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Home My WebLink About2006-11-28 Correspondence City of Iowa City MEMORANDUM Date: November 17, 2006 To: City Clerk and City Council From: John Yapp, Acting JCCOG Traffic Engineering Planner 7 ....If, I ~ Re: Item for November 28, 2006 City Council meeting: Conversion of two NO PARKING signs to NO PARKING - PASSENGER LOADING ZONE; 15 MINUTE LIMIT signs on the north side of the alley north of the First United Methodist Church, 214 E Jefferson Street. As directed by Title 9, Chapter 1, Section 3B of the City Code, this is to advise the City Council of the following action. Action: Pursuant to Section 9-1-3A(18), the NO PARKING designation on the north side of the alley north of214 E Jefferson Street will be removed and replaced with a NO PARKING _ PASSENGER LOADING ZONE; 15 MINUTE LIMIT designation. Comment: This action is being taken at the request of the Little Angels Daycare which operates in the basement of the First United Methodist Church at 214 E Jefferson Street. The one- way alley north of the Church is used as a passenger loading and unloading area by the daycare. Allowing one side of an alley to be used as a loading zone is consistent with City Code. Q ~~:() r". -~~. /,'-'\ --'--' ~~' ;~-,~ 5> r-.~') = C:~) "" "Il --.J C5 W -&:" Tl ----, ';"--) City of Iowa City MEMORANDUM Date: November 17, 2006 To: City Clerk and City Council From: John Yapp, Acting JCCOG Traffic Engineering Planner 7 ~ I ~ Re: Item for November 28, 2006 City Council meeting: Installation of two STOP signs in the Village Green neighborhood. As directed by Title 9, Chapter I, Section 3B of the City Code, this is to advise the City Council of the following action. Action: Pursuant to Section 9-1-3A(5), install one STOP sign on Wintergreen Drive at Village Road, and one STOP sign on Sterling Drive at Wintergreen Drive. Comment: This action is being taken to clarify right-of-way at these intersections. 5 50 ).:; -'::~:I r<' S2, ~ (--,) ~t );: 3e(2 Il ...--- _1 1\ o c.,) ~ -------- F\! CI', -'I I l - : ,.__1.. ".~ To whom this may concern in the City Council, ce'",I"J'1 \ 3 PH I: 0 1 j.JJu " Hello, my name is Laurie Lehman, I am a 16 year old junior at cio/,:Iiig!},s&lUVol. I 'OIl',' C'! IV \(lINA I I'J.."', ..", ',. \./ For the past couple months my classmates and I, in State and Local Government class, have learned a lot about the school board, city council, and about the county board of supervisors. After being educated over these three separate governments and learning how they each have their own different goals, and yet they have to all work together even if they don't always agree with one another, they still have to make decisions that will best benefit the community, This is where my classmates and I come in. We have researched a specific topic that is related to our local government. We all have the hopes to accomplishing the objective we have towards the topic picked which is the problem of jay walking. Two of my, clll$smates and I are researching Jaywalking, mostly inlowaCity but we have compared the tines in Iowa City to other big cities across Iowa. We know that the city council sets the prices for different tickets given out by police officers to the public, for jaywalking.or failing to yield for a jaywalker when operating a vehicle. As you all may know, jay walking is a big issue in downtown Iowa City, in part due to the college campus being located downtown, which is increasing the chance of accidents occurring, The jaywalking fine in Iowa City is currently $15 plus the surcharge and the court fee. However high or low the fine is for jaywalking, doesn't seem stop people from jay walking, but it easily could, The fact is, people in this city are rarely firi~ for jaywalking,lllt alone being caught or even warned for jay walking;, Thereforethe majority of people think they can get away with it, they think its no big deal, so they keep a;o on jay walking. When a person is ticketed for jay walking he/she will most likely think twice about it, they will likely jaywalk again sometime or another in their life. Besides trying to ticket one individual at a time, the city council and/or police department should do something to catch the attention of people who jaywalk:, that will make them think twice before they do it. Here are a few ideas that can help get the word out that jay walking is illegal and inform citizens on the consequences: . Post jay walking posters on local stores and shops downtown including the average price one would have to pay after being ticketed for illegally crossing the street. . Give out tickets when anyone jay walks for a week:, soon people would learn that the City and the Police are both serious about jay walking, hopefully causing people to stop. . Have statistics of how many people have been injured or even killed in a jay walking accident, either on a poster or even ask the news to talk a little bit about local jay walking and problems. (statistics on injured people in the past 10 years) I hope the city council decides to gain more control over jaywalkers in downtown Iowa City. Sincerely, Laurie Lehman . ',.!