.:: 0 9Ir[~'i
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W,lJPERT & TRAI'I
Action Policy PI 6
PESTICIDE REGULATIONS. STATE AND FEDERAL LEVEL
At the present time, pesticides are being regulated in the United States at the federal
and state level under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
The regulation of pesticides at the federal and state levels of government has proven
to be a very effective means by which to administer this important program.
However, there have recently been several attempts to regulate pesticides at
municipal or county levels of government that, if allowed to stand, will greatly impede
the coordinated and orderly federal and state regulatory framework already in place.
Additional or duplicative regulations at levels of government below state government
will result in an unmanageable and confusing system for all parties involved,
RESOLVED, that the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture,
meeting in Seattle, Washington, on September 10, 1991, urges that action be taken
to assure that the regulation of pesticides under FIFRA remain solely within the
framework of federal and state governments.
FURTHER RESOLVED, that the proposal should be implemented by encouraging states
to enact appropriate legislation that preempts local government regulation of
pesticides. Further, Congress should be encouraged to amend FIFRA to preempt local
government regulation.
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According 10 Chapler 206 I
Iowa Code and ChapiN 45 01 Tille 21 I
Iowa AdmlnllJralNe Code I
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Considerable regulation exill! at the fed- must SUbmit proof of contirIJlng eduCation_
eral and state level with respe<:tto commercial SUch continUing education must be relatIVe to
- applicators of lawn products and services. the type of pesticideS applied or handled 'r:1j ji
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Pe~ons in the buSIness of aPl*Jing lawn the applicator or the handler
care product! on their customers lawns are
reqJired 'r:1j state law to be licensed_ In order Required record kfi!plng
to CfJ'l1i[y for a license. a person must be or commercial applicators
trained and tested in the safe use and t.m-
dling of pesticides and also must receive trairr State law requires that commercial pesti-
I ing in one or more specific categories of cide applicators maintain records of each pes-
application_ ticide applied for three yea~ after application_
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I These records can beused 10 establish whether
I Education and testing or not the use of the product was proper and
I or commercial applicators can also provide information to trace residue
I or damage problems resultJng in liability cases.
I Commercial applicatots train and prepare SUc~ records also allow applicators to com.
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for their wrinen examinatJons 'r:1j studying pare the results obtained from different pestJ-
i manuals which are available through county cides_ Applicators can improve their pest corr
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i extension offices or from Iowa State University_ trol practices and efficiency: and the records
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1 Training sessions are provided 'r:1j the ISU help to reduce the incidence of pesticide
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< Cooperative Extension Service 10 assist ind~ misuse_ SUch records help guide the applica-
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vidJals in learning the information on which tors in acquiring only the amount of pesticides I
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n is a violation of both federal and state law Required nnanclal respon- I
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I label. An extensive process exists at the federal
level for the reqJired submission of informa- In addition to a license, a commercial
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tion required aboulthe product for ilS registra- pestiCide applicator must file with the State of I
tion for sale in the United States: and the Iowa proof of financial responsibility either in I
prodJctS also mUlt be registered for sale with the form of a certificate of liability insurance or I
the stale of Iowa which also reqJires the a surety bond, The minimum amount of Iiabi~
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subm~sion of product inlormalion, ity coverage is \50,000 each for property I
A continuing education requirement ex- damage and public liability insurance, indud-
ill! for all commercial pesticide applicato~ and ing loss for damage arising out of the actual
handlers, Each year, applicato~ and handle~ use of any pesticide,
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Not/nut/on Requirements
block Iellers:
I The Tl<1me ,1nd telepl10ne rumber otlhe
opplicotor ,1ppiylng the pesllclde;
2_ The words 1hls <1reo chemlcoliy treoted
Keep of(_ Do not remove sign for 24 hourI.' M
olternollve sign Incorporallng the unlVerS<lI
- 'no' symbol h<ls been <1pprOved by the State of
Iowa, Use of such 0 slgn'lwlth the applicator's
Tl<1me and phone number In one-fourth Inch
lellennglls the oniy devlalion permllled Irom
the other speClficatlons_
f!!Qr nOllficallon of pesllclde application to
lawns, parks. playgrounds ,md athlellc fields
located In urban areas is required under the
following clrcumstonces:
1. Any neighbor whose property abuts or
IS adjocentto the property where pesticides
ore to be applied by a commercial opplicator
may receIVe prror notificallon of the pesllclde
applicalion by contaCllng the applicator and
providing their name, address, and telephone
number,
:Z. At least the day before 0 scheduled
pesllclde opplicallon, a commercial applicator
must provide notification to 0 person who has
requested nOllficallon_ Such notification is to
be made in wrrllng, In person or by telephone,
disclosing the date and approximate lime of
applicallon_
3. In the event that <1 commercial oppllCa-
tor cannot proVide pnor nOllficallon because
of the absence or lnoccesslblilly of the Ind,
Vidual <1tthe lime of ,1pplicallon to a customer'!
