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Home My WebLink About1975-05-06 Correspondenceui�a pEpAENTOF HOUSING AND UREIAN_DEVOOPMENT OMAHA AREA OFFICE - * ' UNIVAC BUILDING, 7100 WEST CENTER ROAD OMAHA, NEBRASKA 68106 �mcF�"r REctox V11 May 1, 1975 _- - R...300FM4 , Offl- 080 iI- IN REPLY REFER TO: 911 W.tY, Street7.2�i K.nw. City- Mbwml 61106 _ HR (n-75-1111-19-0005) Mr. Seal G. Berlin City Manager Civic, Center 104 Last Washington Iowa City, ,Iowa 52240 Dear Mr. Berlina_ The review of Iowa City`s Conmlunity Development Block Grant application entation reveals a need for additi nalfonlowingiis 0 Edandiaaresponse tion Of disunecessary. :received. SP 1. Housing Assistance Plan (HAP) - Table II indicates a need for assistance for 4,365 households of which 15.1% (660) are ly- elderly. Table 111,ura ntationsforgTableall indicates ofrthe In addition, Section 23 Leased Housing pro= 209 ho22 odctl useholds of the of or 58.3% are elderly. Also, a revised SectIIonroved).Therefore, 60 units for the elderly is in processing (PP the goals indicated in Table III are clearly inconsistent with the needs'shown in Table II. Table I indicates 413 vacant units in Iowa City based on "fourth count census _tapes." The 709 v 1970Censusdata printout indicates vacant suggest following 542 were available for sale or rent. We gg options for correcting this situation: year goal (Table''III) which would a. Complete the three tends to address the housing needs show how the City in of-non-elderly/handicapped. b. Aaend the present HAP first year goal Lo reflect a goal more consistent with the needs shown for the type of household. In connection with 5eicatict ion g the 3eneral location eby census a pap is required indicating the g tract or group of census, tracts of proposed new housingo construction projects and substantial rehabilitation Projects for lower income persona._ ,a TIgM.3 ). MC NRTwE N.N. -- wO11 I.CP W000. Ow[G. AL.N Cw.N][OY. IL .CL.1 C. STCV(NCW. ILL 1A •^,I g5[MI P. n10CN. 1w.. OCL. T'i Cnf eb Ztct f `z )crate _ PMCNT MOwD.N. N.0 /w� :. w[NYETN A. Mc I.... s]Arr mw[oow COM MITTEE ON BANKING. HOUSING ANO URBAN AFFAIRS - i1N(NOMTT.LACr MPIEW.T ItrC " DTN[Lu <. ,oMP¢w.Cw[r cL[wn WASHINGTON. D.C. 20510 - May 2, 1975 The Honorable Edgar R. Czarnecki City of Iowa City 410 E. Washington St. -Iowa City, Iowa 52240 Dear MayorCzarnecki: - Thank you '_for your recent letter and for providing me with the benefit of your views on 5.662 and H.R. 4532. Your thoughts on these two legislative pro- posals and how they would provide discretionary operating funds for rural areas of our nation, are of great interest to me and you may rest assured that I will give ,them `careful consideration in con- nection -with the future hearings which I'expect our Committee will hold on 5.662 and other alternative solutions With every good wish, 1 -am l+ j'tl'/a i��`�� f�� f v r SIT '•J�iLI(�. !NST RUC TION IG J LI., 0 ' 'NTO rJJ S :,TL S+lf+ MNf°,l^-NT -- l�li£ l+.%`� _f•.'„'.. .,AHON.-SLTH, PitD 1)_:'1JCI SU'ERIt1,..,tJ_;IT Uay 2, 1975 111r.Edgar Czarnecki, Nayor City Hall j Iona City, Iowa 52240 - Dear liayor Czarnecki: - As a city official you are well aware -of -what unemployment and the pira.ling cost of food -has been doing to meal menus of ,low income families. This summer when children are out of school and not receiving free lunches, many children will go hungry and exist on substandard meals. i L' .Action now on your part could provide needy -children in Iowa City _ with one daily nutritious meal during those tragic surlier months. Through - the Special hroughtheSpecial Food Service Program for Children, several hundred children - - ia.Iowaandthousands throughout-thenation have received -at least one nutritious meal daily the; past five summers. This letter is'your invitation to provide similar dietary improvement to hungry children in„your city. Some cities have made the meal service an important part of their =summer recreation program because an -ill -fed, undernourishedchildhas - - • little energy or inclination for physical activity. ]lunger hurts. Physical activity without food often only increases that hunger. We are writing you at this time because_; each program must have an approved sponsor. in Indiana, schoolshaveprovided the meals under A sponsorship of theCountyEvteusion Service. In Iowa, Priendly_House,r a community settlement house, has sponsored a noon meal program for 100 or more needy children each summer. Each year some proposed Iowa programs have _failed .to receive funding because they waited too long to find an approvable sponsor with adequate staffing.ard`facilities. The money they could have claimed to feed hungry !. children in Iowa was forfeited andclaimedby an Illinois, Ohio, or some ; other state's program. "There are strong indications that nutritional factors at a number of different levels contribute significantly, to depressed intellectual level as well -as learning failure. Moreover, -an adequate state of nutrition is necessary for good attention and for appropriate and sensitiveresponsiveness to environment."<(p.;23-24) "Evidence from human studies also suggests that severe,' long lasting protein -calorie malnutrition in young children may be followed by modifications in behaviour aad mental performance.” (p.'29-30) i MEETING OF MAY THE CITY co 6; 1975 U- -` • :APRIL 1, 1975 THRU APRIL , 1975 _ - - GENERAL -- - $4,963.82 - - Northwestern Bell -= Phone service ' Miscellaneous; supplies - - 260.44 - t-50.00 1 company Contractors Tool & Supp Y Travel & Registration ;. 63.00 James N. Brachtel pre -registration 1,250.00 University of Kansas Management fee 11500.00 Mr. B.K. Jones _ -.- -:- Rental- 1;333.15 Ottumwa Transit Lines - Electric Company Gas &'Electric charges 30.00 - Iowa -Illinois Gas Refund 33.75 Father Morrissey - Mileage 33.50 ' .Mori-Costantino - Vet service :428.30 Drs.- &Kennedy _ Uniform purchase 1,389.97 -. The.Hane Place --Recruitment-services - 2,485.00-.- Callaghan &"Company Attorney services 30.20 Hayek, Hayek, & Hayek Books 5,856.25 Psychological Corporation _ Contribution 22.00 --'Johnson.County ,Regional Planning Ca"m'• -- -_Subscription-. g:00- _ institute for Management _._ Building _ maintenance 15.00_ Bureau of.Labor Membership 18.75 Iowa Nurseryman's Association _. Krause Gentle Oil Corporation Refund Technical services 25.00..` 100.00 University -of -Iowa Equipment rental 87.00 Department -of Public Safety _ -Vet service...- -- - - -- -87:50 Animal Clinic - - Technical services 250:00 Freese-Notis Association Pacific Tea Company Refund 32.50 Great Atlantic & Fire Chiefs Membership 36.00 International A650C. of Association membership 43:00 National Fire Protection Damage claim 250.02 Michael C.,Dombroski Supplemental retirement 15.97 ICMA Retirement Corporation Damage claim 135.50 Vickie Askildson outside printing 97.00 Goodfellow Company ..Building.repair supplies -31.35 Hawkeye_Awning Company Equipment maintenance 42.50 Woodburn'_ Sound Service Building maintenance 28.00 R.M. Boggs Company - Damage claim 44.72 Lorrin Haught - Damage:;claim 44.40 Janet M.'Edwards °` Travel reimbursement 1,016:98 Candy Morganv National Training & Development Service SSubscription - 10.00 8,00 League ,of women Voters of U.S. Report 8.00 Johnson County Treasurer Subscription 25.00 - - Ceramics -.Monthly -. .::. -:_ : _:.Refund 25.00 -. -Iowa Vending Company, _ -... .Refund - 43.75 Centra - Vending dba/Pecina's Mkt Refund 1:00 Gerald Lee Showman Refund 11`.50 R.M. Reynolds Downtown. Research & Deve. Center Book - .Membership --& book_ - - - 17.50 --2,690-00 American Bar Association Membership, 10.00 .League of Iowa Municipalities Refund 12.p0 Vickie Askildson Mileage 3,30 Gene Fields Mileage 12;50 Lucas Van Orden -. Mileage 23.70 Jack Hixon 'Mileage -' JohnPalmer: DISBURSEMENTS LIST • • _ PAGE.2 - '-GENERAL--FUND-(CONTINUED) -:Bob =Rosner - - _--- Jerry Cooper Mileage 2.30 John Flack Mileage 8.70 Jacob Kobes Mileage 18.00 Ron Maske - Mileage-: -.3.10 Earl Decker Mileage 9.30 Ms. Janet C. Meyers Mileage 6.90 Cambridge Place Apartments Ramage. claim 15.00 David L. Carter ' Ramage-claim -125.38 Hos _;Services -- ' pital_ .Damage = claim - 23.90 International Assoc. of Off. Hum. Health insurance Rights 11,569:40 - U.S. Post Office = Membership - - 10000 ` Commerce Clearing House Library postage 700.00 - Weston Woods - - -Book 14.57 ' Waldenbooks Records 151.75 S-:O.S:.Directory Inc. - _ Books Pushcart Press Books 495 -Prison-Law Project _ _Book - 4.00 - Netcraft Company - -.2.50 National Wildlife Federation -._Book .. Book 1.00 - Metropolitan Museum of Art Book.. 13.55 McGraw-Hill Book Company Book 1.25 U.S. Library of ;Congress Book 1.80 Lamplighter Press Book 2.50 LAD/ALA - - Book --. ,3..50. Iowa Place Names -- Book - 2.50 Institute for Social Research Book- _ _ 10.05 Hotel & Travel Index Book 4.00 Harris & Company. Book __ 16:00 ..- Finance Magazine Book 2.82 Eurail Guide Annual Book 10:00 Dow Jones Books-. - -. Book '. 5.30- -College PlacementCouncil_- Book Childrens Press Book ; 5.00 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 4 Books 23.51; Career Institute "- Books- 3:50 CMG Publishing Company Books " 2.95 C.W. Associates - Books 3.13_ Brooklyn Public Library Books 19.40 George'Braziller, Inc. Books 1.00 ThelBookmen, Inc. Books 112.32 The -Beatitudes Books 110.70' Midland Bindery Books -- 6.36 Cresent Electric Supply Technical services 100.00 - - Louanne L: Newsome - .Electrical supplies :77:42 - Baker_ & Taylor - - - _ Reimbursement - - - 8.33 - Am.,Library Assoc. Books - 313.53 AmericanCompany- Publications 31.00 - Pitney Bowes Books 35.50 Iowa .Parcel -Service- :Rental- - --5S_GG - Lenoch &•Cilek Freight - 9.27 - Hach,Brothers Office equipment & supplies 29.50 Sanitation supplies -- 45.23 DISBURSEMENTS LIST • _ • - PAGE 3 GENERAL FUND (CONTINUED) General. Pest Control Building maintenance 16.00 ,Frohwein- Supply .Company .- Office supplies 92.07 Demco EducationalCorporation Misc. supplies 46.33 Sister Joan Redden Refund 5.00 D:& J IndustrialLaundry Laundry & towel service 26.85 -. A.M. Boggs Company - Buildingmaintenance - 142.36 Novotny's-CycleCenter Misc. supplies - 8.00 Fay's Fire Equipment Chemicals 30.75 Doctors Supply Chemicals 4.32 Lind Art Supply - - Office supplies 27.05 -' Kirwan Furniture. Equipment repair --: 7.50 ". -'---Georgia`Instituteof-Technology Registration 250.00 University of Iowa -Registration 45.00 - .Union .Supply _.Company -- - - Misc. supplies --: -38.88 New Process Laundry & Cleaning Uniform rental _'-- 253.76 VarsityCleaners-_ Laundry service 4.00- Frohwein Supply Company Office furniture & supplies - 36.58 Humane Society of U.S. Books 24.20 Allied Construction Services Building repair supplies 432.00 Aquila Printing _ Printing services 1,116.87 Iowa Parks & Recreation Assoc. __ __ Registration 25:00 Grace -Lee Products Misc. supplies 237.40 _ Hamer Alignment Oxygen refill 7.95 Fay's Fire; Equipment Minor equipment 44.00 Mr. -Dennis Day Refund 8.00 Juanita Elick Refund 5.00 Johnson County Recorder -Recording service_ -- -2.50- -` Leon Lyvers Tree Surgery - Tree trimming 90.00 Boyd ,& Rummelhart Refund 27.00 Highlander Inn Meals 54.45` U.S. Post Office Postage 880.00' Lenoch & Cilek Misc. supplies 189.91 Barron Motor Supply Sanitation supplies 56.64 `Electric°Aire ".Corporation Electrical supplies -129.20 Hawkeye;Lumber 'Company _-- Misc. supplies 231.73 City Electric Supply Electrical supplies 99.99 Means Service Laundry' service 216.01 Econogas' Propane 10.45 Wikel_Typewriter Office supplies 18.90` Stout Video Systems Misc. supplies 516.30 Novotny'slCycle .'Center- - - Equipment - 47.70"-- -' _ Tri -City Blue Print Company -::Office supplies - 6.76-- ' Goodfellow Company Outside printing 162.90 - Johnson County; Regional Planning Special census aid - 712.30` Johnsons Machine Shop Buildingsupplies 219.27 -: Plumbers Supply Company -- Plumbing supplies 55.58° Medical Associates' Physicals 936.50 Iowa City-Press'CitizenPublications 132.66 - Iowa City: Ready. Mix - - .Concrete - 8_55 Iowa Lumber Company. Rep. sup. - 61.12 PPG,Industries Paint & supplies 14.26 Mays Drug Store Animal food -,- 1.79 • '" - DISBURSEMENTS LIST"• _.. PAGE4 GENERAL FUND (CONTINUED) - -- Sherwin-Williams Company - Paint-& sup.;: Wickes Corporation Building sup. 47.60 old Capitol Motors Vehicle' maintenance, _. 5.25' -Mrs. <Robert A. -.Welsh — Refund _ 1.00:.. Dennis.E. Whitlock-- - : -Damage claim 09.45 - - 209.45- K Keith Wilson Hatchery Animal food 77.60 Kelly Heating Ser. Equipment rep: 11.00 Kirkwood Kwik Kleen Laundry ser.,_ 46.40 - Shay -Electric Building repairs 12.68., Adirondach Chair Company Office furniture 183.10 Breese's --" - c.. misc. .;_ supplies _. 24.70, Drs.Lang `&'Kennedy Vet. service 8.00 Tim Toomey -- Animal purchase -.. -. 35.00-" -: Iowa City Petty Cash _ Rec. supplies 47.63 RussMishak Agency Commercial liability 5,866.00 Mulford Plumbing ,& Heating Refund 10.00` Witte Transportation Company Freight 11.96=. Iowa Engineering..Society - _ Membership - --- 73.00 Derril-.Marshall Travel expense 61.80` Chippers Custom Tailors Uniform alterations --Thomas H. Palmer - - ----Travel-expense _. -__:_ ,_,367.29:_ West Publishing Company Books 30.00 -- University of Iowa Printing service 6.30- Johnson County District Court Court costs 7.25 :International Assoc. of'Chiefsof-Police_ Membership -_ -- - 70.00 E.E. : Evans Mileage - - -': 15.00> Myra Travel expense 96.58 -Berlin Candy Morgan Mileage' 8.10, `Richard Plastino Travel expense 220.72" - 20.72"Iowa"Illinois Iowa IllinoisGas '& Electric Gas & electric charges 11,863.36' - Stevens, -Sand &--`Gravel-.Company-. Sand, _,gravel -& rock 290.73-.. University: Camera & Sound center Photosupplies_ - 72.68- Northwestern Bell Telephone _� Phone -service 3,388.57: University of Iowa- -Printing service 11.10_ Petty Cash;, misc.-supplies 91.79-- _. $70,091.17. CAPITOL ` PROTECTS -; - - -- - - Iowa Roadbuilders-Inca- Parking improvements $ 4,702.54 C.L. Carroll Company - - Plant: improvements -:: -16,389.54 $21,092.08 ENTERPRISE Northwestern Bell Phone service 593.76- -Contractors Tool '& Supply Misc. supplies 113.08 Univnrnity of Iowa Pre-reyJatratton 20.00 University Iowa Pre -registration 105.00 - --- -,of :IowaIllinois Gas& Electric = Gas-•&-electriccharges -- -736.73- • - • - - DISBURSEMENTS LIST PAGE 5 _- -` ENTERPRISE (CONTINUED) -:- -- 10.22 Ervin`Eash Refund Refund__ 5.80 --2.77 Calvin Blanchard- -- --Refund' _ - H & J -Limited _- - 8 82 Wendall Freed __Refund Refund 5.30 Pat Moore Refund 5.11 R.G. 'Foster7.79 -Refund `• J.C.'Hindes Miscellaneous supplies c 39.18 ' Sieg Company - Budgeted transfer 1,557.34 Water Reserve Account Budgeted transfer 76.00. ` Water Reserve Account -- Health insurance L; 489.45 - Hospital Services Registration 80.00 International Municipal Parking Congress 37.39 Bontrager Machine & Welding Vehicle repair 332.10 -- Krall Oil Company Gas oil e llaneoussupplies miscellaneous - 20.81 Lenoch & Cilek Miscellaneous supplies ; 29,60 Barron Motors Lumber 15.50 Hawkeye Lumber Company - Tools. 5.21 City Electric Supply - Laundry service 74:13 :- Means Service Printing services 37.29 Tri -City Blue Print Company- - Refund 21.09 - Don-LeMar - - Refund- .14 -Jane Clay Plumbing supplies 71.57 Plumbers Supply Equipment repair 315.91 Hupp Electric Motors - -paint &-supplies 19.94 ' PPG.Industries Refund' - 33.43 Burkley Apartments Repair -material 252.09 ` Zimmer s-Francescon Minor repairs 13.00 Kelly Heating Service Tools 2.35 j Breese's Gas & electric charges 5,046.99 Iowa Illinois Gas &`Electric Sand, gravel, & rock - 3.50 ` Stevens Sand & Gravel company Rep. supplies 2.66 The Walling Company? Minor equipment 380.00 Pyramid Service. Inc. - - phone- service _ .373.10 -. Northwestern Bell Telephone Misc.-supplies 27.64 Petty Cash - - IPERS ` 1,107.45 -' - Iowa PublicEmployees Retirement :1,904.01 --Security Co -. : Iowa EmploymentComm* FICA taxes - - ,.25 $14983 TRUST�NCY ----police retirement $ 3_1392.83 June Higdon, City Treasurer Fire retirement 3,429.24 June Higdon city Treasurer Budgeted transfer 6,015.24' June Higdon, City Treasurer coffee room supplies - 106.67 John Nash Grocer- -- Miscellaneous supplies 69.68 Petty Cash- public Employees Retirement IPERS -. 6-,302.66 - 11,478.52 Iowa Iowa Employment Security Commisnion FICA taxes $30;794.84 • DISBURSEMENTS -LIST - _ PAGE ;.6 - -? I Rp;OVERNMENTAL-SERVICE - - -- _$582.20 - - - Phoneservice-`.75.00 - Northwestern Bell Cash advance 21,24 Lyle G. Seydel - Misc. supplies: 125.00 Contractors -Tool & Supply Travel'& registration• 50.00 -James N.:- Brachtel- - Travel expense _240.00 ' 'William J. Neppl _ Travel expense 145,521.77 Dennis Kraft Payroll transfer 780,19 Hawke State Bank Gas &_electric charges 16.00.:-_ Iowa Illinois Gas & Electric Refund 3.73 Roger D. Milkman Water deposit refund 3.21 Isom Rogers Deborah Haulik Water, deposit refund,_ Water deposit refund' 4.70- 10.00= Kathleen Danner Water deposit refund- 10.00:: Calvin Blanchard __ Water deposit refund' 7,64' H & J Limited Water, deposit refund' 10.00 - John Peterson water deposit refund'- -- 4.70- -- Dr. -1 Leon Smith Water deposit refund_ 447.58 Linda Ehriq Operating equipment 22.50 Sieg company Vehicle repairs 1,008.00 YOU Smash Em -: -- '-Attorney services - 1;000._00 - Josephine -Gittler Printing service - 5.51 University of Iowa Water deposit refund - 10.00 Jerry Full Water deposit refund Ideposit 3.83 Bill Young "` Water refund services 109.28 Dessa O'Leary Outside printing 38.50 Goodfellow Company Travel advance 23.49 Candy Morgan Technical -services 23.49 --Robert Stika - Technical services-- - 1,210.20 Leo Eastwood `- Health insurance 18.00 - Hospital Services -Travel expense 35.00 -: . Alicia -_. _ _-.. -... - .:Travel expense -.. -- -.. 38.00- Fredine_:.Branson - -.. Registration .21;245.34 Iowa Chapter NAHRO Transfer 75.00 Hawkeye-State Bank Travel expense 34.17 Harry Boren Vehicle repairs 158.93 Sontrager .Machine &welding - - Office supply ` 6,064:41 :- Frohwein`:SuPPlY Gas & oil 38.00 - Krall Ioil company -. Registration - .77.,00 Iowa Chapter NAHRO `-Travel expense 70.00 -Lyle G. Seydel Travel expense 5.00 Paul Bowers Refund lies supe 18.84 -:Krs.-:=-Assian.Gruber Miscellaneous 561:28 Lenoch & cilek Repair supplies lies supp 1,418:84 Barron Motors Truck & Equipment Vehicle repair Vehicle repair supplies54.32 75.67 Cline Hawkeye,Lumber Laundry service "; _ 15:18 r -Means Service Vehicle maintenance 29,50 Rocca-Strub Welding est room supplies 5.18 John Nash`Grocer --Refund .- 7.52 a -Warren J. Block Refund 4.49 Jeanne Smith - Refund Barbara Richards • • - DISBURSEMENTS LIST PAGE 7 -INTRAGOVERNMENTAL- SERVICE -(CONTINUED ) - - -- -' Joan Manley Refund 3.30-- -- Diane Broer -- Refund 8.07. :.Jane Clay _. -_- -Refund .__.. 10.00'_ =' Johnsons Machine Shop - Vehicle repair &_supplies 349.89 _ Hartwig Motors Vehicle repair & supplies 1,003.30 _ Plumbers Supply Plumbing supplies 102.50 - 'Medical Associates- - - Physicals _:_- 42.00:: Iowa City Ready Mix Concrete 52.13 Old Capitol'Motors Vehicle repair supplies 18.08' -Winebrenner-Dreusicke Vehicle repair supplies 240.62 Capitol Implement Company vehicle repair supplies 74.69 - 4.69-Breese's Breese Is vehicle repair supplies 838.67 Bill Grell Construction Services 60.00 Herman M. Brown Company Vehicle repair supplies _;_554.21` Hilltop Car Wash `& Service Center Vehicle maintenance- 110.25' Conoco Oil Company Oil - - - - - 249.15- '- Pyramid -service Inc. Vehicle repair supplies 425.50 , Maureen Sullivan Travel expense 60.00 - Northwestern Bell Telephone - Phone service 231.66 - Petty Cash -: -.- - -. - Misc supplies 20.64 Iowa Public Employees; Retirement - IPERS 155.87 Iowa Employment. Security Commission FICA Taxes - -273.64 Hawkeye State Bank =`Payroll transfer =763.99 $187,059.59 LEASED HOUSING Various March rent - $25,867.50 - Howard F. & Dorothy Powell' " =TApril rent 135.00 7`- - `$26,002.50- URBAN RENEWAL Various Relocation payments $12,505.00 Rand; Inca Land purchase 41,000.00 Wm: -L:. Meardon --Legal fees - 250.00 - Sheriff of Johnson County Sheriffs -expense 311.45 Ken -Haldeman Repairs 24.84 Hayek,.Hayek,-& Hayek Legal fee 881.62 Washington Park April rent -665.00 S.A.S.; Equipment Company: -. Demolition _ 20,101.95' Welton Becket &`Associates -----Urban-Redevelopment Project = 9',225.04 Welton.Becket & Associates- Urban Redevelopment' Project ' 523.41 $85,488.31 v i 1900 North Dubuque'Streee Iowa City, Iowa 52240- April `28, 1975 Iowa City City Council Iowa Iovra City,r - WED •.i..,. ,q^ „�r ] 52240 Dear Sir; - - -- This letter is my request for installation of city water for my property located -1900'North Dubuque Street City. We think a change in the city code by the cmty council might provide this installation of city water to the property to provide fire nrotection,notwithstanding, the other fourteen families who need and want city water. 