\el\ 'J)')' J "1 \ .~~ L \):1 U) \: \ .,..1 ~~\), ~~ . I \_~ (y::~ \ ._J G:J Dear City Council, My name is Alex Leaven, and I have lived in Iowa City my entire life. I wanted to write to express one concern of mine about the downtown area. Recently I began working at a bar: it is a fun job and can pay very well. One concern I, and other people who work in or go to bars have, however, is all of the smoke. I would like it if this city proposed a smoking ban in all bars, at least in the downtown district. As you already know, second hand smoke can be just as bad as first hand, and employees at bars have no choice but to breath it in for hours each day. Although there would be some complaint, I believe that the majority of people at bars do not like the smoke, as is evident when only 5 or 6 people are smoking in a room full of200 people. Drinking is a choice for bar goers', but breathing in smoke is not. For the safety of employees and customers at the bars, I ask that you seriously consider implementing a new ordinance. Ordinances in other cities have gone over well, such as in Minneapolis. It is time for Iowa City to step up to the plate and battle second hand smoke, our lives depend on it, and you. Thank you, Alex Leaven f\ h.~ L a.I\,vt." G 30 N 0 v.,b'i"t- S-\- rovJ~ Ci~~ I .:t:A )1..1..1.\5 o >c' ~i>-:f '" ~ = c.,~ ,21 nr....:: 11 . '".' w i--;J ""D -. -,'" -r : i 1 ;--: '.j C..) :..-!,J S/" "'- )> a c- c:J 1550 Deer Field Dr. North Liberty, IA 52317 November 2, 2006 City Council Members 410 East Washington St. Iowa City, IA 52240 Dear members of the city council, I am a student at City High school. In my State and Local Government class I was asked to do a civics project in our community. For my project I decided to research underage drinking and the bar problem downtown. As my project went on I realized that the majority of my project was going to be on the 21-only ordinance. Through my research and surveys I found that most people in Iowa City feel that a 21-only ordinance wouldn't solve the problems with underage drinking and could possibly make it worse. I talked with several University of Iowa students about drinking downtown and they told me that they thought changing the age to get into bars would not solve the problem; it would only increase the number of fake ids and also increase the number of house parties which are far more dangerous than going to a bar downtown. After doing this project I have decided that I am in favor of keeping the 19 ordinance and that changing it would only result in larger problems for police officers. However I do feel that something needs to be done about how easily a 19 or 20 year old can get alcohol at a bar and punishment needs to be more severe for bars and bartenders who serve minors. Sincerely, 4fl2- Nic Reed Q :--...;;; {;.~'::.J c;;:, ;:>r~. c.... ~\...f c) " .' ~ ,}l -., '. . / W .:--." :TI rn -0 ,'''-'\ =u ::;,t .~~! '-.J \_J $ /'-', - ::i> .. a ./::"' Page 1 of 1 n:n Marian Karr From: TriclaWoo@aol.com' Sent: Tuesday. November 14, 2006 9:21 PM To: .City Council; Steve Atkins Cc: katie@summeroflhearts.com Subject: SOTA and the Community Event & Program Funding Dear Council Members and Mr. Atkins: I am writing to request your continued support of the Summer of the Arts, by providing funding again for this coming year's events. As a SOTA board member, and as an Arts Festival volunteer/board member for the past few years, I have come to have a greater appreciation of what it takes to provide our community with such wonderful programs as Friday Night Concert Series, the Iowa Arts Festival, The Jazz Festival and the Saturday Night Movie Series. It not only takes financial support from the City, local businesses, community members and government grants, It also takes a lot of creative, passionate people, to give of their time, and energy, working together tirelessly to put on the above named events, free of charge to the general public. All of these events take place in downtown Iowa City, in the heart of the Old Capitol cultural district. They attract thousands of visitors to our city, and generate quite an economic impact on our community each year. When folks talk about what makes Iowa City a great place to live, these particular events are often the first things that are mentioned. As a nonprofit organization, we are committed to raising the funds we need through private donations, and grants, but we need the continued support of the City of Iowa City to help us lay the building blocks for the Summer of the Arts, to ensure these events can continue in the future. Please consider and support our request for funding in the amount of $50,000.00 for Summer of the Arts, through the Community Event and Program Funding Grant. With my sincere thanks, Tricia Stiles Director of Advertising & Public Relations River City Dental Care@ 1950 Lower Muscatine Road Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Daytime phone: 337-6226 Evening phone: 338-5580 Triciawoo@aol.com 11/15/2006 Ii Ii. ....f..';....'