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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1975-02-18 CorrespondenceAspen Times, Jan. 17, 1974, at 11B Council_ - ks resolution ab66- :m:an uor a use Aspens City Council joined a National Commission on - growing number of governmental Marijuana and Drug Abuse, the - - entities around the country in an National Council of Churches, and effort to decriminalize marijuana many other= organizations with Monday with formal adoption of its - respect to the decriminalization of - - first resolution of the new year. c such use and possession, and The action had _been recom- WHEREAS the Aspen- City _, - mended last month by -Deputy- - Council wishes, as a caveat to any - j _ - District' Attorney James Moore, - such expression of its opinion, to - who had explained that criminal declare that it does not endorse the sanctions for possession of small.- use or sale of marijuana or en-", - amounts -:of -.cannabis -were not courage.any such illegal activity,_. effective deterrents- to drug use, -- now •, ' -- - and helped create disrespect for .. --the THEREFORE, - BE--- IT - law.-,.. .. -. RESOLVED -- BY THE CITY -� - _.. - In addition, ,Moore had ex- COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF plained, treating marijuana use as ASPEN, -COLORADO: a criminal offense resulted in an _•1. That it does recommend and 'overload for the police and courts - encourage the state authorities to i - and hindered efforts toprosecute —(1)- eliminate 'all ':.criminal laws i more serious offenses. ,punishing the possessions of small He had -urged passage of ,the .amounts of marijuana, (2) treat P v.,o r�jus�+•� r resolution', as a means of en- the casual distribution of small - couraging the State Legislature to amounts- ofmarijuananot for emulate the State of Oregon, first profitassimple possession, and (3) state to adopt decriminalization establish regulatory.. schemes- - _. legislation. - - governing- the distribution of 3+ A The Aspen resolution is reprinted marijuana_ `�' °i� t - below. It is believed to be the first 2. That the position here taken i - �, p/ r ° f - such action in Colorado. not be - interpreted - as - an - en- -.,,. r,�- t%vo - - - - - - dorsement of any activity, either in - RESOLUTIONN0.1 - -_-Aspen 'or. -elsewhere, which- is at - _ (Series of 1974) present -an illegal activity, .with - WHEREAS, the City Council has respect to both the use, possession L. been apprised of the contemporary or distribution of marijuana, but - problems created by the rather that by this resolution the -- criminalisation of the'- use and ` Council merely encourages the I - possession of small -amounts of - amendment of the existent - - marijuana, especially with the criminal. legislation to remove youth in the Aspen Community and from the use, possession and nationwide, and distribution of small amounts of 1 WHEREAS the Aspen City marijuana the onus - of criminal Council wishes to voice its opinion sanction and the attendant con - and adopt the stance of the sequences; which, it is felt, are not - - American Bar_ Association, the warranted by such activity. ��CITY OF IOIWA CITY EXT 200 CB 410 EAST WASHINGTON -- IOWA CITY IA 5240 • .: THIS MoILGRAM IS A CONFIRMATION COPY OF THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE: 3193541300-TDBN IOWA CITY IA 41 02-19 0333P EST PMS SENATOR MI NNETTE DODERER ST4TE CAPITOL DESMOINES IA 50319 • THE CITY COUNCIL Or IOWA CITY HAS ENDORSED THE DECRIMINALIZATION OF MARIJUANA BY THE STATE-LEGISLATURE A RESOLUTION WILL BE ADOPTED AT THE FEBRUARY 25TH 1975 COUNCIL MEETING SUPPORTING THE DECRIMINALIZATION. WE URGE YOUR SUPPORT OF OUR POSITION ON THIS MATTER ria YOR ED CZARNECKI 1539 EST '� MGMCDRB CDR �. 717 Willow Street Iowa City, Iowa 52240 February 14, 1975 Members of the Iowa City Council Administrative Offices Civic Center Iowa City, Iowa 52240 I am writing in regards to the controversial marijuana prob- lem that you are pressed on at this time. We, as a family, have experienced having three of five sons smoke marijuana. Their friends did so also. It was always very ob- vious to us when they returned home from a "pot party" as to what they had been doing. They never acted like themselves. It was dif- ficult_to be patient, but by so doing and keeping the lines of COm- munication open, the problem was resolved with two of the boys. - --The-third lives in a distant state and we know little about his present attitude. Personalities do change with the use of cannabis. It is very obvious to someone in a day-to-day relationship with a cannabis user. The two sons have completely changed their outlook on marijuana andnow say that its use by anyone frightens them Previously,:they - had condoned its use. They both have admitted that cannabis use usually leads to harder drug use. At least it did with them and their friends, which number over fifty! There are personal experiences which are best kept private but we want to go on record as being_completely against relaxing the punishment in regards to marijuana. To relax would be the first step to legalization and our country will be in a precarious state. Those countries with stiffer penalties have less problems with cannabis, according to reports. I am enclosing a copy of an article about marijuana and hope all members of the City Council will read it and digest it. The majority of the latest reports also have shown cannabis to be quite harmful. Please help protect your children's and our children's mental and physical health. Thank you for your consideration in regards to this issue. . Sincerely,: U FEB1 81375 D Mrs. F. Eugene Tisinger ABBiESTOLFus CITY CLERK f ,. JOURWACof lfie , Ame'r„ya Medical Association Octotvr i .472 Vol 222. No I Toxic Effects -.4 Chronic Marihuana Use Harold Kolansky, MD, and William T. Moore, DID Thirteen adults between the ages of 20 and 41 years, all of wborn smoked teal hypolhcxi r that psychic changes cannabis products intensively (three to ten times per week) for a period of were a moult of it chemical (A9 tet; 16 months to six years, v+ereseen during the period of 1969 through ra�lydra :oabhluU d;lrnage to the, 1971: They all demonstrated- symptoms that simullaneoilsly began cerebral cat cal cells. to further lea dic•ttcd that �yrnptoms described •" with cannabis use and disappeared within 3 to 24 months atter cessation by us should ., --r. < confused tiith the of drug use. In addition, a correlation of symptoms was observed in usual psy�chologicalphemmtena char - relation to the duration and frequency of smoking. When coupled bath the acterized as either deeelo)iinental stereotyped nature of the symptoms regardless of psychological changes orpsychological aherrations:. predisposition, a consideration of biochemical and structural changes in All the individuals studied showed' the central acetous system (possibly cerebral cortex) as a result of snrrio ulllfornllly or symptom it, cannabis use seemed to be inorder It would appear that the sihnse which to on _implied that a proach to education regarding the danger cornm,n toxic. agent (cannabis) was present medical and public ap of marihuana use should undergo some reassessment. respo .:bar: for the observed reaction, Ave aby, eoa:idrryd the jwssibilitin y: - - - thud similar rtactionR might occur In April 1971 we published a vidutl lrsychnlitic:d pndlsposillinl• tiny one who intensively use '`can - paper describing 33 rases As ver synlp- n pretlo' s fe. 11Kd, 'nhis for an extended period of time. sho to g the clinical e( vets of torts varied from rill go decompen- We said, marihirtna r.n adolescents and young sation to psychotic states. We also tinning the total sir rvarvi,-we have neva a adults.' With continued clinical inves- considered that clinical findings re- :dims J entitydif viva Resin the routine ligation, we have seen an increasing slating from chronic cannabis a?•? �Yfvfrbu,re usually srvn to adolescents and ases among were suggestive of a temporary toric - ':young adalts. Lang and careful diagnostic :.number of scmptomatic c preadolesita.s, - aclolesr•ents, and cerebral state on abiochemical b esawati,n cnmmeed us that this entity ii Y p l: z s a.,rr r9 th1, rrrtml nervous nys- -young and aider adults that have con- In a recent stud Campbell et ;r+ },,, n re{.d:,r ua_ of rrA.ilsuana-and firmed our original imprMions and have demonstrated cerebral atrophy at the same time have led tis to an in- by air encephalography in ten indi- co,r a v.xt.<t ii frF luentty retorted creasing clinical conviction that there viduala who had smoked muribuann we have found uF e!Sect of marihuana to is .1 specific pathological organic re- `from three to eleven years. The radio- ,:be not me -rely Lst of a m IA intoxicant the central nervous system-logird report parallels another one of which causes e o- r, er yveration, of sponse in _. (C\Slio r nnabis products. This spe- our clinical impressions that cerebral usual adolescent t..ho.:•r., hr.t a rphific (CINI ) to ca se was:identified by a structural changes may have occurred and scpamle rfinir7'' errlrvme unlikeany cificgroup t f uniform symptoms common in some instances of intense chronic - ofher variation of the ahr.ormal manitesta- - to all which seem unrelated to indi- cannabis use. tions of adolescence We feel there shcuid - -- - In our report' to live National Com- kb- N,iuno rtuthiaion because regardless of the d Drug r ' ubrltmi, ieajsholnhical difficulty, mental m fission of 1larih•nae. nn ! —1 disturbed aware- : _ changsalhnarked b �i y :. - - use on May 17, 1971, we again emplia Ilrasuf the self, apatlq•, confusion and poor - -a sized the deletrrrus effects of Milit)' It-sting—will will oetur is all indivichnl From the ui p rtment of i•sychiatry, Unfver• - - - i- - -- -- rite of Y �ass.ra�is and the Institute of the cannabis .use oil _t.,,- dow-lopmt-nt of wh I nflx le4 Illif ilivaivi i•.il tv}'nlar_baek Fhilafr'p%rj-A;v1,rinrinn. for Peyrh„anaiysfs, the adolescent p-nonality.' Although whethcr he is a normal adotceccnt, an nda Ph,l,&lphi:. these effects were described in psy- fescent in conflict, ora --crerely neurotic in. Iteprint witiests is) Suit di!I,.Ifcnjamn. - --'. PROlim" J"k,.Wwn, J'a 1511111, U1r. mw poi, rhologlcal terms, we stressed our chin--_dividual.' �r i JAMA. Oct 2. 1972 Vol 222. No l - Effects -of Idarihuana—Gofen:ky L Imore 35- ... ... ... _ rc.,. l *, Even wilm there is � ac alesI tg- meat in public comments man- accomp arded by his own convic ULn, that lie had recently develope fits ed re.qjmnses; sceiiied it)'* Imply"' some some form of organic' I ty either'of an.*"",," 0 huann may be. harmful t twtdolcs- and insight emotional maturity.. acute biochemical nature as noted in'. cent there is very little agreement was stilted by or.evcn a result of his rases with stlikirter hintoricii 6f csmL­, cannabis isAiarmful to adults that c. generous use of cannallis, Ilaving nabis use or, one might Ilyi he, loth Cal This.would seem to imply that the ef- - foud nhis "true self;,' lie claimed that structural encephalopathy when feels of cannabis in the adolescent his aggression, ambition. andlife found in ca. - iv m prolonged heavy,.,, are determined purely -by psychologi goals no longer needed to follow those marihl:,tml, tu. . t�� We are certain that cal factors, such as the relative Inst of the mainstream of society. We con- these symptoms cannot be'explained bility of the psycheinadolescence I Il sidered this to e a defensive use of simply on the basis of psychological - :with-allits individual variations , anti denialandreaction formation in'or-.:. predisposition. Headaches; also do;, It cannabis also by the setting in which der to avoid all outbreak of sizkrvs scribed by Campbell et'al were cora 1 smoking takes place. We feel that shed stnbilit'y in his sion title to diminished mon, Ili one qf&iv: Mir -0 (not retorted these are secondary factors in deter- personality organization. His psell- in tli series), the marihuanasyn- mining the effects of cannabis on hu- doequanimity was easily disrupted drome ms5ked a severe obsessional man -mental -functioning. The direct when his'pertiorinlity change; new neurosis that was , present before or indirect chemical effect of this drug philosophica,.and drug consumption inarilruanause, then reappeared'after on cerebral functioning has seemed to were qticsLioned by old acquaintances" cessation of drug use: During mari- us to be the primary consideration. or family. Also, it anyone posed a huana toxicity, his obsessional think - Is it true that tile toxic manifesto• threatto his supply of cannabis, tile ing and ompulsive behavior were tions clearly seen in adolescence are a a peaceful facade quickly, gm•e way to ad secondary to the ste'r6o. ininima-Is. not to be foundin adult cannabii irritability or outbursts of irrational ov typed symptoms, deseri1ed abe- users? To date we have not seen ally anger frequently accompanied by vi - Methods difference in the symptomatology of tuperative, verbal attack or sullen the adult chronic marilitiana-hashish petulance. This latter:; phenomenon In general, we, used the same smokers have examined from that some was described' in c of the cases owe methodology in the present study .as" , seen in adolescents. In the series of cited by Marcovitz and Illyers' in in a previous repor.. We established adult cases`reportedhere, the uni. their report. Grinspoon' not only fails the mental stat -ass *f each patient formity of symptoms, the parallel re- to see such changes described in other from a roustine;sychistric history and lationship between the appearance or literature as being due to inarilitiana. examination- Tice .13 patients were disappearance of symptoms with the use but even states,- seen as a par', of a psychiatric consul - regular use or discontinuation of the I am not so certain, however, that these tation practice involving approxi - drug, the more exclusive use of can- differences constitute personality chnnfl"; mately..-l00 patistits per year with an nabis by adult-, (ie, with minimal or it may he mnrc accurate to cliasider thetil even distribution of the tisual.diag- nonuse of other drugs), the absence of manifestations of a purposeful and erten--' nostic. categories. In order to esta a significant relationship between sive change in life sytIc.... lish a diagnosis we interviewed each',,,: psychological predisposition, and the most of those we examined were, well a member of this group as % - ­ s his"l- t severity of symptoms that ap- ype or s physically thin. andoften appeared so family approximately. four e to -,t n ry pear during regular cannabis use, all tired that they simulated the wear- times <in order to establish the pa-_ seem to indicate that persistent and iness and resignation of some of the iistory and mental s. Af� Lient'k; I a statil intensive marihuana or hashish smok si aged. Allared -older than their ppe, w ter a diagnostic impression.as de-:. Ing may affect the cerebral function- chronological age, an impression that t - termined, each palent was told of the Ing of any individual biochemically in oed was sometimes reinforeed-byAlv relationship of his symptoms -. to much the same way regardless of age physical movement. We thought such chronic marihuana use and'each: in or, psychological maturity. There is slow motion resulted from st combing- turn was urged to relinquish.the use a stereotyped symptom complex in tion of an emotional lethargy and al of marihuana in the hope of reversing these cases making a common toxic slowing of the sense of time; this hit-- his symptom. Recommendations fol - causality seem self-evident. ter effect has been cited by idelges lowed uU-6 included psychotherapy et all as also contributing to mental. and psychoanalysis for two members Symptorriatology confusion in cannabis smokers. - Fre-: of the group who hall slitnin;predrug With a history of regular mari- quently,our, patients complained of, psychope,4-,'ngy. Oneof the individ-, . -hashish use (three to ten or huana o. tiredness, sleeping during the day,� oats e ra�=t-d moved geogriphically, more times per week), the individual and wakefulness at night it hichl therefr, -2. fGH , o",up was not possible. was characteristically apathetic and seemed similar to. the reversal of, Of the remaining ten members of the sluggish in mental and physical re- sleep cycle referred to by Campbell group, a cesation of smoking re-., -sponses There was usually aloss of et nil as :a symptom of cerebral' stilted in either total or'partial re- intervit in personal appearance and orgunicity.-mission: ,niptonis so that only, a goallessness. Considerable flattening Tito symptoms! f mental confusion, m orti% fc4ow-up was minimal sP of of at first gave an impression slowed time sense-, difficulty with ra-1 liccessarl". of calm amt well-being so that the psi- cent memory, and the incapability of, Some individuals raised questions Gent seemed to be ;it Peace with him- volilph)tIng thQijyi,ti during vurl aI r relms-ding the methodology employed self and the world. This wat omially cot it mill I leso !Yu 0.at revilted Ili con- iepart. Thu.%cciminent 36 JANIA, Oct 2. 1972 • Vol 222, tio I rf Moore 7 z L ..:.cwt xa r , ... .. r•� 't v _ G> on clinical diagnosis is in order. In oh- -- portions -of the _psychic structure chronic marihuana toxicity. mchadmg.run- - twining medical histo}•• the technique , psychoanalytically _referred. to as the '-fusion, distortion of time sense, -apathy,, -- -�� of drawing diagnostic conclusions by clinical deduction has Leena . ego and super-ego. - ` Such a classification forgetfulness, suspiciou,ness, and :poor primary is no less appli- reality, testing. Aftc. he realizrd the ad- method of paving .the way to estab-.-- cable in; thisreport,.but we are versecRectsofrnarihu::nause, hc.�was able lishing .a diagnosis and pointing- to; deemphasizing - than , psychological to stop smokinc--Kith some initial ddfi- " -- the reuse. Pathological entities first.`- classification "in order to .emphasize :.cult}•.Sisweeks; after stepping _complete y. discovered and etiologic. deter- -' 'the organic implications of our find- his premarihuana-smoking personality , - mined Lv clinicians have, been cor- :. ings, also to emphasize the oht•iotts- -_Has restored and he �omgns(rateti no, clam - ruboraled, then elaborated _ upon by -'_ noxa ofeIItlse and CffCCt. The syn ,- i cal evidence of either hiochendeal or,stmc 'tural;changes : subsequent laboratory-:- investigation. -. toms seen in the 13 patients irnply a in cerebral funrtinning Even'.though at time. his smoking _uas - - - When an: unusual or unfamiliar svn- biochemical -. reaction or structural -:-_quite intense, werelated his early and dromeis seen clinical)}, it is first coin- change in cerebral cells as a result of 'complete remission to the relatively` short pared with and differentiated from efrectsof chronic cannabis use.:-:"' period of time that he had been smoking : the accumulated knowledge of clinical We have tentatively grouped or -marihuana. - '. phenomena. 'Thenafterit, has .been classified these 13 cases in the follow- CAse Y.-A Z._ycar-old white man, tIt noted: that the syndromeoccursre-': ing-manner. - was a teacher in a metropolitanjumorhigh .- peatedly-in the. presence of ;I common -- 1. Hiteltemiral Change.-Those:cases school, smoked marihuana and hashish for - factor, and the removal of th:dfactor -in which�symptoanatology indicated -three years. lie had used lysergic, acid results in diminished or absent sump- less chronic or less' intensive -'drugs drugs Nceptmidi lora) once but used noorate somatology, then that factor becomes use : of cannabis or Goth,-and the patients except for anoccasfon d to tr am for insomnia. He was afraid to try: am- suspect in the cause of Lire condition developed total -remission of--symp- phctamines because he-had heard they - under investigation. Also, _if there is toms within -t six period fol- could cause "brain darnage." lie begun sa an increase in the 'symptomatology , lowing the termination of drug; use. vial smoking on weekends and gradually, relative. to a qualitative or'quantita- '. 2. Riorhentical Change IVith Sus- increased to three or four times kly •': Live :increased exposure to a sub- Pertcd Structural - Chunge.--Those ' Within two }•ears he gave up teachingA _ stance; then it has been reasonable tocases in tclrich symptomatology inti- become an artist even though he had no assume that the symptornatology is --caled chronic intensive cannabis Use; :previous training or experience in thcar ts .. directly related to the presence of the :'then upon`: termination oC Jnrg.�use, ' After he broke a one-yearenga remcnt; e e i - - substance in Afterallofthe 'only partial remission of symptoms had two ince alra n resulting ur two preg differential diagnostic possibilities .were evident after six months and no nhncies and abortions. Ilia father; pre -_vaild upon him to return to fhiladelphaa are reviewed and lhcrcbt eliminated. residual symptoms were found after to seek professional help. Upon'examina- =the clinician may then reinforce his nine months. tion he was confused, circumstantial, <diagnostic impression.' By. repeated 3. Ilioclicnrical Change ilrith'Pos_ -showed some memory difficulty, and. a " -. exposure: to, this procedure in many sihlc Sh-uc'urol Chonge.-Those cases .slowing :of time sense. Occasionally-an cases. the-clinician -may suggest an in which symptomatology indicated `.inappropriateness of affect %vns apparent.,; - -- etiological diagnosis for the newciini- chronic intensive cannabis use; then -Because of considerable reluctance togive " cal svndrumc. Because this clinical - upon termination of drug use, partial up'the 'pleasures of marihuana, he only method used daily by practicing phi- ,remission of Symptoms occurred after withdrew gradually from daily smoking. _ sictans seems unfamiliar to nonclini- six months and residual As with a number of our cases he tient -- - -- - _ clams, it cannot be. a foregone con- -symptoms - -. .. -.- P :were present after nine months or through;Ipenal of distrust and chronic ir- -ritability thaL.was accompanied hylying "- - elusion that the. application of this -method. more. and the sneaking of marihuana. However, � of.-clinical study and deduc- :. :Report of Cases as he smoked .less, some return of order -lion is:ant• less scientific in its ap- _ -t.. -- - into hisllife permitted him to realize the proach nor less valid in its conclusions - Croup 1.