1,1wn, the commerCIal applicator must leave a
wnllen nOllce <1t the reSIdence of the person
requesllng nOllficallon,
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Commercial opplicators who oppiy peSt,
cldes 'Mthln lXbar, .reas In mUnICipalities ore
required under Iowa state law 10 DOst or affix
nOllficOlion signs at the start of the applicalion
and for atleasl24 hours folloWing the appllca-
lion or longer If required by the reentry direc,
lions on the peSllcide labellsl_ ThiS reqUIte-
ment does not oppiy to peSllclde application
Within a structure or Within SIX feet of the
outside perrmeler of a structure <1nd to pestf
Me appllcallons made by the home owner or
teTl<1nlto their property,
Norlficallon signs must be of a m.tenaltM
IS rain-reSIStant for alleast a 24-hour penod
and mil'j not be removed by the applicator for
at least 24 hours from the lime pesllcides are
applied or longer If required by the label of the
pesticide utilized, Each property owner. ten-
ant, agent or person in ch<lrge of the property
mUSI be provided with With InstructiOns that
the notification sign is required to remain In
place for a mirimurn of 24 hours following the
pesllcideappticalion, When the k1beling oflhe
pesllclde applied requires a reentry reStncllon
of more than 24 hours. the sign mUlt be lefi In
place for the specified period_ Mer the re-
quired posling penod has ek1psed, all notlfica-
lion signs should be removed by ellher the
applicator or the owner. agent, person In
charge of the property or their repreSentatIVe,
AI a minimum. and unless otherwise speCified,
the follOWing information must be pnnted on
the notification sign In contrasting colors and
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
Jul 07.92 16:14 No.004 P.01/06
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BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charlcs D; Duffy
Stephen P. lacina
Palrieia A. Meade
Richard E. Mycl1
BetlY Ockenfe)$
July 9, 1992
I
FORMAL MEE'1'lNG
Agenda
a) Actio~ re: permits.
b) Action re: reports
c) Action re: resolution directing the reporting of cash funds and the
conduct of cash counts.
d) Other
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TARGET SERI ES
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JOHNSON COUNTY RUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
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Jut 07.92 16:1' No.004 P.Ol/06
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BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
Charles D; Duffy
Stephen P. Laclna
Patricia A. Meade
Richard E. Myers
Betly Ockenfels
July 9, 1m
FORMAL MEE'f1NG
Agenda
1. Call to order 9:00 a.m.
2. Action re: claims
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3. Action re: minutes . i'.
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4. Action re: payroll authorizations I
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S. Business from the County Auditor.
a). Actio~ re: permits.
b) Action ee: repOrls
c) Action re: resolution directing the reporting of cash funds and the
conduct of cash counts.
d) Other
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6096
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JuJ 07.92 16:15 No.004 P.02/06
Aaenda '-9-92
Pagel
6. 10:00 a.m. . Public Hearing on Zoning and flatting appllcaUons:
(l) Flrst and Second ccDslderatlon of the followina Zonloa appUcatJoDS:
1. Application Z9220 of Lyse S. Strnad requestinjl rezoning of
approximately 1.0 acres from Al Rural to RS Suburban
Residential of certain property described as being in the NE 114
of the SW 1/4 of Section 5; Township 80 North; Ranee 5 West of
the 5th P.M, in Johnson County, Iowa (This property is located
on the east side of Turner Avenue NE approximately 1.50 miles
north of its intersection with the Morse Road NE in Graham
Twp.).