....'..':....'....;..'.'......:....:......;:');i:.~.....,...... C at .'~:"~....,>'.~ 5 Inc. ~ .... , "<:;'~". . ""',<(-~, ,.", ".,'.,.-:,:, . 4515 Melrose A'ven~~. I~LV4 City, Iowa 52246-9400 Phone 319-887,-27/011''',f(JX319-887-9154 J>",>:-,_.-'.,' '.": '-",:, ..'....-, www.chathamoaks.org IJ:J November 13, 2006 Mayor Ross Wilburn Iowa City Council Members 410 E. Washington Street Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear Mayor Wilburn & Council Members: I am writing on behalf of residents, employees and the Board of Directors to thank you for making it possible for the city bus to provide service to Chatham Oaks. The service is greatly appreciated and has opened new opportunities for many individuals. We will be opening two new apartment buildings with a total of 18 units next year. Access to the city bus will be an attractive feature and vital need for the apartment tenants. Thank you again and we look forward to continuing to work together in the future. Sincerely, V~~ Vivian Davis Executive Director Cc: Tim Smith, Chatham Oaks Board President Dolores Slade, Chatham Oaks Board Secretary Ron Logsden, Iowa City Transit "" 0 = '-'7:::> L~ :>n .-y- """.- :i> ':--';'j 0 "T1 -< (--} -<. ;:,..:; c:' 0'0 -~, Ti ,. -0 ,~ ~~) ~ --'1'.. '--.J ~ /'-., )> W -J CE'Ri.m:>s D:D City of Five Seasons November 15, 2006 Mayor Ross Wilburn City of Iowa City 410 E Washington St Iowa City, IA 52240-1826 Dear Mayor Wilburn: The City of Cedar Rapids is requesting your financial support to maintain the Public Safety . Helicopter program as a regional resource. We are requesting communities consider providing a voluntary contribution of $1 per capita. As you know, the program has provided assistance to Cedar Rapids and area communities for the past 35 years. Tightening financial resources are now requiring Cedar Rapids to seek support for this regional asset from other sources. We would be pleased to meet with elected officials, staff or community regarding the benefits of this program at your request. This request is being sent to all citil;ls and counties within the Linn and Johnson Counties areas. If all of the communities positively respond to this request funding assistance of $192,850 would be provided. This compares with a program cost of approximately $1,170,800 (pY08). This program is currently provided to other communities on a "mutual aid" basis. This assistance request is intended to permit continuation of this program on that premise. However, we would welcome the opportunity to discuss converting this program to a independent regional program (separate from the City of Cedar Rapids) either by special legislation or a 28E agreement. Please advise us if you have interest in this regard. The City Council will be evaluating our ability to continue this program during budget review later this year. Your response by December 15 would be helpful for that purpose. At this time we are seeking general indications of interest for financial support. Based on this response, the City would be seeking that funding commitments would be provided next fiscal year. Please contact Sgt. Kent Choate at (319) 286-5410 for further information on this request. ,--, = = en i rosser City Manager City of Cedar Rapids o ?O )>--- -, :::-'~'\ -<. =-:~.J ,..-....._ -<' r-~ '--'m 1'1 :u ....../--c-- ~/, )> ~"" c-. ~ "'<: !l -- 0-. ..", ::i: m r-t \...-1 W -.J Office of the Cedar Rapids City Manager City Hall. 50 Second Avenue Bridge. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52401. (319) 286-5080. FAX (319) 286-5144 .____,_____._._.~..._ __ _.__....m___________ .. __._,________~__._.._..___._.._____.... Helicopter Q & A Q. What is the history of the Cedar Rapids Police Air Support Unit? A. The CRPD Air Support Unit has provided airborne law enforcement capabilities to Cedar Rapids and surrounding areas since 1972. They have flown over 70,000 flight hours and are directly accountable for saving 15 lives throughout their history. From 2001 to present the Air Support Unit has responded to over 130 calls for service outside of Cedar Rapids. A few examples of those calls include locating a missing 5 year old in Henry Co. at night using the thermal imaging equipment, locating a suspect who had robbed a store at gunpoint and following and identifying an individual in a plane that had been flying around the nuclear power plant. Q. What services can they provided to my community? A. On an "as requested basis" they can provide: Search capabilities - Forward Looking Infrared and Video for suspects, victims, lost persons / children Aerial oversight of incidents including weather disasters, WMD situations, accidents, crime scenes, etc. Surveillance r-..:< c.:.:> These services would be available after a case-by-case evaluation is made ~yiged ~~ staffing, weather and situation permit. )> ::, ~: ,-. :",.:-tCj 0.... -<r' -0 Q. When is the helicopter available? n S~ -- ,-,J7' ~ .