-CAsr L-A 41-year-old white adrnr c`effects of_marihuan a and. there - that) other methods of investigation. - man who was an architect smoked -mari- fore he decided to estop.: smoking -com- -: huana and hashish.foronly ;18 months in pletely, After further symptom remission - - - Classification - - :addition to which he-took an occasional he returned to teaching, then later became in our report ort the effects of mart- mild tranquilizer in order to sleep, lie was -active in his : father's - business. Aftera' a' and young -huana on - adolescents y_ 6 married, had two children, and had prac- in his profession for Hi While short engagement he married. A seven• month : adults, we used psychoanalytic. termi- :.dating -ticed years. some younger women he was intro- follow-up revealed a remission of his previous symptoms of ego dwompeasa- ' nology. to classify or-gmup_ the cases -duced to - marihuana smoking. fie very . tion, hot he could not clearly rcme._b r a according to whinge; that occurred in :quickly started to smoke marihuana daily. number of life eyeuts that occurred during - ,-the dynamic functioning of the psy-' Personality, change- was quite.. rapid and the period of his most intense marihuana ` -chic structure. This'scemed :t practi_ within nionths he left his family. had be. ; smoking. _ '.cal way to emphasize the importance gun divorce;prorcedings;':aod 1)2,1 made Csa:3-A r)carold:l:ntntr,!iett w e - $f the artcer effects of regular Van- several prrdcxairmnl errors that r•xvl[c+1 is azar, a iiurr dii ` u -� - ' �- F X; nota, arher,.h came ` '" nabis Ilse on the critical develop- scycre financial loss -. toseveralif hfs increasinglysirrc:vsric and' verbaliyabusive - mentum uiimt J process during_ the client.%. Ilia senior partners demanded that to his students, a striking departure from adolescent stages of life This was' he submit. to psychiatric evaluation. When his usual mild mannered behavior. Ile poli- done in leans that u•ere descript ave 'meroneyeae9redemonstratel first seen he had Inco smoking daily for licly, made fun -of other leachers, of the relative intactness of =those symptoms of ego decompensation that we attribute to dents, anti the school-arlministralars When seen for evaluation, he revealed (flat 'JAtAA Od 2 J972 • Vol 222. Not - !.. Effects of R Mnnre .97 pprr .,,.,,,,,, .g._mannuana forme -nasus much more than drinking t+ec•triseof •tietfulne%s `et4tags ofdtpenon ahration,'. � _ pa,l three tear. on the :Kresge of two or ..no hangover.": For a period 'ofp ar and: inry>nnncns. of n a mor}• especially for three lint, per;xec1, Uuri a last -sir she usu illy smoked on wveckends d) during the week lit em- more recent events Time sense was dis-. :ortc�l a, was her :baht}.: to converse.-- months;,however he was r�rly.smok- occasionally ing several times caek daiy. lie admitted ployer was the first to notice her duldn'. 'coherently. Frnryenth she w•onld sit for, .1,; .using LSD on two occasions in college but ished.efflciency when site regularly forgot -long pern.ls of time• rvnainingdetached or,: A (nand he was not interested in other drugs. - to - process x-ray' films ,and performed immobile cr At . ices she had smoked - _ Uurins, his Lust year of college he almost poorly m the dispatch of duties that peeve- more vitas .;hs: tae. i ' failed tu•,ause war had not prepared his ouslyhallWendoneflawlessly.ln addition, Withdraw- .'rmcannabisw•asslowand� work and hall fist interest in -conventional carelessness about her personal appear difficult. She lr id the drug in. high esteem . t i education." Within the past year he had ante, at first almost imperceptible, became and claimed it r.ean,a her mind. Gradually _. been asked to vacate two different apart- increasingly obvious to her friends. Her as she withdrew .,he 1, anis depressed and - ' rent battles because of late parties and husband noted_thatshe was more tired and cartel»in d �r ,.i.`;rrtf s hcnihiJus that_` `•. • In- frequently. provided quarters l•, irritable ou '.too�days and'ruesdayx follow were m t am<y.ih(� f t ealicplalc:. bite de=" is -berau who :u c.e considered "undesir- ing heavy weekend smoking. Even though 'Veloped hepstita that re,luired bed rest for <� ..'tnnsieni:e _ - able' be the landlord. His (smile lived in her smoking increased,. her husband de- several weeks. With tier :uurce of c'a'nnabis -- -_ _ �'-another city and, therefore, on those occa- - cided to stop smoking himself because he {involuntarily remnved - by ` her Testa-.., ---sions when he had nowhere to live he slept was aware that his sale-%_ record-. hall talizalion, .she returned% to_..iier ' rkmN, in the park; then, upon awakening he went markedly declined as a result of his negit- four-month mnrihu:uaa-smoking persnemlity. Further _ follow-up lfour•mrnih `- to9•itlmut w:ashiiig himselforgencc In drtails nt work over ps1'Chfatric after - .;teach changing his clothes. His daily teaching as- peril.d. (laving done so. lie became um- pin'liwl>Tevcalcd. that s1re . Fas�as}•mptu-- � " signment; were 1poriy prepared and he corned about his wife. When he asked her -mhtle,'Of her drug exvrience, cher said - frequently talked to students in -class to give up .smoking, she; refused.: Noir that. the whole past yearand a half aeemel , about irrc!ecant matters Later onhebe- -smoking daily she lost her. job; shed had like a dream. "A gan to feel that student: called him several love affairs with some of her smok- -after. C.ssr. ri20-year-old college student _names and talked about him, so he retaliated with ing companions.Shortly she was re- was referred by her falsity physician be=' _ < verbal outburst% against them. lie-: occa- - - ferret] ter psychiatric. consultation, site :causo of a marked and natively sudden aionally had memory gaps during those was persuaded to stop'smoking, Within rhat,z,i,ln•bttilfl1�dli(esAyle-ShQhad': ' ---w•cekend; when he smoked continuously.- - three months herthinking bomme clearer .Iter m ,itg.indins hitter•: major amm. ` _ = lie Spoke of ill-defined intense religious ex- - and she returned to her former level'ofthe plc-- ::a year when shr.gavc up living,. ---periences; **tire messengers of the gods functioning. She was rehired by her for. with a rr -i .e, lived -is a recluse,.. were trying to warn him uf.his enemies, mer employer and wa%p3ymptmmatic ex. sbwpticJ .-.,r;ang tlaasrs regularly, did! 'the: police-,,lie felt the. --country was in sept foromasional([clingsof depersonali- .i not turn in ssxignments, rrequchtly spent great danger of a lakcyiver bylhe•'mili- nation that seemed to pass rather quickly. days in hest %ppuared apathetic cZmrumiL,'. tar}:'.He wanted to leave the northeast in CAS r 5.-A 35-}car-old .white housewife w•hhilrawn and a:..c a, She often hart Pe, to be in a warmer climate and to Tiint] and pother of two children was a v ir., fru rindauf markcd dv;, .n, felt there was -, a order x place where lhere.w•ould he no competi- and. quite-active individualprior tamink• no purpnee 1a sch•rn' ,•• and gave upi, her = Ill becau-sehe felt that competition ing.; cannabis:. She was_respeded, compo- hislor}'.ln,ijin, shifting her interest to eco-- .tion : - - caused aggression which in formwastent, responsible, and hadnoprevious his- nnmlcx; Inutile, iidil their arLln each Geld; -; the downfall of man. His comeration was tory of emotional disorder. She was deeply she failed to study, or_produce anal had, usually-rambling .and often'. punctuated involved in her home community conunity and mg wishes lodropoutof school and live'.- ; with non segniturs. He fre iuently asked if considered by all to be a stable individual s :. •�«rmmr �. `` ' he was making any sense and complained She was introit iced to marihuana smoking L ^Kyr r {-:iatric examination she was - - that at times he thought he might be losing by'.a group of adolescent, she had been ledia:gic had difficulty concen rating, had his mind. �.. teaching in a community}•outh organize- ,trouble with memory and attention span, _ -rli.man Showed the type of confusion ; tion. She immediately liked the effect and 1 anti spoke of long periods of depression _ and panneia vee have found to be a fre- began to smoke regularly, because she had and sleeplessness. She had aimless ,rola-:: - ---.--guent characteristic of heavy-marhstana - understood.-from all sources'.L.xi itnvns liens.tvhh hcr•fo_rmcr friends anti had-no _ '' " smokers. Quite regularly it was accom- harmless During the last six months of a - greater mldllon "than to turn on with a-- a -slowly panitd by a vaguesol C-awareness ofmen-two-year period site smoked marihuana at. �+,tr.t:'She moved and u-ithmitpur-- tral disorder. after four months he showed most daily- Over the period of two yea.-[ po+r and had rregnent headaches,,fler'. only partial remission of hissymptoms. sh_e`grdvally identified with adolescent_ xymptorr complex had\gin within ' Suspaeilm,ness was diminished as was his in dress, language anti ideals. Tier home «ri.tha �f bcginung to amu ,: rmriheana - confusion and forgetfulness.-Bee'ltse he and nsarrirgfe llulTertd in that till,), beennte first on r r uenda' :and then t .o or three t '. Ictt Unvn Lefure surcould drlcnninc (lie - secondary +mil sometimes. unhnportant to times. e t h neck. At the time.of referral.'_ '. or absVnvepf aympbarns after nix - her..tVithout discrimination title w•mnAad tit oho was ala ,liing f„ur time i each week. k - presence months, we have included this case under join protest movemenU and `marehed,;for 1 revi¢iv of the absence of symptoms prior to the group only bio:hemical causes that frequently wern in juxtapose- , the use of cnnnabi=, the correlation of 6cr.. .showing change. - - `; - -' tion with each other. When she was ap� apathetic withdrawal from re-=_pore bility,: Csss 4.-A- 2S-vear-old white married proached by her husband o: friends about and her thinking disorder with the onset of - woman worked as h. dental-assistant: She Tier activities she became belligerent and - cannabis use motivated her tq try to,give `: had. one child in kindergarten, was happily-. - verbally misatdtive. Over the lsst: Six : up uxlns; tnarihu:ria and nLLhin two i married, and was an energetic worker. Tier months she had beco me quite pclaalanYand •mon U:. s,:. >meY.ing-.:slnppc+l. R'ithin employe: considered her indispensable to reclusive. Even her ndodescent friends be - ac, ct sa *o x.. :,ach of the confu, sionappeared. his dental practice.- - gan to avoid her except Co.. th • few who apvtt. , r +c. =a• airy had dis A number of her friends began to have brought Tier marihuana. - Saw- returned to coil ge. nn a more limited - - -marihuana parties to which she and her - - -At the. time of,psyehintric examination h s; e; and grulu:dh h..d_a. return of inter- = husband were invited. She enjoyed can. - she showed apathy,-mental confusion, fur- r-si. At the timesa(shi4 writing, it wens not `- -- ,38 1/ar.-lilt 7; 1977.e Vol 222. Noi .filed%rrf/,o,;hs,srta•-Yolan5kytMoore - =vet six months after crssation of cannabis w•aa marrbd but had no children, He and filly",which he understood rather poorly =:us e but she Fid had a recoovery to most of - She his wife began -running around-with a -'pot•smoking crn:cd.'• Together Mee only Itis estrangement from reality hecmne _ more obvious. mall. When he was premiled .her prerann ibm srtol.in„ persmualit} used amp.`.ctaminas on three ir•casions snaked on weekends, )rower q he began to upon to withdraw frOtn laanhuana usC, 't -=had -. n mari- early- loathe perii•f when >he bega smoke alone during the wick. It. rather -minimal return to his y-e:. A+s pt•nnnality huana tinge but had ,;Oven these up i,ccrosc quickly became a regular habit and before occurred, but: the rcme<inn was still not - her gratificatiunwith marihuana was more the year was out he. smoked daily.. Fight -mxlhs complete after eight maths. Fre s- hl his. dunking was inner scusiblc . intense.. ' ;. --. Grtnip .�. Cyst: 7,.-A while. man. 2f liter: he Inst his job and took up stone sculpturing as a, result of.-a close rygnitive find he second to be more firmly rooted to rears of age and a Vi.-tnarn veteran lwgan _- friend.ship'Milt en artist Eventually hu reality, he still comm <inc71 of diRKulty during �- smoking. whit in Vietnam. Ile had never _ was supl,orted financial1v by his _wife wbn because felt the _%cith concentration a,,., t ,metimoA conversations he had z itadency to forget - .tried any bihor drugs but thoroughly- en- marihuana and especially ' had stopped .smoking she drug. confused and depressed her. AI- thecontent ofh!sna.e.� nts. joyed_.smoking hashish. Shortly after. returning. from the 'though the patient had no interest in tak- ,As with some other cases in this serfs, ' service, he. ligan to smoketwoto three - ing other drugs, he revealed a special lik- ing and daily desire for. hashish. lie also many years of marihuana use seems to have resulted in symptoms that endure for... times uceklp and wit bin a few_months pro- to smoking every day which was to _developed apathy, confusion, irritability', 'man}•months after a7satian. Thisstems gressed e -- be his habit for the next two years. Person- disturbance of time sense, forgetfulness, to at least imply sCMes -uctuml change Of. alitychange was marked b}' apathy, irrita- and mine inappropriatenessofaffect. Af- e CNS beyond a -ttransient reaction - tile recce hility,.: rerlusicentc=, slovenliness, in ter 13 months of smoking he became inter- that one would eypt4 in a reversible, bio-. •.: ! ---. confusion, frequent loss Of recent recall, ogled in an .Indian religion and ..borrowed - money in order W travel to that far chemical, cerebral response. The per- -. sistence of a flatness of leer interspersed -. losing. and misplacing things, forgetful- anJ.disWrtion of time sense so that some eastern country. When he left his wife in -with an Occasional umontrolled outburst of ncss, '- heeven appeared at times. to walk and ._ order to do so she consulted one of us. giggling and laughs: or a brief loop- _ -- as though-in slow motion. Ile Wald By the time he returned to this country- propriatc temper Se'.-�xa accompanied by move not seek a job nor would he make plans to - five month; later,further mental deteri- long periods of pc :j", the frequency of _ headaches that w not before --further his education. He rationalized that "slave to the oration was evident to all. lie showed con- fused thinking, circumstantiality, and par- e present. marihuana use the crne.istent demonstm- he did Tint want to become a -: and )needed a rest.-.Ile dated in. - anoid ideas. -Withdrawal from the drug :tion of poor social judgment, the Occasional - system" -: frequently scemed to h:.ve no personal was difficult because of the patient s in• mild feeling Of a h gh without Jnig slim -. - - inters is other than to maintain bis supply tense fondness for hashish. However, with ulus are - frequent ;dual symptoms sa ; users we have ofmarihuanaand hashish: Eventually -he... pemiste-nce and family support, hestopped -among-lnng-term -examined. This zln complained of - left home -and hitrhhi'ked -tn" the south- smoking and as he did so, his symptoms re- Suet months after pa some dilficulty_%nt, b c,� z especially -. western Pak of the Unite) Slates. He lived in -a commune for a while then felt milled concomitantly. cessation of drug use he was again gain- , inrecalling recent _ for California in order to embrace a far . - Tully employed reimite,i with his Witt, but Group 3.-CASE 10.-A .'t-vt rt•,d shite - eastern-religion. After one. year he re- greatly slmnken:nut disillusioned.. Ile still advertising executivesmok. j marihuana for Mei'years but tvik no i SD or other, turned home, at which time he was re- - --evaluation:. demonstrated some dilliculty with concen- tralix,some slaved time sense. and cera- lie was married for 12 years. and. forced for psychiatric Ile and reluctantly_ gave up cannabis. - sional mild feelings of being high yi-ilh no _drugs.: th-_ father-of three chiller-a. For fen years . slowly: a period of six months and grade- apparent stimulus. At the ninrmonth fol- he waif considered one of the more gifted _ use over -. he returned to' his premarihuana- low-up he indicated that he had some feel- and promising members in a. prestigious ally - smoking personality. lie decided to enter a ings of depersonalization. - while- - school- advertising. firm. During his first year of weekend smoking he became pemceptibly community college but was fearful that he -%`-:wo lie able to think clearly enough CASs 9.-A 23-year-old teacher smoked marihuana and hashish for -less ambitious and energetic. Ile was _less Old not - to dothe work.lie manngedlodowell aca- -six years. Readmitted to the use 'of LSD -:atielitlVe-to details: at work and showed - - demically but With great effdrt because he -:' on three cecasions each accompanied by a fess interest in his family. Itis wifehad ac- ' had difficulty with memur-.work,' concen- - . typical "acid _trip:'. early in his-d.--g his- companied .film in %making. and generally his less ambitious outlook on - trAtion, and sentence construction. As with : so mann-patients in our experience, lie re- tory, the last of which caused such terror - as to make him stop using,it. He began supported lite. After, habitual, forgetful, and costly -- alizid that marihuana had caused severe smoking marihuana while he was a college Over the few he pro- blundering, his partners "hought him out" of the flrnc As he increased his marihuana impairment of his mental processes. For a senior. next years - ten-month period he bad not smoked but, -- grossed from weekend smoking to using smoking over the next lwo rears, person- n . ._ -' even_ihough he knew beshouldnot use --.-. the drug three to four limes per week. As alit }' dclerioration was more in evidence he. from one job to another as -cannabis any further, he still longed for it - the time. Frequently. he would get - - teacher in a boys' boarding school he spent -a great deal of his spare time with the stu- and ,drifted -- the periods of unemployment grew longer. ? _: - most of a "high feeling" without apparent cause,' 'dentsdiscussing philosophy- and :politics. ;: Finally :after Mi years of smuking, by. now while sitting in a classroom or :while driv- -_ When it was discovered that he had en- .:. on a daily: basis, he was referred for-psy `- - - ing a ear.. On several occasions while driv- couraged students to smoke' marihuana he chiutn. evaluation.. - by the - - ing, he became so frightened that he pulled -.-.w•as in trouble with .the school adminis---Manhunna me was given up pa- to the side of the road until the feel- tration. Finallv his advocacy of the violent _ .tient with considerable difficulty. He be over - ing of being "high" left him.. Further psy- overthrow of the government resulted in <. came irritableand argumentative when he chiatric follow-up is presently in progress. his dismissal. Shortly` afterward he ob• -could not sniolic marihuana and on two cc- CAsc &-A white mail26 years old, was -. tailed a position at another private schvd .. canons rsorled In physical assault upon _ -.- employed as a cal eshilc ngenl: lie had :and within the year had_ rdxatt f Itis ear- - two Gmldy nleolh,•ra uf•vr they .hull. Sound - done ivdf-in rollei�c and w:�+considered to lice experlcnte. Innd,IfIl n wdmaefolsd a - anti aiufisi:Ucd Ilk sulipfq ✓.eenverji'.-w-ts ` be one`. of the brighter youngmen in a •. dorsi lit erwt in sexual relations with his Wirt- ireratherlarge - rather largenational real estate firm. Ile _ . and became interested. in "depth philosu• total abstinence he returned to hill Pre _ - JAMA, Oct2. 1972 • Vol 222. No 1 Effects of Marihuana-Kolansky L Moore -" 39 t- ;_;• - =manhuana-smolmti allay. ` After "feeling If if he smoked t cage• drank W) much calTce, or la+k too her age, and a 6ttic girl bko altitude with her friends.However,-iilis had been a _, ' se eel interim jobs he am found em- retics, aspirins for hist. headaches: Avhich :capable student and worker had many r .. - • pluyment in his chosen profession.-many In Lar cne-yeat: follow-up interview, he -_w frequent ere (r uent and of • duration since k -friend •, read consulembl and thba g y be6mmng, to complained of occasional mild feelings of he had given rep cannabis. Ile expressed a clearly- Gradually, after mariF:.vana, her friends noticed that depersonalization and transient states of strong desire to go back In smoking: mart- lurana was discontented with smoke , she became confu,ed, loquacious andsally mild °confusion.tion c also _felt his memory -, as it once had been and he and greatly his life. We did not feel this man's`e en- in her affect. Her case work deteriorated ?, was not, good --ha.l considerable-.-digicully In concenln. tual prognosis was inq.ItnpefnL When he :npl the:..was_ rnuured by aur nuporvlsor _ tion, esptrially when reafling or when writ- >-n fnseJ ilii.:-nruuunrnaL•atiun for psycho- .fur slovenly appearanco and failure to'pm She began dating-men ' inglmsimes corespondence. :Cass 11.-A white man, 32 years old, ': - therapy. wrlhought it was likely that he -- might return Incannabisuse itsome fu- -' pare case material. of a mach lower social-status'and Lagan a for the f rt time to have frequent and m " smoked marihuana and hashish. for a Ile- Ilesmoked he ture time. CAsg 12.