7.e want to build a home at the property regardless of what Tbr. Slazek=and-Rogers do regarding-their independence of their own _ water supply-and wells-:-this is the problem. Your city Manager Mr. Berlin is aware and understands -some of the, problemsinvolved. Please advise us at your convenience how we may obtain ,water and fire protection for our new home. - Very truly ,yours., - - Vivian M. Raftis 2 / foresigbt / November-Decem 974 - By IIL'I2Ii _-RTS. LILB / National Weather Se,v,ce / National Oce:uuc and Atmospheric Administration l1F"j- Fru F A 24 R ^v .. Y § i• - t t . rr _ / Air. l icb recently was rppointed to the newly - - - _ created post Of Chicf of the Colnmmmity Prepared- Iress Staff at A'ational Weather Service lleadgrrarters. His job is to develop community ptrparedness plans _ against natural disasters in coordination with -.other agencies, including the Defense- Civil, Preparedness _Agency. Prior 'to his new assignment, Mr. hien was Deputy Director of Public Affairs for the National a Oceans and Atmospheric Administration. lie has kiJ, i:..: served the Weather Service and A'OAA for More - �1 v that 20 years.. •� - '`?, „� .off Yy n:1 tTCRa'n Dmrtn hr -k' +`- } Of:nahowru offer the for ._ *' -� ,.� 7` � t �/ Ar •'Y , nada ttntck. t—,t��i 7°.' - "'++- rr t e` iY i �f♦ Tulst TnA}I.--/'h tr �t - efttl-�-.r7 t11tr-LL} • tie _: ,� 'k 1Y • ^- s.:. ...'.+, r3 , r._d'r••tt-s''aL i%s'-t 15, .s:4'=:�ie`�- c1:.c,^Y? i � J ri —r a. r 'Z H� F.}.�^ , ' tutee, -ISO *{ y: —"� + �.. '•�-,•,�, .�,' � - ..S • =�"�/ir ,- • - -3/ fomsight / November -December 1974,. A reliablz siren warning system and responsible About 130 were injured and damage was estimated at implementation of preparedness: planning often spells the 53.5 million. More than .400 homes were damaged with difference between grateful life and grim death in time of about 94 totally -destroyed- The. Dmmright Nursing cmc gency. . - [-Ionic, with 102 patients, was one of the buildings ; Cases in point: June 8, 1974, a tragic day when demolished. Seven elderly: people were killed there. E Drumright,Oklahoma, a town ;of 4,000 persons, and The Tulsa tornadoes were in the city between 7:14 Tulsa, Oklahoma, a city of 350,000, were struck by die and 7:38 p.m. A man, 70, was the only fatality. About worst tornadoes in their history..__ - 70 persons were injured. Damages were estimated at 530 -The tornados were part of -a major outbreak that million. More than 90 homes in five areas of Tulsa .were — began in early afternoon in central Oklahoma. destroyed, and an additional -1,200 - homes received major- - or minor damage. Rccord-breaking floods -accompanying 14 Deaths, Extensive Damage the storm added extensively to the damage. As devastaiing as the tornadoes and floods were, ; Thc.-.Drumright tornado hit at about 5:00 p.m. CDT. officials and residents of thetwocities were thankful -and': Tliirteen deaths were directly attributed to the storm. -proud that the death toll was as low as it was.... - .e.. A'Textbook Performance _ A?r _ �� y~�R zxsr elf They Iniad a right to be proud. Their actions on lune 8 were a textbook performance of prcp:uednessand implementation' of strategic warning systems by -civil- defense organizations, by the mass news- media, by t �y`.r�, f�,� tornado spotters, police and fire departments, the 1--. - 5 -1 t>� ��$;'`'`ra` �•r _ National Weather Service, and many other individuals. try i officials and cresidents of both cities agreed that the i r t fiv-1 death toll would have been in the hundreds but for theactions taken. Tulsa Civil Defense Director John Wilson was especially impressed with lire effective response of the population to the city's siren warning system. "it was die_ First time,, in my 13 years in civil defense 'r 4i that I've observed such responsible public reaction to a r r 1- Yt,� �•Ys 'fir warning system,he declared. r ; sr3 i t - 1�1 ..Tulsa presently maintains 23 operational warning sirens - and has 16 more on order. According to Wilson, the 'bra F r)S additional sirens should give the city "a 95 to 100 percent warning- covemee: Ile said the city plans to request m increase^e of one or two sirens each year. Weather Service Awards Presented r-7•+.-� _ �, j r ` �'^� � t , f Dr. George 11.Cressman,` Director b( \OAA's National Weather Service, made the point that the lifesaving actions taken before, during, and after the tornadoes had =tii `_ rt , 47� their beginnings hours, months and, in some cases, years A �+�.�y� +`__ yam„ .•a before the disasters through effective planning and organi- ,� nation: Ile presented the National Weather Service's Public -7 Service Award—the agency's highest award—to the cities ,.'"�� ► , +� of Tulsa and Drumright- as well as to more than 25 organizations and. persons for actions or plans that kept - - -'r c cath toll down. In Tulsa MayorRobert J La Fortune received the award on behalf of the city. Dr._Cressman cited the = r extensive and effective civil defense siren warning system A installed by the city. On June 8, the decision to sound •s?'�r�r,�?� " . �^yr, the sirens was nude at 7:03 p.m. During the next hour, L _-, rc. o F Hr /cunchidad on page 28) %y r' mow^ ..-.. i - " tom+ .,.•. Kd f'.,f'�<':l''3 . ; i/ 2£3 (ioresighi (Novemp^r Deep 1974 llnrnrriJth ire 102 patients were moved to interior PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS �eo/iriaued jrrii,r pn,¢e 3/. hall\ •ayes. - utters. at Lha sirens were c sOunded , FOur times on the basis, of Genc Garrett ani! 1Frcd Fleschutc served as sputters _sightings s hvo tornaducs moved thru nigh 50 t' Tulsa. lite weather watch tower. Mayor Cleo ' the city. They Dnnnright W. Ott a high hill overlooking lite city. 11rc}' !Broadcasters Gct Ou[,t11e 1Yord ivcry m radiu communication with 0nc another and vvilh Ten rdio-stati0ns._and (our ,el vision broadcasbli 3slinc jnnc�c hc,ldqu ldcry Their r ightingigfit ortile to tornado ctl ldt ctCct.•d acro also rclPi�nh" uF tn` \vast of the_ C, y g .. cut Ipavics uI Ttiva_ - Scr\Ice ANHTiI :Tile -National ,\edllter-SCI\Ice Of1�l'L• at ur Ilulchinson-recclvcd_hvo a`va'ds, one Lin babel( Tulsa Notified the media (If 'lite possibility of severe minutes to Ichi cnecr: \la weather during the early nlgming hours(Ifhole 8 and Y providing some of lite first sigh{i igs of lite Ioinado and urged area broadcasters lu-slake (hour (Uiutestids of of lite oily and its preparedness cffols,:incl another for watches: \\'arisings, and safety rules. A steady na v of 1 watcweathes advisories an n seven hours before the tornadoes for lite sounding Of lite wanting swrcns: broadcast for more hiesr�--q�$ for hit. a only �=djo Por a time when tornad0cs were rava�m, Tulsa, Y one radio .station-KR\iG—had. electrical power.. Lloyd lite federal liigliway Adininistratiun for use sent Anew Radio-1Veather Information sig; has been all ' of the ,roved by areas where weather g r^s of lite National R`cathcr Service Tills!' office. a massa9p over dtc ti0:\A_tVeathcr 1Vire as' m, anY 1 - createscd-ari\ing hazar35 - om�tted live broad commonlylocal-radio station frequcn6ls news media to call in. KR\1G responded, a'rd for the next along rural e egrid highways m two hours an open Sal_Phorc line P' casts of tile latest wanting, a_nd slomt ,P0vti0n to Tulsans The stems will rispla}' from _which motorises Lin receive weather and travel and nearby areas. Thea People lia prion: The Ra hcderal ilighway Adminlstrain ll0ir criteria for lite signs: eo ]e of eastern-Oklahoiva rte .dsu much rnf cdcrau•IVcathcr Information sgns will make use of a a rs, makes t indebted to the Tulsa RcPerof rl� m m' ^ end and border on a bloc backgromtl. Peaters, an amateur radio 1.1011P fire Re haters wl i lege uP thc_.Tulsa Spotter Neawik. Chi June 7. _I" sl Only tile numerical in dt Sttitilonobroadcastinr tile radio g weather provided two Persons at the Tuba WeathereService Office will be used to identify patrol and trlvelinfomration.' to monitor the -two meter hand. They remain d all da' -. to monitor wilh_cpnlll acts open al highway' p• 1 roe - -Gt A maximum of four fregnenctes can be shown on each si^n• ucncy is shove on a police hcadquaster.. whet- other members of the g P Any In station, whose freq were stationed. More than 40 other Rcpe:ucis wcrc ri should have signal strong enough to serve 70 miles sw.loeed at straicgi7 visual ougr0sh they cg,llcdcd entl sign, lransntitted vital reports-" t frequent throof til according, to recd5. but tile and night. '11101 s Shaw, p rnidcnt of the a1u1 S}^rrsosl otdtla: be spaced g _ lh_ -&aY - accepted ilrc 1'ubhc SCM1'ILL e\v::ml an babel( _ _ _ t lanitalion, aces{ urrA and member` ordinarily sol closer than 30 miles apart for each niree- oC to Itcpeatcrs Cor,"hundlcds of rel tion lo-travel. may be shower maxi- rio- t] A`particular radiu fregticnc)' Y_ first rand siglitin s of severe vrcall est\rslh \tenhcubt'dly helped save !nam hve5.' The Rc{ the In lrn line. Heather muni of twice in one due tion ^I�onal will b of value to _ ra Only radio stations whose vlding this -excellent service to dre ears. l Se nice and OUaho;nans fpr nearly li yeas• the jr:1%41cr and \vho agree to carry': lite foPowon ^ g two s _. - -- item. rioilwow�5lhcrrwamingtiffed n t�nohmor er f tit n 15 nunute Newspaper pitches In road intervals -during periods OGaavc sc \weather, and (b) Sclilum, iE c\cr, has a-newspaper had lite opperrhmily O 1 half hour when required, supplied by inforrtatiOn affecting the roadway being to:. Se advance noticc110(-onlOthc afternoontonl3i�,fJuiscd3,'lhe condition - Iloods. But at 2:00 P- headline:. traveled once ever)' urisdiction. -- Tulsa Trihurre hit die street with a fruntgi�g' red-be p The stations to be included on the sib s should be 'Arca Flooding forecast;' and also prominently- featurcit. an ;Anila! agency ha\ing j a `'tornado Nvatch" Weal" bulletin For the arca coven c to all lnoludst,% on boti'A�1 and FDt note of -a comprcl'lcnsne stn warning ine major broadclsting stau0ns m lite arca to proide (a) `! The Public Service Aw:uII for tile. City of Dnimtrg}t{ selected in cooperation with the associations) represent, made special: -- - wimdcraton. of 24-hours-a-daY, ...:.tile -frequencies, sand (b) t Capability- - mad _ and a` weather wretch lower used in Drumtight maximum g sad addition l pre'aredness:plans- The watch -tower, crcdtil by _...The Fcdeml Iiigho'ay'-Admimstmtion - cltivcm of Drunrright in 19GG .on one (if c highest 7-d: 7-tlT, a- wee bbroadcast , Ad individual States ates. T•ne signs - pOnts in lite suotl�ilas.1 sit Ilt section f tile res lliedr in quick Uctiva- criteria Ile early on June 8, nest rotcclive are 10 he installed at the option n( State highway ' At the nursing honk In departmeni5.n tion of the cluster of s « ns and subseq P actions by an alerted citizenry• _ ,.13 /.foresight /November -December 7974 Assistance Administration, the Environmental protection' u addition, at the request of the Atomic Energy n�crrcy, and life Alontic Encigy Commission. Also, DCPA- ;! Inmission,-`-the -DCPA Staff College Will devclrtp _ _. li :id coursjnsr+andassisting xoc d[(re1e forlcopinglocal �sithfPit possible fielvernments in is d c d c`of}people [ho will tworl direct yctvh Stales' rann'Cetil� { 1 {low ufticli : cs ctance- nuclear 'nill lots' n+vii eJ11 tr h}'rtbe Department tiino tile course e state% if perfecting the itrenurgencclear y re posse plansr plants, assis. i- Ilc:dlh, Education. and Welfare, the 1=cderal Disaster {t About 200 collegC students surveying tip to 10,000 grant, be United States citizens,: cocci U.S. Civil service �l ' ddings Th tnd'c prospect t Sit r filSuneyetSumfnerl Canicnt,tia in°successful bility rcomp{rte( 1sfor DCl'AtrfallouE Shelter f,3[C[If:CSi r ) 1 t •. d ogre in nr should summer of 1975.And ft flow. eligible tion lyoil these courses lter and related tmatters y reclinician course. rsi'atlabole by Lc Shlrlcnr sciccicd: for tom. program will work in small writing to En Defense ,IheCivriPreparedness Pe Pentagon, Wasllngton, D C 1 .ms surveying buildings in selected communities to search and Fngineering,_ _ _ � fife protective'cnpabilily Of the s(ntcturcc g:unct 20301. ;-clear weapons effct> also natural disaster cffccs.-'{bI' A number oC benefits accme to college students par- c! idcs collecting st ucton and the matin dtnig[Ilcrrafnttrc _ field7w{rare tile), ting ill tile program. eco and talk with a st of tile o e varietytof {{' cols tin lh processed at the people: building owners, custodians, iwildina managers, 7i The information ihey gather will be pil ._1'r\ Computer facility at Olney, Maryland, and scot ht fan[ supervisors. I'licy becomerf miliar1withnk rbuilding [, ;•local communities for use by local officials. 1 _ tt deal about buil(ling ntatcrials, architectural details, public '(his year. studies front 100 universities did survey construction-:std have- an opportunity to learn a great -ork in 50 conufiunitics tbruuglunu the Nation. and - Junc,:Jul r - ;fu'parlicipata in the program, college sludenm.must-rclations•.for thcirel_!weelb or work during rJunerrent July, 0 an[I Aut,ust is S 138.90 aweek. —Gilbert C,.Johrtson. .n[e completed participate ticipa e last Inc year of undergmiluatc Work, the pay r its i_ in an cn incenng or architectural pro- X!),? g .r ([nnrinued from ting(' SJ primary and alternate 1i e71f you must travel, select } DRESS TO fl-f TUE SFASON follies• Before starting out, tell sonleonr where estimated our a t roxintate schedule, and y r If you do go outdoors,-wear louse-(ittmg, lighhvcigh(, goine, your i p gt D (lave emergency "winter, storm supplies" in the car If riu-Youthutg in several layers, layers..c:m he removed to time of arrival at your destination. ' ;,rcvcnt--perspiring- and subsequent chill._ puler omens ibould be tightly-woven, -water rcpCllent,`and bonded. such is sand, shovel, windshield scraper, tow chain or flisl ght, Tile -bond shotdd,boos protect much of your face attd cover rope, extra tesolinC, aloric r cabers, abli: food, blanker, � 1 mr from to ensthe extremely warn, br •bili lteand mcmb[•rl that reef and road �Inal s, knife if 9, 1141-c •nod first-, kitltahlc food. compass lltfti;S _ t. traplx:d, utsi latin,_. air, %%.armed 1)), body heal, ild s the best i + rotection against cold, so-1:ycrs of clothing arc more IF A L'Lt/.ZAl2D TRAPS YOU IN YOUR Cr\i. E ellective than a_sIngle layer of thick clothing:: hiiticus, . Turn oil the done light at night to attract road- crews. snug v the tPrii1S. arY' _butter protection than --fingered Avoidoverexertionand exposure. Stay e your vehicle. Olives. - - 'ICccp,>fresh air inyour car.- {'rcezing:wcl snow and ' wind-driven snow can completely seal_ the passenger eom• ; TPAVEi. ONLY If NECESSARY itarnncnt. Beware the gentle killcn: carbon monoxide and "Get your car whderiofl your file nratnt.uniug'11 a andCrOnly with Rile dowuwtfid�rvnndrrvi Cf nefowen��' b._tns ;full keep %Vaicr oil Y hon: I full lauk of_gasdline. -`2 J foresight / July -August l� - • - - r. 1 N j k - � Ik r F � -�. �• ..:.� �`.� a _. _ - :j ' - - - The subject of tornado warning was critical to anyone 11r. Cassells: De 1Vhite, what is the state of the art n a tornado may be -attected by the., April tornadoes that roared up through today? What can you tell its whi middle America—the largest single outbreak of tornadoes in to our area? $ the United States in nearly half -a -century. This article is base upon excerpts from an interview Twn Bey Jiec<ages program for Dayton, Ohio television station WI11O-TV by - rai CCox assel-Broad sting 'Wrshi ration tortheoi wsto(ARcp- canndy Dtellr. yyou when�totobserve avotomado watch" which nicludes he�uxnado-devastated ,Seventh District m mu community y off Xenia, and means rnado watchedisoayforecast r that there will e can gevision ive high inerce Dr.-Robert ..Whi aNational Admccainistrator or nd m the Cut)'[' uic Admini : h�tofomt� on1e-it ywherccfrom of t6ritod12 hours in advance Dep to stration of which the National Weather Scrvictt is a part., -_.`erydshorrttrusetlwarnings51Tlietword "woado 'n mg� means t ke cover. We can issue a "tOm"do warning;_ an;,+he;e from a i, 1 few minutes to a half-hour in advo%ice- {e•• 11C Cassell, Khat do You need. Dr. While, before you Sr actually .issue L warning for a wmrtunity? Dr. White: A warning is only issued whin a tomado has been positively identified. It has to be observed either by a - t _ + cooperative spotter network of people in tilt community, or it has to h observed on the radar set. Mea YOU hear a Kw �/ warning, take cover. That's what it means. `. .. a •-.r,•` �j''y, - Rep. Brown _You ally did a little better than that in h r Xcni.r, drain t yout l Inugl they hada tornado d warning, as I understand, on the sighting of the tornado down on the Cincinnati area. y naming Time:ls_�z�cd bF FgLr a a<£.r.T Dr. White' That's correct. In this tornado situation the l. We were Congressman Brown ally able Administrator White (o warnis ing system did work witcl esvelmore than 12uhou - in dvance, and the warnings for many of the tornadoes. In the case of Xenia, the "tomado w3rn:n-_7 was issued 40 minutes in advance. But our =n -.al capability. talon` ell tornadoes, is of the order of a few minutes to half- -i-hout- This is enough time for a person to take cover. hcei5,7-Q,9_? ..�>'r Brown' lit. twilit C, flow long (toes a tornado Last. 1 +!CRF IT CONES! / A hrmodo roars over Xrnin, Ohio, spraving de- 1{ h is everywhere. At lir is mornenr it is hea ling for Greene Memorial ons shot from she Rep.- it doesn't start. on file ground. I I just Collies down out hospital. Phorogrtrpher Fred Ste ••'art snapped hospitat, less than two Pocks frnm th e monster l ulCd- (he Cloud- Now front the brae that occurs until the little second floor of the �rnnel. dr tire lost moment, tire erratic tornado veered and missed of - a killertornadoOr a tornado that -really could do thehospim(, (IVide.IVodJ Plwraf_. You get daruage_ holy long does that sort of thing take? _._ `pr. 1Vhite:=:It's a- killer ,immediately upon touchingsonle efmmieffcty area de i was. aUwally yuu visited 'Ithat was un 6a Andthe ami fan 1 the vcan last anill move ywhere crang y as wiat didn't believe this thing as , focused in, aren't [hey? hop, p r 1 p—' as Italf•an-(tour. That tornadoes are fairly sharply minutes on the ground up to as much can keep tracking an individual tornado, and they - Dr. White_ ThaCscorrect. Itep. Brown: And this was, in so if instances, a mile -. is, you usl ou rams a[ spends anywhere from 20 up to 50 miles an outbreak out in Ohio;_ in that sense. It wide.-White: hour. Tie .tornadoes in -this lash.. yes, this was an unusual one moved very rapidly. was a very wide one. -. - I thought it was very interesting how Rep. Brown: And this thing did skip over _tire ground- Apparently,_it's like a ; cans!tip,o'+er some you ski sl get -:_.pe. if 8rn grown: They were also finite broad. When we s do'.vntagtiln.ite,.lt - Ilia bast 5ystent for that would be it, the if, 74 /foresight/July-August 7974 school, because .schools tend to be IUhatcd3 b eve Ili, .White: 1 think there is no question that rite neiglrborbonc! ofa. sizeable community.Jfyuu-hadasiren. C.XPOsJJ'C is very:._ much. greater and willthe to be at every one of y o schools, not only would Greater as our population grows 2nd as Out suburb n areas devil out of csery.:one of those chddreti in set ool andsendGrow. them to tile basemen[, but you would also be heard over a Rep. Brown: You much larger are. 1'euple would respond to that siren and-aRi:cted by, them, uY exposure- There are the.same number y tornadoes but more pzople that -might be turn on ilia radio or television.. De {Yhi[e: 1-"glee with you that a positive alcrtin siren Dr. While: That's correct. I think it's a problem that is system-:would le: very f, -going to-increase in intensity merely because of that fact. Communities where_ it ex use iitwasnmany l The number of tornadoes we have in any particular year, of .many years ado up in the Ciiy'of T.linnzapoli.c,.where the course, is -going tochange..The average, for example, in had a yr Y your State of Ohio is about 15 tornadoes a year. But last , directly to to ger tilers ten .Yslemuandy'elr warnirWcrL able ._year YOU -had 43 tornadoes So it will Fluctuate .very- t 10 people whui were enormously helpful Si-saving lives r$n l markedly each vear- wrntld certainly go along with -Ila RCP• Brown: Bol is that a pattern that is changing?- -to ti a lot nrure_io getting ivil rdefensre-'fentsyste ns, ._tornadoes than previously? _ a need we anticipate that this year we will have more destructive Positive alerting systems :. -- Dr- White: ! don't think you can. There are some people - a'ho do believe there are some fundamental changes in the qtr.