- A. During about 75% of the 8760 hours in a year, the Air Support unit has a piloron dut)S While actual annual flight time may only be about add up to about 20% of the year, pilots are ready to respond as needed to requests. A pilot may also be called in if circumstances dictate. -on ':11 ;"-'"1 ,j Q. Who requests the service and how long does it take for the helicopter to get on site? A. The service is requested by law enforcement officials from your area. Each request is evaluated by CRPD staff and if appropriate a helicopter is dispatched. The helicopter can get to any location in the Linn / Johnson County area in less 20 minutes of flight time. Actual response time may vary depending upon circumstances and staff on duty. Q. What does it cost Cedar Rapids annually for this unit? A. The FY07 Budget is $1,164,875, which equates to about $650 per flight hour. This figure includes pilot and equipment costs. Q. Can Cedar Rapids provide tlzis service and bill us on an hourly basis for actual time used? A. No" Federal Law prohibits Cedar Rapids from billing directly on an hourly basis for use of the aircraft. Joint funding is allowed to create a common pool of funding with the appropriate 28 E arrangements. Q. Is Cedar Rapids proposing a Regional Air Support Unit? A. No - A regional Air Support Unit would require funding and organizational structure well beyond the scope of the current unit. Cedar Rapids is proposing that other government units participate financially in the existing program so that the resource remains available on an as needed basis to other government units outside of Cedar Rapids. Q. Why should my community invest in the Cedar Rapids Police Air Support Unit? A. While the CRPD Air Support Unit historically has spent about 95% of its flight time servicing Cedar Rapids, the balance of their flight time has been dedicated to assisting other agencies in Iowa. Most ofthose cases were cases that were serious in nature or dealt with preservation of life / officer safety. There are no other assets readily available to do many of the special missions that can be done by the CRPD Air Support Unit. "-:~ C) '-:.-'\ -;:::...-;; ~;; c... ::.:;:: C;, -"".. ..-,~' --.--, c::' - -:: -n " 0" r--~ '4 " j ~ iTI "-'>.., ~G -0 6 _h. -"~I \.....1 S / " )> W -...J --~---_.._---'-'-' - -'~--'----""-'-----'-'-""'-"'-----'-'--------'-----,-". ._--_._-,_.__.__....~--_.._~-_."..-...- Marian Karr , ::> J From: Sent: To: Subject: Hello, ferrarod [ferrarod@mail.medicine.uiowa.edu] Sunday, November 19, 2006 2: 11 PM 'City Council Smoking in multi-family homes My name is Daniel Ferraro and I am a resident of Iowa City. I have followed the smoking ban in Iowa City in public buildings; however, I am curious if there has been or will be discussion about enacting a smoking ban in Condominium buildings / Multi-family homes. I currently own my horne, which is a part of a multi-family complex; however, we have had problems with smoke entering our home from common areas inside the structure. It seems to me that while we do not smoke, we are put at risks to our health and fire due to the others that occupy (own/rent) the other units. I appreciate your time and I look forward to any reply that you are able to send. Daniel Ferraro 1 3 €... (cr) Marian Karr From: Sent: To: Cc: Subject: Dale Helling Wednesday, November 22, 2006 11 :27 AM 'ferrarod' .City Council RE: Smoking in multi-family homes Dear Mr. Ferraro, Thank you for your email to the City Council regarding smoking issues. Council members do not receive their email directly. Your message will be forwarded to Council and received as official correspondence as part of an upcoming Council meeting agenda. The City Council did pass an ordinance several years ago prohibiting smoking in restaurants but a similar ordinance in Ames was found to be preempted by State law, so the local law had to be repealed. Presently, the City only has authority to regulate smoking in City buildings and on City owned property, including the public right-af-way. Enabling legislation by the State legislature would be necessary for the City to extend any such regulation to private property. An ordinance such as you suggest would thus be prohibited by State law. We will continue to encourage the State legislature to broaden local authority with regard to smoking regulation. I hope this information is helpful. Sincerely, Dale Helling, Assistant City Manager -----Original Message----- From: ferrarod [mailto:ferrarod@mail.medicine.uiowa.edu] Sent: Sunday, November 19, 2006 2:11 PM To: *City Council Subject: Smoking in multi-family homes Hello, My name is Daniel Ferraro and I am a resident of Iowa City. I have followed the smoking ban in Iowa City in public buildings; however, I am curious if