-A 33-':car-old, white, married discriminate sexual alTairtThis previously riod of (our years. was employed as a-successful English professor,-after. smoking only on'. Ell cmriions person pard no attention W.the _ lovers, gainfully- ':.tree surgeon- lie was ambitious and con iia cekends for about 18. months, increased f and hashish to a - lack of precaution taken by her re- setting in gonorrhea and finally in an un - sidered to be a stable and sensible man. Ile was happily married anti a &-voted father the use omarihuana daily hails and continued to do so for over wanted pregnancy. ;- : Cpon examination her -mood was ins to his three children. four years. fie, taught his classes regular- ly and also held private seminars with cho-: t prop: lately gay. for circumstances; she ..After he had been introduced to mari- huana smoking at a party, he-smoked so- sen students during which time marihuana was not able to give, coherent. history- - attention an. was cleat}• and on infrequentoccasions(one to -smoking was encouraged in order to "think in In consider-. thinking was slow, s _. poor, and ability to concentrate was tin : two times monthly).: Within a year he had _- his smoking to three more clearly.". addition -- ing himself a visionary, ire imagined he.: - paired. She giggled _s lot, complained oC -'incrensal marihuana to Cour times weekly -finally'- almost was the reincarnation oC Hamlet who con- - headache,- and her speech was slow and _ .and daily for a period ret three years. Changes ,'- versed with his dead Cather during solitary• the-campus_ it night. He :slur. cd-'_: '- Grad tally she told the examiner; alwut in his personality occurred slowly and were `discernible to those who knew him walks around. - gradually turned his interests to mysti- her forgetfulness, lack of caution with her. -' ono• well At first he became somewhat careless cism, then asked for a ono-yearsabbatical Dura lovers, and the marked slip in her. case - work ability and presentation. She also re about his personal appearance and bathed ' - to be spent in solitary contemplation. - ing. the heaviest of smoking, he was ., a�caled that since the increase"in.: man _ _ infrequently. Ile began to oversleep in the - morning and was frequently absent from period most seclusive :and in order to be alone huana smoking she was I fluently, .crit icized by her superiors and friends .'•�: - work so that a co•w-orker had to take over walked out on his wife and children for a months._ Because.- he even- disheveled appearance, forgetfulness, and double duties:He became irresponsible in - maintainingcompanyrecords and was ir- period o[ sic tually embraced an eastern religion that the use of dnigs he slowly. with- silly laughter. -_'. Because of her precious immaturity m -. ritablc is iib clientsandhis superiors Ili. frerlucntty fought with his wife oversmok•. -forbids 'drew from the"annabis habit ,Ls he did so, tensive psychotherapy was recommended treat ing;:especially when she began to express his thinking became clearer and his mein- -hYithin two months of beginning the -meat smoking concern over his changing attitudes ti- gory improvaf however, after six months he: had difficulty with immediate re- she .siopp�•d -marihuana Within three months there was a lessening - -- -word work and family responsibilities. lie her for being "materialistic" still -. call, often demonstrated by.. his forgetful- of the confusion and poor attention span - -castigated - and: rationalized his lack of industry and - ness -and frequent loss of personal be- `. AL the end of ninee-months the confusion lack poor attention span -'; ' decreased ability to provide for the family - "society" for rcrluiring that longings.. lie returned: to his interest in English literature and after 4f -months of concentration, and inappropriate appearance had, das- tj as the fault of a mail"overproduce in order to keep the :of abstinence from cannabis, he was able appeared.. At the end of _nine months her d speech was no longer evident At captains of industry wealthy." Ile touted a to obtain employment in a small. private One after cessationofmari- - slurre - the end of two years of treatment she - --. - . went sal(-styled pseudo;xialism, then into - lhmugh a rapid transition from an interest from -school.year , -huana - use,: he demonstrated :and _com- still had occasional headaches, and an occa "high exactly like those had in health foods to tuition a he -- became and scent on relief, his plainel of some difficulty in maintaining_ - long periods of concentration and an ins- sional perio•I: . includ-the- gag-- . while smoking." ,These'e -devd- : .unemployed wife and family physician talked him into : bility to satisfactorily convert his thoughts gbnb, a -loss of time sense, and a altitude We have noted this re- _- having apsy chiatric evaluation-- .into written or spoken. words. There w•as. -- evidence of occasional inappropriate-. max care turn ufa manhuana like high in several of ,� ) - Ile withdrew. from smoking cannabis - difficulty over a three- also ness of affect. Physically he appeared to be . chronic mahuana smokers up to two �> ourn with considerable month period of time.-Eight months after - at least 15 LOW years older than his '- years after smoki ng stopped. he stopped smoking. some semblance of his chronological age. -- SoMe Implications_: - premarihuana-smoking personality re- CASE 11—A 23-year-old unmar- was referred for A topical review of: the, 13 individ- - - turned and his former employer rehired - himbecause -of the excellent job he had -- ried social worker diagnostic -study following an unwanted uals seen shows a delimte correlation - _ done prior to using cannabis: A one-year :-three-month . pmgnancy terminated by :. between the presence of symptodns - .gs. follow-up revealed.-that he still had some abortion. This young woman-: had been: and cin nabta use.Eightnoht -:- -' difficulties with; memory and concentra. smoking marihuana for -four years. At - he drugr It reported had taken no other drugs. It tion. Fortunately his occupation -required;firstshehadsmokedonlyonweekends,but is unlikely that the minimalUseof = _`- little if the latter and he was able to per- after six months she began to smoke three tither drugs reportedin the remain- dorm his dutios satisfactorily..Occasional to five limas weekly. She had always exhii>: in five, -.- ecoid& accvrvi Sos..`�theit %' rentability and some inappropriateness Of ried wine immaturity in her personality, in - _ -simptoma.ot (}';.+ of tl:✓_•rs r2bsr± elicit -sere prcacne ale rumpbaiued of fie- ch ar.aebrmi:d by a tendency to-co!II' a her more than was apy.oprYa(r, for - R`rU>•r.h.em:,fc MCCCrtitentf;T, one used - (lent feelings of depersonalization or mother 40 - JAMA. Oct 2. 1972 •Vol 222.14o i Ellects of Marihuana—Kolansky &_Moore ; , 1 , 3 _ r -wz • i three tmut,tand Of ill" t,fll m[lt atrc re numbigsion, that ercof invus ('should `lli\Lie nstudics56� nmpbeL•u»inws probably remainin throe .,n[ I l SD �'mptums present lrathcrect tthan `styli such F'nll\v. - onh once armtlwr had taken it twice, duemto ef3ertIe culr, ashncuro!og� Pl }�ioloy to and a.I ird three. times. Therefore, anda tbai any dnlg 11 change. In ad,] itiun, patients one and phannzro ,y. In order more estahb R thcuu•lbtaticc and thought itunlikdy other than cannabis couldhave been thrutq;h_six all told of sometime, feel- annabis for of clast clearly iialive effects on Soles the e causative agent in prn\ttr,f of cr their s smoke. dtrug`that ins become Idelyf 1lseld symptom ch:uige. .. 1hc113 sewer: 1� Ims1laf!e. al". indicated that m in the linilarl states during the p lsL _ patients. The intensity of symptoms Ruscnkrant7 cl the brain tissue of all rads excmined, Len }'cars. and the presence of delusion con- the drug seemed there was a consistent severe loss -- tent during ase uC of brain Protein and cell congionent directly related to the freyucncr and had been. RNA that play basic roles in brain c Petermes - ; length. of time that cannabis used.` Thera also seemed to he some -- function. The occurrence of a stereo - ml)(nlns }t»related 1. Rolansky 11, btvrr WT: Filen, of man; rdulta. JA31A relationship betncell s}'mptum in- of Lhe dnlg ,MI rrnll / of Sf LSI _3,_. { to psychological .lircdisposition in n -. ha n, no adale rcn a yanng -: 212_C. 7Y; 11 1 -.:.-. Campbell Ab1ov -31. Thomson JL G, et ? tensity and the strength u•as used-- Thnse'-\who -smoked i -folloWing number of individuals tISC :.2. I- Cerebral at -07' -,rang cannabis smokers -./,a,vet : that hashish seemed: to be more symplo- ve c chrome and extenslwC cannabis ten leastimply the pos- 21219-1_f'4.1371 3 Aolanskl H. D•.nre WT: Clinical effects of 3. Rola - - The length of time necessary - seuns to its to at biochemical appli- ,,� on the yo+rg-Int ✓ f+ydin(ry -67,1772. - matie - -.for the remission. of 's}•mploms also sib:iity of a similar C Dtarcoritz E. Myr RJ The marihuana ad - appeared to lie directly related. to the sn mh t.omatolog}'..LLi0.o»ghldi- 1 -: dict in the arm, iyarsf.a 6337.171; IM4 ' ma,;haana Rin,nmJrmd. - duratimi and frequency of smoking. of residual where - } present six minished, was still S - 5.. Grinspoan L' New York, Bance^, B .A_1 Inc, ]971. JR. 11o11ister LE. in addition. the presence symptoms.. the after, cess;t_ months, nine m0»L}15, and OI1C year raises all i:n- 6. Afclgvs Fr. ri rb �`�rg spa. of ' l Span of cl al: ktarihua -a z ` rc to Lion of cannabis case showed some re- to after drug withdrawal possibility of m(1rc per- po = try awarcncss. ArchAxhiatry 1771. lationshipof the symptom residual fretlilency of expo- Port, p -anges ala»ettl^it xt�tsuchral hnsrepnrlc[lcly 7. Lemberger l.. Sil}.r:e nSDr:1-iclrvd llnrihnnna: Studies on the dis{nsilion and' the duration and - ha shown n chat <_xL; ' metnl�+lism of cepa-3detrahydrocannaldnol in sure:' 1 emberger ct al' that the chemical constituent �9 tet- C:unpbdl et al' in all of their r rand tradiologic man. 4i, nrr 170 37J-13-' c 6 MA :nc F•ritdne GF.. Idanpaan-lleik- in man- rahydrocannabinol is main _..?I'l ked of whomhsho rec oed eci- kiln JI. tat: Distribution of marihuana - key brain and-eonwinilant behavioral egrets. the brain :and other organs of humans eight days after Ingestion. - - dente of cerebral atrophy. - Nature 2.wsn�l-a5f, tsst:. ePP i Uii, hamlonCHa chaepnids - for tip to Atclsaac et al' in 1971 showed with After seven years of clinical ob:,Cr- become; concernedt rl al:Aruteornitna{c ntari. et al. Acute Orarmun y of 1.1.105.1971. isotope labeled' cannabis that concen- valion, we have marihuana ;old hashish u-' ad- It _tration of the drug -occurred ill the We � and cortices of monkeys. that aversely _affects cerebral _func :,snag In the 'i" -: Campbell et al' in 1971 have pointed that indicate the fat on a biochemiril basis. -t cases there appears to he a u rye �rF CORRECT70N - out that findings solubility of , cannabis derivatives toxic reaction when small amounts of over a short unit of meawte Incorrect. -An in- accumulation makes it lik,ay that the accumulation latioWouln. makesh:Ltner cannabis are consumed Of LIIne. 110w ever, in th ire in- correct dosage ,vac Published in the -"{tome' s --0f tilltaiga in the -.thereby chemical Periodal dividuals. who.,delnonslrate E.el-0.O -'-Onlel\11. t'OSTIIIo1RIJh -. Transfusions of llunophlhncs," in cmrsc a Cumulative effect. This cumulative effect seemed typed symptomatology :.otic: Pro-' intensive vse, the Aug'1 issue (•—'L``7r&S7). On t column 7, the ! to Ftc demonslrateddinically )t\•. those had relatively longed and -cannabis the -t iossihilily.,of structural changes u[ . pagc,Fa7,�ialinc.. .- administered dosage of diplienhydra- j cases in this report who I the cer cortex must be inThe mine` hydrochloride ` (Renadnt) brief histories or cannabis use. - Lhe biochemical ef- increasing accumulatiocbral n in- shmtld have rend "'�• to rA mp;' not these individuals bC COnfUSC(I 4 11 for more f0`maas°;�rond1 _ gut feet is less likely LO change. Dunn(, tomarihuana use - { � by later structural the periost of time between cessation and it becomes even more Imperative f �l orf 1 ( : iia . Copy for Citlerk • , -February ._21, 1975 Mrs. F. Eugene Tisingez 717 willow St. Iowa City, .Iowa 52240. Dear Mrs. Tisinger:- _..._ At its regular meetirr, of February lt, 1975, the City Council - - of Iowa City officially received and placed on filo your letter regarding the "deer' ��ian of marijuana: TMr comments on this issue are very much apyreaiated by the City ".nsncil. Thank -you for expressirc fur concerns to tlxc silty Council on thiu matter. very trw!_7oura, • • February 17, 1975 ' To: The City Council of Iowa Citi From: The Steering Committee for the Housing and Development Act of 1974 or funds under-HUD-Title Z - Re: The City's application f On February 14 the City Council passed on it's first year, he budget for it's application for funds under HUD Title I. T000 most remarkable item in the City's application is the •� , for Urban Renewal Project,_ Improvements, specifically, improve- ments to Washington St. Thi:srallocationsfrankly caught the com- mittee by, surprise. We had been informed (Wolmershauser memo, Nova 18, 1974) that projects within the current R 14 urban re- newal project had been excludedfrom consideration for funding udways, under Title I, with the possible exception!-,6f "pedestrian malls, open space improvements". Members bf the City staff, in discussion based on the Nov. 18 memo, 'didnotspecify an amount for R 14 amenities above the $256,000-already budgeted in the City's_Capital Investment Program. We; were left with the impres- sion that the cost of R 1L4 amenities would be something ,le ss than $1,000,000, excluding basic street and sewer butrov temost ofthe some ntss of these funds might come from Title I, cost, especially for streetsand sewers, would be bonded. Eligibility is not, apparently, at issue; the R 14 improve- ments seem to be eligible under Title Ic570.200(a)(10). However, since bonding was the usual and _expected method for financing the -City's obligations within the R 14 area, the City'sFWashingto y St. allocation could be held to violate 570.2(c). this allocation was not needed to meet the Cityls non=Federal share in the R 14 project. What is at issue is the failure of the-City.Council_ to com- mit itself to a program of capital investment in projects designed to meet urgent social needs of low and moderate income persons.. The Committee attempted in it's recommendations to balance expen- ditures between general community needs and the specific needs of the lower income group. In the latter category we recommen- ded the following projects: "Skills Unlimited" Workshop 75,000 Children and Family Resource Center - 151,000 776 Mark IV Neighborhood' Center 20,000 Architectural Barriers 2,000 (175,000 Senior Citizens' Center in FY 1977 and 1978) Rape Prevention and Crisis Center _ thr26,500gh F�'(b00•"� 1977-1'-- Human Resources Center 200,000 The City's application includes two of these projects: Architec- tural barrier removal at 40;000 and "Skills Unlimited" Workshop at 75,000. Members of thecityCouncil have wxpressed a reluctance to fund any fneility which world obligatethe City �socsupport buil- ding maintonance or' (IMMnu11IL' )>>' W'e�+� b©dth intent nt groups which submitY,ad-proposals. It was the i"n tont bf every such proposal that programs provided in the rocommonded facili tios, as in the case of "Skills tlnli.mited", would be administered and funded by the persons uaini thorn, by the public and quasi- public agencies providing services in them, by charitable agen- cies, and by noPrevention government funding ,_as,available. In the it aP- case of the Rape Prevention and Crisis g program asopart of_itt; propriate'that the city fund the ongoing program police function. provision was also expected for City represen- tation on the governing boards ofthese facilities where this was acceptable to - the concerned group and considered necessary by the City. The Committee realized that planning was needd to _these goals and to insure that the specific projects were in fact as viable as they eem. Planninlowgmoderatealso ednd to determine other specific Projects come needs and the place of all such projects in an overall plan. The Committee recommended that r the allocated funds not be spent until late in.FY_1976 or that !Me carried over to FY 1977 - Committee's rationale for nevertheless fundingtheseoval forojectsthe in the first year was that we should seek HUD app of specific projects Wereec ves d estmentinhtheWsocie gt �he t alneedsareauncil' to commit itself to capital in and to make the basic policy decisions required by such a program. - FUD approval and the City's commitment to the basic policy would allow mora rational and more concrete planning by City Council and Staff, by the Housing and Development Committee, and by concerned citizensvagroups, and agencies. Commitment to such a program would also encourageitzenTherCommitment of the ticipation in npresning d present Council iding policy and programs. the next Council to the Committee's would also tend to committend to recommended policy on the use of Title funds ancompletelyrnewve the uncertainty entailed by the possibility Council in 1976- The Washington St. expenditure in itself will have -_minimal direct beneficial impact on Lowandmoderate income persons. The R 14 area includes no new housing for this group nor does the City at present have any plan for such housinganywherenear the R ty area, with the exception of the sixty -two -unit elderly housing project. Nor_do we consider it likely that the kind of development planned by ogsg§evices Old Capitol will produce sh , acilities accessible to lower-income restaurants, or cultural f persons. The Council's main reason for funding the Washington St. -improvements out of Title I monies rathar`than bonds was to min- imize debt service taxation. It is -fair easuresine1976and thatbot and Council will feel this same p lowing _years. The City Staff's five yrojects at $1,ear budget beyond 6,1975) projects costs for R 14 p the $1,016750 for FY 1976 and river corridor trunk sewer costs rts of these projects. at $3,500,000. If all or substantial pa are funded with Title I monies little orich wil for capital investment in projects needs of low -moderate income persons. Given these considerations the Committee makes the follow- ing recommendationd to the City Council: ion for Wash- -- (1) Reduce or eliminote the $g00,000allocat 3 C200e -�sLd %3 hLLeQ3. 0.v`4Q. _. _. �0.4 0. �0.✓ 47/x. CI -4 � eS 4J' Vth p 1 �l t,.{{ac di2o� �oN +Lariia( i vcS�wa,tiiikti^-t Soc�D-I sq.a,t at lj 0.'20. -�-i.�.w WOw( r.1 �1, Y• Q�yi1P.t e1. bY. � V'o,/�1 SAe-<�r:�4-�.{,� 11 C. 10 0- -C _.b4 �k�S 60�"WiTUtLt. } i� o •�'� L cgGs 't�DV --4t,` •'� R.µ (%0.V l_�G.�4�lOy4 ��o.v.+t:hJ r,►ecaSS, TO: Members of the City Council; Neal Berlin; Dick`Plastino; Dennis Kraft; John Hayek; Roxanne Haldeman; and Janice Kalper - FROM: Carol de_Prosse -.- RE: Ralston Creek Meeting of.February .5,-1975 - In attendance: Helen Kavanaugh Maria. Ahrens Ken Haldeman - - Roxanne Haldeman Janice Kalper (Ralston Creek Action Group) - - Mrs. Hicks James Hall - - - Dick Plastino Neal Berlin - Carol de Prosse After much discussion, it was unanimously decided to submit the follow- - ing proposal _tothe City Council concerning theestablishmentof the Ralston Creek Neighborhood Coordinating Committee. it is hoped -that -this. proposal will be formally adopted by the City Council. 1. That the Ralston Creek Neighborhood Coordinating Committee will be very six weeks. The membership established and will hold regular meetings e - shall be composed of representatives of each of the existing neighborhood organizations and of any additional neighborhoods that are established-. �n the future& -The Public works Director, a City Council person; a revolving position for each of the remaining Council persons, and a non-voting represent- ative of the Ralston Creek Action Group shall compose the remainder of the Committee... - 2. The Committee will act as an advisory body to the City Council on - all matters related to Ralston Creek, both present problems and future solu- tions. As an aid to the work of the Committee,; the City staff will provide status reports on all actions and studies undertaken or proposed by the City with regard to Ralston Creek. Regular reports of the Committee's actions will be sent -to the City Council and members of the City staff. - 3. A consultant should be hired as soon as possible to immediately - begin work on a City-wide comprehensive water management plan. This plan would include both interim and long-term solutions to the problems of Ralston Creek. 4. The Ralston Creek Neighborhood Coordinating Committee will share in the responni-bi.l.i.ty of determi.ni.nq the job description for the consultant - aud harti.0lial.l.iul in L11" in Of Dettdidnl:@� rte-illott; i-ls reg(xnmepria- tionsto the City Counci.lfor.- consideration .in the final..d�c..�s.�.on on 00 hiz-� ing of said consultant. S. The consultant will attend the regular meetings of the Ralston - Creek Neighborhood Coordinating Committee in order to insure community participation in the decisions that will affect the lives and well being of the people living in the Ralston Creek neighborhoods. �l//J/%//�// • CHIC CV1WA m0 E WASHINGTON 57. Cm. IOWA 319351-1800 f February 7, 1975 Mr. D. A. 14ycoff 10 Amber Lane Iowa City, IA 52240 Dear Mr. Wycoff: Mayor Czarnecki indicated sthat you had sommodal questions concerning the City program. In this letter I wouldlike to explainning oamount general policies, especially those of salt and sand used. Attached is a graph of the amount of salt and sand trend general ' used since 1968, and as - you can note, the g antitie is Downtown total eu S of lt are eus the straight salt arather thaneaned. In the eethe mixture of salt and sand in orader varyIing mixtures wn area clean. In the outlyingurin of salt and sand, depending upon the tempeTweuuse aDmixture very cold weather, below 20 to Bait. Assthe tem25 degree, perature of two parts sand and one _p we use a mixture of two gets closer to 32 degrees parts salt and one sand. During extremely cold weather We add calcium chloride which has effective action at a temp below that of straight salt. If you are concerned about the escalating amounts of salt the City is using, please be assured that you are not alone in this concern. An effort to begin a reduction in the amounts of salt used is, underway. Next f Our 'I plan on instituting urchasere accurate moreaaccuratensalt spreaders salt spreaders and p as we replace our fleet of salt and sand spreaders. These s will help the driver.control'the amount actually measuren the road, but the real crux of the matter is going the modifying the attitng tof oaccept ltheeincreasedadriving that they are willing hazards that will accompany a drastically reduced amount of salt usage. Next winter I plan to approach Council to obtain their blessing to begin a gradual decline of salt usage of Perhaps 5%. Discussion With the-JLTeeG ouYcii+. +. �.++•.