-z i'cnplz. flare; :oblems swather. laking place. I don't believe the evidence is really adequate.to..conte to-that-.kind o.con_eluvide And thole _ Itep, Brnwn: Dr. While , how . Much more of a roblent changes would be ve - arc we 90!1.0 to have'?-Are we likely to get uurrz tomatoes �'. slow, indeed, if: they. are. taking P place. I think the problem, just riven our present si[uatlon, in our part. of lily. country? Is there greater danger from actions to improve tltesegcvwhatever k intend tornadoes? arning . get -the warning message out to the people. /� a r0 _ Lifesaving ` ' _�- Y ,i -.'7onradU..Watelr Tornado Warning' -: - - - -Lmre Maccarmte, Director of Civii Defense for Ilantiliofr of lives 1aC -_ Mr. Maccarone's decision 'undoubtedly saved hundreds County Ohio, blew the sirens-125 Of them-four times: paper reported. Vele also -brown lite fret a llttic afters d. "lie al thousands Of injuries," the P nt•, ilio last around midnigh( or' Ivtre` in an emergency of the Hamilton 0 its o County Civil the night of April -4--a time Thal many would Liter describe ile it am its own the impor- as "the day of the hundred tornadoes-•• _- Dcransr• - - Neady everyone Ill flair, Libby County (C'incinnati). was 125 siry I-Ick an, Ilidcit lie directs. siren Lacktnan, the E/rqufrer reporter, noted tit 'Tile bralefnl. A few wrrcnl, "to" County lady who complained; Thursda 70 percent of the countys population. they sitnuldn't. nTT drat tiling and Wake.;cvc hod Y, a goodly number Of . opt rY Y path called the civil I's Office r�sons in the tornado's --. Until r b April day, the sirens, installed 18 years ago. television, then- they int to, "The sirens, they said, had them turning on radio or It never been nrcded to alert the people to iopending opening windows, then citing disaster, ry oto basements if they hall one; Pint word that a to had been sighted southwest of ,taking refuge in a low area.- away from them- to the - Greater Cincinnati Airport, heading toward ilio city, wasCenter of (he lwuse if they tido t, or getting out of cars and ' received in civil defense headquarters over the National Many Letters of Warning System. Appreciation Warn ingPays Off tater, Director,111accarone received many letters of npprecialiort from residents of Ilarnilton County. 1. Next d 4'. a headline Ill--.III„ G/rC%/r/r0!! /i/ryrdrer read, 1 C «nples: _ Croi1. 11 fcnc Comes into own , . • 'bhry'1 1ltauk- 0 you alit - fC' And 7 hose Sirens Pay service you rendered to all of us on Wednesday, this week_" your staff for ilia wonderful _ _ (Coecheded on page 7// _ 26 /foresight / Juiy-August:1974 _� • LIFESAVING SIRENS tAttued front page 5) when those sirens started, I ran across to the church - Since the big stortil,-Director 'Jace2rone has submitted ' to ret my daughter... (the area)_ cleared in less than 10" application for .eight new sirens, tobe installed in .outlying '. minutes. Can :left ... , .(kid;) on `.bikes rode off fast,_ areas noCnow covered. =Gleason 0. Seaman. - children rmr home."... later. that a siren made nit . "night, pick my baby out of her crib and take liar to our basement family room wheremy husband and othertwo. children CHECK YOUR WATER SAFETY IQ (conrinued from 19) were sleeping. ",*a spent mrxt of the night -there.-:-. Please . ANSWERS _ keep tip the sirens, and thank you—It's not easy to get three 1. (c) Sudden great change is a shock to the system. children to safety fast."2. (c) Exertion brings fatigue and loss of heat. , 411 would like to be counted among those who thanky_nu J. (b) This maneuver lakes you away from the current t - - for your wise action.... Tire sirenscaused many: people, `: andconservesyour energy so you carr swim back to s11 re - includino myself, to turnonthe radio to find out what was in a straight line. i _ .:happeningI knew (those "sirens) :were waling many:--. 4. (b),.A wooden rowboat or a canvas canon full of 's people.... i feel it (is) better to be prepared ." '- -: holes will still support the proper load each carries 'q -s From the Fire Chief of suburban Reading: "I most normally:-: i t firmly believe... your action... certainly saved it lot of 5....(c). Boats usually float..: v lives.... congratulations for a job well. done." _ _._ _ _6_..(a) The face down position enables you to float' -_t And from the Board of Trustees of outlying Colerain - while you are relieving the cramped muscle. i Township: "The Board o(.Trustees-wishes to commend- 7._(b) Keep all the weight of water soaked clothing in f Cl your department for the excellent service given during the the water, where it is lighter by far and by so doing the - tornadoes (of) April 3.-... The efficien twarning system is a - swimmer makes his way. to safety with less effort. - comfort to the residents of Colerain Township, and they S. (b)' Although, the use of the legs is sharply reduced are thankful for your dedicatedcfforts." in propelling the body, the body has about as much Sirens Tested Every Month - buoyancy as without the bouts -aheaviermedium - 9.(a) -Water isthan air; hence the f Siren installation in Hamilton County started Is years body in water is lighter than it was in air. -- ago, -,ad for the past J 2 years they have been tested for one 10. (a)' Federal law requires that each craft carry a U.S. minute at noon the first Wednesday of every tnonlh— Coast Guard approved personal_0otation device except that - -including tile Wednesday finally were used for real mchm shells must be accompanied by a craft with -devices -The sirens were installed at a cost of 55,000 to S6,000 ` forihose aboard bith craft. Whitewtder canoeists may wear each -with Hamilton County paying lialf the costs, p rid the flotation gCar Of 8 specified ly'De- } -- Defense. Civil Preparedness Agency paying the other half - SCORING-- --- - -- --- ,fir. %Nccarone has made. a continuing effort. to tic fire - Give yourself 2 points for each correctlyy-checked blank - lanksirens-ofsuburban sirens of suburbancommunities intothe system. This has The maximum score possible is,20. If you scored less than --� cost an additional S200 to 5500 for each of 15 sirens now. 16, better investigate your Red Cross chapter's water safety in the -system. All were rise(] in the recent alerts and -. classes. If you reached the top mark, you might qualify for � warning water safety aide or instructor courses. MOBDES AT FORT WORTH (continued from page 18) - I' t - guidance dealing with such things as emergency mutlal-aid Says Coordinator Lord: "The sIOBDES program has 1--�"- agreements, Mr. Shirley said his office is now attempting to given its fire first light at the end of tie funnel to solve the --_ obtain --;an atdhurizatiun. for an additional two or three. - - problem of staff augnentation during emergency. opera- -- NIOBDFS augmenlees with military legal backgrounds to ' tions.-It'sla resource_ we've never had before." --Darla J. fill positions as legal advisors. - .Cessna, DCPA Region 5. • / foresight/July -August 1974 f _ w-�J•}`, a � rsr 'r �•` -�Y7 efit Emergency operations in the face of a major threat and Some interesting facts: ;Three smokestacks at die atomic during d}s.merarc extremely important. power plant, _which rise 680 feet, sustainedlittle or no Eq ra !y important are lite efforts of assessment [cams visible damage. The"damaged one-story elementary school that go into devastated areas to find our what worked and building, at Louisville, did riot have a basement, as bedrock what didn't. Tlre-lessons learned can he applied for is encountered.. in that'area 6 to 12 inches below the Increased salcty in the future. surface. Following the massive stolen in early g April m which R'arninworked extremely well at Cincinnati (Hamilton tornadoes wale spawned from the Gulf ru Canada. DCPA Counq). The system includes direct. )inns with radio and personnel were Involved in disaster work in Inm}. ✓ay.- television stations, and a. radio network which ties together with sone 60 being loaned to. FDAA. - the Red Cross, hospitals, and city - In Other ac,ion, five DCPA staff members %vent into P t}' and county police. Sirens,' hard-hit counties of five States -Alabama, Indiana, Kart- and bells and lights, gave warning to "officials and the lucky, Ohio, and Tennessee—lo determine the effectiveness Public. Of local civil preparedness Many lessons were learned in Ilia survey. One was that it Th, team m mb s looked into stn chiral dtn •e, and appears worthwhile to press for 'organization of civil the mobile -home -tic-down concept, the effectiveness ctiveness of . preparedness on a multi county basis in areas of low population. n arntr and emerigency corn Tunica.ton,; the iar.i lt; of of -sit assistance as applied to disn,ter astir+ii•, and the Another was dial tornado spotters tie invaluable; that em,rgency actions of local oflictal, and di: public. sirens are vital for warning in urban areas; and that mobile A great disparity was round in preparedness rrpabilily- (police, Sheriff) sirens and public address systems were used ' in die professionalism dentonstraied,b-v-local directors,in effectively in rural areas. whether or not Emergency- Operating Centers led cater- The need for standby emergency power for radio and television stations. was demonstrated clearly, ` grrcy plats existed or worked, and in warnutg and as dre.a were r - commun.cariotfs systcros and procedures. many instances of stations being knocked off the air when It was round that where available, the National Warning the need was.critical, and being unable to return for some` =` System (NAWAS) was used extensively for wanting,, with limo., the National Weather : Service .making good- use of tile` Other conclusions of Ilia survey were that (1) work must _ .system In Line community, sirens were not sounded by be continued to increase warning time, -(2) greater aware- Ix1 ofr ia:s according- to plan. And it w:s found that in ness must be created among both Officials and the public On nuIny to ahties;'even aFter receiving warning, people stood_ actions to be taken in response to weather warnings, (3) the outside wa,cning the storms approach. value -of school disaster plans and emergency drills must The survey of d:unaged suucluies covered 111:111ydiffer• receive continuing emphasis, :Intl (4) disaster courses should _ ant type-, of construction. Examples -were an clemenlary:. be scheduled for -local-.ufficialsi'011owing major --emergen• schorrl building 60 percent destroyed, ;in atomic power cies. while interest is still high. :.plant Switching yard totally destroyed, and a multitudc of - Out of Ilia -chaos of disaster.comes experiens and --houses and buildings at Xenia. Ohio -Trost of which were _.knowledge on which to build for tile - vestroyed or damaged severely. Kone of the conitmntitics _\Ve in DCPA will follow up intensively on }.nowledge we ludmobile home licdown ordinances. have gained from the April tornado disasters. John E. Davis _. Director - --- kilo ±usca_ine Aver- Zo:aa Cit_ y=e *oca 52240 April 23,.1975 -Deftof h;blic Ce, or - - to.a (itY, Iowa .52247 f: i�L! i%�[] AIR'? % f?/5 Dear brastao: Several wears ado we inquired about t+c .oss:bili _ can!:w our Prooarzy and exteudiug back to C Street, sur?sceda✓ nq t`tatatiWy ic'aas declared most dtsire l�-by the city officials, however,,it was "subsey!iently,Reti_ tioaau down by otters >n our neighborhood assessed -because they did not iii.sh ��tar3. -$inCL that Patheir fire we to aid Y eir alone have p for andoftenh -wet _o ep the all ; passa9le. _ T y a - . bled and 1 o ne to.e cost -a C1Ls°,ear ! asked one neigit�o �-';Property -'. to ..elf abate >_-t , s t a people st that property have driven ^aa�rJ Cruc.-3 rrouah tit- alley sever-11 titres a da all »int. re s>!dpy, :case +.ao !le refused to :. y - and it was in;vary Sad Pay ani' -'a-Z' o: zhe cost o` Fravel. S> a ..na time of our p_evious re uest cc s!: �aciro l �� s�ci .s*ie cu;,_ed their view q . .believe that everai of the ,o s<sy of aurFa .ng the aiL_, And b_caus we foal can hat afrord to co.^: the coat should be Shared t our ti:"--'aink t e-a21ey_euraeives, and, sh!ced by a21 using- it 'c _- thnt t•,•ts alI v, •- a oice toltn -a a ces ectfull r'Cuestina •IiCtl CO:Yaec. t.; ,1 :Cat the �:V aha (, oe Cuis+derc�l: t ..-aa , u;_tweeu. 1816 - or .surf c:ng. ! it could -btu c_ _.. :-and L�2C surf with b1-+CICtop t aa _wL t r_uacr�_e, t >.a ;;ould _ ^b ;t •cce tante bo us. t;= lei"ja_ t are i ✓i:: an q ite l..aitc.l less t � -tsi : 83I-I L t 1'+t -- "�� l Y eve Ca L r - ..co.-es and c�rtaiaLv do ao" c loft -o _a Asa any !�.� d.i `1p to trrta. - l .t ✓ <P_ c!. ,ad this with Clin l;eta, wit., i.., are or ,! at'.v_ adjacent , rope_ +.avers .td ..%to + -- -Ki italned a bo-rtio:l of she V + - ! .ti lie itdicated ria• o �lic.y +rec t'7 beside. hes ?rop he ..ould cartaaly favor ^ •-` - erty, _ :.0� r�o i.11ai sa in cur fa 1v L raver ao been able to discus _other a 3acent property owners a t::isaith the _ . %:rs. 8arha a ;auth and ;!rs. !lilson. `if vou cou',i "cli_c.,te an approximate cost to -us and -to the other ad jacent :oro =rt owner ., ��r:.:ids t;tia could be o +elo in ronarat>_na ,,;ypt.�;-t. y �> - _ ' you for Your consideration, Sincerelyp �': Ci-ty Council ww SUBJECT Qw REFERRED DATE 12: � COMMENTS/STATUS 02 o8 TO DUE_ ��a a z ¢ CO ", ac cc CL 74-1959 Review of precincts and wards. 11-5-74 City Mgr. Prelim. Discussed 4/24/75. * 4/15/75 74-1905 Request. study intersection of 10=29-7 City Mgr. Traffic too low now,_ ut limit �s Hwy =6_and Rocky Shore Dr. for being ,approached. advance green arrow. 74-2115 Letter requesting the purchase o Mgr. Awaiting action by Board of"Adjusti - vacated 'land near North Market 111-26-71'City Park. - -- Infor-- Pat White's request for Municipal12-30-7 City Atty. mal campaign finance ordinance. - 4/75 Infor- Study and review of City Code' 12 -30 -71 - mal: ` per White's , request. - Process -for dealing with the" 2-75 - City's involvement in human carvices and social°needs. - Page • • DATE: `Apr;, `25. 1975 PENDING COUNCIL ITEMS Cr wm -o w aw - _ o W W } m SUBJECT REFERRED DATE 22M COMMENTS/STATUS_ -az - occ ¢ TO DUE N~¢. W a Muscatine Ave. Improvement City Mgr'. - Council tour and discussion held Project. - 4/17/75. _ ��. AuStRuln, LcLI s _r 'A n 9 � ` :I R _ 4 1975 • _AUSTRALIA'S , FOOTSCRAY-YARRAVILLE SILVER BAND - CANADA-U.S.A. TOUR. 1975 - _ _ MUSICAL DIRECTOR. MHRVYN SIMPSON-. .- DRUM MAJOR. DON IWATH. CO -DRUM MAIMJ WILLIAM DARWIN AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL CHAMPIONS 1972, 1973, 1974 swab. cRJ¢K:HPvt - - MmDMI WILLIAM DAKww. r. K.as.. ran s A. -�- r_ wJY,JY CA. F: WUDEAX -- 18�aii koril .1975 - AAAFAL =wu,TrFF GR. G. C.4VEICK iY.Mt the Honorable 'theIT Irw✓Jr , _ s2. S. I.ells CJYCERT MAYAGCR. _. -. J4LK MDKIMY T (� Fall. Cit%% Fall , — iGT'iACITY, 81A^L, OF 1O;T.•i, UTA AIEPICA. �RusoweA sTAATTCMrfw»cE - _ - De "..Kr. Ziayor, - - _ •.; sew ]r+] I.J -scc ET wE ILMLr V S WAVE A CMVC I refer to zr trin lases year to America, at time: -. IA VFRLCY - V GTOAIT ] . ,Irish T A '{ r. '1..^.1 VGI t [ a,Id ]l[a a con• AyJa 4- IZ4^ YOU reV i`lId the 1 - I,Toposed .I. y V[t i 1p.1..'^.. and the h Veld States D+,l LIJT ^G1.L^ C 1{C {nlcn -. •VDITOR -- feet ..r GJ ax— vil a J11 VV _...Y nd lIii 1 +rll include Cie oeting uV 1• o r M.-AIHHJAY _ t 7 L ,, (1 ��- - _. 412e I11YL..Li1nLZO`'+a], SCCLZOn O1 t1Ie C..Inadlar. band CeaTrn,n_o-. hips -at Toronto eAYAI OFFICE ' TME on Lcla 2�?` :.1114- -- NAYJA GI IY Df fODi5G11EY - _ °*JR+• ++ 1•XO»6 M 2]pt - - Iiia have been -forced to delay Irriting to es ?_-3 the section I '4011= _.. _ Of OIL- LnVUl`Tln� IOITa C1tjT :nd-Cedar Rapidn On a nr3:'1ous .depends da` Ih^n _• trill be crfo=r_ji-jg I,itli 'rwrar Feidler and the lcyton'po is =t..11`GJ.,CI,OOd. This date has not :been finalized, b!lt -T_ tLaly2 -Ca a 1 delay making IT>i contact With ,you alit longer. yVIt .]eerls nest clnoz 211 axire Pt COOL= Rapids on Friday, 29th AuG=,t_or Sat -a d_y ^u,;ILz.t end leave or, either :•.onday, -1st September Or Tuesday, 2,:d:S _ pt�aber. I hu ::e ..Jae a.:TC LO OC able to ve.. concerts on: SatuT3ay, I - T - - J r 1.1 cS12 J'i Rd3y_- - - IYt 1�1L,,,,$t ^'' :30t' } at either Ioxa-City- Or Ceclair-Rapidz depend .Ig on t - w^at is the of t ouitablot !or-- "=zug-+ ent$: it is also possible we Fuld be t able to n 1£o— on Br40^5, 2,th Aueast or lion lst September i£'ei17$ -say, is more su table. In rcgard. to- Io:n Ci'-,,, T we would like >o'f_t in _. : ith he i � J'liV.•3�u1 �: Ca, -,Tun 2::2'anrollents if this _Ji.^ - - �oJ ible. -... At the present time we a—e ex e=sn.cL g di£;icultiCo, £tllaPIOC-w1S2, 111 nrOr:+oting the tour as O_15Zn^illy Planned, and .t -1s -felt. that We i.mhave to modify, O'L.tT plans 2djLi;;V to -to -the cnaIgcd conditions;. 1 We had o_n idered en ging a pro£ess4On�? en,Ten� c-1 a cow .._o a 1s, to handle the,Ilhole tour from Yznccre, o _ S11I nnc_Jco. o ser as' e - > are entirely sI natear Lady, we would ° Preicr'to nlist tl� aid Of a cluiritable or c..ltural orL.nisation in each City ire n i't, and n ay the entrepreneur's fees to that body. U" e have • in mL -01 nUrh OCZ.I17,.11tI.r11);l Im I,ho Jri.om QuIi, ,Tn✓u:p�.v, r^, � F, J, =gr 7; , r..,..�ir.,lor^l-cll<.rityj rip youch,)ico • � Tti5T4ALIA. ;� - AUSTRALIA'S • FOOTSCRAY-YARRAVILLL SILVER BAND -(FST"USHEU 1909) CANADA—U.S.A. TOUR 1975 j . MUSICAL DIRECTOR, AIERVYN SIMPSON DRUM MAJOK. DON HOATH. CO -DRUM MAJOR, WILLIAM DARWIN - AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL CHAMPIONS 1972, 1973, 1974 _ 1 oEl,D[X,: 2 - - Yrce PaRlIDevT. 18th April, V IIUNfON ... :1977 `. C YI1U0lRu the IIOI1Crabla-tile Iia -:OT` 10 a City Cont. ' - + EcoY :rrer [ 6. CRUICK iN1XK - - _. _ It is our aim '- -meet t cost f '. ' J_ n o ,. et ne co Y o_ bot th_ Corded our J,cK Yu.YY - and the contest al. Toronto from talepTOCeedS of. mile: COriCer V3, and 1 am I —-w-1ting to find out vnether any such organisation would be interested in „Nyf,Y C RWIN z , „ ; - • , alternatively, could you recommend pro�.ol..ng ou,.Corc,.r.-in-yourCiri or E. — E. P 'virin a professional promoter. Outlined in the attached F'-' ' tj et -N Y� na � on Sheet are I the _b:•zic roeui.rementc of the -Concert promotion, together -:nth -detailed I -TP VIV R[R s nDXr[,ReE a;ecs of rer..pon..i ility J.or organl.sa.fon or entrepreneur's p_o=otion , ] 1 ]Os] — NO !.CCREiARY. of the concert tour. JW{I[-AVfXU6 - At present we are. negotfaVllls .i'111.�2 e+Z.-ELLS-LraI-an Da-.cicer _- ' f. „AVCRIrV 1 _-. LO �i}�ICt .i r-ZtP. VHe c'JilC art r_T •• J'- J' ] •i r l.- l^P a 1 proceeds o :ae our, and i you a.._ able VO 1 27]01]' obtain` a suLitable, pro__oter;- would you Ue gnod enoual to'1>vve the X A4NDX. estimation Sheet completed aa -and retur-ed to me s soon as possible.. ' 1 G4r Band, as I have -already stated, is an amateur Mcy, : _ j el:r SNC i.{mR or roorzcn,r RD{mtDoiscnnr'1_'103C7erf02^u.`RCCS ,. '.JZbelieve, ..:SZata DiOfe3S7.021"�:-level, -: 211C1.:de are I _ V:DMKIA Ail .. y '1 -: •, �'1 y h Q�..ZnV_YO set..a 'JaYYa-_rn which will lead to rCVLtSti•'.-r_O•{.111. LLr� C�_CiL2hgeJ - betlaeen our two 00 -0 --tries. At ti?e` present `tie r_egotiations are in pro cess rerxrv_'r:;ttte:ua=ilton School Bz, id, and if his eyentuate3, i can ass=a you that '.- Be_rlJa m.e:bers will _ do the;? uatest in ero.4_di billets and =3istance v1 the 7rono'-; of sUCI1 concert G • - - - - -I :i OLL.d also SLlgroSt that Some: lnvesti�.'dtiOns could be . rade reg_rding tele possibility of assemblingschool children from,yoLir _ b area ca„t ,_ a COnce=t Hall- during school hours --(morning or of'..ernOon) for a one hour concert, provided this could be in iiith,the 3anc's it. er y I tract ;Soli .ill forgive me again stressing the _m—nortenca of having the estimation sheet re-hirned to me as soon as -,_zslble, tut the feteofthe wholetour could depend on the .-accessf�ll cony ct=on of the nago is tions being ca«a.ed out with our Llus tralian backe T: e kindness a -rid assistance I received from you di i. -±g my stay in your zine City Jy lip -as greatly appreciated by all members of the Band l:i2en I reported bac': to thea.- i-ialoYr-you h•>_ll :o all in your Honer to Heel,this,addit:ora?