there has been or will be discussion about enacting a smoking ban in Condominium buildings / Multi-family homes. I currently own my home, which is a part of a multi-family complex; however, we have had problems with smoke entering our home from cornman areas inside the structure. It seems to me that while we do not smoke, we are put at risks to our health and fire due to the others that occupy (own/rent) the other units. I appreciate your time and I look forward to any reply that you are able to send. Daniel Ferraro 1 r:::J Marian Karr From: SNeweLLinst@aol.com Sent: Sunday, November 19, 2006 12:09 AM To: 'City Council Subject: Homeless Shelter Camper Protesters burn fires/create traffic hazard at Hillcrest This correspondence will become a public record. It is my opinion that the community activists thinking they are doing a good thing are actually misguided. They are incorrect. There has been a great deal of money and time spent in the debate about building a huge homeless shelter across from the MECCA drug treatment facility, next to the battered women's shelter and twice now it was reviewed as not a good idea. Really this city has more geography that this one single location picked by an Architect from Europe who is a professor at Univ of Iowa and never lived in a mobile home at Hillcrest. He has no concern for the economic class of working blue collar people and their families in the Hillcrest Neighborhood Association. He does not seem to care about voiced concerns from property owners in IC 14 Precinct as he views the issues from his high viewpoint in University Heights. Now I am told by the Police Department Duty Clerk that someone privately bought the land that is zoned commerciai at the corner next to Hilltop Mobile Home Park and they have specifically invited the activists to camp next to the mobile homes with a big metal bonfire drum with flames rising up and when I photograph their operation they invite me to have smoores with them and learn how much of a blessing it will be to have the most highly concentrated zone in any city in this state for community shelters and HUD housing all in one carefully designated area zoned "poverty row class 1" in a new kind of American Ghetto concept developed by European Architects who are genius in intellect. I was displeased. I told them they will never live with us in a mobile home in our park and they do not care what their efforts do to the fate of property values for the lower economic class people they often nick-name trailer-park white trash. They think their opinions should count. They think the Hilltop Neighborhood Association is unimportant by contrast to themselves and the University Heights genius community who plan this newly designed many stories of homeless shelter rooms with the latest engineering for efficient economics in warehousing people in a zone far away from the 250,000 properties of University Heights where they even have their own little police station inside Iowa City. Yes, we know this kind of perspective well. They are wrong. If you build the shelter where they say it must go, the result will follow sociological principles very reliably and you will have yourself a real problem in how you have administered the distribution of economic pressures unevenly over the matrix of your city. You must understand the weight of each part of this picture. But I feel certain there will be unecessary suffering and harms to the poorest and most vulnerable citizens in your community if the activists from outside our area and precinct succeed in getting yet another shelter located here with the rest of them. This idea is bad economics for this precinct and the cycle of economic pressure the builds with this process drags down other parts of the economic picture in this part of town. Do not build yet another human services shelter in your human warehouse zone concept. Distribute this kind of thing in smaller bits around the community. To compare it to the history of corrections institutions in America, let me make a comparison that connects sociological process across the one idea to the other. In both cases, people are needing human services. In both cases, people are a group of people who have commonly situations that make them feel anxious socially and interpersonally. The larger you build a prison, at some point the more expensive and dangerous it gets for both client-offenders and administratiors. Likewise, the larger you pool a resource that has a perceived social meaning in one area, the more that area gets labeled socially as a place of people who are identified with those needs and less people will want to buy property in that area. People are able to testify that when a prison is built neighboring properties may drop in value also. While a shelter is not a prison and I in no way suggest homeless persons are client-offenders in a corrections situation, it is a fact that a significant number of homeless persons have records