�••�------- - - drifting snow had blown across Lakeside Drive and after' we finished replowing it, there was'a glazeofice left_. on the road which required an application of salt and sand. -- I hope the above letter has answered your questions and I do ask that you contact me at Extension 251 if I can answer any further questions. Sincerely, Richard J. Plastino Director of Public Works RJP/mj c cc: Mayor Czarnecki 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973- 1974 YEARS AMOUNT-- OF MATERIALS_" TONS USED FOR ICE CONTROL 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 SALT YEARS SAND ,_edA Mrs. John Seward 1519 Plum Iowa City, Iowa 52240 February 18, 1975 City .Council -Civic Center Iowa City, Iowa 52240 RE: LILY DAY Dear Council Members: - - I am seeking your permisson for Lily Day which is sponsored by Johnson County Easter Seal Society. We wish to sell paper lilies on Friday evening, March 7th, and Saturday morning, March 8th. (with rain dates of March 21st and 22nd) in T.owa City's downtown business district. All proceeds from this promotion go directly to the Easter Seal Society. I hope -you will once again grant your approval for this activity. Sincerely, Mrs. John Seward Lily Day Chairperson 1519 Plum Iowa City, Iowa 52240 oLE_ FEB1 8 ABBIE STOLFU$ CITY CLERK Ce.� • CIVIC CENTER 11O E.WASMIHGTDN Si. I f IOWA CITY. IOWA SZMQT1A0 13191 351-1 WO I . _ NEAL SER LIN, CITY MANAGER R MAYOR - - EDGAR C2 RNECKI COUNCILMEMBERS _ cI--6 BRANDY February 27 FENNYDAVIDSEN - : y • 1975 CAROLtl ROSSE _ MARY NEUMAUSER - Mrs. John Seward Lily Day Chairperson 1519 Plum _ Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear Mrs. Seward:...:_ This letter will serve as an amendment to the letter sentto You on February 21, 1975, authorizing Lily Day sponsored by the Johnson County Easter Seal Society to be held on Friday evening, March 14, and Saturday morning, March 15, 1975, in Iowa City's - downtown business district. If we can be of any further assistance, please do not hesitate to _contact my office. Very truly yours,_ Neal G. Berlin _ City Manager NGB:ckb City CA Iowa City DATE: February 18, 1975 TO: Members of the City Council FROM: -.Human Relations Commission - - -- --- - - - RE: Funding and Staff 'Support for Commission - The. Human Relations Commission would like to clarify its status - regarding adequate funding and staff support for the year 1975 We understand the Commission request for funding under the Housing and Community Development'Act (HCDA) has been denied but that the Council has assured that the Commission will receive funding and staff support from other budget lines. ' In the past such assurances were implied by the City administration but was never clear as to the amounts available and staff assigned to: the Commission. _ The hiring of the new Coordinator -is -imminent. WhentheCoordinator is hired it would be imperative for that person to know from where the support staff is forthcoming so that he/she will be able to establish priorities for projects, allocate the work, and set timetables for com- pletion. Therefore the Commission would appreciate a written response that the request from the Commission as outlined in the.HCDA for funding and'. --- staff is available and what procedure to follow so that we may do the work of the Commission as effectively, efficiently, and quickly as possible. -' /cb M AM -.. CITY OF I09(A CITY -- _ - - Projected Financial=m s Su.ary FY 1976 .Transfers Expenditures Total :- Est. Bal ; Transfers Total.- .Funds Out _ Disburscmcnts 6/30/76 ` Est. Bal. Property Other In Rcceipt5. Available - _. 7/1/75 -- Tax Receipts FUND BODGETEO - - 60,779 $1,166 517 $1 !Z7. 296 S 1S�3 _ _._ _._ 69,000.. 5 809.105 $ -118.348 S .996.51.3 $1 387.119 S _ - 499 306 -99-306 z\ZR.V S 390.606 S _ S00.994 499.506' 1 6'S.G2J - 1 624 6-S AOS!1 i5TR1T10S (1,188) 377,047:.. 123,947 60.779- 1,705,481 1,624,624 5 .r6fi 416,388 228,3.14 g•1g 981 378,500 --1-517.115 1395,615 CO.L;�\IT1 05CELOPME\T (80,857) 1. - 1.JGi.126 1, 22,790 595,922 •.618,.712 PU3LiC S: ETY 48.1,855 - 1.464,126 .596.448 .618,712 994.675 TP.S.CSP03T 9T: 0': -... 22.26.1.. 398,277 198.171 _ 967.652 994.675 15.000 979.675 E_VIROC!=c-TAL PROTECI108 27,0'_3 700,438 267,214 231,214 S7 073,917_ S 477,069 56,383.659 56 Dl0.-=8 $ 213.]89 LEISURE A� NLTURAL OPTORTiJ.0 ITIES 127. S6. >. 5057078E $ 8.12.703 S2.961;150 $3 090.937 S 179. _ $ 942.909- $ 942,909 $ " S 213,300 $- 609, S25 $ 942,909 $ 6,267,807: 6,267,807 133 587 - - S- 333,384 - $ 396,225 S -:891,359 6,238,054. 6,401,394 _ --- DEBT SERVICE - 163,340 - 5,346,695 _ G3, 132 - 326,855 402'24',. CAPITAL PRO.7ECIS ___._ 287,900 729,098 258,723 757,2S6 - E.\iER'sRISE: 441,198 287,900 - - - 383.669 373.587 574,373 - 574,373 -757,256 - 50,322 95,610 - 145,932 239.49 PAR RECE.%UF 182,833 - _ 133,285 133,285 '385,430 1,198,719 ? S�W-ZR 0rERAT 10%5 292,145 1,133.510 1,198,719 456,414 742,305- 1 370,626 564,09 SExER RESERVE 65,179 - 1,133,540 .934,725 135,000 235,626 - WATER GFEG1TiOti5 - _ 301,626. 301.626 633,099 743, 831 743,334 WATER RESERVE -._ --.. 780,123 - 743.834 - 774,000-.. 171,000 35 L? (36.289) 762.259 17.864 5,000. 5,000 209.433 -. .TRUST 6 AGENCY 20.1,433 _ -- 798,666 51.584 0 SPECIAL ASSESS.\T CO" IRUCTIO\ 2g1,G40 519,376,715 $1,761,197 $16 ? 517, J51.309 $1,7'_3.697-$16, - S3,OR?,075 S4+119+634 S10�_ - _. TOTAL - _.. - -• MILL LEVY ESTIMATED. _:... :. 30.000 GE':ERAL FUND .716 TORT LIABILITY 4.110 DEBT SERVICE 7.907 TRUST - TRUST L AGENCY - - TOTAL 42.733 .: - - IOWA -ILLINOIS GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY DAVENPORT, IOWA - OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT - February 11, 1975 To: Mayor of Iowa City Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Subject: Notice of Revision to Electric Rate Schedule _ Notice is hereby given that on January 31, 1975, we filed with the Iowa State Commerce Commission a proposed rider for allowance for customer -owned transformers which is applicable to commercial and `industrial customers. This rider will provide the customer who owns and maintains transformers and associated equipment and who meets cer- tain criteria a reduction in his electric bill. Very truly yours R. M. Hetherington Vice President -Operation RMH:nb 0/ r TR Iowa Cityy Chamber of Commerce M ...NOME - - _. 'P. O. BOX 2358 - - OF - IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240 UNIVERSITY PHONE 337-9637 i OF IOWA .[.�_._.. 11 ; February 1975 To: Mayor Czarnecki and the City Council As a result of the specific requirements of citizen input attached to the disposition of funds from the -Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 and, of more importance, the genuine desire of council to seek widespread citizen participation on all issues before it, council now has a number of good recommendations on how to spend these federal funds referred to. The Chamber of Commerce of Iowa City, representing 562 business and professional members, wishes to go on record with the following state- ment in this regard: We of the Chamber are often criticized for harboring a philosophy of selfish interest, not concerned with the social, cultural and human -needs of the community. Nothing could be further from the truth and the record speaks for itself. Mercy Hospital,Goodwill Industries, the Fine Arts Campus, our Schools and Churches, Project Green, the University of Iowa and United Way, to name a few, are all direct bene- ficiaries of sizeable contributions from -'the business community. Business community, in this frame of reference, includes all of our I employees as well. It is their combined support that helps make these sizeable contributions possible, as evidenced by the United Way drive just concluded. The Commercial and Industrial diSisions, you will recall, put the campaign over"the-top. So, in essence, we speak for a much larger group of local citizens than those directly identified as members. -Citizens who are aware of, and believe in, the principle that community betterment is directly tied to and dependent upon the strength and prosperity of our _economic sector; that these social, cultural and human needs, well identified and of concern to us all, can only -be funded by contributions_, be they voluntary or tax obligated; and that these contributions for the; most part, in one form or another, will continue to be generated by ACCREDITED - - - CYYII[II O, OOMMGC Cn.Y.IX YI GUY Y,nCI -::. To: Mayor Czarnecki and the City Council February 11, 1975 Page '2 profits from the broad sector of business and industry. There is no such thing as a free no and that applies to federal and state monies as well as local monies. In this regard we are reminded of the sincere appeal made here a.week ago _for a free bus system. That proposal fails to take into ation that our transit system was, until recently, st thing to do is to eliminate a tax taker. They now suggestthatthe be the limited ridership fee, all together and make the system totally ssue that ll tax supported. Well, then it is logical forted and aallmprivateaenter- transit systems should be totally taed out. prise, so involved, be totally wiped out. It should not be necessary for us to elaborate on the catostr�orophac Weng uldnnot need ces of uhdirection atransit for government to take. Suffice �' system because there would be no place to go You can be sure, how- ever, that we do strongly support our transit system and will continue to as long as user revenues keep pace with increased costs. In other words, keep the subsidy under control. i We further propose that, since 75%fed of these Development funds were then allocated as a result of prior federal revenues for Urban ayeforathe a maximum amount of this new fund should be assigned to pay Renewal; and roeeas City's` obligations to Urban t Yeducecthe h work burdenconathe rapidly as possible. This would. not only i budget and the local taxpayer, but would we would ld return in these properties to the tax rolls.` In an doing we would-be building a broader and firmer base of long range support for the community i programs and services we all claim to aspire to. ' priorities, in our opinion, are largely contained and identified Other p again is based on in you 5 year capital Improvements Program, streets and widespread citizen. -input. Sewers, maintenance 9 g are funded Simi projects are not glamorous or inovative. However, the needs in this community for basic municipal services and howthey cannot be ignored. reet Considering the substantial pa�easmsitnseemstlogical, inwith lthi.sal tregard, -- ---improvements in highl' urge that to learn from past experience. We, therefore, strongly be development-of;Scott Boulevard to arterial, thru-way revived for early consideration. This is a necessary and vital at to good traffic flow around the City, so let's not wait until troject. area is further developed before we move ahead on this needed proj In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen of the Council, when we of the a greater emphasis from government to help sustain Chamber ask for To: Mayor CzarnecKond the City Council • February 11, 1975 Page 3 a more favorable economic opportunity, we are in factsubscribing the goals of community betterment, by providing to the overall g cultural and human primary supportive means by which ,our social, needs can be adequately and permanently fuconfident nded We are that you will exercise restraint and prudence as you mak e the final and we stand ready, willing and able decisions on how these funds can best be utilized to accomplish the f most good for the most people, _i to assist in any way that we can. • _ i i Mary Hartwig President i Iowa City Chamber of Commerce -t i I t i �II a i `I .i j t Iowa City ° Chamber of Commerce P.O. BOX 2358 -HOME OF __-__ IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240 ----- 7 PHONE 337-9637 .UNIVERSITY _ s - OF - :IOWA 12 February 1975 _ ` To: Mayor Czarnecki and Members of the City Council Due to an error on the part of this office, part of a sentnece was deleted from page one of the February 11,-1975 letter to the Mayor , and City Council from Mary Hartwig, President, Iowa City Chamber of Commerce. Please replace page one of the origional letter with the new page one I am enclosing in this letter. I apologize for the error. Cordially, Diana Kauppi office Manager -Iowa City Chamber of Commerce dK enc DD FEB 1 4 ..975 A66IE STOLFU--; CITY CLERK ACCREDITED - - - GHAMMO 0, OpntEPCL ' I c..•.r. o uxnio gun+- Iowa City Chamber of Commarce qtr«. P.o. BOX 2358 NOME _ - IOWA CITY. IOWA 52240 --Op --, _ _ - - PHONE 337-9637 .. UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 11 - February 1975 To: Mayor Czarnecki and the City Council As a result of the specific requirements of citizen input attached to the disposition of funds from the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 and, of more importance, the genuine desire of council to e it, council seek widespread citizoodparticipation recommendations onall howstosspendrthese federal now has a number of g funds referred to. } The Chamber of Commerce of Iowa City, representing 562 business and professional members, wishes to go on record with the following state- ment in this regard: riticized for harboring a philosophy of We of the Chamber are often cn- 1 -selfish interest, not concerne gwcouldith hbesfurtherefromrtheatruth and } needs of the community• the the recordspeaksfor itself. Mercy Hospital, Good. ct Green, the - the Fine Arts Campus, our Schools,ao e aefew,rare all direct bene- j University of Iowa and United Way, namthe business community. 1 ficiaries of sizeable contributions from' ' ort that helps make these I Business community, in this frame of reference, includes all o our employees as well. It is their combined supe the United Way drive sizeable contributions possible, as evidenced by ou will just concluded. The Commercial and Industrial divisions, y recall, put the campaign over the top. So, in essence, we speak for a much larger group of local citizens than those directly identifieae aware of d as members• Cbettermentzensoisrdirectly and believe in, the principle that community prosperity of our economic -tied to and dependent upon the strength and prose well identified sector; that these social, cultural and human y contributions, be they and of concern to us all, can only be funded byions voluntary or tax obligated; and'that these contbe generatedrby e most part, in one form or another, will continue to be g i ACCREDITED Coot' for Ci*lerl- February 21, 1975 `I Mary Hartwig President .. _ Iowa City Chamber of Commerce _ P.O. Box 2358 Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear Marv: At its regular moeting of February 18, 1975, the City Council of Iowa City officially received and placed on fileyourletter regarding the 1974 Housing and Co:mnunity Development Act funding. The Council very much appreciates your position on this issue. Thank you vary much for expressing your concerns to the Council on this matter. Very truly yours, Neal G. Berlin City Manager 00 east centra(` iowa association of regional planning commissions 00 - January 197.5 0 HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ACT Preapplications for, grants under 'the Community -Development -,Act cllig our of 1974 are now available, and can -belobteaedlicationsnr remains office. The deadline for submission of pi PP March 1, 1975. All the counties and municipalities in the h East Central Area (except Cedar Rapids and Iowa City)eligible ications, und to submit preappler either the metropolitan descre- uniiesOr the noescre- tionary fund (Linn County C°Jonestand)WashingtonnCountypolitan Communities). -- - tionary fund n Preapplications will be subject to A-95 Review by State and Areawide Clearinghouses. WATER SUPPLY STANDARDS The Iowa Water Quality Commission made it clear it public waterlsupply systems. standards for design and construction ol not lower f p not being willing to The Commission went on record this week as vary from acceptable minimum standards for public water supply systems where the public health is concerned. The action came as the town of Woodburn asked the Commission to approve changes in a partially constructed water supply system, which Water Quality Management Division staff had indicated might hot mehad et minimum design standards. In ' t he past, minimum supply stemsaassthey not been as rigidly enforced for public water supply had been for wastewater treatment systems. DEQ Newsletter ` FIRST TAX EXEMPTION und of tax Th6'jowa �orlpollut onssion controls equipment under ae the first olaw passed exemption certificationsrovides for by the last session of the Iowa General Assembly. _The law p tax exempt status for equipment DEQ-Commissionsinstalled certifycontrol that the abate air and water pollution•- fun and the applicant for the equipment performs the intended functions, PP tax exemption then applies to the State Department of=Revenue for the tax er.nmption. inf ormation newsletter • � ao9 r'.0 �.Kul- • • CIVIC CENTER. 410 E. WASHINGTON ST. { q•E e4i KIO.4A CITY.gWA 521<0 I 314351-1800 January 14, 1975 To All Employers in Iowa City: _. The Iowa City Council is emphasizing citizen participation in municipal government. Employers in this community are to be commended for long recognizing the need for a multitude of financial contributions to various concerns. Now, the Council isseekingan equal awareness on your part of the need to utilize, the resources of your employees in city government. This might include adjusting and modifying work schedules or whatever other ways you may deem appropriate to encourage employee participation. Citizen participation cannot be used as a substitute for leadership by the elected policy -makers. Ours is, even at the local level, a republi- can, or epubli- can,-or representative, form o_f-government----- However; --the---electedrepresen- tatives and citizens together have a responsibility to create and maintain a citizen participation process which will discern issues and both define and refine alternative solutions. The citizen participation process needs the Council's involvement in it to be most meaningful. Likewise, the Council needs open, active citizen participation to be truly effective. Wefeel employer efforts to support citizen. participation in government brings healthy recognition to each employer who encourages participation. While the majority of our advisory groups meet in the evening, when most of - their members don't have work.obligations, there are times when it is important that members of these groups be free to attend meetings during the day. We believe employers could help us by allowing flexibility in working hours for important' civic contributions.' Although we know many of you already allow-employees'to adjust working hours so they can serve their community, .if you have ideas on how we can - obtain broader citizen participation, please write or come to a Council meeting. If you have developed a successful formula for permitting employees, at all levels of employment, to participate in civic affairs perhaps you, can share _ it with other employers who are interested. Please send us your thoughts on increasing citizen participation in government. We appreciate the support we have received from our business commu ity-in the past and are confident you will help us achieve this new goal.- Sincerely, C. L. "Tim" Br ndt_ - City Council Members - /_- A rte:.. Edga Cza rn ki Carol wde P.rosnse //I^ IQJe. _I h I, -l. cL.74J _. _. IVW�AL `. Imo`^-• Penny Davidsen Mary `Neu user - n MM [.L )/)• (//%/.J • CMC CEMER.4IDI WASHINGTON52240ST. /��� _... - IOWA CITY, IOWA SYNO _ . $a I ` J. _ 319.354-1800 Y January 14, 1975 To Members of Iowa City Civic, Professional and Benevolent organizations: Enclosed is a copy of a letter the City Councilis sending to all employers in the city urging that they help --obtain greater citizen parti- cipation in arti- cipationin civic affairs through their. employees. We will appreciate it if you will make your members aware of our efforts to increase citizen participation. In addition, we invite your comment and suggestions about what your organization might do to make this an effective, long-lasting program. Sincerely, - Cit Council Members C-- C. L. "T m' Brandt Edgar Czar cki GII K'Dajise3 Penny.-avidsen Y THE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA _ IOWA CITY. IOWA 52292 Office of the Vice President for Administrative Services 105lessap Hall Area 319: 353-6601 - January 22, 1975 Mayor Edgar Czarnecki City of Iowa City 38 Phillips Hall Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Dear Ed: Council letter of the 14th is most appropriate, I think the as well as timely. The University will continue to support citizen participation to to every in government, and encourage our employees partake our operational procedures. am personally extent consistent with area convince other employ ers inecessary willing to help you by our citizenry. involvement If there are any other ways in which we can be of help in - this effort, please do not hesitate to call upon me Cordially, `fes• 1/" t -. William M. Shanhouse Vice President WMS/lg cc: Ms. May Brodbeck Mr. George Chambers Mr. Don Mc Quillen 11a. Julfe %nlenkn Mr. Willard Loyd • � Wil( ': JOHNSON COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS COURT HOUSE IOWA CITY, IOWA 52240 BOARD OF SUPERVISORS -- - LORADA E. CILEK : - PHONE: (3191338-2321 -- RICHARD BARTEL - - - - January 30, 1975 - ROBERT J. BURNS - Iowa City City Council Civic Center 2240 Iowa City, Iowa 5 Dear_ Mr- Czarnecki, ponce to the City's request for incre In res ased citizen partici- the Board of Supervisors x111 urge County pation mn government, ees time off without penalty Department Heads to give their employ to participate in civic affairs. y Hoards, Commissions and We urge the City to reciprocate. Count committees are involved in a wide range 0:ose who live in which affect the lives of city residents as much as those y Cityvemployees areas, and we welcome participation on them by Sincerely, I,orada E. Cilek, Chairperson Board of Supervisors a� � / - (V I • CMG CEMFA. 410 E `WA5 NST. Ip\YA CM. 522102240 .319-354-1800 ._ January 30, 1975 To all Iowa City Employers: The Iowa city Council is lending its support to ending corruption in presidential campaigns by backing The Dollar Checkoff Committee. This Committee of government officials is dedicated to making all Americans aware that they can end corruption in presidential campaigns by contributing $1 of their income tax payment to presidential campaigns. A recent federal law permits this deduction to be made for every taxpayer who checks a box on the federal income tax form.This -is not an additional tax, but a contribution from your tax payment. Please ask all of your employees to check "yes" on line 8 of their 1974 income tax return. Enclosed are small reminders that can be attached to paychecks to remind your employees to help reform presidential campaigns. Sincerely, 4Edgr4ki, Mayor Carol W. deProsse LL C. Brandt Mary Neu user Penny D vidsen - -- - - - -- - THF UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 101,VA CITY. 10\VA 52242ul nI@ _M-1-?