-request;"and we are loo' ng for:rard to hea=iin- from :.you :Ln .the nea-". Alt'arc. - • Kinde:: l: rnsaa dr , Yoarc sincerely, DIM14 M W OR VILLIAI-1 DA04 i -4- • RECOMMEND- that Sec. 9'be amended to require the authority ;°to'establish a-rent=supplement program without thematchingrequirement. Sec. 10. Mortgage `Loans. ;-, The authority may make: -mortgage loans to finance purchase,building, or rehabilitation of adequate housing for lower income families, adequate housing for persons who are :at least 62 years of _age or are handicapped or under a disability, and health care facilities-- COMMENT: The language in the proposed bill is not i clear about the inclusion of`very .low- income families as one of the groups eligible to benefit from this assistance. RECOMMEND that Sec. 10 be _amended to include -very. - low-income families as one of the groups eligible to benefit from mortgage' loans. Sec. 11. Lease Purchase Agreements. The authority may provide` down payment grants to very low-income and lower- i income families, `to' -the extent that funds are available and also to private, non-profit organizations for the same purpose. Eligible families must have established homeownershipcapabilities by making • regular payments under a lease -from -their own resources, for a period of not less than one, year and " by meeting other criteria established -by the authority. COMMENT: It is 'doubtful thata program of lease "purchase agreements will -have a significant impact in providing -assistance for home- ownership, considering the limitedincomes of participants and the other "hidden" ---- - costs 'of -homeownership. -not -';included: in ' down -payment grants. Sec. 12. Iowa Homesteading Program. The authority shall locate` - and compile a catalog of all private,;city, state and federally owned abandoned or dilapidated structures appropriate for inclusion in homesteading projects, - - - utilizing the aid of other -local,` state and federal agencies.` The`, authority shall also establish a - coordinated approach toward-neighborhood_improvement- through<the homesteading program and the upgrading of community; services and facilities. `-Homesteading - projects--shall-provide for aid and assistance for - applicants to apply for and receive, financial and technical assistance and counseling from public and private: sources..- Mr. Marvin Hartwig April -29, 1975 (Page 2) • Mr. Pugh is pursuing the question of the convention parking. We hopetobe able to work out an arrangement which is mutually satisfactory to the City and the Chamber. Mr. Pugh has referred the matter to Mr. Hayek for a legal opinion to insure that the -- proposed program is consistent with legal requirements. At its most recent informal Council fl_eeting,he City Council " indicated that itdid not 'wish `to -participate in: the installation =' and take-down of Christmas decorations in the downtown area. This decision is, based upon an assessment of problems perceived with other religious faiths and 'the 'experience the school district had during .the holiday season. ! '. Sincerely yours, ? t Heal -G. Berlin City:Manager HGB/nh cc: City Council • J. B. Pugh, Jr. 1 7. Occupancy under a rental agreement covering premises 2 used by the occupant primarily, for agricultural purposes'. 3 Sec. 1203. NEW SECTION. JURISDICTION AND SERVICE OF 4 PROCESS. -5 1. A district court of this state may exercise jurisdiction t' 6 over a landlord with respect to conduct in this state governed 7 by this Act orwithrespect to a -claim arising'.from-a g transaction subject to this-Act.--In-addition to other methods 9 provided by rule'or_,by statute, personal jurisdiction over 10 a landlord may be acquired in a civil action or proceeding_ 11 instituted in a district court by`the'service of process in 12 the manner provided by this section. 13 2• If'a landlord -is nota resident of this state or is 14( 1a corporation not authorized to do business in this state ` 15 and engages in conduct in this state governed by this Act; 16 or engages in _a transaction subject to this Act, he may 17 designate an agent upon whom service of process mayrbe made 18 in this state. --The agent shall be a resident --of this state 19 or _a corporation authorized to do -business im.::_this.state..,; 20 The: designation shall be in writing and filed with the : 21 secretary of state. If a designation is not made and filed 22 or if process cannot be served in this state upon the :23 designated agent, process may be served -upon the secretary 24 of state, but service upon him is in effect unless .the 25 plaintiff orpetitioner seasonably mails a copy of the process 26 and pleading by registered or certified -mail to the defendant 27 or respondentathis last reasonably ascertainable address. 2 8A affidavit of,compliance with this section shall be filed 29 with the clerk -of the district court on or before the return 30 day, of the process, or within a further time as thecourt 31 allows: - 32 Part III, 33 -GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND 34 PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION; NOTICE. 33 Sec. 1301. NEW SP.CTION. GENERAL DEF.111ITIOUB. UbjS-Gt; -3- 1 and delivered by the landlord. 2 `2. If' -the tenant does not sign and deliver a written 3 rental agreement signed and delivered to him_by the landlord, 4 acceptance of possession and payment ofrent without reserva- 5 tion gives the rental agreement the same effect as if it .had 6 been signed and delivered by the tenant. 7 3. If a rental agreement given effect by, the operation g of this section -provides -for a term longer than one. year, 9 itis effective -only ;for cne year. 10 Sec. 1403.• NEW SECTION. PROHIBITED'PROVISIONS IN RENTAL 11 AGREEMENTS.. 12 1. A rental agreement may not provide that the tenant: 13 a. Agrees to waive or to forego rights or remedies under ' .14 this Act; 15 b. Authorizes a person to confess judgment on a claim 16 arising out of 'the rental agreement; 17 c. Agrees to.pay-the landlord's attorney's fees; or - 8 d. Agrees.to the exculpation or limitation of any liability' 19 -of the landlord arising under law -or to"indemnify the land -- and-20 2 0 lord for that liability or ;the .costs connected therewith;. =21 2. A provision prohibited by subsection one (1),of this 22 -section included in a rental agreement--is-unenforceable. 23 If a landlord."deliberately uses a rental agreement containing 24 provisions known by him to -be prohibited, the tenant may re - 25 cover actual damages sustained by; him and not more'`than-three 26 months' periodic rent and reasonable attorney's fees. 27 Sec. 1404. NEW SECTION.• SEPARATION OF RENTS AND OBLI- 28 GATIONS TO MAINTAIN PROPERTY FORBIDDEN. A rental agreement, 29 assignment, conveyance'. trust deed, or security instrument -30 may;: not permit the receipt of rent free.of the obligation' 31 to comply with section two thousand one -hundred four (2104), 32 subsection one (1) of this Act. 33 :. ARTICLE II :. 34 LANDLORD OBLIGATIONS �� 35 Sec. 2101., NEW SECTION. SECURITY DEPOSITS --PREPAID RENT. 1 1. A landlord may not demand or receive security, however 2 -denominated, in an amount or value in excess of one month's 3 periodic rent. 4 2. Upon termination of the tenancy, property or money 5 held by the landlord -as-prepaid rent and security may be 6 applied to -the. 'payment of accrued rent and the amount of 7 damages which the landlord has suffered by reason of the 8 tenant's noncompliance with section three thousand one hundred • 9 one (3101) of this Act, all as itemized by tkie'landlord in. 10 a written notice delivered, to the 'tenant `together with the 11 -amount due -fourteen days After termination of ;the tenancy 12 and delivery of possessionand demand by the tenant. 13 3. lf•the landlord fails -to -comply with subsection two 14 (2) of this section, <the _tenant `may recover the property and* 15 money due.him_together with damages in an amount equal to 16•twice the amount wrongfully withheld and reasonable attorney's -17 fees. i8 4. This section .does not preclude the•landlord or tenant 19 from recovering other damages to which he may be entitled` 20 under this Act. 21 5. -The holder of the landlord's interest in the premises 22 at the time of 'the -termination of the tenancy is bound by 23 this section.' 24 Sec. 2102. NEW SECTION. DISCLOSURE. 25 1. The landlord or a person authorized to enter into -a -:26--rental agreement on his behalf shall disclose to the tenant _ 27. -in writingat or before the commencement of the tenancy the 28 name and address of: 29 a. The person authorized to manage the premises. 30 b. An owner of.the premises or a person authorized to - 31 act for and on behalf of the owner for -the -purpose of service 32 ofprocessand for the purpose ofreceiving and receipting 33 for notices and ,;demands. 34 2. The information required to be furnished by this sec - 35 -tion -shall be kept current and this section extends '0 and -9- A 1 is enforceable against a successor landlord, owner, or manager. < 2 3. A -person who fails to comply with subsection one (1) 3 of this section becomes an agent of each person who is a 4 landlord.for the purpose of:; 5 a. Service of process and receiving and receipting for 6 notices and demands. 7 b. Performing the obligations of the landlord under this 8 Act and under the rental agreement and expending or making.' 9 dvailable`for the purpose all rent collected from -the premises. 10 Sec. 21.03. `NEW 'SECTION.LANDLORD TO!SUPPLY"POSSESSION` -11 OFDWELLINGUNIT. At -the commencement of the term, the land- •' 12 lord shall deliver possession of the premises to the tenant 13 in compliance with the rental agreement and section two thou - 14 sand one hundred four (2104) of'this Act-. The' -landlord may, 15 bring an action for possession against a, person wrongfully -16 in possession and may recover the.damages provided in section 17 four -thousand three hundred one (4301),' subsection three (3) 18 of this Act.` 19 Sec. 2104... NEW SECTION.` LANDLORD TO'MAINTAIN FIT 'PREMISES.- 20 1. The landlord shall: 21 a. Comply with the requirements of applicable building - 22 and housing codes materially affecting health and safety. 23 b. Make all 'repairs and do whatever is necessary to put - 24 and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition. 25 c. Keep all'common areas -of the premises in a clean and • - 26 safe condition. 27 d. Maintain in good and safe working order and condition 28 all electrical, plumbing, sanitary, heating,ventilating, 29 air-conditioning, and other facilities and appliances, 30 including elevators, supplied or required to be supplied by 31 him. -- 32 e. Provide and maintain appropriate receptacles and.con- 33 veniences for the removal of ashes, garbage, rubbish, and 34 other waste incidental -to the occupancy of the dwelling unit 35 and arrange for their removal. =10- 1' VIP 3: 1 f. Supply.running'water and reasonable amounts of hot 2 water at gall times and reasonable heat, except where the _ 3 building,that.includes the dwelling unit is not required by 4 law to be, equipped :_for that purpose, or .the dwelling unit, _. 5 is so constructed that heat or hot water is generated by an 6 installation within the exclusive control of the tenant and 7 supplied by a direct public utility connection. 8 If the 'duty imposed by subparagraph ,a'of`this subsection 9 is ,greater than a duty imposed by another paragraph of this 10 subsection, the_ -landlord's duty shall be determined by 11 reference to subparagraph -a of;this subsection. 12 2. The landlord and tenant of -a single family residence -13 may -,agree -in writing -that the tenant perform the landlord s -' 14 duties specified in subparagraphs a and 'f of subsection one 15 (1).and also specified repairs, maintenance'tasks, alterations, 16 and remodeling, but only if the transaction is entered into 17 in good faith and not for 'the :purpose of evading the 18 obligations of the landlord. 19 3. The landlord and tenant -of a dwelling unit other than 20 a single 'family residence may agree that the tenant is to 21 perform,specified repairs, maintenance tasks, alterations; 22 or;remodeling:only: 23 -a. If the agreement of the parties is entered into in 24 good faith and not for the purpose of evading the obligations 25 of the landlord and is set forth in a separate writing signed 26 by the parties and -supported by adequate consideration; 27 b. If the work is not necessary to cure noncompliance 28 with subsection one (1), subparagraph a of this section; and 29 c. If the agreement does not -diminish or affect the obliga- 30 tion of the landlord to other tenants in the premises. 31 4. The landlord may not treat performance of the 'separate 32 agreement -described in subsection 'three :(3) of this 'section 33 as a condition .to an_obligation_or-performance of a rental 34 agreement. r 35 Sec. 2105. NEW SECTION. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. _ 1 1. Unless otherwise agreed, a landlord, who conveys prem- _ 2 ises -that include a -dwelling unit subject to a` -rental agree - 3 ment in a good faith sale to--a-bona fide purchaser, --is relieved 4 of liability under the rental agreement and this Act as to - 5 events occurring subsequent to written notice.to the tenant 6 of"the conveyance. However, he remains.liable to the tenant 7 -for any property and money; to which the tenant is entitled 8 under section two thousand one hundredone(2101) of this 9 Act. 10 2. Unless otherwise agreed, a manager of premises that 11 include a dwelling unit is relieved of liability under the --12 rental agreement and this Act as to events occurring after 13, written notice to the tenant of the termination of his manage - 14 ment. - 15 ARTICLE III •16 TENANT OBLIGATIONS 17 Sec. 3101. NEW SECTION.TENANT TO MAINTAIN DWELLING UNIT. 18 The tenant shall: 19 1. Comply with all obligations primarily imposed upon 20 tenants by applicable provisions of building and housing codes 21 materially affecting health and safety. - 22 2.` Keep that part of the premises that he occupies and 23-uses-as--clean-and safe as the condition of the Ipremises permit. - 24 3. Dispose from his dwelling unit all ashes, rubbish,' 25 garbage, and other waste in;a clean and safe manner. • 26 4. Keep all plumbing 'fixtures -in the dwelling unit or `27 used by the tenant as clean as their condition permits. . 28 5.- Use in'a reasonable manner all electrical, plumbing, 29 sanitary,; heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and other 30 facilities and appliances including elevators in the premises. 31 6. Not deliberately or negligently_ destroy, deface, damage, - -'` 32 impair or remove a part of the premises or knowingly permit 33 'a person to do so.. 34 7, Conduct himself and require other persons on the prem- ' 35 ices with his consent to conduct themselves in a m.3nner tba t -12- 1 3. The landlord shall not abuse the right of access or --- -2 use use 'it to harass the tenant. Except in case of'emorgency 3 or -if it is impracticable -to-do so, the landlord shall give 4 -the tenant at least two days' notice of his intent to enter 5 and enter only at reasonable times. 6 4. The landlord does not have another right of access 7 except by court order, and as permitted by sdctions four -' 8 thousand two hundred two (4202) and.four thousand two hundred -_-9 three (4203) of this Act, or if the tenant has abandoned or 10 surrendered the premises. 11 Sec. '3104. :;NEW.SECTION.. TENANT TO USE AND OCCUPY. Unless 12 otherwise agreed, the tenant shall occupy his.- dwelling unit 13 only as a`dwelling unit. The rental agreement may require 14 that the tenant notify the landlord of an anticipated extended 15 absence •from the premises not later than the first day of 16 the extended absence. 17 ARTICLE IV 18 REMEDIES 19 Part-I- art I 20 20 TENANT REMEDIES 21 Sec. 4101.• NEW SECTION. NONCOMPLIANCE BY THE LANDLORD- 22 -IN GENERAL. - 23 1. Except as provided in this Act, if there is a material 24 noncompliance by the landlord with the rental agreement or, 25 a noncompliance•with section two thousand one hundred four • 26 (210_4) of this. Act materially affecting health and safety, 27 the tenant may _deliver a written notice .to the landlord 28 specifying the'acts*and omissions.constituting_the breach 29 and that the rental agreement will terminate upon a date not 30 less than thirty days after receipt of the notice if the 31 breach is. -not remedied in fourteen days, and the rental 32 agreement shall terminate as provided in -the notice subject 33•to the following.- If,the-:breach is remediable by repairs' 34 35 on the payment of damages or otherwise,,and if the landlord adequatelyremedioa the broach prior to the date: zPecifted 1 be paid first from themoneypaid into court, and the balance 2 by the other party. If rent does not remain due after g application of this section, judgment shall be entered for 4 the tenant in the action for possession. I.f the defense or. 5 counterclaim by the tenant is without merit and is not raised 6 in good faith the landlord may recover reasonable attorney's 7 fees. g 2. In an action -for rent where the tenant is not in g possession, the tenant may counterclaim as provided in 10 subsection one (1) of this section, but the tenant is not 11 required to pay any rent into court. 12 Sec. 4106. NEW SECTION. FIRE OR CASUALTY DAMAGE. 13 1. If the dwelling unit or premises are damaged or - 14 destroyed by fire or casualty to an extent that enjoyment 15 of the dwelling; unit is substantially impaired, the tenant 16 -may: 17 a. Immediately vacate the premises and notify the landlord 18.in writing within fourteen days of -his intention to terminate 19 the rental agreement, in which case the rental agreement ter- 20'minates as of the date of vacating; or 21 b. If continued occupancy is lawful, vacate a part of 22 the'dwelling.unit rendered unusable by the fire or casualty, 23 in which case the tenant's liability for rent is reduced in -, 24 proportion to the diminution in the fair rental value of the 25 'dwelling unit.' 26 2. If the rental agreement is terminated, the landlord 27 shall return all prepaid rent and security recoverable under 28 section two thousand one hundred one (2101) of this Act. 29 Accounting for rent in the event of termination or -apportion - 30 ment is to occur as of the date of the casualty. 31 Sec. 4107. NEW SECTION. -- TENANT'S REMEDIES FOR LANDLORD'S 32 UNLAWFUL OUSTER, EXCLUSION, OR DIMINUTION -OF SERVICE.If 33 the landlord unlawfully removes or excludes- the tenant from 34 the premises or willfully diminishes services to the tenant -� 35 interrupting or causing the interruption of electric, gas, -by `-18- 1 1 3. Except as provided in -this Act, the landlord may recover` , 2 damages and obtain injunctive relief for noncompliance by 3 the tenant with the rental agreement or`section three thousand ' 4 one hundred one (3101) of this Act. If the -tenant's 5 noncompliance is willful, the landlord may recover reasonable 6 attorney's, fees. 7 Sec. 4202. NEW SECTION. FAILURE TO.MAINTAIN. -If there 8 is noncompliance by the tenant with section three thousand 9 one hundred one (3101) of this Act, materially affecting 10 health and safety that can be remedied by .repair, replacement 11 of a damaged, item or cleaning, and the tenant, fails to comply 12 as promptly as conditions require in case of emergency or 13 withinfourteendays after written notice by the landlord 14 specifying the breach and requesting that the; tenant remedy 15 it within that -period -of -time, the landlord may enter the - 16 dwelling unit and cause the work to be done in a workmanlike 17 manner and submit an itemizedbill for the actual and 18 reasonable cost or the fair and reasonable value of it as. ' 19 rent on the next date when periodic rent is due, orifthe 20 rental agreement has terminated, for immediate payment. 21 Sec. 4203. NEW SECTION. REMEDIES FOR ABSENCE, NONUSE, 22 AND ABANDONMENT. 23 1. If the rental agreement requires the tenant to give 24 notice to the landlord of an anticipated extended absence 25 as required in 'section three thousand one hundred :four (3104) 26 of this Act, and the tenant willfully fails to do so, the _ 27 landlord may recover actual damages from the tenant. 28 2. During an absence of the tenant in excess of fourteen 29 days, the landlord may enter the dwelling unit at times 30 -reasonably necessary. ' 31 3. Ifthetenant abandons the dwelling unit, the; land -- 32 lord shall make reasonable efforts to rent it at a fair ren - 33 tal. If the landlord rents, the dwelling unit for a.term 34 ( 35 beginning prior to the expiration of the rental agreement,; -- it is deemed to be terminated as of the date the new tenancy -20- G++w•n�oe• f r• t. 1 PERIODIC OUSE TENANCY: HOLDOVER: Or ACCESS 2 Sec. 4301. NEW SECTION.PERIODIC' TENANCY HOLDOVER 3 REMEDIES 4 1. The landlord or the _tenant may terminate a 4ieek-to- 5 week tenancy by a written notice given to the other at -least 6 ten days prior to the termination date specified in the notice. 7 2. The landlord or the tenant may terminate a month -to - t 8 month tenancy by a written notice given to the other at least 9 sixty days, prior to the periodicrental date specified in 10 the notice. 