within the corrections system and this causes a perception upon a truly large homeless shelter facility. A really large homeless shelter facility will display the same social-economic affect upon a neighboring residence property value as a low-security half-way house for prisoners being paroled back into society. If you Ignore this economic consideration, and also that you are being petitioned to place it right 11/20/2006 Page 2 of2 across from MECCA and the battered women's shelter and next to 4 Oaks Youth Home then you truly seem to be totally opposite of my facts here. This will not work. It will cost too much. And it will result in unnecessary suffering of the lowest economic class of families in your city, harming citizens who can least endure this kind of social and financial stress. I ask you to buy back the land from whoever it is that bought it and then invited friends to camp there to make a big political scene to give the European Architect from University Heights his victory. That property was zoned Commercial and was supposed to be bought to become a business location for a commercial business. Since that is not what has happened, take it back and try to sell it consistent with the actual legal plan the city has recently recognized it should stay with. These activists should spend more time researching alternatives for the shelter problem. If the human services issues were more carefully planned with a more divided economic pressure across the total matrix of the city design, not only would it be a simpler plan to solve the problems, but it would give a more modern model of human services resource to the homeless persons. The modern prison system since about the middle of the last century has been based more on what is called by sociologists the "campus model" and it attempts to give a variety of options for skill development and personal improvement and other human services to the clients on a generally more self-determined basis. This is because it also teaches people self-determination which actually is very functional at helping them grow into a more adaptive mode with the rest of the social community around them. A large facility with regimental schedules does not give the varied human services many cleints in trouble need. Several smaller specialized shelter facilities designed to respond to sub-groups with different social-economic needs would better respond to the clients in this problem and it lessens the economics of the weight on one place such as mine here in Precinct 14. I do not want to cook smoores with some do-gooders from University Heights. I want to see about University Heights donating one of the unsold houses there to be a half-way house for homeless persons of some particular class or category that can receive a specific human services regime from that smaller facility to get them back to work, economically on the mend and finishing the paperwork to win a rental of their own place to live again in the community of their choice. Now that would be worth talking over at a cook-out. But putting a three story homeless shelter next to 100 lower economic class working families in the Hilltop Mobile Home Park and across from MECCA and the other shelter, that is not worth discussing because it is simply a stupid sociological idea and will not in the long term be a working solution. I caution that Iowa City has a historical habit of being told what to do by self-important doctors the the University and the citizens often have to pay for years for these ideas that are not actually so functional of a concept if evaluated by a broadly more knowledgeable committee of consultants. Just because some architect says it would be great does not mean the human services aspect or the economics would be good for Iowa City. We need to think about that in these times. Sincerely, Steven W. Newell, Master of Arts Teaching in biology and psychology 2018 Watefront Drive 39 Iowa City, IA 52240 Johnson County Central Committee, Precinct 14 Iowa City 11/20/2006 ~ L.1LJ POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD A Board of the City of Iowa City 410 East Washington Street Iowa City IA 52240-1826 (319)356-5041 November 15, 2006 Mayor Ross Wilburn 410 E. Washington Street Iowa City, IA 52240 Dear Mayor and Council Members: At the November 14,2006 meeting, the PCRB voted in open session to request a 60-day extension in addition to its regular 45-day reporting deadline for the Public Report according to the City Code for PCRB Complaint #06-03 for the following reasons: . Due to timelines and scheduling . Public Report presently due December 4, 2006 60-day Extension request - Report would be due on February 2, 2007 The Board appreciates your prompt consideration of this matter. Sincerely, fL1 ~eL EJi~ Elizabeth Engel, Vice-Chair Police Citizens Review Board cc: City Attorney _"""'_'_"'",'_'___~.____~______~"_._'___'_'__~_~___.___.,,_._.._ ---" , ____.___~.~_______..__.'___m