= Office of the Vice President for Administrative Services 105 Jessup Hall Arca 319: 353.6001 - February 10, 1975 Mayor Edgar R. Czarnecki Office of the Mayor --- - Civic Center - - - -- - -- Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear Ed: - In response to the Iowa City Council's efforts in support of the "Presidential Election Campaign Fund" -the University will remind its faculty and staff members of this option through the University newsletter, "FYI" as follows: The Iowa City Council has asked that we remind all taxpayers of the individual option ,to contribute $1 of his/her federal income tax payment to U.S. presidential campaigns. This is not an additional tax, but if desired, must be indi- cated by checking yes on line 8 of the tax form if the taxpayer wishes to designate this allocation of $l of his/her tax payment. As we believe this to be an individual's personal choice, I trust the Council will understand why we do not make a recommendation statement - concerning exercise of the option.- --- -- --- - - Cordially, G� A 4L William M. Shanhouse Vice President INTERNAL MEDICINE - IOWA CITY 2460 TOWNCREST DRIVE - - CHRISTIAN E. SCHROCK, MD. .IOWA CITY, IOWA 54440 - GEORGE S. ANDERSON, M.D. OSCAR C BEASLEY, MD. THOMAS R. NICKNISH. M.D. KARL LARSEN, M.D. M CRAIG CHAMPION, M.D. February 5, 1975 The llonorable Edgar R. Czarnecki Mayor of Iowa City City. Council Members Civic Center 410 East Washington Street Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear Mayor Czarnecki and City Council Members: On the 3rd of February I received your letter of January 30, 1975 stating that the Iowa City Council was lending its support to the ending of corruption in presidential campaigns by backing "The Dollar Checkoff Committee". I think we are all against corruption in presidential campaigns especially the abuse by large contributors, but I believe also there are potentially greater abuses in the recommendations that you make. I would also like to chide you bit for using city stationery at taxpayers - expense to support your beliefs on a federal issue that has little local per— tinence. very sincerely, L M. Champion, M.D. Mcc:jj MANAGEMENT CORP. ALL STATES Buffalo, New York 14201 428 Porter Avenue aw�7J911411iiii Phone: Area Code 716 881-1900 - 883-8296 ; December 3, 1974 I Honorable Mayor Office of the Mayor city Hall Dear Mayor: As you know, hundreds of communities throughout' the nation are preparing special events for the Bicentennial Celebration during the year 1975. In addition to some copyrighted products for the Bicentennial, we have several suggestions to help celebrate this g reaand would very much desire to rent space at your gala affair and/or participate with you as consultants. We are also prepared to erect a sturdy statue of Uncle Sam similar to the print on this letter from'10 feet in height to 120_ feet in height.This attractive and colorful statue would be appreciated by all in nyourto show community. By appointment only we will be pleased_ you our Uncle Sam display this winter in Miami Beach, Florida, or perhaps some other arrangements may be made for your convenience. Kindly provide us with any pertinent brochures and information you may have available or communicate with us. We will be pleased to hear from you. Very truly yours, ALL STATES MANAGEMENT CORP. IB C t.` Pres. F ANK J ONA, J . DATE: February 14, 1975 TO: Members of the City Council FROM: Neal Berlin, City %tanager RE: Informal. Council Sessions February 18, 1975 -- 4:00 P.M. (Tuesday) Discussion with Ihumane Society representatives. m scussion of decriminalization of marijuana. Discussion of Dcsign Parameters for P1uscatine Avenue. February 21 1975 - 1:00 P.M. (Friday) Presentation of final budgetinformationto Council. - February 24_ 1975 -- 4:00 P.M. (DIonday) - Council tour of County jail, Animal Shelter, and Police Station. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A REVISED ANIHAL CONTROL PROGR,;A I IN IC,NTA GITY j submitted by The Animal Protection League of Johnson County Antonia Russo --Director P^-- Karen Rasmussen --Secretary George DeMello--Treasurer February 189 1975 To Honorable Mayor and Council Members: we represent the Animal Protection League of Johnson County, a non-profit organization to promote animal welfare, and.we wish to submit matters for your public consideration. After a five month informal study of animal control in Iowa City, -we suggest your program is ineffective. Although the poundembarkedon a stringent animal ordinance enforcement policy in 1974, dog bites increased almost 80% over 1973. Fifty-two dog bites were recorded last year, and twenty- -nine bites recorded in 1973 Three hundred and thirty-six dead animals were collected in 1974 as opposed to two hundred and fifty- three in 1973. The number of ordinances violations issued rose 450% in 1974. Yet, despite the increased eQforceQent�onthsthe othey reports January and February, 1975 to be the busiest � have experienced. Now handling 200 dogs a month, facilities at the pound allow for only 32 dogs --2 to a cage. This trend indicates Iowa City is experiencing the pet pop- ulation explosion, a rational problem of surplus pets costing taxpayers a half billion dollars a year. An estimatein the United kittens and puppies are born every -hour -of- vert day n States. Twenty million pets will be,euthanized,in shelters this ets will be_abandoned. One out of year. Another 18-20 million p every three cats in the United States is estimated to be homeless. National statistics indicate the pet population will double In the United States in the next 5-10 years. As oopulatlon related problems follow an exponential growth rate, rather ,than a linear one, the number of dog bites ,dead animals, and similar problems experienced in Iowa City, will certainly more than double in that time. In a single year dog 'bites have already doubled. The staff at the oound was unable to prevent the rise In bites and dead animals, although vigorously enforcing the present program, and 15% more dogs and 100% more cats than in 1973• The most indicative figure revealing the failure of your animal control program is the number of do-s-lic_nsed`here in 1974• e Four hundred and sixty-two licenses were issued almost half of these were purchased by people reclaiming their dogs prom the pound. -Using national estimates of one dog to every six people and discounting the student population, roughly 4,000 dogs remained unlicensed --more than 904 of the dogs InIowaCity. The only control the city has over these animals is when they are Involved In an ordinance violation. - 2 Increasin• state statutes and munical animal control wed and revised because of growing ordinances are being revlr__ public concern. Conditions- change, and these ordinances must be able to cope with the present situation. Money budgeted for a program should be sufficient for effective nand results should indicate this effective implementatio, ness. Presently the pound employees are barely able .to answer all Como - laints received, much less embark on a program to seek a solution. Animal control is a program necessary,; indeed demanded in every community for numerous reasons: 1. Serious Health Seasons --more than 40 diseases in the United States can be transmitted to man from domestic pets, rabies being only one. Sarcoptic mange was contractendyreported to In Iowa City last fall, from an infected dog, the Health Department, to give one example. with large numbers s in a community at a given time, the of uncontrolled animal community is consistently exposed to a serious health hazard. Bubonic -plague was discovered in several isolated animal cases in'a national park last summer. The disease is carried by the flea, of-which-the'•dog and cat are a common host. In rural areas uncontrolled dogs and cats can.transmiroundwide variems,ape of diseases to livestock, including norms, toxoplasmosis, and leptospirosis. Fecal littering on public and private -property is a health hazard, as well as being unesthetic and a nuisance. Fecal contamination - can occur in unsuspected areas used by toxoplasmosis by defecating in children. Cats can spread is children's sand boxes. The disease visceral larva migrans caused by -the ingestion of the eggs of Toxocara canis, which may be abundant in a puppy's feces. Infestation is especially prevalent in children, causing eosinophilia(diagnostic) encephalitis -bags add greatly Overturned garbage cans and torn garbage to the cost -of trash collection, attract rats and flies, and lowers the quality of life in the area. - of the health Dog bites are the most socially cosily_ ontrolled animals. Death is rare, but problems raised by unc 10% of all bites require some suturing, and over 37 of all child victims are injured :on the face, a source of concern and trauma. The potential for rabies greatly adds to tr:e expense and trauma of the bite injuries. Q:vhat isormost feralpdog,nt is is+the that the uncontrolled_ pet_, not the stray animal most often involved in in mosticitiestaround•the The problem is worsening popular. country as the larger breeds -of dogs become more According to the Americal Kennel Club+ too theDoberman largestngainrin registrations increased by 10,000 in 197 , any breed. 2. Social Problems --uncontrolled pets children,strays d dellveryoften man• source of trauma to old people, fora of noise pollution. Automobile Excessive barking is a i -t . a -T -�r-• fes. -� ... :. 3 accidents sed by free roaring pets •e noir being surveyed. Property damage is a constant source 'of�nuisance and co_­laints made to pound officials. 3. Ecological ?roblems--a study of tae problem by :1a: M. mac k showed the marking behavior of dogs can have a significant ecological effect --repeated soaking of urine on young trees used as scent marking_ posts, are one reason for the deathof young trees. Feral cats, especially on farms, have been reported killing everything from shrews to weasels. ,Cats are major cause of death for young song birds In the spring. - Free roaming pets and abandoned animalsarecompeting with wildlife -in an already hard-pressed ecological balance, for food, possibly Interrupting the food chains and reproductive patterns. The damage to livestock by dog packs is apparent hereinJohnson.County in 1974• Livestock lost amounted in value to ;.15,429. ,The 'county was only able to pay:36.463% of the total loss. 4. The Animals Themselves --the pet population explosion is forcing untold millions -of 'animals _to suffer a senseless and cruel existence, no natter hot.; short. -Many abandoned animals are sentenced to ,a slow agonizing death. The end may come through starvation, freezing, or disease. Many animals, stray and pet, die beneath the wheels of a car. Others live their lives at the mercy of careless and irresponsible owners. Life Is cheap when another pet is so easily obtained. 4 pet Is a -commodity to many people, and when the novelty dims, 1t(the pet) may be discarded at whim. With the first humane laws it was acknowledged that the welfare and well-being of animals was a matter of public concern and responsibility -and required legislation. The problem has reached such proportion that it is now a subject of national concern. There are conferences, seminars, meetings,, and hearings by legislative bodies, humane groups, - veterinary associations, pet food producers ,scientists, and other groups trying to find solutions --one recent example being the National Conference on the Ecology of the Surplus Dog and Cat Problem, held in Chicago In May, 1974• The problem has a broad scope Involving a tremendous number of people. Recognizing the problem, the immediate need of the council is to analize'the situation In Iowa City and develop a new program that will cope with the present problems, and lay the groundwork to prevent the surplus animal population from reproducing. RECOMMENDATIONS We recommend the Council initially hold a public meeting to obtain citizen input, encouraging ,an exchange of constructive criticism and sug3estions for animal control. You must impress -upon the community your desire to hear their opinions, not their Individual complaints arising 'from 'personal incidents. The attempt to involve the community in the solution could degenerate into two' 4 angrily di videamps of pet ox:,ers versus• -who exper ced problems from oet_violations: lve feel 'this ewouldhave accomplishen- nothir::g•` It is essentialQto the success Of this project to rake the community =•r=re of t.._ deep proble s o:e are excerieoinand.. yet impress _upon them we are not attemptYng to legislate pets out of existence. We are 'trying to encourage responsible pet Owner- Individual. beleiving that OSPn1nC a pet is not a ri— �h b t rather a Individua and a resDors15111t;,-_bestowed by-the community'on an indi� v- d 1, the solution must Involve all concerne the Veterinary Association, humane grouas, the studentincludinDopulation, conservation grous, pet owners, breeders, and citizens. After holding'-a public meeting, 'ice recommend the -'Council a commission to officially•- Cou..cil conduct a study of the problem of animal control and suggest alternatives for Iowa City, 'Possibly within six months. This commission could be composed of a council member, a member'of a local veterinary group, a -member of a humane groups a representative-of-the dog or cat faacy, and a citizen representative. r'. survey or estimate of the total domestic pet Population should initiate the COMmission'syinvestigation, to-ind- icate the number and location of animals in Iowa City. We now list and ex_olain a number of areas we suggest the commission anallze. 1. Licensing--essential to the success of a-new program is an adequate method of licensing: a. to obtain revenue to implement the animal control problem, b. to serve as a financial incentive toward spaying and neutering pets, C. to exercise administrative control over the; pets in Iowa City Alternative forms of issuing the licenses should be investigated, Including the possibility of obtaining the city license arlth the rabies certificate at the veterinary offices. Procedures in other communities shouldbeinvestigated. The licensing section of the ordinance should be more defirate- giving a date and time Deriod to obtain a yearly license, and imposing a fine for failure to comply after a deadline. Proof of neutering or spa✓in� muses form t0 the lice, ` `.bepresent_o dines-prescribed ns ng authority. 2• DOZ Bites--an analysis `Of-the-dog bites in 1974 should be conducted accorain,: to location of incidents in Iowa City, arae groups of victims, time of da reason-for the attack. A pattern will develop and pinpoint-an area ana trena in the attacks. Pound officials may then Increase their control and more strictly enforce the leash laws in that area. _or _ example--many bites were occurring in the business district when'Dets were left tied to parking meters. The public must be advised this is in violation of the 'ordinance. 3. Animal Shelter--a study of the pound newrfacilities, using ousefile as Otaehsu�state law as a guide, should be 'conducted, as %ell suggestions of the pound employees utilized. The study,_ should Include possibilities for remodeling, and relocating 'the pound, as well as the addition of another truck and more personnel to conduct animal control, as well as running a 24- hour service to answer complaints, assist sick or inured or j abandoned animals, without Ducting an unjust burden on the - 5 • tment. Here gain revenue from sound staff or police dfoar licensing is essential for implementation. We are especially concerned the commission investi�t�C adoption procedure at the pound. Die to an alreadyover staff, there is little opportunity for follow-up on or provisions made placement of animals. •.de recommend no animal be released from the shelter unless nbfteredfilingrasdeposit, refundable when for neutering or spaying _ the animal an is old enough for the operation To release already un-neutered or un-s- sd isitoladd°gasoline to a1fire• caDable overpopulated with pet!, and her offspring are A single unspayed female`d°S Pars time, based on only of pro 13,122 more dogs in 6 Y two male and two fexale puppies to each ain IoraPCityroerelall ked - are larger. If. only 100 female dog 200_dogs at the end of `here would be 16. to produce 3 litters, u 36 months. problems of free-roaming We must not contribute to the animals that have not dogs and net overpopulationtio placing all possible been sterilized Investipolicy. must lt will probably mean _fewer methods of enacting easily and animals '+rill be adopted. The pound ft a Place to can reduce cheaply obtain a pet. But all toosohsnonly1 rays no positive control over the adopters. This i to homes that the possibility of breeding more unr:anted animals. This policy will help insure the animals>adopteda financial sincerely want them, and are willing to o&izpet OV nership Thissoonsbls sacrifice and the re the pound on a whim. will discourage those p orozram of animals released from public It should also be noted that communities that have had a mandatory neuter/spay - n are experiencing shelters, in effect for at least two years, animals. an apparent reduction ,in the number of stray and those The number of animals adopted feel Itlisdecrfaremore humane euthanized will increase. - w o an animal than to allow it to become a0. Met. problem is - - - destroy mar=e or be released to a-home where: its needs are essential to help the nu clic underst�^•d t^is ?ositiunwa�yed and euthanasia is not cruelty; the cruelty is allo«_ng surplus pets to be born. s to assist those finding We also recommend study ondgtheir means, and yet sincerely - a neuter/spay operation bey d willing to care 3 0 - to adopt a pet from the pound, d_sirin�, n ps these cases_couthe commission subsidized. properly for it. P rhe- _we est the ca _ 4. analizetneCordinanontrol Oedinance he city attorney's office and pound employees to make recommendations for revisions. example. The pound has A lax is ineffective if It can not be enforced--the requirement is an obvious ' violations due to the licensing. obtaining difficulty convictions i•• many burden of proof of the ordinance--for example, allowed wording to show an animal was voluntarily is placed upon them 'both legal and financial to roam. we feel the responsibilitywith fines sufficiently P ne 7.1aant- net: owner,. .item ml^.t e 71 aC n!% on t(' r �' �•. t)n»Pr/ir.? r.ren .�'R. t - e 6 01,�reased violation of -the ----- f theordinance. should be for each subsequer o rdinance. Leash laws must be clearly defined and enforced. ?ew- violations occur while on the leash. License and rabies tags must be worn, to help identify animals involved ordinance - ld violations. Perhaps the licensing, authority could maintain a record of identifying numbers of all tags issued, and make --'this record available to the public. Persons who fail to obtain a license in`a'given time period should pay a,13te.._. - penalty. The ordinance must include provisions for a domestic pet in heat--reeuiring it to be confined In a building or secure enclosure in such a manner that the female will not come into contact with another -animal_except -f_or a„planned breeding. A loose female in season sets off a; chain .of problems, encouraging males to roam and<form packs, and possibly reproducing more surplus pets. - We especially recommend studying the area of cat regulation, acknowledging this is a difficultareato enforce. However, cat restraint is essential to a successful program. The domestic cat is one of the most prolific of all species, and often the prime occupant in municipal and private shelters. Essential in this ordinance are provisions for restraint of nuisance cats and queens in heat. -`Ihe -commission should review the impounding fees, raising -- the reclaiming fee for consistent violators, e.g. fee for first release --:25.00, a second offense --?50.00' reclaiming, fee, and a third offense ---;100.00. At this time the owner could -be - informed there will be no further release. The procedure would require strictenforcementand unauestioned integrity by the animal xardens and law enforcement authorities. Possible additions to the ordinance should be considered,, especially clearly defininc a_rd expanding the hum.