11 3. If the tenant remains in possession without the land - 12 -lord's consent after expiration of the term of the rental' 13 agreement or its termination, the landlord may bring an action 14 for possession and if the tenant's holdover is willful and 15 not in _good faith the landlord, in addition, may recover an -16 amount not more than three months' periodic rent or threefold 17 the _actual damages sustained by him, whichever is -greater, 18 and reasonable attorney's fees. If the landlord consents 19 to -the -tenant's __ continued -occupancy; section one thousand-:-_ 20 four hundred one (1401) of this Act applies. 21 Sec. 4302. NEW SECTION.- LANDLORD AND TENANT REMEDIES 22 FOR ABUSE OF ACCESS. - 23 1. If the tenant refuses to allow lawful access, the 24 landlord may obtain injunctive relief to compel access, or =25 terminate the rental agreement. In either case, `the `landlord 26 may recover actual damages and reasonable attorney's fee. 27 -2. If the landlord makes an unlawful entryor a 'lawful - 28 entry in an unreasonable manner or makes -repeated demands'. 29 for entry otherwise lawful but which have the effect of 30 unreasonably harassing the tenant, -the tenant may obtain 31 injunctive relief to prevent' the recurrence of the conduct, -32 or terminate the rental agreement. In either case, the tenant 33 may recover actual damages not less than an amount equal to 34 one month's rent and reasonable attorney's fees. 35 ARTICLE V -22- _ tom•-i.>.n vn`- r PHOTOBIOLOGY gf Lamps and lighting— a horticultural view Programs that Incorporate the maximum use of lamps into systems for environmental r control --will permit increase& photosynthetic efflciency and reduced growing time H. M. Cathey and L. E. Campbell - -- _ - -- One ofthe major determinants of plant the. -.photoperiod• and light to regulate -- growth is light• both outdoors and under ,.specific growth responses of plants. - - _- artificial_-culture•'•'-to.ar,aa_We. are -'. - -- now finding that, through the proper use photosynthesis— - -- of light, many plants: -can be limed or the main light period _ regulated to flower or fruit at any peri- In nature, plants are subjected to con - SIR od of the year. To adjust [hex growth tinual variationsinlevel of"illumination. _ characteristics, we need to understand spectral content. and duration of. light. the changes that are caused inIn - - t- plantsby the winter, most plants in greenhouses_- --the natural -_day length, and. how we can in northern latitudes do _ not receive ---supplement. override,: or substitute for enough light to 'Maintain the growth " the light _regimes controlling, these characteristics that are possibleduring changes by -using light from artificial the -rest ofthe. year. Limitation of light `•' _ lamps. reduces the photosynthetic activity. of The first cultural step in the growing the plants.' P. Photosynthesis is the pro- - -of many plants is to select the proper, cess: whereby, plants uselight energy to _ _- -�- amount and duration of light. Only a convert carbon dioxide -and water to - minimum of regulation can be exerted carbohydrates. The three aspects of light - �f _ -on plants.. that arc grown outdoors. that must be: controlled for consistent Daily and seasonal fluctuations in light•--: and reproducible growth are: level of it. - 'temperature. _:or _ other.. environmental _--:lumination or radiation;-, spectral 'con - factors may nullify the manipulations tent, and lighting duration. All three act r' - made by the. grower.: Yet the grower together to produce, restrict, or regulate who decides` to propagate plants must the internal processes that controlthe seek ways to control growth. This arti- quality of crops in greenhouses and out. - - - cle describes_ progress during the last 50 -:doors. - years in regulating lighting systemsforThe photosynthetic rate or plants de- - economic plants. It includes research. on pends primarilyon-illumination<level .__. light for photosynthesis. light to extend within the wavebandsfrom 400 -700 -nm -- _ - [I and 21.. By . coincidence, this is the TheNBeltsville. Md - - -. _ The wmwr: U.S. Dept. or Apdcshws, same wavelength region of light that cx-' i - - - Its tiles the human eye', J3].- - IZI Mtntrtap alb Hartel 1 We are thus fortunate that the light- '° - Iranirtata KIM salt I - tr,. -ing sources fo - __ _ r. human vision can also be -. used'.forplantgrowth::.The..difficultproblem• however. is that the human eye M has its marutluni ✓nsilivily in lJx y!a i ti low -green region, with diminisbedxna,' 1 tivity in the hlueand red regions.Plantscontain many pigments that must be ex cited -by the: entire visible spectrum toIN -- umnn': - -_ , He _ give` normalgrowthpatterns.. We know _ that, the major. -pigment is chlorophyll, I I{:LITPJri r�rClrN b APvnr-n Tlna. • .,....r..-..... Y - which ubsorbs primarily in the blue and -. could be programmed during- early -- mum plant growth. There is no direct in the redregions.But -also we have a ---morning -for the researcher. The first -way to -determine the. -optimum. If you'- • blue pigment system -phytochrome— chamberswere illuminated with high- run an experiment for three days you get that absorbs the red (660 nm) and far- = intensity_ sunshine carbon arcs.- It was one answer,. for 10 days another. If you red -.(730 nm) radiation 14].: These two-- observed -i: immediately that soybeans are working'. for flowering fruiting, or pigment systems work in the plant to grown under the sunshine carbon arc did seed production, all of these light «- control a multitude of plant. responses, not elongate their stems or develop chlo-:. quirements change.I including seed - germination, seedling_.rophyll like that observed in plants ■ We need to know the level of illumi- - growth,_. branching..stem length.and grown in greenhouses. Dr. Borthwick nation that creates overlighting effects - flowering. ::Wealso have pigments that -. and -his- co-workerss-"added-ordinary on plantsin:combination with: lighting - = absorbprimarilyin the blue .(450 nm).. -incandescent-filament lamps at an intcn- duration. -With high illumination, plants y j region of the spectrum and are involved sity of 80-200 footcandles (800-2000 cannot make use of and translocate the - in the. phototropic responses."(iighl-con-.; lux) in the, growth rooms with the car- _-phmosynthate away. from the leaves. -stunt- trolled movements) of plants.. There are bon -arc lamps. Plank illuminated with They become yellow, brittle. and undoubtedly other pigment. systems in bath carbon -arc .lamps and.. incandcs- ed. plants that are as yet undetected. The " cent -filament lamps. grew very similarly. ■ We need to know the optimum ratios _7 - -: plant. therefore, contains not a single- to those grown in greenhouses. Further- of the various wavelength intervals; par- ._., ..... photoreceptive system, bula..whulese•. _. more,. their, growth characteristics were-ticularly the blue; red, and far-red.We - ries orpigmentsystems involvedin -.a the same throughout the year. This pro- can say in summation that, after almost - myriad or plant responses;,. When we_.-vided a basic. light . source for.thc study 50 years of,growth-room research, we - take the plantawayfrom the sunlight. _: of how low levels of light could be used ; still have very little understanding of i G where a wide band of continuous spec- to manipulate seed germination, sower- why the fluorescent lamp, in its generic --tral emission is present, and put it into a ing, stem elongation, branching, bulbing, sense. is still the most: convenient' light -- "- !� growth: room or, greenhouse with dim coloration of plants, and other'phenom- - source --.to,supply energy for the main -light, we must supply blue, red, and far- ena. - - -- light period. f' red in varying ratios. Therefore, in the Later, fluorescent lamps were substi- ` Considerable effort and research have _ construction of a growth --room. these toted for sunshine carbon -arc lamps. AI- .been spent on developing special nuo- three light regions must he. considered. _ thoughthelight intensity was sufficient rescent lamps for plant growth.: Three t �: The first growth rooms wbrc created - to sustain growth. many plants did not generationsoffluorescent tamp. sources !` for manipulation of the daily light -dark flower under these` conditions. Incandes---have been made available from -mann- ;- ---- Speriods. - They permitted researchers to cent•filament lamps had to be added to facturers. The first were similar to stan- - work with low levels of light during the the light: fromfluorescentlamps for the ` dard fluorescent_ lamps, with additional dark hours and to shift from day to _- normal development of the plants. Fluo- phosphorsemittingabout 660 nm in the night and night" to day.' Thus the mid- - rescent lamps could be mounted -side by :«d region._ The second :generation has -extended --night hour. for the regime: of the plant, -side in the space and give almost uni- the spectral region beyond 700 - :. form illumination over a wide area. Bal- nm. A third generation, recently. an. :. - -- •lasts. which. generated additional heat,.- nuanced, is reported to increase emitted tw unx.tt rntt 101 could be put in another area away from radiation above 700 nm in the far -red - the lighting system, and a fairly uniform region.2n In most tests, these special G temperature environment :.could be :growth lamps have been less effective created. By use of these. chambers, than standard cool -white or warm -white t` r.. many.-. kinds ofexperimental. fluorescent fluorescent lamps. It is believed that this : C - - _ - -lamps. incorporating different phos- is because or alower total radiation of - phors, were evaluated in cooperation the special lamps in the visible region s with lamp manufacturers. The conclu- than that of cool -white fluorescent - sions-'were that -:"cool-white or warm- lamps and inadequate: amounts of, far- - white fluorescent lamps are most Cf- --red radiation in with -:ican- un.nn .the - feclive light source.,.The general effects descent -filament lamps [Table I]. De. 13 1 , 14 ! j. on plant growth of most fluorescent -spite all of these activities, we have few ' - - - rnnamnwm unw umn11 lamps are relatively_ similar,;renecting :papers that document significant, differ- -- - - - '' mainly the differences in total visible ra- - enecs in plant response to artificial light diation. Despite all of the research on sources. 1-24 Part of the problem are the ! -. _ -,,, / 1 •' •^ artificial light sources, we still have only - greatly differing requirements _., that -__-- -._, ( "'• meager,information on the light require- -. plants have: for light and temperature. •.: _ mentsofawide range ofplants. _- Some plants grow .well in the shade. ■ We need to know the compensation -others in partial shade. and many in full ONE point, the minimum intensity. and the - sun: some tolerate: high temperatures -: - �+•.--t—t—r--r miuinunn dloolion of light -(or plant and others low temperutures,-Ills un. ■ growth. likely. therefore, that any tine s(andard - - ■ We need to know the relative effect - artificial light source will ever meet all - - -- -- - on plant. growth of each increment of -- -. of these different requirementsandtol- - light. as it is added. _.. - -. trances. We also observe the interac- ■ We need to know the level of illumi- lions ,of_light effects with those; from nation and the duration of light for opti- 'growing media, watering frequency, Fier- 1 tilizer. and carbon dioxide. - - -_ It thus becomes an extreme for the culture or selected horticul0 task to -devise a standard environment texlcics. Thcsencidelines will be used to facilities. for the wide range of plants. The The the- 1n addition to using the special plant Crowth ,Chamber-Committee`ts. the Y of growth chambers. growth fluorescent lamps. having special grower. -will be able to use- the phosphors, researchers have used other American Societ guidelines as'the basis for the construc. t _Society guidelines :.tion of growing. rooms, YPcs of lamp- Sources. 1.2.3'az Science is developing basic guidelines hers, and other controlled environment In ant. rope. mercury lamps are used for plant- growth illumination as a more efficient ` Table 1. Electrlcel, photometric and radlo�characterlsttcs of selected lamps Column number t� 1 2 3 4 - -� lamp Identification 5 1 7 q -Input power. Output _ 9 10 Radiation per unit luminous llux Total La�Ymp Total Lamp 40^7 0 400-150 510-700 700-85o'� ego-B5o Total Im Im/W IM W nm: `nm nm Incandescent 25A / mW/Im MW/IM MW/IM nm ,(INC) 40A.. ,. 25 25 230 -. 9 / m MW/IM mW/Inl I - 0 86 450 IOOA _ 60A50 60 860 -- 4 14 :4.04 '9.46. 2. 0 6.65 2.55 r. 20oA :- 100 .'. 10o '_1740 17. 14 3.99 9.D0 _2.61 5.42 2.01 1 _.- -. -60A Y. 200 _-.. 200 4000 - 20 17 3.97- -8.63 2.53.. 5.01 1.83 :Z / 60 . 20 .3.95. 8.29_.: 4.66 -' 1.69 Fteereseent 60 050 9 9 2.46 4.34 1.55 -..-. 4.42- 11,64 3.82 7.22 2.61 -_ Cool while : FCW - -` - - Cool white - 46 40 3200 70 - _ Warm white FCW 225 215 15700 80 2.93 , 2.99 FWW 46 70 73 2.93 1.02 0.06 0.009 -Plant growth A PDA - 40 - 3250 71 B1- - __ 2.99 1.02 0.06 0.009 Plant growth l3 PGB 46 40 925 2.81 2.86 `. 1.23 0.05 % 0.006 20 42:- 3.96 6.41,.. 3.39 0.08 0.007 Infrared - FIR 446 40 ' --1700 37 6.34 40 :._170 -.. 4.2 3.7 4.31 - 1.95 0.41 Discharge _ 4.30- 24 0.56 20--0.03 -ClearmercurYHG- 2.1 'Mercurydeluxe 440 400 .21000 50 52 - 2.60 Metes halide A - MHA 460 :. 440 40000 -- 22000 - 50 55 2.77 - 0.14 MHA 2.62 2.81 0.17 0.05 -Metal halide B -:: MHB .34000 - 75 - g5 - 2.76 0.73 -. 0.19 High-Pressure sodium sure 460 400 34000 75 85. 3.05 3.42 1. 3.32 17 - 0.56 :.0.41 HPS 470 400 - _ _ 0.31 ----0.25 .. _. Low-pressure 47000 100'- 118- - sodium SOX LPS - 230 3.38 1.58 : 0.93 0.72 _180 33000 143- -- •- 183 1.92 2.18 1.89 .0.26 O.Z5 Column number 11- -- _ - 12 __. 13 -14 .. Lamp Identlfleatlon 16 - 16'_ 17 11 _ Radiation output - - If - 20 100.100 400-850 510.700 - 700-150 - ... - Efficiency - s' nm nm .nm 100.150 400-700 400-850 580-700:loo-150 /00.150 Vit. W W nm nm non 1. W. _ w ,W, nm.... nm:, - nm -:.-nm - Incandescent 'mW/W mW/W mW/W mw � --25A - 0.97. 40A 2.50 0.68 = 1.53 60A - 3.43.- 4.26 __.. ].22 2.44 -.0.9] -39.- .100 -.: 27 - 61 23 100A 7.74 2.24 45 106 30 41 8.11 2.94 129 37 72 /Y - 15.80 40 33.10. .9..85 17.40. ..6.21 69 150 81 - 6 '- 6.40 2.10 3.97 - 79 166. 49 87 - _ 31 Fluorescent - _. 1.44 41 107 35 - FCW ,-, - - - -.. 66 iq FCW 9.38 9-56 3.27 6.0 0.18 PGA 49.13 41.0 19.28 4.00 0.88 :6:74.. 204 204 2208 08 71 -- 4 0.6 t. .: PGB 5.86 5.93 : 3.00 0.15. .0.02- 199 202 87 71 4 0.6 0.4 FIR r,. 0.73. _.7.42 - -.3.32 0.69 - 0.05 0.07 0.01 127 --.` 129 - 6B - 2 0.1 i _-_ - 4.13. 0.10 146 ]90 72 lc Discharge 3.40 - 0.35 16 g0 - 15 1`. 2 74 HG55 58 8 3,r, 'MHA HG/DX 68 62 _ 11 1,1 174 1774A 'Ij r - MHR 94 104 ]13 4G - 19.1 ]3.9 131 _- 140 36 ._9 3 HPS ;--115 159 40 12.7 8.4 -- 225 - 246 --:100 -42 30 -- 74 44.0 - 33.6 LPS 63 253 _:. 86 _.2g lg 72 - 62 8.6 8 245 338 158 193 72 _ .3 276 313 .oL.IG.HTINrDESIGN A APP .1CrIryN -271 37 36 Nr\Fn - .1974' source than available fluorescent lamps. The -development - and ' commercial -- - - -availability: of-:metal.- halide-andhigh- _ = pressure sodium (HPS) lamps provide an alternate source with efficiency, equal - to metal halide or better than that of IThese -y - - HPS--Iuorescent lamps. high-in- - - --"more -- `tensity-discharge-(HID)-lamps require -elaborate reflectors than conven- tional fluorescent-strip luminaires to - - - ---- -. - _ ---achieve-`satisractory -- light distribution _ -- '- and efficiency. The_ heal radiation from -> _ - - HID sourcesis greater than-that from .. Table 2. Input power conversion of light sources* fluorescent ]amps, so that a greater air 4, --' - Visible Non- Conduc- flow is required to avoid overheating the -% -- -_ Total -radiation visiblelion and -. plants [Table 21. - ;^ - - -'- _ 'input -. (400-700 redia- convec- Ballasts - Severalexperimental applications of -- -power ".-nm), -tion, tion; loss, HID, greenhouse - light-combinemetal • - - '- Lamp_ Identification — -. watts percent per cent per cent per cent halide and 14PS alternately in a checker- - •-= Ineandneenl -- —� 25A 25 04 92 -- 04 -board arrangemenf.v:2a Other:.applica- -- (INC) 40A 40 05 80 _ 15 00 lions have used a single HID source.'' - - 60A 60 - 06-.. 84 10 - W .The improved spectrum inmercury -. ---100A' ' - -100 ---07 -:83- 10 00-"-lamps :.. nearly equals the spectrum emit- -. — - i - 200A - 200 08.. 83 --- 09 00 ..:.:_ y_metal halide_ .___.an. _. ted b td fluorescent cool- - _ - 60A/Y 60 04 78 18 00 - -white lamps. However,- the overall eR- - CLC•. Fluorescent -- - ciency is lower than that for separate h`. - - mercury. and incandescent-filament units Cool ` to FCW 46 20 32 35 13 - used in combination. Low pressure sodi- '- �. Cool white - FCW - 225 - 20 37 39 p4 -`Warm white' FWW 46 20 _ 32 -` 35 - 13-- um (SOX) lamps arc even more efficient '. Plant growth A PGA - -" 46 -- -13 - 35 - 39 13 than are HPS lamps in producing visible Plant growth B ' PGB - 46 - 15 35 - 37 - 13 - light ,(Table 21.2 In England, r-r•a r - - .Infrared FIR 46 '02 46 39 13 'preliminary reports show that SOX -. Dlachaiee - damps cannot be used as a sole source 7 =. Clear mercury HG ' -440 12' 63 16 - 09 for most plants. but they can help sup- Mercury deluxe HG/DX 440 13 62 < 16 - 09-_ plement-the light intensity during the -Metal halide A -- `- MHA'. -'..-460 --20 54 13 -- - 13 winter.. Abnormal stem -len lengthening is -- R 8 - •= -Metal halide B MHB' 460 22 52 - 13 -- 13 observed. on.plants lighted for. more than ' High-pressure 9 hours daily.21 Much more experimen- sodium HPS 470 25 _ 47 13 15 tal work will be necessary to make ef- F Low-pressure receive use or both- HPS and LPS sodium LPS - 230 27-- 25 `_ 26 22 _lamps. - -'Conversion efficiency Is for lamps without luminaire. Values compiled from manufac•,: -.. - _ turers•.date, published information, and unpublished test data. _ .Photoperiod—extension _ - or interruption - - - The second kind or lighting that can be used to extend the photoperiod is Table 3. Sensitivity of 18 trees to security lighting' low-level illumination. This means that ; -. the plants are grown under an adequate :• -.--Hleh-.- Intermediate Low light for 8t 9 hours daily. This light is -L Acrr platnnoidra Aca nrbrunr - - --llrt olwca - --usually sunlight inthegreenhouse or -1. :(Norway maple) -' (Red maple) ,_ .'_(American holly) - --outdoors. After extending this basic day '_ j G, -Nrbdn poprifern - -: Ginkgo hiloba - -. UrInidnminr slgracifleO with artificial lamps, Garner and Allard - (Paper birch)- (Ginkgo) -- - (Sweetgum)" .published �in 1920,15 that the photoper- -- - Catalpa hignoniorles Clrilitsi.i Irioranthos dFlrpnalin grandiffora iod responses of a wide range of plants •! (Catalpa) (Honeyfocust) _ _,.(Bull bay) :--could be duplicatedbycontrolling the Plalanut aerrifolia horlrridrria puniridatn Pin its nigra - -daily light. period. They classified plants + --' (Sycamore):' '- Ulnas anvricann, (Gofdenraln-tree) - _ - Sophorn jn/ronien (Austrian pine) l+gnu cnllrrgdna into (our basic groups: short-day plants, --°(American elm) -.(Japanese pagoda•tree) _.-(Bradford pear) -_ long-day_ plants, daykngth-intermediate ... /,rlknrn arrrnln' Titin n.rdoGr fl u. rra. ph lin. - pimple, AB'i A (Zelkdva) (LIItlelent Widen) (WIlkrvi oak) definition, or these four'type% of plants ie - • Plants have been listed alphabetically and are not grouped in descending order of sensi-.. important -for understanding of day- -- ' tivity. A high, Intermediate, or low rating Identifies the relative responsiveness of the plants.-- length responses. - - --to security lighting. Plants with low sensitivity would be preferred in areas with security-'. III ._.