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2. Application Z9221 of Richard Grcazel, owner, Solon, and Jonas
Zimmerman, Iowa City, requesting re7.0ning of approximately
1.99 acres from Ai Rural to RS Suburban Residential of certain
property described as being in the SE 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of
Section 3; Township 80 North; Range 6 West of the 5th P,M, in
Johnson County, Iowa (This properly is on the north side of
Sugar Bottom Road NE, approximately 3/4 of a mile west of its
intersection with Poplar Avenue NE in Newport Twp.).
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3. Application Z9222 of Ronald Hemsted, Lone Tree, and Karen
Slaughter, Riverside, requesting rezoning of approximately 1.0
acres from Al Rural to RS Suburban Residential of certain
property located In the sa 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 20i
Township 77 North; Range 5 West of the 51h P.M. in Johnson
County I Iowa (This property is located on the north side of
660th Street SE, approximately 1/2 mile wesl of its intersection
with Utah Avenue SB in Fremont Twp.).
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
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Jul 07.92 16:15 No.004 P,03/06
Agenda 7.9-92
Pap 3
4. Application Z9223 of Douglas Zeithamel, Iowa City, owner,
requesting rezoning of approximately 1.5 acres from A2 Resort to
RS Suburban Residential of certain property located in the NW 1/4
of the SW 1/4 of Section 34j Township 79 North; Range 6 West of
the Sth P.M. in Johnson County, Iowa (This property is located
on the east side of Oak Crest HilI Road sa at its intersection with
Freund Road sa in West Lucas Twp;).
5. Application Z9224 of Larry Reutzel, Cedar Rapids, contract
purchaser, requesting rezoning of approximately 1.99 acres from
A1 Rural 10 RS Suburban Residential of certain property described
as being in the NW 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of Section 7j Township 81
Northj Range 7 West of the 5th P,M. in Johnson County, Iowa
(This property is located at the SW corner of Swisher, Iowa city
limits south of Swisher View Drive in 1efferson Twp.).
b) DIscussion/action re: the Collowing Plotting appllcatlons:
1. Application S9229 of Michael and Sharon Hicks requesting
preliminary and final plat approval of A SubdJvlslon of Lot A,
Millard Second Subdivision, a subdivision located in the NW 1/4
of the NW 1/4 of Section J 6; Township 81 North; Range 7 West
of the 5th P.M. in Johnson County, Iowa (ThIs is a I-lot, 26.13
acre, residential subdivision with 2-nonbulIdable lots located
southeast of the intersection of Highway 965 and 140th Street
NW in Jefferson Twp.). .
2. Application S9230 of William Grabe requesting preliminary plat
approval of Forest Hills Subdivision Part Two, a subdivision
located in the sa 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of Section J4j Township 81
North; Range 7 West of the 5th P.M. in 10hnson County, Iowa
(This is a 7-lot, 40.60 acre residential SUbdivision located BOulh
of Forest Hills Subdivision which is on the southwest sitJs of
Sandy Beach Road NB, approximately 1/3 of a mileCJ8st Q!the
intersection of Sandy Beach Road NE and Curtis Bridjgoaa:N~
in 1efferson Twp.). ~-< ~ r
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Jul 07.92 16:16 No.004 P.04/06
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Agenda 7.9-92
Paae 4
3. Application 59231 of Karen M. Slaughter requesting prelhi1lnary
and final plat approval of Hemsted"s Subdivision, a subdivision
located In tho sa 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of Section 20: Township 77
North; Range 5 West of the 5th P.M. In lohnson COlUlty, Iowa
(ThIs Is a 2-1ot, 10.00 acre residential subdJvlslon located on the
north side of 660th Street SR, approximately 1/2 mile west of Its
intersection with Utah Avenue SB in Fremont Twp.).
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4. Application S9234 of Michael W. Mango requesting preliminary
and flnal plat approval of A Resubdivlslon of Lots I, 2, 3, and 9 of
Sedrel Subdivision, a subdivision located in the NB J /4 of the NB
1/4 of Section 26 and the NW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of Section 25; all
in Township 81 North; Range 7 West of the 5th P.M. In Johnson
County, Iowa (This is a 3-lot, 15.08 acre residential subdivision
located on the west side of Lake Manor Road NB, approximately
1.0 mile south of its intersection with Sandy Beach Road in
Jefferson Twp.).