-ne responsi- bility of pet ownership and related areas. Several examples r follow. "Io shall beat, cruelly ill-treat, torment, over- a. person load, overwork, or otherwise abuse an animal, or cause, instigate, or permit any dogfight, cockfight, bullfight, or other combat between animals or animals anc humans. b. ”\o person shall give away any live animal, fish, reptile, or bird as a Drizefor, or as an inducement to enter, anY g contest, Same, or other -competition, or as an inducement to enter Into a business agreement whereby the offer was x for the purpose of attracting trade." a vehicles who strikes a C. "Any person operating motor domestic animal shall stop and render such assistance as may be possible, and shall report such injury o the law enforcement animal's owner, or report to the proper agency, or to a local humane society." known poisonous substance, d. "No person shall expose any with food or not, so that the sale shall whether mixed be liable to be eaten by any animal, provided that It shall not be unlawful for a person to expose; on his own substances." property common sat poison mixed with vegetable for wild animals -- The ordinance should include provisions fordisplay 1,1 Lnjjp >nlznls a. Tine aL- be In y/S.h�[:Ci ;; cif CitS or exhloltlOn pur.,o..cs "no.zld _ - 7 • c• uses, etc. i 3 tc zoos, ordinance, not aopl: wild animals native to b. �{ee�in,� care, and protection o� od ueYotic pets. this rezion, as :rP11 as the so -call. uch Licensing authority could issue permits for sboth Dthe � thus exercising a control 2nd. protection for animals and the community. review the ordinance withthe state Tne commission must also r_ e.g* the laws, to make It uniform and consistent, terms of vaccination requirements* viewed in Acts i 7Ce must be re asp- Tne whole ordinance onforcem<nt, covering 211 to place the financial burden of increasing efficiercY °f ordinance, and of pet responsibilitY, animal control on.tnose who violate the with the financially encoura3ing responsible entcoz itnications -wide The Count --th- commission shouldorkVout-a-mutual_countroblem 5. officials to _ 1 recognizing the _ rO°e county line, and affects all program -for effective ar_imal cocity-+ the limits or county/ obvious is knows no city county. Especially with persons livin3 in t:;e farmers in Johnson county We suggest the commission explore financial loss sufferred °y «: county employing a full- livestocY, and dog packs. of full- " to investigate _- and sug3est'tne possibilitY traif and authority time 3umane officer with „naronriate cases are prosecuted, = > cases, insure G__ ,.;orking with farm all animal abus-- care in the county, and over animal _rou s, etc. organizations, conservation F the eommissioToPriate completion of the lnvestigatian d -app upon comp tne-.council members an make itsrecommendations to permanent action be taken. est the establishment of a Pers to At -this point ::e suggest oecific duties a d p�ce basis- At ismcontrol progra3,_on a city Animal Con�_1 art of thelocal imp ement the new animal "ealth Department, as an integral p set up the -The commission shoul3 be of a representative afveterinaria'-•1, a government, and consist o eser_tative), ro citizens. the Cnief of.?olice(or his r pr� and three additio_,� de by the o society, should appoint their own of a human... normally representative the cam appall be All appointments to and the members local 3ov,erning authoritY, mmission mould usually chairperson• ped to the Animal Control d regulations for the Duties assig rules and"reg reviewing recoamendations--OPd in the ordinances, Snclude making of animals cover. k conducting CC 10;' - + a vicious care and control deter= Ion budgets and contracts for all animal e.g• ine commission public hearings for relatedo the city oouncil. a 't ask non delegated,to the control, an effective liason dog, coordinator of animal of public information and would serVe as the council, a source would be consolidated and for citizens and orozram assistance. The Animal Control - ,s establishment would pcheide improved; the commission es well as releasing efficiency rag+ a degree of expertise to d council members from some of the work- irector and control. public Safety D .• animal and time involved in administering 8 In conjun*on ith these suggestionsoe recommend the council iratiate a city-wide camoair.n to puolicize he prcble cf surplus pets In Iowa City and request a city -.ice halt to indiscriminate Det reproduction. No program will, be effective -unless the understanding and cooperation of the •citizens are employed. The ultimate goal of-theorogram must be to reduce the number of"casual" owners --those unwilling or unable to provide appropriate care, restraint, or confinement of their pets. The facts about -surplus animals, how many there are, and the cost to the community to care for them, must be =widely publicized. Special emphasis must be_olaced on educating, children to the problem, _and res:onsible pet care --boy and girl :scout troops, 4-39 etc are especially receptive to such programs. At the present time the pound staff has little time to embark on such programs, although they sincerely feel public education is an integral part of animal control. In conclusion -ere suggest to the council that these are only recommendations of one group in the community. The details of the program must be tailored to meet local conditions and the needs of all involved, the veterinarians, the merchants „the pet o+niers, Eu—mane groups, etc. must be considered and analized before any decisions are made. For that -reason we have suggested the public meeting --there are many people in the community-caoable of - giving excellent sug;estions. Our pro;. -ram is submitted to you as a rough guide. It -would be the ouroose of the investigating commission to analize our recommendations in depth, along with all others received. ` ?!e offer our services to the council in any way we can be of assistance. We have a great deal of In available to us, " and we will put it at your disposal. We ask the council to consult us at any time, for any reason orforany assistance we can render. re 3.1so feel that, �s a voluntary humane organization, we can assist the implementation of the animal control program, esoecially In-the`area of public education, and assistanceto abandoned, injured, and stray animals. b 1e await your consideration. Respectfully submitted: Animal Protection League of Johnson County d Antonia Russo --director -Karen Rasmussen --secretary George DeMello--treasurer February 18, 1975 Z\ c1 -NN cu �c�+ \'t lir• U \ C.y` _�?�.�.v.. t.o�/',�.G-V✓� -F_�ax ��zti...� �.a.cG^-tl.lJ%� 1iY..J`sr ( v ordinance for the prevention of cruelty to animals, for the control` "R A suggested of animals, and for other purposes. Prepared and recommended by: THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES 1604 K Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 BE IT ORDAINED BY THE COUNCIL OF TILE CITY OF SECTION 1. DEFINITIONS As used in this ordinance the following terms mean: -Animal: Any live, vertebrate creature, dcmestic or wild; or municipal asency, of impounding or caring for aninala' Animater: Any facility operated by a humane society, or its authorized agents for the purpose held under the authority of thio -ordinance -or state law; sold Or At Any place or facility where animals are regularly bought. traded, except for those facilities otherwise defined in this ordinance. This section does not apply to individual sales of animals by owners; Circus: A commercial variety show featuring animal acts for public entertainment; commercial Animal Establishment. Any pet shop, grooming shop, auction. ianimal exhibition, riding school or stable, zoological park, circus, performing or kennel; ed, Grooming Shoo: A commercial establishment where animals are bathed. clipped, plucked, or otherwise groomed; Humane Officer: Any person designated by the State of —' a municipal government, or a humane society-ae a law enforcement officer Who is qualified to perform such duties under the laws of this State; Humen�tV Any organization for the pre of cruelty to animals incorporated under the laws of the State of of ablishment wherein any person engages in the business selling ying, letting for hire, training for a fee, boarding, breeding, buor se Kennel: An est _doge or cats; Owner: Any person, partnership, or corporation owning, keepingor harboring one or more animals. An animal shall be deemed to be harbored if it is fed or sheltered for three consecutive days or more; act or event other Performin An Exhibition: Any spectacle, display, + - in which performing animals are used; than circuses, Pet: Any animal kept for pleasure rather than utility r _z- Pet Sho Any person, partnership,_ or corporation, whether operated separately _ ith another buoicciesiness enterprise except for a licensed kennel, or in connection w - that buys, sells, or boards any p - Public Nuisance: Any animal or animals which: 1. molests passersby or passing vehicle Z, attacks other animals 3. trespasses on school grounds 4. is repeatedly at largo 5. damages private or public property continuous, 6. barks, whines, or howls in an excessive, or untimely fashion; - animal secured by a leash or lead, or under the control of a ltes�nt: Any person's commands, or within the real responsible person and obedient to that property limits of its owner; boarding. Ridin School or donkey, mule, Stable: Any place which has available for oorhburro; and/or riding instruction, any horse, pony, do Veterinary Hosoital: Any establishment maintained and operated by a licensed veterinarian for surgery, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries of ,.animals; animal_ ; Any animal or animals that constitute a physical threat to Vichuman beings or other animals; rimate), raccoon, skunk, fox, dive monkey (non -human p lynx, or any other warm - Wild Animal: A, leopard, panther, tiger, lion, y poisonous snake, P _ blooded animal which can normally be found in the wild state; displaying ne or- Zooloeical Park: Any facility other than a pet shop or kennel, '-�`-- more species of non -domesticated animals operated by 'a or exhibiting oration, or government agency, person, partnership, corporation, SECTION 2. LICENSING animal harboring, or having custody of any (a) Any person owning, keeping, ality must obtain a license as within this municipl to the keeping of small cage over three months Th age provision may not app Y _ herein provided. This p ets* birds, or aquatic and amphibian animalssolelyas p Authority (b) Written al applicant description of the animal, Lication For licenses shall be made to the Licensing which shall include name and addressofapp --appropriate fee, and rabies certificate issued by a licensed veterinarian the or anti -rabies clinic. I s for the keeping of dogs and cats shall be for a (c)If not revoked, License period of up to three years. days after obtaining exce t that this requirement will not app 1Y to (d) Application for a License must be made within thirty for no longer than , a dog or -cat over three months, municipality a non-resident keeping a dog or cat within the sixty days. 3 _ (e) License fees shall not be required for seeing eye dogs or ---- - - -governmental police dogs. - (f) Upon acceptance of the license application and fee, the Licensing Authority shall issue a durable tag or identification collar, stamped with an identifying number and the year of issuance. Tags should be designed so that they may be conveniently fastened or riveted to the animal's collar or harness. (g) Dogs and cats must wear identification tags or collars at all times - when off the premises of the owners. (h) The Licensing Authority shall maintain 'a'record of the identifying numbers of all tags issued and shall make this record available to the public. (f) The licensing period shall begin with the fiscal year and shall run for three years. Application for license may be made thirty days prior to, and up to, sixty days after the start of the fiscal year. Persons apprequiredlying for a license during the second year of thelicensingperiod to pay two-thirds of the fee stipulated in thipplying s ofPthe Ofee ns astipulated during the third year will be required to pay in this section. (j) Persons who fail to obtain a license as required within the time period specified in this section will be subjected to a fine of $10. (k) A license shall be issued after payment of the applicable fee: 1. for each unneutered male dog .......... $ 21 12 2. for each unneutered male cat.......... 3. for each unspayed female dog. 21 21 4. for each unspayed female cat... ..... 3 5. for each neutered male dog............ 6. for each neutered male cat ............3 7. for each spayed female dog ............ 3 8. for each spayed female cat............ 3 (1) A duplicate license may be obtained upon payment of a $2 replacement fee. (m) No person may use any license for any animal other than the animal for which it was issued. SECTION 3. PERMITS _ (a) No person, partnership or corporation shall operate a eomitrcial animal ance establishment or animal shelter without first obtaining a p with this section. - (b) The Licensing Authority shall promulgate regulations for the issuance of permits and shall include requirements for humane care of all animals and for compliance with the provisions of this ordinance and other applicable Laws. The Licensing Authority may amend such regulations from time to time as deemed desirable for public health and welfare and for the protection of animals. 4 - (c) Upon a showing by an applicant for a permit that he is willing and able to comply with the regulations promulgated by the Licensing Authority, a permit shall be issued upon payment of the applicable fee. (d) The permit period shall begin with the fiscal year and shall run for one year. Renewal applications for permits shall. be made thirty days prior to, and up to sixty days after, the start of the fiscal year. Applicatiou for permit to establish a new commercial animal establishment under the provisions of this ordinance may be made at any time. (e) If there is a change in ownership of a commercial animal establishment, the new owner may have the current permit transferred to his name upon payment of a $10 transfer fee. (f) Permits shall be issued upon payment of the applicable fee: 1. for each kennel authorized to house. less than 10 dogs or cats .....$ 25` 50 2. for each kennel authorized to house 10 of more but less than 50••': 100 3. for each kennel authorized to house 50 or more dogs or cats. .... 75 4. ,for each pet shop.........., ... ..................., .. 75 5. for each riding stable .................................... 25- 6. for each auction......'. " " " ..'.. •'..... . .................................. 100 7. for each zoological park .... 25 d. for each circus ............. ....... .. 50 S. for each performing animal exhibition............C........ - 10. for each grooming shop .............................. 50 (g) Every facility regulated by this ordinance shall be considered a separate enterprise and requires an individual permit. (h) Persons operating kennels for the breeding of _dogs or cats which handle less than ten animals may elect to license such animals individually. (i) No fee may be required of any veterinary hospital, animal shelter, or government -operated zoological park. (j) Failure to obtain a permit before opening any facility covered in this section shall result in a find of $200. (k) Any person who has a change in the category underwhich ichaa pedjusmentrmilr Aof as issued shall besubjectto reclassification and appropriate the permit fee shall be made. SECTION 4. LICENSE AND PERMIT ISSUANCE AND REVOCATION (a) The Licensing Authority may revoke any permit or license if the person efuses or fails to comply with this ordinance, holding the permit or license r the regulations promulgated by the Licensing Authority, or any law governing the protection and keeping of animals. (b) Any person whose permit or license is revoked shall, thin ten bays_ thereafter, humanely dispose of all animals owned, kept. such person and no part of the permit -or_license fee shall be refunded. 5 (c) it shall be r condition of the issuance of any permit or license that the Licensing Authority shall be permitted to inspect all animals and the premises where animals are kept at any time and shall; if permission -for such inspections is refused, revoke the permit or license of the refusing owner. (d) If the applicant has withheld or falsified any information on the application, the Licensing Authority shall refuse to issue a permit or license. (e) No person who has been convicted of cruelty to animals shall be issued a permit or license to Operate a commercial animal establishment. (f) Any person having been denied a license or permit may not reapply for a period of thirty days. Each reapplication shall be accompanied by a $10 fee. SECTION 5. DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE ANIMAL CONTROL COMMISSION \ (a)_`There is created as an integral part of the government of the municipality an animal control commission, consisting of a representative of the Health Department, the chief of police (or his representative), a local veterinarian, re e_sentatives_ooma umane organizations, and three additional citizen members. Appointments shall be for terms of two years each; except, that for the members appointed to the first commission, half shall be appointed for one year each; and half shall be appointed for two years each. All appointments to the animal control commission shall be made by the localgoverning authority. After the first animal control commission is constituted, members shall be - _appointed either to fill the unexpired term of a member who has vacated a position, or to a, full _two year term. Citizen commission members may serve - for not more than two full consecutive terns of office. The chairman shall be designated by the members of the animal control commission and shall be appointed to the chairmanship for a term of, one year or until the expiration of his own term as a regular member of the animal control commission, whichever time period is shorter. The chairman may be_ reappointed -for consecutive term subject to the above -stated limitation. The animal control commission may appoint an individual, other than a commission member, to serve as its non-voting secretary. (b)- The animal control commission shall meet at the call of the chairman to do the following: - 1. Recommend to the local governing authority rules and regulations concerning the care and zontrol of both animals and facilities covered by this ordinance. 2. May review the proposed budget and contracts for all animal control programs: 3. Upon written complaint, conduct a public hearing to determine if an animal, or animals, or shelters, or commercial animal establishments are in violation of this ordinance. 4. Upon written request, consider and decide whether to issue a license or permit denied by the Licensing Authority. 6 5. Upon written request, to hear and decide appeals of persons whose permits or licenses have been revoked by the Licensing Authority and revoke any permits or licenses upon its own motion for violation of this ordinance. 6. Recommend to the local governing authority -necessary changes in the law regarding the control of animals. SECTION G. 11ESTdAINT (a) All dogs shall be kept under restraint. (b) No owner shall fail to exercise proper care and control of his animals to prevent them from becoming a public nuisance. (c) Every female dog or cat in heat shall be confined in a building or secure - enclosure in such a manner that such female dog or cat cannot come into contact with another animal except for planned breeding. (d) Every vicious animal, as determined by the Commission, shall be confined by the owner within a building or secure enclosure and shall be securely muzzled or caged whenever off the premises of its owner.` SECTION 7. IMPOUNDME14T AND VIOLATION NOTICE (a) Unrestrained dogs and nuisance animals shall be taken by the police, animal control officers, or humane officers and impounded in an animal shelter andthereconfined in -a- humane -manner. _- - - _- (b) Impounded dogs and cats shall be kept for not less than five working days. (c) if by a license tag or other means, the owner -of an impounded animal can be identified, the animal control officer shall immediatelyuponimpoundment notify the owner by telephone or mail. - (d) An owner reclaiming an impounded cat shall pay a fee of $5, plus $1 for each day the animal has been impounded. (e) An owner reclaiming an impounded dog shall pay a fee of $10, plus $2 for each day the animal has been impounded. (f) Any animal not reclaimed by its owner within five working days shall` become the property of the local government authority, or humane society, Wand shall be placed for adoption in a suitable home or humanely euthanized. (g) In addition to, or in lieu of, impounding an animal found atlarge, the animal control officer, humane officer, or police officer may issue to the known owner of such animal a notice of ordinance violation. Such notice shall impose upon the owner a penalty of $10 which may, at the discretion of, the animal owner, be paid to any agency designated by the Licensing Authority within seventy-two hours in full satir,fnction of the assessed penalty. In the event that such penalty is not paid within the time period prescribed; a criminal warrant shall be initiated before a magistrate and upon conviction of a violation of this ordinance, the owner shall be punished as provided in Section 15 of this ordinance. _7- (h) The owner of an impounded animal may also be proceeded against for I violation of this ordinance. automatically all licenses issued animal (i) The Commission shall review ordinance. vicLations have item assessed in owners against whom three or more a twelve month period. ' SECTIO\ 8. ANIMAL CAi2E (a) No owner shall fail to provide :tis animals with sufficient good and wholesome food and water, proper shelter and ProCcnnd°�ithliumanethe wcareernd veterinary care when needed to prevent suffering, treatment. (b)' No person shall beat, cruelly ill treat, tormenC, overload, overwork, or otherwise abuse an animal, or cause, instigate, or permit any dogfight. combat between animals or between animals and cockfight, bullfight, or other humans. (c) No owner of an animal shall abandon such animal.