$hdrl-dayplants continue in vegeta- lighting. _ _- _:__ :. : _..: -`tive growthorin (lower only when the - •• "' - -r,ruri.,r, nrr,r., r APNWATlnH r`mnvrMRrR 1pTa f� i length of the daily light period is less - --' than the critical number of hours. Daily - -light periods shorter. than the -critical- number of- hours -_promote :-:vegetative -- growth or flowering. Daily light periods _. longer than . the critical length inhibit - - - - svegetative growth or Dowering. ` ■ Long-day: Plantscontinue in vegeta• live growth or flower only when the daily light period is longer than the crit- hours of a 16 -hour dark period delayed adequate control of the environment. lest number of hours. They become dor- the. flowering of Christmas enclus, chry- The optimum daylenglh for (lowering is mant or form_rosetting Plants when the sanlhemum cocklebur. marigold poin- a 12 -hour •, 12- _ daily light Period is shorter Than [he settia,,salvia. and soybean. This means cring responses usually' occur with a critical length. } hour night The now•- ■ Daylenglh-intermediate plants (lower .that, rather thanpsing four hours of in. complex interaction among, daylength, only within -a very narrow range of day- candescem light. in the middle of the night and day: temperatures, and age of 8. night to delay -nowefin one could :re- 5 length. This isusuallybetween abhorer Juca the duration of the -light required flowering of bougainvillea, a,vine; abet- - r and 14 hours. If the daylength is shorter shO°[• Our experiences are based on (he - than the optimum daylength for -Mower- to.24 minules_Of light everynight. Light- ia, a now shrub; Ncw. Guinea im- ing,- the plants tend to cease growth, -however, is spread out at regular inter•" patiens,/a bedding B - vats over the four-hour dark period. - nia, a B Plant;, Reiger bego- longerlants that are grown- on y daylengths Long-day plants are not as readily- cactus, a:house plant. All flower on 12. state. than the optimum daylengths for house plant; and Thanksgiving _ -nowering lend to remain in a ve elalive controlled by the use or c}•clic lighting' hour. days, 12 -hour -nights.. We have ob. state. - - B as are short -day plants,- Light -dark served;that theplants growandDower , ■-.The day -neutral plants .:continue:in cycles longer:than I minute are vela- simultancouth when_exposed nd Honor vegetative growth or ❑ower regardless of lively - ineffective; in promotin - -. g rapid: days.. Plants placed -o - -Carly D he daylenglh, stem elongation and earon daylengths less wering, We than 12 hours slop growth abruptly and -- have -observed that 10 to 20 foolcandles immediaiciv initiate nowers, bol develop •_ Continuous light inhibits flowering (100-200 lux) from incandesccnl-fila-_ them scowl-', The OV[f% flowering dop and: promotes _vegetative growth of mann lamps, 30 seconds onand30 sea ;. Play on-ibesc planes is considerably less short -day plants, but encourages Contin- onJs o!f all night promoted the early than (hal observed on Plants grown on ucd vegetative growth and early Dower. Ing of long-day plants and blocks the flowering of china aster, f/3•orcrhm+/s. _12 -hour days. Plants Placed on dav- Rowering of daylength-intermediate petunia, snapdragon, sugarbeet and tu- `lengihs'longer than 12 hours -remain plants. In many -instances. it increases- berous-rooled_begonia. - Theuseofarlificiallightto-promote-erngvegetarespa�ds�nn ca}_shostof ot canhbeoe- the stem length of day plants.` the continued- ve clalive-- Planta vary greatly in their responsive- w B growth of moved by cueing of(the growing lip, t ness to light sours, duration, and inlen - woody plants is relatively easy lo obtain The stimulus is generated in the sower with cyclic li htin We sity. The technology [hal has. evolved to that the liming systems thathave observednow- 8 B. have flo. jog shoot. Once it has been generated, create Photbased prima control. of plants has Cling Of: short -da delay the shoots; Dower for many months. been based primarily on -the incandes- - -:plants also be When the flowering lip is removed, the cent -filament lamp. This Tamp; of all the bees.'sh ubs produce ground covers. It meris emson side `s then will grow•. The lateral light sources available, creates the regu- means that three minutes of light every none of the flowering stimulus from the _ r• lating mechanism most similar to that 30 minutes or six seconds ever 60 sec owapprings have received ly re sunlight. This is because the red/far- onds for the middle four hours of a 16- into wveget vegetative shootThe s: atheshoots l develop red ratio of light from an incandescent - hour darkPeriodpromote the continued nower buds:onls when. the daylength to lampis-similar 10 the ratio of sunlight - Vegetative growth Of most woody plants. 12 hours again. This means that dayis - The, effectiveness for photoperiod re• However, one observes differences in the len th-' sponse in plants peaks at wavelengths of-xnsitivily of various; species.loJigh1 in- and fall. The use of this information by nm B l The use o planta Dowty spring - The source o and 730 nm (bac-red) N]• _tensity. Elms require I to 5 footcandles commerciah. growers.. to promote' the i The source outputs at (hex wavelengths (10-50 lux) of incandescent-nlamcnt --flowering of the daylenglh-intermediate are compared in red/far-red ratios• qp. lighting to Provoke a -long-day responxe. plants still awaits -Ihe development of proximate emissions of light `sources - - within .these wavelengthg -Rhododendrons, to produce long-day re• practical methods for__regulating,day- intervals are sponxs, require an intensity 'of20 to 40 length and temperature to ship the now - shown in Table L -- _ footcandles- 200-•( - - _ ( 00 . Beef incandes ening time or. these plants to any. month Techniques were developed in the Tate -cent-filament .lighting. Oecause most in the year. fillies to reduce the electrical energy re growers use a standard 8 l0 10 foolcun- _ - For shoot for photoperiod control.t�•1 � 'dies (80-100 lux) or incandescent light ing epecia example or or days„ 12 -hour For short -day plants,`7he lechni ue was special example 12 -hour days. •rcgulal- q fir phnluperiodlc control, many wq�y nigbts /�n rias etngztw e.r,.0 fH. M*. based oa'... repealing light -dark-: cycles plant %Petits have not been suhjet(ed in it that hf ehrytanthemum=-a short -day over several hours during the middle of file inns( effective lighting system for plant.'' W a long night. We found (hal light -Dark - - - -] growth control, P . When Placed 'on a 16 -hour cycles consisting of 3 minutes on and 27 :Daylenglh-intermediate plants are dif• -%longe ion night, the plants i They. Promptly stop_- and 54s off, or as short as 6 seconds on ficull t° conduct experiments on hCcaute flowers and. JeveTh them pt I I weeks _and 54 seconds off, for the middle four their responses are °rico obscured by in- later, Recent. work has I I weeks ..-.-LIrHTINr - ' • . Df510N A APPI I(:ATI/1N / Nr7VFx�n - - intensities of light. approaching 0.5 fool- - tems for-!lt-oscramu.r and sugarbeels as ._ candle (S. lux) of light when added di-, consisting of a high and continuous light rectly. to the main light period during -.-, system and a long and intermittent light _-- the early morning. after a 12 -hour dark ":.system. Alow-cost: incandescent source f: period, promote internode elongation-: for photoperiod lighting is the PS -30 sit - without altering the number of nudes to ver -neck,:_ which_ requires no. additional ---- - the innoresccnce.of the number of days -. reflectors Standard lamps are available to flowering. An incandescent lamp.hav-_ in: the. 150 -watt size. for 120- and 240• - " ing an equal amount -of redandfar-red volt service. A 250 -watt infrared version light is the most effective light source to with an extended life of 5000 hours has -- -.-- _ -- -- promote stem elongation. A"high red/ -- -been -used. These lamps are susceptible - - far -red ratio, such as that of fluorescent - to rain damage when used outdoors. - -, .lamps. does not promote as much inter- node elongation as dues an equal ratio photomorphogenesis— - - --------- - of red/far-red. A low' red/far-red ratio, "' light systems regulating X. such as that of:BC3 lamps, incandescent various plant processes - - - lamps `made with red glass. stalls devel- ;- ,Our purpose isnot to summarize the " - _ - opment of the-influorescences. Cyclic literature,. but to: show•, clearly how light - - _- - - - lighting, other than cycles as short as 30:: -on, functions in seed germination, rooting of - -". - seconds 30 seconds off. does not sig- ,-_cuttings, -.-seedling :-and cutting: growth, -- - nificandy promote internode elongation..- stem' elongation,' flowering, -.runner-for- unnerfor-This Thisresearch demonstrates that at least _mation, and delaying the onset of dor- •?� - -- - - Iwo light -regulating systemsfunction si- mancy. Light can". be used to. regulate"- - ` mullancousiy in all photoperiodic re- the form and development of plants. " - - - sponses. First, there is an optimum day - ay-lengthforprompt-flower. length for prompt flower initiation and-.Seedgermination. " -- .developments -which -is -also associated -:- Theobservedaction of light on seed-; ...with the complete cessation of internode --germination can be explained by phyto- elongation. Second. there is a daylength chrome tonversion."rr•"•'" Some of the at which_prompt -flower -initiation and -- recognizedextremesarc: ---- "= _ -.rapid `elongation of flower axis both- - Ttpe /.—Some seeds donot germi- _ occur. - '- ;nate in darkness (6). ---Germination is in- -- - - (6) Effect of differing Interruption times I .By. the selection of illumination, duct- duced by,a single conversion of phyto- -chrome ' tion, and color. of light during a 24-hour to. Pr, with low irradiation with -during ■ 78 -hour dark period on the - period, we can -identify -a separate. pig- red (660 nm) (4). Germination paten- •,� nowering and stem ; elongation " of- --. aright Golden Princess Anne Chrysen- mens system that controls -internode - tiated by Prr, is reversed by far -red-light, - - _ _themum-(10 weeks). The normal light elongation and functions independently _-which changes Pr, . to Pr. The reversal -� -. period ie from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (Left to of the system that regulates flowerin Y B B• can be repeated many: times. Most let- a - r` {;: .. right) no interruption of dark period;- - Schneider,' Borthwick, and Hendricks" -..- tuce, lepidium, tobacco, andmany of �1 -supplementary-,light from 4 p.m.'to--.identified the two light -regulating sys. the small -seeded flowering ornamental 8, p.m.; 10 p.m. to 2 a.m.; 4 a.m. to _ --, -.-plants are of this type. .The `light re- ----- ''=: 8 a.m.`"-- - -- ,._quiremenls are often present at one tem- --.- - 'peralure but are absent at another. The - •' - - -temperature favoring,a_- light - require- -- - ment approaches the limit at which ger- - - "-mination can occur. As an example, - .} many seeds that germinate in the dark at 10 degrees Centigrade require red -light v - for germination at 20 and 25 de- grecs, but will not germinate even in the `t `--light at temperaturesabove30-degrees. _ . The percent germinationinall these ex- amples _depends on the degree of. phyto - _ v, r "A chrome conversion. Such a seed popula- tion may vary in their phytochrome '"•'' contents or in their response toagiven L leve) of pbytochrome. +M 7fpe'l;-some seeds require more -than one -conversion:-of Pr toPr, for. .' germination. This multiple requirement can beconfused with -'a long -continued - 'action -of light• from which it can be dif- -."...,, ♦ rerentiated by the adequacy of two or --:; °a. .._ - „r,rri�.r r•rgir,N w, nnm �rAilflN / NnVFMprp-1074. more can to Pa at long inter- s vals. Examples are. Paulownia and Be- - C gunia. Type J.-- Some seeds gcrminutc after .• far -red irradiation. This n an extrema '•it ♦ ' �t•, , • �• version .of the requirements discussed for type 1. Seeds of bromeliad and petu• nia show this type of response.' Ger- � t`1 ti �' �• mination of others of these. seeds can be +' '• r t increased by red and inhibited b far- '�� +'•.% '- •; Y • �! : i . • l . _ red. Seeds of this class apparently rc- ' .a quire less than I per cent Pr, to germi- nate. - .. f i •• - • Type 4.—Seeds germinate in dark- ness. but a light requirement can be in- • r. duced. A single; irradiation at low ener- gywith far -red _light reduces the level of , P ,and induces a light - requirement. - Grand Rapids lettuce may be induced to have alight -requirement -after exposure to a short period of far -red. Continuous - far -red may inhibit. germination perms- nently. Type 3.—Some seeds will not germi- nate in the light: They require 72 to 96 - o ,� i , rf,vr.}. t-•-+ hours of continuous darkness before ex- 1 ; e?i��nP •. t t?i r � ' r 7s posure to light" .(6j. In this type of ,�iJ3�• t t It seed, _ the changes; in Prr - that are re- {� ,, j� yy'� i 4f;t 1'.'�•�' quired for germination are not well un- derstood. Seeds of vinca, annual phlox, r11 ',ti•' 77 , and cornflower are examples. Seedling and cutting growth As stated in the previous section. the + continued growth of seedlings and cut- an j6j E11set of light and disk on tings'depends on the environment.2`04 -` The approach in the past has been to carbon dioxide content of 400 parts per germination of o1 Vim*Ltwv1 end., use the sun as a major. source of light - million. The equipment has the potentil pstunis a ;. needs (tike vino da F. *end was h•Id in tits dark IUhI and to grow plants under a transparent of manipulating any of these factors in- _ar under: 200 footcsndlesbool- barrier. such`as glass -or plastic. A uni- dividually or in combination to study -whits fluorescent light fright) form, consistent,' and reproducible envi the maximum benefits of controlled en- for hours and then transferred ronment in' the greenhouse has always _ vironments. Phenomenal growth rates to 2o0 1 footeandlo pool -whits been difficult.: to obtain. -Work. by .the :have been obtained with flowering annu fluorescent.. petunia send was .. U.S. Department of Agriculture has als,-. vegetables,- forage, and 'woody --hold In the dark (left) or under. - demonstrated thevalueof: controlled plants. In order that maximum growth =200 footeandies cool -whits environment chambers to provide simul- rates would be obtained. . treatments fluorescent ler 0 mn t taneous -enhancement of all the major;._ were initiated at seedling. emergence or ... /hMea akar l0 Lind 6 factors ` required .for= -sustained plant -- at [he start of the. regrowth_ of rooted days, respectively. growth.l'•'Q The research.-. scientists:.. cuttings... Plants treated in this manner provided controlled light, temperature.- for only; two weeks of growth weighed ! and airflow.' They automatically con-. :20 to 50 times those; grown: in_a tradi- -- trolled the atmospheric composition or tional greenhouse environment, even gases-andmoisture and automatically though-.:daylengths--and temperatures _ 1, -- - watered and fertilized the plants. were similar for the two environments. -- -_- ' ThIe standard -growth -chamber cnvi -- _ ronment for:. growing many.. kinds of Stem elongation - - - _:-plants consistsof the following: 2000 to Acceleration offlowering in many - - '- - 2500 footcandles of light (fluorescent long-day plants is accompanied by rapid plusincandescent). 16 -hour day., day internode elongation.t4.W it is believed temperature of 24 degrees .Centigrade. - that stem elongation is regulated by night` temperature of 18 degrees Centi- _ Iight.sources that emit far -red (730 nm) <grade. 65 per cent relative humidity. and. light. The -scheme -of -action isbasedon airflow of 35 to 40 feet per: minute and low Prr, in the later part of the night.- Optimum flowering .was generally ob- as one indicator of the urbanization of The original gas lamps not only rained when the radiation contained an an area: • ----. -'.-equal ratio of red to, far -red. In to, were charming signs of the emerging or- the,comrnunity but also - -- - - -plants, however, the lighting sequence si•--banizatirn or to.extend the time during. each '. --gation multancously. promoted internode elon- -.helped 'day when cilizcns could move, about - and prompt flower initiation, ex- of recognized safely. Electricity came. into use when - -cept for some cultivars long-dayspecies, which flower even -incandescent filament lamps were intro- - when -the main photoperiod is extended duced at the turn of the century. These _. with red light. Internode elongation and lamps were installed in simple ena- _ - - Bower initiationwere tied together into `noires well above stree t level andgreat - - - a single-.: phytochrome -mediated re- .distances apart. One observed spots of -_light when :these lamps were used. The - - --- .sponse."'as -:.-- `dark -adapted eye. could. use these spots - - '- flowering `- to guide safe passage. - - - Flowering is regulated by the day- Mercury lamps were introduced in the r - - length. The assumptions are that, at the ---mid-forties.: They. cast bluish light -over in- v: - - - - end or an g -hour day,. the Icvcl of Pf, is, the landscape and attracted many In high-pressure sodium - - - - - ' - relatively-high.-If_the plants remain in darkness for the next 16 hours; the level -:sects. .1965, '.lamps were introduced. They were more _ of Pp slowly falls.. By the sixth to the -.- efficient. producers of light and., attracted • - - eighth hour in a 16 -hour dark.- period..- fewer night flying insects than did the -Iamps.The -_ - - ---the level of Pfr, is considered to be I per -other HIDsodium source land- - - - -- - orlessof thetotalamount of Ph. -,created.a golden light over the _ -. cent If Pr, continues to decay in the dark- scope. In 1974, SI50 million will be - --plants sower and long- spent for..outdoor lighting equipment to ness;short-day day plants remain ,in avegetative state". improve visibility and security in the t` ` -- or form rosette shoots—slcros .that do United States. - the effect of ---�- ---not elongate.:Flowering results in long- Questions about _.HID immediately- from �- . is main- day plants when the level of Prr 12 hours. or longer.Light lamps on plants came :;growers_ with greenhouses near:,public - -- tained for be added to the cnd of the 8 -hour fighting. They observed that the poinset. V must ..period and should be continued for 4. 6..-.tias were not salable at Christmas, be- -_-----8,-or-.16 hours... Bymaintaining Pfr cause they remained in vegetative Chrysanthemums flowered with :'- -- - - - - throughout the night. acceleration of flowering can he 171. The most ;,growth. elongated stems. To understand these ; - - - _achieved convenient light"source for'. creating - responses, experiments were begun at Beltsville Agricultural Research k. ... -_; - n plan deffects ots long-day and short -ay is the ordinary iay of scent•filament the , Center in 1971. we selected an intensity . - lamp. 'It' can -be used to. accelerate the of.l footcandle (100 -tux) fromduskto light to i- 171 Etbet of light Intensity: on promo-'. ':long-day plants.= and to - dawn as the standard .level of tion of early 0owering CSU Red Carne-. 8 -hour day, 16-: nowering of delay the flowering of short -day plants. - compare -the relative effectivencss,of five �.. - - tion: `(leh to right) -; vision/lighting : sources—incandescent, e; hour _dark period: S -hound ay, 1S -hour 40 footcandles, In- - - Security lighting—outdoors _ BuorescenG (Cool -while), Ordinary_ mer- •' t: night of 0.6, 2. and `candescent-fnement light for 12 inhashas always: been used Cory, metal. halide, and high-pressure so. t dium.'s'1e'� At a level, of. 1 footcandle -- (10 lux) for 16 hours: at a nighttempera�' --` ature of 16 degrees Centigrade, the light sources delayed flowering of short -day Ied.vegetative'growth plants such as chrysanthemum, promot- of woody plants - such as elm and maple, and promoted _ early flowering of marguerite, carnation, _ - • , -and petunia in the order from most to =. _- I =<least effective: {; '•F -Incandescent (INC) > high-pressure sodium (H_PS) >> metal halide (MH) .cool -white fluoresce ni (CWF) » clear -:, pt iZsi- mercury (H). Poinsettia, birch,catalpa, sycamore, n ` + and lillle•kaf linden umianed fe ,trrw `vegetatively in response to all 5 sources. I footcandle (10 lux), levels. Itolly --and pine did not respond to any or the -:: lighlsourccs when the intensitywas footcandle(10lux).- The level of NPS had to be increased. at least four- to eight -fold ( a *foot- subsequent candle basis) in comparison to INC years, the frequency of• tering and the 'fertilization lamps lamps to delay the dormancy of level of should be reduced. Maintenance plantsand the , flowering of: short-.' day plants. HPS lamps ineffective grams during. the first years of growth .were `-.. in promoting early noweringorlong-day can help to decrease greatly thcsensitiv- ity or plants to security lighting, plants, regardless of intensity or .dura- . lion. The effects of lighting aswill-- as. 10 heal, cold, drought. air; pollution. depend on _ the types of, trees, shrubs, ground cov- and salt injury. However,; the majority of plants brought into en, or cutting Gowers that grow in the urban areas-dic,- because there is area, and how close the plants are to the no maintenance after their installation into the landscape. Ismps -- 'A 400 -watt HPS lamp on a 30 -foot Nur261`161-8cceleration Pole produces about I : footcandle (10- of growth of trees - lux) of light: 20 to 30 feet horizontally on the ground. The light _level increases An integrated system of growing plants, which involved four hours as one moves- closer to the light source, .Sycamores and elms-iho_ufd be expected sup. _ plemenial lighting at 10 footcandles (too - lux), to respond to security lighting during .aluminum 'reflective soil mulch, and soil insecticide treatments; -- 'their first years by. continuing to grow -for: a longer. in produced nursery liners of red maple in one sea-' -were period the fall, Other species would show intermediate or low- _son that .equal to 2 -. or J -year-old seedlings grown by -- - growth responses to security lighting conventional mcth. oJs.'" An increase in theavailableIighC We - We can expect the continued installs- and temperatures in response to the re- [g[ Ellet o/ high-pressure so - fleclive -radiation from -aluminum.'