5. Application S9235 of Henry Bolton, signed by Dean Beranek
requesting preliminary plat approval of Bolton's First Subdivision,
a subdivision located in the NB 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 15;
Township 80 North; Range 6 West of the Sth P.M. In lohnson
County, Iowa (This is a 6-lot, 21.35 acre residential wbdlvislon
located on the west side of Anchorage Road NE, across from
Collette's Subdivision, 1/4 of a mile north of Crosheck Road NB in
Newport Twp.).
6. Application 59236 of Irv and Sammy Janey requestioB final plat
approval ofTw/n Valley Pines, a subdivision located In the SW 1/4
of the NB 1/4 of Section 23; Township 81 North; Range 7 West of
the Slh P.M. In Johnson County, Iowa (This is a 2-101, 10.60 acre
residential Subdivision located between Twin Valley Lakes
Addition and Hidden Valley Estates on the east side ofNn Vtfley
Drive NB in lefferson Twp.). ~('j 2 "711
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Jut 07,92 16:17 No.004 P.OS/06
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Agenda 7-9.91
Pa,e 5
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7. Application 59237 of Harold Rohret and lane Alt, sianed by Thomas
Anthony, requesting preliminary and tinal plat approval of Fugate
Homeslead, a subdivision located in the NW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of
Section 2; Township 78 North; Range 8 West of the Sth P,M, in
Johnson County, Iowa (This is a 1.10t, 8.85 acre farmstead split
located on the east side of Orval Yoder Turnpike SWat Its
intersection with 470lh Street SW in Washington Twp.).
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8. Application S9238 of Scott D. Wilcox requesting final plat approval
of Oak Crest Hill Timber, a subdivision located in the SB 1/4 of the
NE 1/4 of Section 33; Township 78 North; Range 6 West of the Sth
P,M. in Johnson County, Iowa (This is as-lot, 12.60 residential
subdivision located on the west side of Oak Crest Hill Road SE,
approximately 2.1 miles south of the corporate limits of Hills, Iowa
in Liberty Twp.).
9. Application S9239 of Steven D. and Michael S. Kohli requesting
preliminary and final plat approval of Brookewood Estates
Subdivision, a subdivision located in the NW 1/4 of the SE 1/4 of
Section 28; Township 80 Northj Range 6 West of the Sth P.M, in
Johnson County, Iowa (This is a 2.lot, 5.52 acre, residential
SUbdivision located on the southwest side of Dubuque Street NB,
across from Hlgbvlew Knoll of River Heights and north of
Northwood Estates in Penn Twp.).
10. Application 89240 of Russell D. McDonald, signed by Laurie
Tulcbln, requesting preliminary and final plat approval of RDM
Subdivision, a subdivision located in the NB 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of
Section 18; Township 80 North; Range S West of the 5th P.M. in
Johnson County, Iowa (This is a 2-lot, 3.94 acre, residential
subdivision located southwest of the intersection of ffighway #1 NE
and Newport Road NB in Newport Twp.).
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JOHNSON COUNTY AUDITOR TEL:319-356-6086
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Ju 1 07.92
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16:17 No.004 P.06/06
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Agenda '.9-91
Paae 6
7. Business from the County Attorney.
a) Discussion/action re: resolution settin~ public hearin.e on disposal of
county interestln real estate legaUy described as Lots 9, 10, and 11 in Block
1, Lyons First Addition to Iowa City (Close Mansion),
b) Report re: other items,
8, Business from the Board of Supervisors.
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a) Action re: resolution for weight limit on structure 5-31-2.
b) Discussion/action re: appointment to Mental Health/Mental
Retardation/Developmental Disabilities Advisory Committee.
c) I>iscusslon/action re: increasing Johnson County's funding of Iowa City
Library to $210,000.00.
d) Discussion/action re: library contract between Iowa City and Johnson
County.
e) Discussion/action re: letter of support to HACAP for winterization grant,
f) Motion approving Social Service Block Grant expenditures as presented by
Cheryl Whitney.
g) Designation of Trustecsl terms for Lake Crest Manor Sanitary Sewer
District.
h) Other
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9. Adjourn to Informal meeting.
10. Inquiries and reports from the public. I
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11. Adjournment. ,
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