- -- except when a licensed veterinarian P (d) No person shall crop a-dog'sears, . issues a signed certificate that the operation isnecessary for the dog's ed health and comfort, and in no event shall any person veterinarian perform such an operation. (e) Chickens or ducklings younger than eight weeks of age may not be sold in quantities of less than twenty-five to a single purchaser. (f) No person shall give away and live animal, fish, reptile, other c as a prizefor, or as an inducement to enter, any contest, game, or other competition, or as an inducement to enter a place of amusement; or offer such vertebrate as an incentive to enter into any business agreement whereby the offer was for the purpose of attracting trade. (g) Any person who, as the operator of a motor vehicle, strikes a domestic render in the animal i�ediately report such injury orcdeathitoathe animal's nce as may e �eLlble and shall ro tints Law nforcemer.. agency of to the local cated suet operator shall at once event the owner cannot be ascertained and lo0 report the accident to the app P humane society: person shall expose any known poisonous suE)st utce, whether mixed with No (h) Pto be fool or not, so that the same shall be liable person eoten hismown - provided that it shall not be unlawful for P .,ub an_es. property common rnt poison mixed only with vegetable SECTION 9. KEEPING Oi ;WILD A01MAL5 ld or (a) No person Shall keep or permit to oe kep: on his pwhethes any uitousl vicious animal for display or for exhibition T.irroses, +hether gratuitously or for n fee. This seetiun shall not he constrted to apply to zoological parks, performing animal erhi:Ations, or circus•.s. ( -e - (b) No person shall keep or permit to be kept any wild animal as a pet. - (c) The Licensing Authority may issue a temporary permit for the keeping, care, and protection of an infant animal native to this area which has been deemed to - be homeless. - - (d) The Commission shall have the power to release or order the release of any infant wild animal kept under temporary permit which is deemed capable of survival. SECTION 10. PERFORMING M11MAL EXHIBITIONS (a) No performing animal exhibition or circus shall be permitted in which animals are induced or encouraged to perform through the use of chemical, mechanical, electrical, or manual devices in a manner which will cause, or is likely to cause, physical injury or suffering. (b) All equipment used on n performing animal shall fit properly and be in good working condition. SECTION 11. -RABIES (a) It shall be unlawful for any person to own or harbor a dog or cat over the age of four months without a valid rabies vaccination. (b) Persons bringing dogs or cats into the area shall have readily available, as proof of vaccination, a valid rabies certificate signed by a licensed veterinarian or issued by an approved governmental agency. Animals which do not qualify shall either be immediately removed from the area or be vaccinated by a licensed veterinarian. (c) Anti -rabies clinics will be operated by the municipal health department, which is hereby authorized to charge such reasonable fees as may be necessary to defray the actual costs of such service. Any person administering rabies vaccinations shall complete a health department vaccination certificate of rabies immunization on all animals immunized and furnish a copy of said certificate -to the health officer within thirty days of the vaccination. - -- (d) Any animal which bites a person shall be quarantined on the premises of its owner under supervision of the Health Department for the period of time - ordered by the Director of Public health. The animal shall be securely confined and kept from contact with any other animal during quarantine. (e) The Department of Health may require aL its discretion special confinement and order the animal surrendered to an animal shelter or veterinary hospital -and such confinement shall be at the owner's expense. (f) No person shall knowingly allow such confined animal to escape; or sell, give away, or otherwise disposeofsuch animal before the expiration of the quarantine period. R Suggested text of a general animal cruelty statute. Yv.r:vei. CRUELTY PROVISIONS Section 1.00 Any person who overloads, overdrives, drive, unnecessariwhen ly kills, orcin - tortures, torments, beats, mutilates, maims, ty upon an animal or causes such to be done flicts any other act of cruel shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 1.01 an animal, as owner or otherwise, who neglects Any person having custody of sty and adequate care, negl or refuses to supply such animal with necess drink, air, light, ,pace, shelter and protection from the elements as pre- scribed inthissection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. (1) FOOD. The food shall be wholesome, palatable, and free from cog- _ tamination. Food shall be of sufficient quantity and nutritive value to maintain all animals in good health.Thecdiet shall ells ze e prepared with consideration for the age,species, and type of the animal. Animals shall be fed, at least once a day except as dictated by hibernation, veterinary treatment, normal fasts or other professionally accepted practices. All food recep- tacles shall be kept clean and sanitary. (2) WATER. If potable water is not accessible to animals at all times as necessar-Y for healtand he then it shall be provided as often of watering shalltconsiderhage, comfort of each animal. Frequency species, condition, size and type, of the animal. `Animals shall be watered at least once a day except as dictated by hpractices. veterinary treatment, or other professionally accepted All water receptacles shall be kept clean and sanitary. (3) INDOOR SHELTER. Facilities shall be sufficiently regulated by heating or cooling to protect the animals from extremesdif tempera- ture empera ture, to provide for their health and to prevent The ambient temperature shall not be allowed to fall below or rise above temperatures compatible with the health and comfort of the animal. Facilities shall be adequately ventilated by natural or mechanical means to provide for the health and to prevent the dis- bpro- comfort of the animals at all times. Such facilities ehvents, fans minimize drafts, vided with fresh air either by mean, of windows, door or air conditioning and shall be ventilated so as to m odors and moisture condensation. Indoor housing facilities shall P have ample lighting,'by naturalorartificial means, or both, of good quality, distribution and duration as appropriate for the species involved. Lighting of primary enclosures shall be designed to protect the animals fromexcessiveillumination. Such lighting shall be uniformly distributed and of sufficient intensity to permit routine inspection and cleaning. (4) OUTDOOR SHELTER. Natural or artificial shelter appropriate to the local climatic conditions for _he apecies concerned shall be pro- vided for all animals kept outdoors to afford them protection and to prevent discomfort of such animals. When sur-light is likely to cause overheating or discomfort of the animals, sufficient shade by natural or artificial means shall be provided to allow all-ani- mals kept outdoors to protect themselves from direct sunlight. A suitable method of drainage shall be provided to rapidly eliminate excess water. The method of drainage shall comply with applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to pollution control or the protection of the environment. Every person having custody of dogs or horses which are ',c-pt outdoors or in an unheated enclosure shall provide such animal with the following minimum standards of shelter: (a) The shelter for a dog shall include a moistureproof and windproof structure of suitable size to accomodate the dog and allow retention of body heat and 'shall be made of durable material, with a solid floor raised at least two inches from the ground and with the entrance covered by a fl_•xible windproof material or a self-closing swinging door. Such structure shall be provided with a sufficient quantity of ;uitabla bedding material, consisting of hay, straw, cedar shavings, or the equivalent, to provide in- sulation and p.otection_agaillrt cold and dampness and promote retention of body heat_ (b) The shelter for a horse shall be at least a three-sided, roofed, moisturzproof and windproofstructure made of durable material The opening shall face away from the prevailing winds. (5) SANITATION. Both indoor and cutdoor enclosures shall receive peri- odic cleanings to vereove excreta and other waste materials, dirt and trash an as to "minimise disease hazards and to reduce odors. (6) SPACE REQUIRPMMITS. Encloei.rr.s-shall be constructed and maintained so as to provide sufficient s*ace t3 allow cash animal to make normal postural and social adjustman':s faith adequate freedom of movement to maintain physical conditior. Inadequate space may be indicated by evidence of-ay.Inatrition. poor condition, debility, stress or abnormal behavior patterc.S. Section 1•.02. This Act shall not prevent ar, owner or tennnt of land from killing any animal which has caused or is presenting an icrinent threat to life, limb i page Three or property nor shall it be interpreted as controverting any state or federal law relating to the tcking of game animals provided, however, that any person who injures an animal while hunting or protecting hisproperty shall make a reasonable effort to track and dispatch or assist such animal and failure to comply with this provision shall`- constitute:a violation of this Act. _ Section 1.03 A violation of this Act shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or both. Conviction under this section shall result in confiscation of cruelly treated animals belong- ing to the person convicted. Y> Section 1.04 investigation of Cruelty Complaints 1 `:r ; �� �JY� \ 3 c'Vr, Any person who has reason to believe that a violation of this chapter has �l taken place or is taking place may apply to any court having jurisdiction" over actions alleging, such violation for a search warrant and for investiga tion. The court shall examine under oath the person so applying and any witnesses he may produce and shall take his sworn affidavit or their sworn dry: affidavits in writing. The affidavit shall set forth the facts tending to establish the grounds for believing a violation of this chapter has occurred or is occurring, or probable cause to believe that such grounds exist. If the court is satisfied of the existence of the grounds of the application or that there is probable cause to believe their existence, it shall issue a search warrant and order for investigation to a peace officer in the county, commanding him to proceed immediately to the location of the alleged viola- tion taking with him a doctor of veterinary medicine and commanding such peace officer to search the place designated in the warrant and, together with such veterinary doctor, conduct an investigation of the facts surround- ing the alleged violation, retaining in his custody subject to the order of the court such property or things as are specified in the warrant, including any animal if the warrant- so specifies. The warrant shall be executed and returned to the court which issued the warrant. - Section 1.05 Expenses of Investigation The expenses of investigation authorized by s. 1.04 including the fee of the doctor of veterinary medicine, the expenses of keeping or disposing of any animal taken into custody pursuant to such investigation and all other expenses reasonably incident to such investigation shall be assessed against the person alleged to have violated this; chapter if the person is found guilty of such violation." If the person is found innocent of such violation, the expenses shall be paid by the county treasurer from the generel fund of the county. - Page Four Reference: - Oregon 167.740 California 597 Minnesota 347.23 Wisconsin 948.14 (proposed) The Numane Society of the United States 1604 K Street NW Washington,-D.C. 20006 * Note: This draft is not presented as an absolute model but rather is intended as a reference from which a statute appropriate to the needs of a particular state can be developed: Iowa City Animal Shelter's basic needs to meet requirements of House Bill SSO, effective Jan. 19 1975.` 20.2(ch1148965GA) - _ 20.2(1) ` 20e provided by natural and/or artificial d.. sunset hours to allow efficient cleaning means during sunrise Ample lighting shall bathe _ of the facilities and routine inspzcestiontion fI-iprovedllithtin and animals contained therein: --Sugg in doy el. e, Ceilings, walls, and floors shall be so constructed as Such to lend themselves to efficient clean,and maintained'Lng and •so that surfaces shall be kept in grepair_ they are suheightiOflfourimpervious feet shall havto e finished surfaces: walls to a heap, Suggestion -Coating over cement -surfaces in do kennel. cleaning for f. Separate storage facilities shall be maintaiesaion-Counter- and sanitizing equipment and supplies: Sugg ton cabne't constructed in garage. i. Facilities shall be provided to isolate diseased animals, to prevent exposure to healthy animals: -Isolation Kennel is absent at present shelter. 20.2(2) f. Animals shall be removed from their-prmmary enclosures at, least tarice in each 24 hour period and exercised, unless enclosure shall be of sufficient size to provide th rimary a constructed for cats. this exerciser suggestion -exercise are P._ PROTE�y0.4 I_ 77 AN►Mµ'' e.a315 The Pet Population Explosion: ver *The American Illumine Association and iets floots finaltleLnatlon's annual' shelters. 711es are aware of and e llnnuane the tremendous number of unwanted p movement has become increasingly sensitive to this problem and is anxious to find a solution. Vit lass provided information on the subject of pct overpopulation to its members and to the atur of le s ets re medi:Subject at national and ;° cal jority lost theseosv�rc turning to IAIIAoorlits atfili affiliated agenciescfo reports fact al information On how the problem can be eliminated- or at least. ameliorated. -- Cooperative efforts to solve the problem arc being stepped up by AIIA- the American -Veterinary' Medical Association. the Morris Animal Foundation and others. Until a workable alternative is found. however. 1°pan ends local it nalle agencc,education to the need y efforts to provide the primary aim' of these agencies. AHA heartily neutering service to as InanY pet owners in their communities as possible. Agency or governmental "sponsored -spay clinics: cooperative arrangements between societiesaimaand s' -are a veterinarians to spay or neuter adopted pets at lower fees: reduced adoption fees for neutered animals—arc effective on the current scene. But these are.not enough to stem the growing tide of unwanted animals: The American l{umane Association and orgmltatioims such as the Morris'fiitmfroal m AflA audits working to develop alternative methods to reduce the lief population. Under b affiliated agenversal a development being of contr an 'ded to in imunizatio 1vaccine aje all Ito inhibit thethods of e reproductililual birth ve functionn in such study _co pet animals: Early. indications are that immunization will be available in either temporary or permanent form within the nest year or so- AHA is also providing financial assistance to another project to develop mechanical methods of birth control., including an intrauterine contraceptive device. Stray Animals and - the,Pet Population Growth General Every municipality in this country has a pickup, impoundment, euthanasia augmented vaccination and confine- legal responsibility to its citizens, to protect by licensure. rabies them from those elements within the comnnl- ment. pity, that might affect their- welfare and/or safety. It is not difficult to visualize that the Neutering Program control of stray animals could be included In A supplement to this animal control pro- this provision. gram, which can be very effective. is a manda- tory neutering program. Obviously. - this will Stray Animals _ only apply to animals owned or to be adopted, Tlic presence of large numbers of stray but it will reduce the number of litters born, animals increases greatly the public health haz- some of which will be abandoned for one of - and of rabies and animal bites. and the secondary many reasons..Cities that have had a neutering infections associated therewith, all of which can program in effect for at least two years are be costly "to the ,community. Consequently, ', experiencing an apparent reduction in the num - some progressive cities and towns have taken the her of stray animals. It must be emphasized - necessary action to keepthe number of stray however. that this program is not the complete animals at a practical low level. Nonetheless. _ answer to the Pet Population Explosion prob- according, to a recent interim report of the lem Council on Veterinary Service of the American A surgical neutering program can be most Veterinary Medical association, "Elected offi- effective if the city animal control ordinance cials havebeen'derelict in providing for and contains a-provision-whereby. any animal in the effectively enforcing animal control. laws. • •"' city pound and/or humane shelter that is to be (From JAVMA, Vol. 162, No. I J "adopted out;' be neutered and immunized The stray animal problem is seldom called against rabies prior to the completion of_ the to the . attention of the citizenry. until some adoption. formalities. The details of such pro- unfortunate incident, is experienced.- Likewise. grams must be tailored to meet local conditions: few people are aware of the true sources of stray_ e.g., number of veterinarians in the community, animals. the principal ones being abandoned endorsement of the program by the local or an and the enormous reproductive poten regional Veterinary Medical Association, avail- tial of unconfined animals. Few people realize ability. of veterinarians on the city pound and/or that one female dog, under ideal conditions can humane shelter staff. etc. If your community be responsible for the birth of 494 female dogs does not have a neutering program, it is sug- in a five-year period, if the initial female and all Bested that the, reproductive potential of one subsequent ones produce two females per litter. female dog, as shown above be kept insharp If however, each female produces three females focus until the city government can be prevailed per litter, the end result in five years might be upon to enact an appropriate ordinance. 4900 females. These are startling figures when I In the foreseeable future we can-expect to we consider any community of 50,000 might have available methods of neutering, other than - have as many as 100 to 300 stray, female dogs_ the current surgical procedure. The American within its boundaries on any given day. For- -Humane -Association and others arc sponsoring tunately,ideal conditions do not always exist research in this area, which has shown consider- and all stray females do notlive_five years. If it able promise. Thus. it might be. advisable to use ' were not for these natural factors intervening. It the term "neuter' rather than "surgical neuter" is difficult to imagine what would happen. in ally city ordinance proposal. 1 hese figures Illustrate the terrific polen- tial problem confonting :Illy Collllllltlllly and that appropriate anhnal I'rrtrnted of the "note+ oyetlnr ell' /he JiVzve ff Animal Welfare. 1111marck, N.D., January 22, 1J71 Ap /w•- "M why it Is so essential control programs be -enacted and strictly en-- - Hummer, Veterinary Conmltanr, The American Humane Ano- forced. The most common programs are: animal elation. The Reader's Digest Says— Needed:`More Birth Control for Cats and Dogs us of unwanted do qO States The f len ican which Humane reached eAssociation: pidemic,proplort ons tJanmtedoup byPsurlhis problem, human and cats is a prob organizations are being diverted from their regular duties." A growing number of authorities bclicvveterinarians on anms annual annua'I'ret finer `t control should be carried out at municipal or humane shelters by Pet Owners Many, however: doubt that such clinics can succeed in -callY eftictive.ng large numbers of p be I even at reduced/ rates w erslshouldbe required byntrol �tjaw oto haveall dogs �and scats ays talteredaex except Veftnnart I'r kept for breeding purposes. High license fees could then be charged for the latter. -- Meanwhile-IThe lAmericaorris nmHumaneal Foundation—founded tioandbyllMark er organizations pat president of the Foundation a: Lloyd C. Faulkner DVM- is investigating American Veterinary Medical Association—are working to develop mechanical methods o. animal birth control. At Colorado State University for example, implanted conlr, ` hive devices, as developeis d an experd all unentaltvaccine from cattle hormoneto inhibit g vaccineosdwhich has been usn. ed group of researc apparent adverse side effects: The goal -perhaps only a few years to neuter male dogs. with no app as rabies or distemper away -is an immunization that could be administered to young cats and dogs permanent. shots are now. Ideally, two vaccines s ill bvete av prograams rthat will, make possible "The ultimate solution;' say grand -scale. low-cost birth control." (Reader's Digest - March. /9731 Sexual Behavior of Dogs "Does are manure sexually by six -eight months, males constantly produce sp•n and sexual promiscuity has replaced monogamy. We have essentially made ' are ill -adapted for urban life since few dogs are ever dogs hypersexual and they satisfied sexually. Aroused by the urine odor of a bitch in heat, the male dog must - e form indeed be uall atAro s well as the female who is usually confined during dogs heat period. When leash laws are not respected he magnet effect on males of a bitch in temporarily, the packing usually being season. In view of the obvious1es, at kindnessotohelp urbanned with tdoes enormous would be of too many unwanted p PP massive castration and spaying, programs.' Onty licensed breeders should be permitted to have fertile pets."—Ur. illichael Iti. !-ox, associate professor of /'svchoingy, Washington Universiiv..St. Louis. The Reader's Digest Says= Needed: More Birth Control#or Cats and Dogs 9 States The American Humane Association: "Handling fandling the tremendous surplus of unwanted dogs and cats is a problem which has reached epidemic proportions. Jammed up by this problem, humane organizations are being diverted from their regular duties A growing number of authorities believe that progr ins of organized birth control should be carried out atmunicipalor humane shelters by veterinarians on an annual retainer Many; however, doubt that such clinics can succeed in attracting large numbers of pet owners even at reduced rates. For the birth -control programs to be really effective. says the magazine Modern Veterinary Practice, owners should be required by law to have all dogs and cats altered, except those kept for breeding purposes. High license fees could then be charged for the latter. Meanwhile, The American Humane Association and other organizations like the Allegheny. Foundation and the Morris Animal Foundation—founded, by Mark L. Morris, past president of the American Veterinary Medical Association—are working to develop mechanical methods of animal birth control. At Colorado State University, for example, Lloyd C. Faulkner DVM, is investigating implanted contraceptive devices, and an immunizing vaccine to inhibit the reproductive function. His group of researchers has developed an experimental vaccine from cattle hormones which has been used to neuter male dogs. with no apparent adverse side effects. The goal -perhaps -only a few years away -is an immunization that could be administered to young cats and dogs as rabies or distemper shots are now. ideally, two vaccines will be available. one temporary, the other permanent. I "The ultimate two says veterinarian Morris, "lies in programs that will make possibe grand -scale. low-cost birth control." (Reader's Digest-Afarch, /973), Sexual Behauiol of Dogs 0 "Dogs are mature sexually by six -eight months. males constantly produce spernfand sexual promiscuity has replaced monogamy. We have essentially made dogs' hypersexual and they are ill -adapted for urban life since few dogs are ever satisfied sexually. Aroused by the urine odor of a bitch in heat, the male dog must indeed be frustrated, as well as the female who is usually confined during her heat period. When leash laws are not respected or, enforced, packs of dogs form temporarily. the packing usually being the magnet effect oil males of a bitch in season. In view of the obvious frustrations, combined with the enormous problem of too many unwanted puppies. a kindness to help urban dogs adapt: would be massive castration and spaying programs. Only licensed breeders should be permitted to have fertile pets."