- dium lamp on growth of (left to tion: of security lighting throughout the United States in order to. the f' soil mulch wasthemost significant sin->` Koelre, hOdO I•Ia/m maintain goad visibility. Each of us can influence this Wis. glc factor. Added growth effects were -: Above; : o e-hou.;. day, 16 -hour trend by considering the following alter- ' .f, night, 1 footcandle NPS. @slow: .. - -.8-hour - natives: _ - ,.:. day. l6 -hour -night. , _ Selection Of lamp 417e• -NPS could be used where high visibility on streets[; or freeways is required. Only light -soler- ant 'plants would be used there. Al- though Jess efficient than HPS lamps.— - - - metal halidelampswould be preferred in ,malls, parks, and residential areas ' .where dense plantings are made and - where s; natural color rendering of plants, People. and buildings is desired. Shielding. -The least'expensive lumi- naires orlen emit light in 180 degree ra- diance under the -lamp: Covering lenses`-`, +• k or shields can sometimes be used to di-;.- reel the light to the street and away: `the'plants..More _ from espensive•lumi. - -- naires have positive cutoff to aid in con.: trolling light. -- -Selection of plonls.-Cooperative. work or urban planners; landscape ar- _ chitects, and horticulturists should be -" - begun to identify. which plants are suited- to the environment of security lighting. Some commonly' used street trees. such as elm and sycamore• may have to be avoided in future' plantings. With the: great variety of plant material available -. - and often not-considered,-environmen-'' - tally adapted Plantings can be planned. Installation and maintenance pro. - grant. -New. Plantings could be in- stalled in the fall months of the year to- -` permit -a - rull-yearcycle of. growth and _ adjustment before the following -summer - - and fall, when the major impact of the lighting is expected to be fell. To slow growth -during this ' B period ■red during _, - • • t obtained by combining chemical soil -..[caves. Many peoplepreferred this the- - - ---- treatments with the aluminum mulch, atrical coloring over that of plants light- . : and still more additive effects were ob- --ed with cool -while fluorescent .lamps. e< tallied by supplemental lighting. Amber- - Most indoor gardeners now prefer to -numbers �• -: - incandescent, � high-pressure-- sodium --mix equal of cool -white lamps : -- - (HPS).and low pressure sodium (SOX) and their :special plant -growth- fluo- . =' '►;' --' - - lamps were equally _stimulative. Potato': rescent lamps. Gardeners in the west - leafhoppers, Empoasro jabor, which - mix equal numbers of cool -white and .'- stuntlip-growth of nursery liners. were 'warm -white'' lamps.: This is : -a personal - _- -_ repelled- by the aluminum mulch and : preference and identifies the wide toler- - killed by the disnlroton insecticide. ante -of aplant grown under artificial _ Ind00►s light. -` ` - The African violet grower was the -first We are indebted to the African violet to learn that putting plants under _. - "- growerforthe basic information on ---fluorescent- fights during the 100 -`- - _ - - --growing plants in our homes away from _first hours of -lamp -use often caused severe Of - windows. They found more than 30 years :leaf injury., First, they put _the lamps in - - -- - -- ago that the light from fluorescent .:another luminaire andletthem operate - -- lamps warms the leaves andcreatesan _ for several. days before they were used 1 `essentially red system.' With the lamps --` ;-as a.' replacement lamp. .They. -.also -°- `that were available. they found it was -footcandles- learnedto plan a replacement time for easy - to obtain' 800 -1000 _ "the lamps on a regular schedule. Thus, ' (8000-10,000 lux)oflight by -placing -.-the light; intensity at all times -could be --r - the plants 6.to 8 inches fromthe lamps., controlled. to give about 800-1000 foot- `• The luminaires and plants could be put candles (8000-10,000 lux) or light. They almost anywhere in the home. - also looked : for ways' of making _these - The optimum-daylength for: growing indoor gardens.. attractive by.. building - - - - an. Africanviolet when the plants were .- standsorputtingtheminbookcasesand placed 6 or R inches from an ordinary' closets. The home became ,a gar- +; cool -white: fluorescent lamp was 12 to .den. The literature on growing African - 14 hours. Once this duration and light-.:, - -level violets is filled with reports on the prof- - intensity had been established,., crcnces of growers for a special lamp. however, it opened up a whole new Most of "These lamps were handmade �. '. world of culture._ Previously. African vi- and cost three to tentimesas much as ----olets flowered well -in spring -and Jall.. -:did cool -while fluorescent lamps:: Undcr --- "�_ _ -.. when they were placed in a lightly shad- "most circumstances.' a littlemorelight -_ ed area. They did not flower well during and, controlled temperature. -humidity. - _ the winter. or summer months. African and airrow were more important than . _ :violets grown on 12- to 14 -hour days de- ": was the installation or a special growth tI .• - - velopa new fear and. flower spray every type of lamp. African violet plants _ap- - - -. 5 or 7 days. With controlled growth. Af- parentlydo not require theadditionof "rican- violets flower°the year- round.. -incandescent -filament -lamps. -The,-in- - - - - Plants that are grown on daylcngths less -frared from the incandescent lamp easily than 12 hours produce a new fear every overheats the foliage. - 7 to 14 days, but the flowers do not de- : Based on the experiences of the Afri- - velop. The plants` accumulate potential can violet ". grower,; gardeners . have - flower stalks. Plants grown on 10- or found that many kinds of foliage plants 11 -hour days and then shifted to a 12- may be grown indoors. Light quality on - `--_or 14 -hour day-.willbe -covered with these -plants does not appear tobecriti- - _- - many flowers 6 to 8 weeks later. Arri- cal. Plants will -grow when exposed 12 to can violets grown on daylcngths longer 16 hours daily to a .wide range of fluo- -.-- -. --► than 12 or 14 hours form leaves, but the'rescent sources. Because the environ- -.. flower stalks often do not emerge from = -menl in" these areas- is - not controlled, the leaves.. Plants grown in 16-. to 24• differences between lamps _ are difficult hour days develop leaves that are a pale to delect and to repeat. At best. we have green color with burned areas. - -a primitive knowledge of light intensities ' The African violet .grower.was also `° and durations for growing a wide sclec- = -1 - ---- -,- the first -to 11c11cfll 1`111111 file liv of fla0• :Titin of rdxnftr Indio!$YC Ab'v - rcvccnl lamps having special phosphors exploring` -..the --.growing of many, new - for plant growth. These (amps were pre- ."types of plants. They.. want to grow flow- - dominantly pink or lavender in color cring,and_ fruiting: plants. .Success :will . - -- and enhanced theappearance of favcn-:depend on the skills of the individual — der, pink, red, blue. and purple flowers gardener in selecting light intensities and and darkened the appearance of green lamp sources and procedures to regulate f, - the temperature and gas exchange. uncertainties of _ calibration, ..accuracy, _ Fluorescent lamps are -the `most com-• and instrument variation. radi- - - mon light source for indoor gardens or - ometry, measurements arc best left to displays of foliage or flowering plants. 17 qualified laboratories. At present. lamps readilyavailable at' Illumination` or photometric measure-.. the retail orwholesalelevel are 40 -watt, ments of light andradiationfor plants. - - - - cool -white, daylight or-.--planbgrowth:;,- must be. used with -_ extreme - care, as lamps. -,Warm-while,'deluxc cool -white,- plant response to -dight _differs from:--- rom -deluxe deluxewarm -white, andred:-or yellow -.:human -eye response 11,2,D,4].The emis- -.-- --; -fluorescents maybeavailable occasion- sion in specificwavelengthintervals for ally. ' any generic type of lamp can he calcu- A.standard luminaire for four 40 -watt laaed from illumination measurements `- lamps will provide. nearly 1000. footcan-.. and.. spectral '. power: curves. Table 1 - dies (10,000 lux) about .6 inchesfrom shows the expected emission of light the lamps and 600. to 700 footcandles-` sources.: by generic type for the wave- -- ` (6000-7000 lux) 1 -foot from.the lamps. length intervals important inhoricultu- 1500•mA lamps yield 1000 to 2000'` ral lighting. Reliable estimates of radia - ,will footcandles (10.000-20,000: lux) 1 root tion can be made -.:with an illumination from the lamps ina standard luminaire,. hich meter and -the data in:Table -1, which - With- 1500-mA'lamps. positive ventila- With are a combination of manufacturers:.. - pp_ tion is usually.' required - to keep the data, published information, and test - - - - - lamps from operating at high tempera- data of the authors. Except for incan- - - _ - • - tureswith reduced light output. � _ descent, the datacan be extended to - :- • _. ' A - convenient fluorescent -: lamp for - lamps or different watt rating of the - _... -._ _=_ plant, light in homes is the U-shaped same generic type; in direct' proportion 40 -watt fluorescent, which can be to the lumen rating. r7 mounted either vertically or horizontally,_ in a 2 -foot (0.6m) overall length. Stan- A lookt,h��d ►,r - dard : 2.. by..2 luminaires (0.6 by 0.6m) At present, only-. a few of the florist with . -U -tubes. can be -used horizontally and nursery production businesses make - over planters or vertically on a wall with effective use of artificial light to regulate - L: -.plants in' front -of:the luminaire. Two the growth and, development of plants. -! - - U -lamps will -provide 200 to 400 foot- The increasing costs of energy and labor - candles (20004000 lux) 1 foot from the and other production factors will require ; lamps.- - -- the development of efficientproduction- `= For growth or flowering indoors, most methods. Now, more than ever, we must - - ornamentals and vegetables require 1000 become.: acquainted with the specific - - -. to 2000 footcandles (10,000-20,000 lux) lighting,: requirements of plants. Pro-. of, light.- including a red' and far -red grams -.that incorporate the maximum source (incandescent),'just as is required , use of the lamps into systems for envi- in greenhouses. This level of illumina- ronmental control will permit increased ! tion -may be incompatible with existing ` photosynthetic efficiency and reduced -. lighting in living areas of the home, but j growing time. it can be used in basements or inconve- Ment adjacent rooms or buildings. REFERENCES - NOrUCukural11o1rWro t, Anonymous, "Growing rooms:: Growl- - r1NO surements . - - ervic Handbook - No." l: the Electrid0- - As all horticultural light sources emit Council. London, 72 pp.. 1972. radiation in the - visibk- region, direct' 2. Anonymous, ."Lighting in greenhouses;' Growelertric Handbook. Na. l: the Electric-` t--_ photometric measurements are the most p - ity Council. London. 99 pp., 1917. " -.- --practical. illumination meters are rel:r- -_-y.-IlaIL U., "lligh•intenviiy lights." Growers - - _' tively;low in. cost and easily compared Tolkr, Vol. 37, pp. 1-18. 196J, with - standards -or other meters. - Al. 4• Bickford. E. D.7 and Dunn. S..' Lighting _ though a number or radiometers: and for Plane Growth, The Kent State University - Press, 221 pp., 1972. - - special meters -are available for -relating --:-S.-Borihwick. H. A..: "Some principles of- _ lamp, and plant response,- there remain . . growing plants with arlifaal light.- USDA. L Ir,HTINfs DFS16N F APPI If, ATION r-nlrlvF�ARFA in7A 0.444-116. January, 1964. _ --- petunia." Planta, Vol. W, pp. 201-218, 1965. - - -6:-' Borthwick, If. A.."Phytochrome action - - 24. Friend, D. J. C., "The promotion of flo- • - and its time displays." The American Nam- ral initiation of wheat by far -red -radiation." -= -raper, Vol. 98, pp. 347-355. 1964. Phyaiol. Plantarum, Vol. 17; pp._ 902-920, ' _`---7;Borthwick.H. A.. -Light effects with par- 1964.-' - -y, ticular reference to seed germination,'" Proc. 25• Garner, W. W.. and Allard. H. A., "Ef- - Int. Seed Torr Ass., Vol. 30. pp.. 15-27. 1965:. feet of the relative length or day; and night N.: Borthwick,. H. A.,. Hendricks,. S. B.. andother. factors of theenvironment -on r - Schneider, M. J., _Taylorson, R. B.. and growth and reproduction in plants. • J. Age. ..Toole. V. K., "The high-energy .light action Hes:: Vol. 18, pp. 554-fA7, 1920.- - - - -. - -controlling -plantresponses -and develop. 26,, Halpin, J. E.. and Farrar, -M. -D., "The -.-menta'-Prov. Sar. Arad.'SeL, Vol. 64. pp. effect of 4 different fluorescent light sources'-- 479486, 1969. - - _:.. -plant -on: the. growth oforchid seedlings," Amer. - 9.- Buck,- J. A.. "Commercial growth OrrhidSoc. Bull., 416420, 1965.- --' - ' lighting." LDd A, Nov, 1973, pp. 3741. - 27. Illuminating Engineering Society Hand - 10. Canham, A. E., ArlifIcial Light in /fort. --hook. 51h edition. 1972, Illuminating Engi• - irulmre, Contrex Publishing Co.. Eindhoven, ncering Society, 345 East 47th Street, New - - The Netherlands, May, 1966.:'- - -. York. New York..- --- II-Cathey. H. M.. "Guidelines for the ger- 28.'Krizek, D. T., Bailey, W. A:, Kluetcr..' .- urination of annual, pot plant. and ornamen-- II: H.. and Cathey: H. M.. "Controlled envi- -- - talherb seed;' -Floc. Rev.;part -1, 144 (no. - torments for seedling production ;'•• Proc. 3742) 21-23.-56. 60; part 2,_ 141 (no. 3743) Its. Plant Prop. Son. VoLLB,. pp._ 273-280 18-20, 52. 53: part 3. 144 (no. 3744) 26, 29, _-. 1968.' - - 75-77.1969. _. - -29.- Krizek, D. T., Klueter, H. H.. and 82i- - 12.- Cathey.. H. M., Chrysanthemum mori-. ley, W. A., "Effects of day and night tem - folium (Ramat.) Htmsl., chapter 11. p. 268-- : perature and type of container on the growth- - - - ' - 290 in the Induction of Flowering.. Edited by '- of F, hybrid annuals in controlled environ-:. L. T. Evens. The Macmillan company: or ments.- Amer. J. Bot., Vol- 59. pp. 284-289. Australia PTY; Lid.. 1969. - - 1972:. _ -.'Fv. - 13. Cathey, H. M.. -Participation of phyto- - . 30. Lane, H. C., CatM1cy, H. M-, and Evan, ,.. -- chrome in regulating internode elongation of L. T., "The dependence of flowering in sev. Chnaanrhemum--morlfolium --;. (Ramat.). :oral long-day plants on the spectral composi- '._HemsL, J. -Amer. --Coe. Hart. `SrL.-Vol. 99. lion of .light :extending -the -.photoperiod;'_:-: - `pp• 17-23, 1974 - - Amer. J. Bot.. Vol. 52, pp, 1006-I014, 1965. 14, Cathey, H. M., and. Borthwick, H. A.:-:: 31.- Morgan, S. F., and Cooke, 1. l., Supple- -- - ' "Cyclic lightingforcontrolling flowering of memory Light Sources for. Glasshouse Crops chrysanthemums." Proc-A neer.: Sor. Hart -1. Lettuce, The Electricity. Council Research =SrL. Vol. 78. pp. 545-552. 1961.:: Centre, job no. 018. 19 pp., 1971. ,.IS: Cathey, H:M..and Campbell, LE., -':J2. General Electric Company.. Plans --."Security lighting and its impact on the _ Growth Lighting. TP -127. landscape," USDA CA -NE -7, November. - 33. Pinchbeck, .W.,- Johnson, F. -K.- Stilcs. : �•. 1973.- - - D. N., and Norma. S- J., Increased Produr- -. .'r• ------- --16. Cathey, H. M..' and Campbell. L. -E., lion -of"Forever Yours" Rates with Supple•-.-_ ----- _.- - "Relative effectiveness of five vision -lighting -enol Lighting. General Electric Tech. Into. • sources -on photo -regulation -of 22 species or -Ser.,71.OL-001.1971:- - ornamental plants;" J. Anter."Sor. Hort. 34. Sailer, R. L., -and Wetherell, D. F., -P- Scl. (in press). - - -. *'Pholomorphogenesis in Sinningia Speciosa. - �t 17.-Cathey, H. M., Klueter, H. H., and Bai- n• cv. Queen Victoria.-: 11. Stcm elongation: in- Icy,:W.-A.. "Indoor gardens with controlled-- Icy, 'lcraclion of a. pbylochrome-controlled pro - lighting;' USDA Home and Garden Bulli-` cess and a red -requiting. . energy dependent - - - tin, no. 187• - reaction," Plant Phyilol.. Vol. 43, pp. 961- -r. - - 18: Cathey, H. M., Smith. F. F., Campbell. 967, 1968. L I_. Hartsoek. J. G.. and McGuire, J. R.,-,-..-35.-Schneider. M. J., Borthwick,- H. A-, and "Response of Acer robrimi to treatment by; - Hendricks, S. B.. "Effects of radiation on supplemental. lighting, reflective aluminum flowering of HJ•oscyamus nigrr." Amer. J. t. mulch. and a'systemic soil insecticide;* J. Bat. Vol. 54, pp._ 1241-1249,1967.. - Amer. Soc. Hort. Set. (in press)- -. _: 36. Toole, V. K., "Effects of light, tempera -19.-Cockshull, K. E., Phosoperlodir Control - lure:and -their -interactions on the germing - - _ of._ Flowering in `: Chrysanthemum in Crop - tion or seeds;' Seed Sri: d Technot.. Vol. I, - - i Prnrrnrs in Controlled Environments. Edit-.- . pp. 339-396. 1973. -- - -- "'- ed by A. R. Rees,' K. E. Coekshull.. D. W. Hand. and R. G. Hurd, pp. 235-250, Aca• - - - demie Press, London. 1972. -.`20. Corth,` Richard. -A nuorescent source- - for plant growth applications;' LD&A, Nov... - - • ;; r: 1973. pp.42-43.... -.. ---:-21.-Downs, R. J...-•'Pholoeontrol of germi- nation of seeds of the Bromeliaceae,' Phyron Vol. 21(1). pp. 1-6. -- 22._ Downs, R. J., Smith, W T.. and Jividen, G. M., -."Effect. or light quality during the -- - - -- - high intensity' light - period.. on; growth of plants." paper no. 73.4525. Amer. Soc. o/ - -- Age, Eng. (mimeo), 1973. -'- 23.= Evans, :-L -T., Hendricks, S. B., and -- -- -.' Borthwick, If. -A.,"The role of in sup- _light :;.pressing hypocotyl elongation in lettuce and - -- „ ...':. ,. err:.rnnrn nr.•ica r: .rnr rr nTtnsr . pMrrssarn 1neA one-fifth the electricity of incandescent lamps, permitted better visi- bility. The use ofoutdoorlighting subsequently_ increased. - These lamps emitted blue light but little red and were attractive to night-flying ; insects. No:effects :of light were repotted:except-.for-extremely . light-sensitive plants such as poinsettias in greenhouses. 3�s Metal halide lamps, which have better color emission and greater efficiency, were an- improvement ..over :.mercury . `.Recent improvements-in mercury with phosphers,_however, have resulted in color rendition similar to metal halide. : About 1965, the introduction of high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps ' gave street lighting ,a,yellow-colored lamp, with approximately_ double the efficiency of mercury lamps.' These lamps emit less: blue light with more .' ��:-• yellow and red light: , Present use of high-intensity discharge lamps in malls, parks, and residential areas varies from 1t 5 footcandles,depending on distance - between `lamps. __Urban areas would normally,be•expected_to have higher levels than sparcely settled regions. Three questions thatariseare: Do these lamps have more effect ter. on altering the growth of plants than the ones that they replaced? What is the effect of increasing the intensity of light throughout urban - ..., areas? What kinds of changes' in plant. growth should we expect From the ' new security` lighting? To answer these and related questions, we should ,first summarize how photoperiod regulates the growth of plants. Photoperiod Day-length effect on plants has been identified for more than 50 _.[ years as the major signal from the environment that regulates plant response. From these observations,-we now know that light-dark cycles } during the 24-hour day trigger the flowering, branching, dormancy, bulbing, and many other growth responses of plants.