—Dr. Michael hi. Fox, associate professor of Psycliology. Washington University, .St. Louis. Reprinted from The National llun•Rrriew. Copyright 1973. The _. A.^ X11 Association.. _ Pet Owners Must Cooperate to Solve the Explosive Problem of TOO MANY PETS! By ANNE BRENNAN THE ISSUE of pet overpopulation has become an - ctively engaged in animal welfare explosive one. Persons a work are faced with -an ever-growing problem of surplus pets. In fact, many other pressing areas of animal protectivework-prevention of cruelty, relief of suffering, education and promotion of the humane ethic- ---havehad to take abackseat to the constantly growing ' concern of -too many animals." Historically, the pet population problem has been developing for many years. Only recently has it gained national attention. Solutions are available but the problem cannot be solved by the efforts of humane societies alone. These agencies must have not only the understanding of their communities but also actual, active support. -- - - Although the pet population explosion has reached epidemic proportions, comparatively few people have become involved in seeking its solution. The American public has, in large degree, remained _ unresponsive to the crisis. - Figures are not essential to illustrate the complexity and enormity of the surplus -pet problem in this -. country. Anyone doubting its severity need only visit a local animal shelter or read the classified ads listing "free puppies and kittens." In reality, there are millions of kittens and puppies born each year that _ never find homes. Shock treatment has been effectively used in some - communities to attract public notice to a situation that is becoming desperate. But shock wears off. What is needed is a continuing community. education program to enlist the needed cooperation of hundreds of thousands of pet owners and to convince prospective pet owners to make a sane and sensible decision for the effective control of pet overpopulation. Individual owners must be taught to make the connection, in their own. mind, between their permissiveness in allowing - unrestricted breeding and the overall national - - epidemic -. During recent years, the responsibility for handling excess numbers of. unwanted animals has fallen on local humane organizations, municipal and county animal control departments and "humanitarions" who try to shelter more stray animals than they can reasonably provide for. Such efforts are doomed to failure - until public understanding is achieved. Shelters are handling more dogs and cats than ever before; fewer animals are being reclaimed by original owners or placed into new homes. Pets have become too plentiful. The well-known economic law of _ supply and demand applies here: There is a limited number of people who can, will and do have pets- -despite an apparently unlimited supply of cats and dogs. The more kittens and puppies born unwanted each year, the less value will be placed on them. Humane organizations have tackled the problem— one which they did not create—in a variety of ways, and as individual circumstances permit: - Many shelters stow require a deposit on each - animal adopted, as assurance of the owner's intent to have his pet spayed or neutered. Some humane organizations work cooperatively with local veterinary associations to spay adopted animals. Others offer .. only neutered animals for adoption. Still others screen potential owners carefully so that once on animal is placed, chances.of its returning to the shelter as a stray or neglected animal, are. slight. Not all unwanted animals reach the shelters. Many' are abandoned and left to starve to death. Thousands , are killed by automobiles. But those that do find their .way -to a shelter face other difficulties. - �< Tragically, no matter how many homes are found for unwanted animals, there are never enough: Of course, many animals reaching the shelters are unsuitable for adoption because of poor health, age or temperament, and they must be euthanized. - Alang with these, however, some adoptable animals also meet a humor)* but untimely death simply because their numbers are too many. Does and ccs are domestic animals. They rely on man to take care of their needs for food, shelter and affection. -While a ' 13 September 1974, Vol 185• Number 3155 AIIFRlrAN ASSOCIATION FOR TIIE ADVANCEMENT OF SCII:acF The Problem of Urban Dogs Science SAO" its rodeo a, a forum for the -- -- - - and, for many.. a' Shield against ric:cnufion and di,aus-ren rf Imivrtant iSwAa A clog is a • teland to the. Wrancement nr .d„Icc. including - isol:diun. DoI r_s_erei tL�a Therapeutic Lficet not only' nn many emotioIT ft pr[untanrn M mimuio, or col.Ilictmg puintt of it*, jailor mvl by pntb.bing only rimictial hn1 :d+m sin ordinary-ncurntics like-y'ou and me. IAIL. of Which a .nminws hss trtn netted. Accord- dislorbed people. .. in/lY. all arh,Ics pubhoird in .4unrr—in<IuJina. Slime facts ahomt our u)han dog popul:di in are came :for concern. t Lely. 211 ncv, and eummcnt, and t+ork tell",- - •(, percent Of all American - - amairRed :and racci the indhhhl.tl views of the ThL•fl` :Irl' ah(llt •1I) IllJbnn OtVOCd da -L'S; p' _. are siy and nm .,tRciai taint, rel ♦rtW adorrad by hntlSChnlds have -at 1e:1,1 unc Joe. -Our must serious urban doe pr .osyhlcros the HAAS or the in.umtwn+ With "hent the aothun art Ids a d - - - - are chold red petsthatmailers It and then. find no longer.satisfac- Editorial no.rdtory and uncullu'olled pets. that owners allow to roam free.'iflus, since' 1914 canine overpopulation per se is not the real issue, law -cost spiry. pro-- --_ ALFRED IT r•ANK w. P -s -m grant% are irrelevant w x,Icing our _urban Jog pu,hlems—except for the JAWS F. Clow MAXINE F. Srvera p..vclP.S. ,Fr (in.M-. w•nLM.N - popuhtionindigent r is lihc fnc�ln;n ling• Jng. The cents Iofrcaptur ible ng` ndof ak illi _L 1975 these dug., plus the costs of leash late enforcement, mimal shelter scrv- - Iinnr,t S. Go,nws•Y nnm.l.n LIsnaFv ices, and other related public and. private Ictivitics, conic to about S450 N. ll.ue ❑.`11F 1111111 P.1r1.. noNAl.o xr_vt.rhv 11. TelnMr.nN million :11111113 y. And the mere dollars -and -cents tests are only secondary. Omrlt E- Ko+n[_.ND. Jr. - - Frcc-nt;unillg dols ate a seriau, problem in allnosf every. American : Edmart.l STAR - conlnlunily. Sonic of these IOL are ot,ned. and xanc arc: feral (domestic Editor: pilau u. Aar[_SP1 - animal cone wild). 'their numbers depend paUly' nu the ej toward of ward Butler„ ALinaeer: IIANs NIM"All- - owned dog popolatiun.. hilt primarily on dog L-FIcrs attitudllcs. Afana(!nt E•htor: Ronrar V. OIUAF% confinement and breeding Of. their pets. Free -roaming Jogs constitul_ an Aribianr EJr,on: ELLFN E. hluArrtY, rmtn E. ccolagic:d and public hrahh menace by (i) spreading disease. (ii) biting. RMeIE - -- (iii) causing road flcLldeni;. fiv) creating nuisances and pollution, (v) A"(,mne m the Edrrar,: PAmcu RowE- e. NeW, and rnmmrrlt: lolin WAlsrl. limb. 1. causing properly discaw, .and (cit nited S ate% call h and wiitledf C.A.A. n[nn••Ir SRAFLEY. nnnrar rntrirr. Nlrlln- - More than 40 Juease+-in. the United States can he transmitted from Lu WADE, C0"4TIICE St"Lova, m.aRA.. J. CuLtnar., Jogs to man. Among the hater known arc rahic�, roundworms; honk- - S. 11[RAI4E 1,V,a RrRa.rh Nrv'P. worm,. [.. 1IAMM"w p, R'll)rAN rm,. t.Ipdu•or els, ringworm, and Deal+.. IIC,IJCi this public health threat. ALLEY n, Alrn, Tnlsus IL hLuial 11,: JI.N-L. MAtu. free -roaming dogs also transmit disease to other dog;. 4arlua L RualN,nN. OWA slut Km NA. )•�NtL c, AnnM - Biles arc the major tali<e of pet -related human casualties. More Than million Jog hires are reported annually -about unc bite per 170 Rano n Ait+c: K•nrrnNr-I.nrvo,to•.- 1 va - sPo-llno. Ahs O'Ru[N people—and at lea 't as many bites eo unreported. About GO percent of rover Editor: G.•YCR F14CEI deb• biles are in children younger. than 16 - (41percent in children Editorial AnRmnrr: MArr.ASET All'". ISAP[LLA cnuncerthan I I). And there are increasing reports of a new menaec— n"vLo1N, rev--mAe ulnr. M..Y Ih'IIM.N, S,1 -VI• - growing reference for larger LT,arnar, Ju" w filsrtnit, (Ua11Nr Il.1ns. NANee the free -roaming dog pack. In aJJitiun,- a g F P_ JI.t1N.Ctt_ o(IAr• IIFArwlnr. Clt,NIIsA K•ALIa. M•ac,Fri lli, n, pate r.ir•a Nr.nurili.N SCAT LOSE dogs Net 1(crd litteringlon bpublic and private property is. uncslhctie and It.R RYAN. Ines Sr11MOT, Ilirrluu S[snAtOSe. I. a sWw.•a IunNoa w•.:••. a nuisance as cell :6 8 pul'City health it about 1br example, the of feces Guide to 5cimti(�c Jn,numrnb; Rlnuao Sn.we• owned dors in New Ynrk {sty deposit about 150.0)0 pounds of feces is. Theraiding of Memhrnhip Recruitment: (W'FNMILYN 110001 e: SuhIcr,VRon Record, and dumber Record,: Ann anal 'ge ca gallons urine each day on the streen R.atANo garbage cans impedes es-ellilienC refuse collection and encourages tats- Aa"Ol)nIt SIR" - Are canineexcrement and Cxccssive barkinganyless polluting than ,. nr.ermr wnaltrrmn Mae icer chemic ds nr jet plane noises' - t'.0 J. XIR.•GO MA,e.atr SMILING There are several do/en ways to cope with the problem of fr c-roant- • - -- 4dier,ftin( sour Atanapr; mrrPa" G en,a¢s ing digs. Which nca+ores arc 10 be applied—nod by whom •led -It v:hn;c 3 in ease. arc r uc+tinll hest anstcereJ by each community according to { Satre: N[w Yon., N.f he Y. l(A16: llritito 4 111HIIILYJ, p 1, ll I 11 W. Q Sl T112 PGb- -il: Srntnt 1'W:n NL its 11 W. C. llicbNd Caths, I2 il- t.n. a tot iso• (uundc Such an cndl1avorlmusl inclmle al Ileastcthree lect attack th ngc tpublicccd t - e al. Ouu..1, lo, Trill: 1.�•k- R1an, Rndm _. 7.97. 914 Il. tt'ghigan Ate. (tl1-Dui-soul: urv- cation, leash lasv enforcement, and cnnlnc birth control. And these cffOlis - Ir.r Ibn 1, C+IIr 4o2i1 2); N.u•cr: 111 N. 1: - goal: reducing the number Of *•ca%Ulla' T .n,Ai ut.a. Tnlrs7-nTll• nn- - cr. Lvsl: must focus on one. ultimata g g • 1r,J W. I),CRcoTam: Kent 11th ltd. Teal E67-S!al) owners—Dime. unwilling nr unable to provide appropriate care and i Ib1TORI%L fORRrSpONnrrirnr 1i1S "fs- restraint. orconfinementof their da_s. ..o Is A,e., tiw Wasl ir'.lua. n C. 2M.0 1 hc)rs: - - - - -- • Yu, tW�c 2u1) genual u)ice: 46141'). U.,nk Re- The tratl°bonal American view of the pct doe as a benign companion •.... 414-1161, nu,inesi umlcr: 467 nn: Cunda- - is_tmJcrgmiw a change. I)ogs arc posing a threat to neighbors -and to 1 + Irl 1111 Cr)ide To S,Itpbhr 111%11 unrrti, 461• '"' I'r s nil Corium lel: 46)41111, lttfunl, uhf gllllel.d. Cltllllllllfllly kielfal(', shin 114/IlC(S hall bC11Cr "('.Ct II IOECtfI:[ 3 4,11111: must cC:1+C ficin, brrsponsiblc..incomsidCl etc. mill II d1IT1)bpcl(irtwl i'J 4'd 6S3a Cat It: Ad mr d. wa•hinrum. •they b I , 1, ru,linns lar t ,rua. utrrv' un be their pets :Ind fellow Citi/ells.—IIRIJLI. AIA% hI!1.1JMANN, _ el bon the nlnurial efr,4 A,, ra,' r•• Clinic Univer%ify o/ California. BerkelcV %•x710 • "•S Time 1074. AOVI RTIS(NG. (A ltRE- - _� •r •14 O1 NE.F. Ilrom 1741). 11 w 41 S1., New York. '• y 11•..4 rllune. 117.1'n-6-IASR, .,....._�.��w•��..�.-�„s,r•,+nr�g.7,+sssn.�•.c:tw'sa!a^arTv'r•".1cTt"7�'.ztrr►'A•l�i1R11 DATE:___ February 141 19 15 TO: Neal Berlin, City Manager FROM: Dick Plastino, Director of Public worksf ' ��1 IIIJJN�� RE: Pedestrian Crosswalk Safety at Muscatine and Southlawn Consideration of the Muscatine Avenue reconstruction project has generated an appreciable amount of discussion concerning_ pedestrian safety at the school crossing located at Southlawn and Muscatine. Listed below are nine items that could be construed as helping the situation. Under each item an explanation will be made of the benefits and disadvantages of this particular measure. 1. Night Lighting - This measure would consist of lighting the entire length of Muscatine to a level of, about two foot candles which is a level -similar to thatany on have Burlington from Gilbert to ighting does1reduceMvehicular and shown that night lighting this road would tend pedestrian accidents and lighting to do that. This particular measure would not affect Is since the majority of school crossings school crossin occur during daylight hours. at 2. Crosswalk Guard - A crosswalk guard is now present studies do he this intersection although not justify the presence of the guard. Given the extreme concern of the parents about this crossing, it would be impossible to remove this guard. 3. New Signing - The crosswalk signs do not meet national standards and they will be replaced immediately with the appropriate signs. . Education of the Children g This item is self-explanatory. 4 Observation of the crossing indicates that the children obey the crosswalk guard to a remarkable degree. 5. Construction of a Median - By having the pedestrian cross only one _lane of traffic at a time, the amount of safe crossing time is increased. If a median was ld be moved to the east side of built, the crossing wou t on the intersection since the for vehicles leaving Muscatine would have a left -turn bay and turning onto Southlawn. • _2 • with pedestriaroactuated Experience used p P push Button S1911 that shown that they are break the stream pals needed . of Muscatine crosswalk sig signal is actually section only when the volume on this measurements of traffic. Traffic dzy• Detailed pedestrian 3,000 cars a reveals that a P is now about �tween vehicles not be used. There is of the time 1 robably of have actuated signal would Pvehicles and children do n a uate space between they see the -need to wait for adeg P nor would the patienT crossing the street. light be or the Police Department - Data from approximately is Limit Enforcement 1, 1975, a. f road. speed 7. Speed since January section o indicates khat ea on this are in violation drivers ave been st°PP ll vehicles such as sho than2ahourtspeed limit. Studies Stu lete lack of relationship of the 25 ,elle F s eed traveled this emphas-ze the almost coand,actual p because between o, -,ted speed limits h in this area Tiie-speeds are hig y vehicles• drivers travel at a speed. b have shown that if t s not built n studies_ vers, this an the area i• Many to be imposed on-driOn they feel is safe. enforcement el s ec- limit is constant ,artificial- mint be backed up by speed traveled Speed limit -A-means of lowering P but an almost daily l>asis• enforcement,- as the more intensive only as long in the area anld be table solution nccep this will continues. enforcement 5 and -speed breakers rarely _ Rumble strip this section of road S. Rumble strip familiar with work. Any driver ignore the rumble effect and htsically learns is made large enough to p Y quickly danger to the meaning. If the bump It becomes a before. s eed of traffic,- the road resented impede the P have never traveled danger is P few drivers who hours a very surprise. During the nighttime s taken by use of speed to the foreign driver when gained with the ainst their Enough experience has been gained bumps. to allow a definite recomin uSe _ p flashing yellow light Warning Light to warn drivers of q• Flashing hazard location some used at a hazardous l light might havesomethe can impending dangeY• Such a however, an at this intersection; ,an actual, applicability more likely to notice the road driver is the road or crossing daytime a side of d hours a flashing pedestrian at the During nig foreign than a iightas a warning to the familiar with rather than serve drivers lig h this area} but most the flashing _ passing through hroug f road would soon relegate. is our belief this stretch o Essentially It light to their subconcious• • ' -3- • that a driver is more aware of a pedestrian near or in a crosswalk than of a flashing light. A case cannot be made in absolutes either for or against installation of a flashing yellow light. Any benefit would be of a very limited nature, but conversely, it present any hazard not any great di.sadvnntage nor would _it p to pedestrians. Of the 'above items, some are already ,in use and others can be put into use immediately. The crosswalk guard will, no doubt, be continued and new signing will be installed immediately.ng a median Night lighting has definite possibilities and bug. Speed limit enforce - improve the safety aspects of this crossing. ment can be increased, but .it must be recognized that this is a temporary solution and probably cannot be continued forever. It is our cont ;.sicr. that this particular location has trians several factors we nnotehe corrected. dTheeschoolus oboundaries in a manner that have been set up so that large numbers of children must croshea s an arterial road to r�a,:h theschool. that-ahreasonablerspeed ise entire aea is notbetweenY built up and most dri-vers the location of 25 and 40 miles per hour. in the summer months, a swimming pool and city park attract a great number of children from north of Muscatine and this creates esemany additionalcross be itions Given these conditions beings. and assuming total safety for pedestrians cannot be changed, the concept of achieved. sider an As a most radical measure, onrobabilityethis nwould prover pass for pedestrians, but in all p inadequate since most pedestrians would refuse to climb stairs or walk up a ramp tc cross over the roadway. of the above mentioned items, itis recommended he thaguard, council consider night lighting, _ consider increasedspeedlimit enforcement and possiblyconsider installation of a median in the road. When consideringthe advantage of n median it must be kept in may bein for only hat the aone is intended as a temporary measure which may ears. The original year or may be in `or a Ito el of ten or piny u one side of intent of the median was to eliminate ripping increased the street when and if the road is ever fconstruction greater s in width. As a byproduct of this type safety accrues to the pedestrian because of the increased opportunities to cross the street. The isst.e of safety to school children crossing Muscatine is an extremr=Ty �erait e one. There is the constant urge on everyone's part se do ron,•=thing regardless of whether it accomplishes any real. improvement ill afety. In the final summary one must e false of security that inappropriate devices valance Off Y rigs a ov_de? b; may give to ch`ldren nst the real beret - __ effective devices. al)�. • City of -lora City �d� ORAND�3.d% DATE: February 14, 1975` TO: Members of the City Council FROM: Neal Berlin, City Manager RE: Miscellaneous Items for Your Information Conference with Ed Mezvinsky A—­c­o_n_f_c_r_e_n_c_e_WrTff Representative Edward Mezvinsky has been scheduled for Monday,February 17, 9:45 - 10:15 A.M., Post Office Building, Room 210. The primary purpose of the con ference is to brief Representative Mezvinsky on Section 8 Housing. The new act will be discussed, a comparison to the present program made and both good and bad features covered. i Snow Removal Operations Attac ed is a memorandum from Dick Plastino explaining our present policy on usage of salt and sand and snow removal operations which you requested. As indicated - in the memo, a policy decision may be necessary regard- ing our present operations in this area. • e -;*w cbf lora ,City DATE: February 12,. 1975 TO: Neal Berlin, City Manager Director of Public Works FROM: Dick Plastino, 1 RE: Usage of Salt and Sand and Snow Removing gationsp At the present time the City of Iowa City operates basically a "bare pavement" policy on all streets in town. This means that three inches we apply salt and sand on all snowfalls up toaboutr throughout the city to melt the ac cumulation_of d depending on temperature conditions, levels above three inches anstreet in we begin plowing operations; once again plowing every ; town. At the present time we are using a mixture of sand salt and salt/one -f varying from three parts salt/one part sand to one p part sand. In the Downtown area we use 100$ salt since apparently businessmen have complained when sand is used in the Downtown area. As you can see from the attached graph, our usage of salt and sand have continued abasic,upward -trend for several years. Part of this upward trend is based on the increasingnumber much of the of is of streets the city maintains; however, simply due to increased reliance on sthwe'are pavement" expending about As a rough rule of thumb, $1,000 worth of salt for each inch of snowfall_ _ It_is_my belief that ,our salt and sand usage are appropriate if a "bare pavement" policy is to be maintained on all streets in town; however, it is my opinion that a "bare pavement" policy for every street in town may be somewhat excessive. This, however, is a policy decision. Salt usage can be reduced in several ways= 1. ;daintain a "bare pavement policy on arterial streets only. Salt and sand the remaining streets only on hills and troublesome intersections. 2. Forego "bare pavement" policy and salt and sand at - intersections and hills all over town. 3. Use less salt and more sand. The problem in doing this is that once a layer of ice becomes stuck to the street it takes several months to wear off if temperaturs stay in the low range. It would }}r ray r,��e9mm'nfla4i:on Ghat Council seriously consider a bare pavement" policy on arterial streets only and judicious salting and sanding at intersections and hilly, spots throughout the rest of town. -2 - measures of this kind will not go unopposed. The citizens of this community are very used to a "bare pavement" policy throughout town and any departure from this policy will meet with opposition; however, either at the present time or at the beginning of next winter this matter can be brought up for discussion. 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 YEARS AMOUNT OF MATERIALS TONS USED FOR ICE CONTROL` 3000 2500 2000- __._. .. _.,.. 1500 ' 000 500 0 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 SALT YEARS SAND ���