----Studies of artificial dight sources'enabled USDA research scientists to discover that the red part of 'the visible spectrum was the triggering light. cArtificial light" ` helped them to identify and isolate "phytochrome" --,a blue, photorevers-` 'ible pigment whose red (580-700 nm) and far red ,(700-850 nm) absorbing forma regulate plant''responsea. Any light =source-that affects the photoperiod :responses ,of plants acts through its red content. Incandescent-filament lamps, whose radiation is primarily in the red region, are_the standard source for adjusting the' photoperiod of plants. Plants may be classified into three major types: short-day,; long-.day, and 'cday-neutral. Short-day plants continue in vegetative growth or in flower only - ;• '� when the length of the daily light period is less than a critical number of hours. Daily light periods shorter than the critical number promote -vegetative growth or flowering. Daily light periods longer than.the critical number inhibit vegetative growth or flowering. 2 Long-day plants continue in vegetative growth or flower only when the daily light periodislonger than the critical number of hours. is shorter than th They become dormant or form rosetting plants when the daily light - period e critical length. Day -neutral plants continue in vegetative growth or regardless of the day's length. flower Light throughout the 24-hour day inhibits flowering and promotes vegetative growth of short -day planta;, encourages continued vegetative. growth. and early flowering of_long-day plants, and increases stem 'lengths of day -neutral -plants Plants-- Plants vary „greatly, in their responsiveness to - light source, duration, and intensity. Since the new light source ;HPS, provides illumination from dusk to dawn at intensities seldom before used' forstreetlighting, many questions have been received from florists and nurserymen concerning what effect -these lights would have on their -fields and greenhouses adjacent to the brightly lighted areas. "Poinsettia, chrysanthemum, and orchid growers learned the first year that their Plants had to be covered nightly in order -to avoid -altering their _ scheduling of flowering. Into `the 'fall season young `plane trees (sycamores) 1n [he nursery grew more season ,and much later than planta of a similar age that had been -screened -from the night lighting. Winter dieback-was severe on the lighted trees during the following spring. Experiments on Relative Effectiveness Experiments were conducted -at -the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, "Beltsville, -Md., to determine the relative `effectiveness :of five light sources on photoregulation of 22 species of ornamental ,planta:' An abstract of the research waspublishedin HortScience for the_lants., An meeting of the American Society f9713 or Horticultural Sciences "Abstract. I When compared at a level of 1 ft -c. for 16 hra at a night temperature-of_68'F the S light sources delayed flowering of short day plants -(chrysanthemum, marigold, rieger begonia)promoted; vegetative growthof (2 species of Ulmus, 2'species-of Acer, Koelreuteria, Rhodo_ do�� Rhus and 2elkova), and promoted flowering of long day -plants ;(Marguerite, carnation; petunia) in the order from,_moat tq least'effective: Incandescent (INC)'> High Pressure Sodium (NPS) >> Metal 'Halide - Cool White Fluorescent >> Clear r. Poinsettia, Butula,_Catalpa,,Platanus and Tilia continuedetougraw vegetatively; in response to e1Y sources. Ilex and two species of Pinus did not respond to any of the light sources. Lighting with HPS lamps_ had to.be increased at least 4 -to -8 -fold (on a -ft- c -basis) to regulate vegetative growth of long,day-plants and delay the flowering of short day plants in comparison to INC lamps. HPS lamps were ineffective in promoting early flowering of long day plants, regardless of intensity; or, duration."' Based on this abstract and subsequent interviews, we have received numerous requests to clarify the impact -of the new -at rest lighting technology on plants in the landscape.' 3 The lamp types used in the experiments and the intensity of : radiant energy at plant height per footcandle <, Microwatts_per.square centimeter per lumen Total w Lamp Watts lamp - 400-700 580-700 700-850 lumens white red far -red. Incandescent 60 810 4.4 2.9 5.6 filament ' (standard frosted) Fluorescent 215 12,400 3.2 1.1 .1 K:= (cool white) Mercury '' 250 11,600 ``3.0 2 .2 .,,. (clear) Metal halide175 12,000 9.0 1.5 .6 High-pressure sodium 2751/ 25,00( 2.6 1.7 1.0 - 1/ Now manufactured as 250 watt_with no change in spectral output per lumen. J. -.1. Is there combination of factorsinvolved, all of which must. be eliminated, or is there'a single key factor at the root of the problem? Light exerts its -growth -controlling effects only when the environ- mental -and cultural conditions' are properly combined to permit=rapid growth. ' Any factor that would limit growth -- cold,; heat, drought, standing water --'could override the effects of the security: lighting. Light.alone, at the intensities used for street lighting, is insufficient to sustain growth. Ito effects come into force only when the natural day is adequate to permit growth. Thus, night -temperatures -below 55° or s_ above 90" F limit the-effectiv_eness.o_f the night Periods of -lighting. extra dry or wet weather would limit growthand thus reduce the sensi- tivity of the plants to the night lighting. , ,+ 2., Wouldn't mercury lamps (or any light source) produce the same " - result with higher than normal light levels? The effectiveness of a light source is dependent on its radiation a- in the.red region. Mercury lamps emit little -radiation_ in the red region; ,thus, any increase in the intensity of light_from this source I would not be expected to have;any more effect: than a; less .intense lighting level.- Color -improved mercury lamps are essentially the ordinary mercury, lamp with a', fluorescent powder covering the inside . surface. :Little red radiation is produced, since again the improved A - lamps would have no detectable effect, on most plants. 4 1 Photoregulation Ause of artificial light is not�anslocated from one limb of, the plant to another. One can observe directly the effects of the lighting in relation to the distance of the plant to the light and the effects of .the position of the various limbs of the plant to the -light source. 7 Are trees affected becauseofthe continuation of -a minimum level of light, daylight and artificial. on a 24 hoir'basis with no w� o2portunity-to rest? Growth responses thataredue to photoperiod have no relationship to the concept of rest. This is a concept that mankind brings from its own t way of 'living to the plant world. -Plants live Put -of -doors -throughout 12 -months -and adjust 'their growth patterns in-response.to the light -dark - I signal from the environment : Their actions are modified by temperature, carbon;dioxide, nutrition, water, and -many other factors. Continuous t ' lighting depresses the formation and maintenence of chlorophyll in leaves and promotes lengthening of the internodes of _the -branches and expansion }; of the leaf area. - All of these changes increase the likelihood that the leaves will be more sensitive to air pollution during the growing season: Most daily newspapers report the concentration of oxidants in the atmosphere based on the standards of measurement established by the Council of Government's ' r Air Quality Index. Air pollution alerts are called when the level of oxidants -in the atmosphere exceeds 100 parts per 100 million (by definition). Planta';in a state of more rapid growth:face a; greater risk of being injuredbythe increasing levels and frequencies of air r pollution than plants growing without security lighting.One can detectair pollution injury on the recently' matured leaves,'as they will 3. initially have a glistening, -.oily-appearance. The tissues between the veins of the leaves may turn pale green to white. The margins of some leaves may dry to tan and may eventually rupture. The oldest leaves .;, may progressively die and drop _from _the plants. S. Are any figures available onhow many footcandles are required' -to make trees grow faster and or longer? Footcandles are a-measure`of the _amount ,of visible light, based on i the sensitivity of the human eye. The curve is bell shaped, -and the I r� maximum sensitivity occurs in yellow green. The blue and red regions, on opposite ends of the visible spectrum, _are not -detected readily by the -- �.i. 'eye as is, the yellow region. The red.I -region of the the photoperiod ofspectrum-regulates plants. -g,: a ':footcandle:meter can measure the:intensity ofthelight, but only with diminished sensi- tivity and possible inaccuracy. We do not know the footcandle sensitivity - for continued vegetative growth of most landscape plants when one uses HPS lamps as the light source. They do give high footcandle readings • r 6 - but ,the red region is considerably lower than that emitted by incande�cent- filament lamps. The intensity of, light from HPS lamp's should be increased at least fourfold to create a lighting system with photoregulation similar to a response produced by an -incandescent -filament lamp: - 9. We are currently.building a massive development where high- pressure sodium street lamps are going to be used for security purposes. Wt! Dlan tism ki Dl ant trees 4 inches or larger in caliber (stem diameter), Will the lamps 40 feet high have an c effect on these new trees? The effects of the lighting will depend on the type, of tree selected for the areaandon how close the lamps will be to the trees. For example, a 400 -watt HPS lamp on a 30 -foot pole emits about l footcandle of light 20 to 30 feet horizontally on the ground. The light level increases as one moves closer to the light source. ' 71 Sycamores and elms, for example, should be expected to respond to the lighting during their ,first years by continuing to grow for a'longe� period in the .fall. -.Other species would exhibit intermediate or low growth responses Ko the security lighting. Sensitivity of 18 trees to security lighting High Intermediate _ Low > , Acer letanoidesp -Acer rubrum Ilex o acs (Norway —(Red —maple) maple) (American holly) Betula paprifere Ginkgo biloba r Liguidambar etyraciflua- (Paper birch) (Ginkgo) (Sweetgum) Catalpa bignoniodes Gleditsia triacanthos Magnolia:gzandiflora (Catalpa) (Honeylocuet) (Bull bay) Platanue acerifoliaKoelreuteria paniculata Pinus nigra (Sycamore) s� (Goldenrain-tree) . (Austrian pine) '••-' , Ulmus americana Sophora japonica -P rue calleryana (Americane (Japanese pagoda -tree) (Bradford pear) - Zelkova serrata Tilia cordata (Zel:ova) Quercus hellos (Littleleaf linden) (Willow oak) Plants have been listed alphabetically and are not grouped in -descending order of sensitivity.. A high, intermediate, or low rating identifies the relative responsiveness of the plants to security lighting. Planta .with low sensitivity would be preferred in areas with security lighting._, 7-- - 7 i 10.- Would shutting off the light source for a given period of time each night reduce the effects of the lights? The response of the trees is based on continuous illumination from` the time of intense sunlight and continued by the artificial light. The maximum effectiveness of the light is dependent on the fact that the light continues uninterrupted throughout the 24 hours. Continuous ' lighting -permits the minimum intensity of light to exert its effects in creating a long-day effect on plants. One simple method; to reduce the effectiveness of the lights in regulating plant growth is to shut off the lamps -for -2 to 4 hours -during -the early part of the evening.. This dark period permitstheplants to reset their timing system. From a security viewpoint, however, darkened areas during the early evening would defeat the purpose of the lighting -- to permit continued .,A - surveillance throughout the night 11. - Could you -indicate certain tree species that might be more tolerant to high-intensitylighting than others? Many, types of trees are used to decorate the landscape. They possess varying sensitivity to high-intensity lighting. - One would expect the recently planted trees to be particularly responsive to the lighting; = older, slower growing trees tendtobecome dormant by midsummer in most _ •te growing>areas.--Thus, the lighting would exert no` measurable effects on the plants. In our tests, using pines as an example of a conifer and - Japanese holly -as an example of -a broadleaf evergreen these plants did not visibly respond to night lighting from any source when the intensity ' was l footcandle. Deciduous trees were more responsive to the lighting. Red maple, for example, was less responsive to the lighting than was Norway maple (see list following; question,9). 12. Are plants in our tropical regions affected by high-pressure' +•?,,� sodium lamps? Most plant growth in our tropical areas is Tess obviously controlled by -photoperiod than plant growth ,in the more temperate' climates. The photoperiod in these -areas -is seldom more than 13 -or -l4 -hours -and is seldom less than 11>hours.:..Since the effects of the lighting is to override the natural regulatory system 'of,photoperiod, it would be expected'that plants in tropical regions would have growth throughout the year, shifts in the time of flowering or leaf drop, and eventually plants radically different looking from those growing without the lighting. The response will depend on the light level, on the ambient ' '• `temperatures, and on the cultural conditions. Alternatives We can expect the continued installation of security lighting through- out the United States in order -to maintain good visibility. Each of us AM can influence this trend by considering the following alternatives: Selection of lamp type.--rHPS could be used where high visibility on streets -or freiways is required and where only light -tolerant plants -would i be used. Although less efficient than NPS lamps, metal halide lamps •-r- would be preferred -in malls, parks, and residential areas where dense (; plantingsaremade and where color rendering of plants, people, and F '' buildings',is desired. " c Shielding. --The least expensive fixtures (luminaires) often emit light in 180* radiance under the lamp. Covering lenses or shields can - sometimes be used to direct the light to the -street and, away ,from the -plants. More expensive fixtures have additional built-in shielding to- .aid in controlling light: :u-- Selection of plants. --Cooperative work of urban planners, landscape mss - architects, and horticulturists should be started to 'identify "which plants are suited to the environment -ofsecuritylighting. Some commonly used street `trees `such as elm and sycamore may have to be avoided in future plantings. With the great variety;of plant materialavailable and often not considered, environmentally adapted plantings can be planned. Installation and maintenance programs. --New plantings could be installed in the fall months of the year to ,permit a full -year; cycle of growth and adjustment prior to the following summer 'and "fill, whenNOW the major impact of the lighting is expected to ,occur. To slow growth during this period and -during subsequent -years, -the frequency of watering and the level of fertilizers should be reduced. I- Maintenance programs;' during the first years of growth can greatly help to decrease the sensitivity of the plants to security lighting, as well as to heat, cold, drought, air pollution, and salt injury.- However, the majority of plants brought into urban areas die, because there is no maintenance following their installation into the landscape. The Ornamentals Laboratory plans to continue research in its green- houses and in cooperative projects with urban -planners and horticulturists. By Henry M Cathey, research horticulturist and Chief, Ornamentals Laboratory, ' Plant Genetics and Germplasm Institute, and Lowell E. Campbell, agricultural engineer, -Agricultural"Environmental Quality': Institute, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville," Md. 20705 9 - Sources of Additional Information ` Borthwick, H. A., and Hendricks, S. B. 1960. Photoperiodism in plants. Science 132: 1223-1228. Garner, 1920. W. W., and Allard, H. A. Effect of the relative length of day and night and other factors of the environment on growth and reproduction in plants.. Jour. . I Agr. Res. 18: 553-607. !` Hillman, 1973. W. S. Light, time, and signals of the year. Bioscience 23: 81-86. NW �i Perry, 1971. T. 0. Dormancy of trees in winter. Science 171: 29-36. 4- _ 10 T Table 1. Scientific and common names of plant species discussed In this report as observed exposed to high-pressure sodium illumination. vapor Scientific liaee - -- = Common Name Acer ginnala. Amur maple Acer platanoides „ Norway maple A. p. 'Columnaret - - - Columnar Norway maple A. P• 'Crimson king' Crimson king maple A. p• 'Emerdld queen' Emerald queen maple A. p.. 'Fassen' - Fassen's Norway maple A. p. 'Schwedleri' Schwedler maple Acer rubrum --.--Red maple - Acer saccharinum Silver maple Acer saccharum Sugar maple - Aesculus hippocastanum Horse -chestnut Ailanthus altissima Ailanthus - legonia spp. Begonia lrctula. paPprifera Paperbirch Canna spp, Canna lily Catalpa speciosa Northern catalpa Onrya spp, - Hickory Chaenomeles speciosa Flowering quince iernus florid¢ Flowering dogwood Crataegus spp. Hawthorn • • 8 Scientific IleneCommon 11nme Washington thorn Crataegus phacnopyrum Forsythia' Forsythia spp. Fraxinus americana White ash F. a. 'Autumn purple'_ le ash Autumn purple Fraxinus-pcnnsylvanica'lanceolata Green ash F. 1.` 't;arehall's seedless' Marshall's seedless ash P. Geranium _ Geranium spp. Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo Honey -locust = Gleditsia triacanthos G. t. 'Skyline' Skyline locust English ivy Hedera helix Black walnut Juglans nigra- Juniperus chinensis''Pfitzeriana' Pfitzer;Juniper` Crape -myrtle Lagerstroemia_indica Ligustrum ibota Privet Liquidambar styraciflua Sweet -gum Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora Flowering crab Malus spp• White mulberry Diorus:alba Petunia Petuniaspp. _ Colorado blue spruce Picea pungens t;ugo pine Pinus mugo Platanus r. acerifolia London plane Scientific Na-e Common Name Prunus cerasifera 'Newport' Newport, plum Prunus persica- Peach Pyrus-calleryana 'Bradford' Bradford pear Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak Quercus borealis Northern red oakJ Quercus palustris _ -Pin oak Quercus phellos- Willow oak Quercus robu_^ English oak Sophora japonica Japanese pagoda tree Spiraea x`bunalda 'Anthony Waterer' Anthony 1-7aterer spiraea " Syringa vulgaris` - 4ommon-lilac Taxus spp. Yew Tilia cordata Little-leaf linden T. _c._.'Greenspire' Greenspire linden Ulmus a.-ericena - American elm U. a. 'Hybrid' Hybrid elm U. a. 'Moline' Moline elm Ulnus-glabra Scotch pine Zelkova serrata - Japanese`zelkova" Z. a. 'Village green' Village green zelkova Photos courtesy Chicago Bureau of Forestry, Parkways and Beautification • . • U - Figure 1. a, b, c, d. Trees growing in close proximity to_400-watt -- )IPS ,lamps. ,YounC,trces "leafing -out" found along south -side of E. Chicago Avenue between It, Lakc Shore Drive and Fairbanks Court. Large elm in full foliage is growing on north=side. _ t . y l: a. Norway. maple b. Honey -locust L - A- c. Honey -locust d.American elm Photos courtesy Chicago Bureau of Forestry, Parkways and Beautification 3. Surrey o£ t :rspl�ntso:iag along N. Pine Grove Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Observed S; J. N. Andresen 1913 .Table and C. A. Stewart on 3'June 1974• 150 -watt h'Ps-_lamps mounted 20 feet above pa:exe•_t, installed 23 I:ove .ber dbh 'rt. Date Di.mance From Co-ditioa ' Specie: in. ft. 'Planted L_ ..t Sourcc of Tree Remarks Location Acer pl tanoides 5 16 Apr '70 90 Full leaf Healthy Anshe iY�et Synagogue 'Sch- edleri' " 5 16 20 „ `. 5 16 65 „ • 2 14 Apr '72- 30 3700 2.. Pine Grove Avenue Gleditsia triacanthos "` 3700 2 14 „ _, 60 z - - ll " 15 ., -; n .3 io „ 2 15 _ - 35 X710 2 - 16 20 „ 37203720 t� 2 14 „ 45 3736 „ 3736 „ 2 14 35 „ „ - 374p „ 2 14 „ 65 „ 2 14 „ 25 „ 3750 Distance in feet from base of light standard to base of tree. • _ � u Photos courtesy Cticn(;o Burenu of Forestry,-ParY.waya and Beautification. -lized seedlings and mature trees gro.--ing along �� strcets_of down Clevele _0 to --m ndl! on 13 June 1971,: -00 as t U Cy of transplr-nts,natu-,- ..Table 6. S r;' 'ty nalzh Bever -Ica and Eduard -Krupa, Stal Forestry, ff Assistarlt, Cts -ed j W.- 116 - - =cuzited- 31 ft - a7:)Ovc Z, dbh ht. Date Distance From Condition Remarks Location in. ft. Flamed Flan' I drInt Source Ft. of Tree Acer Plata:cities 20 Full leaf Healthy 2829 Euclid Ave""' tcriz:sen king' 3 12 1971- 522 Superior ' A cer SP-cc-ar= 2 15 1971 20 10 2 15 1971 Healthy Ailanthus alti-ssiIrp 3 15 1 20 seedling 5407 Euclid Healthy 1714 -C--at=cZus p.haeropyrum 2 10 10-11 10 25 11 It 2 10 1971 1704 2 10 1971 25 163o 2 10 11071 25 -L607 2 8 1971 5 5205 'Gleditsia tri aeantbos 6 20 1964 1968 10, 5 3201 It 4 15 3118 I 1 2 9 1971 25 2 9 1971 25 3041 6 15 1968 10 6 - 15 1968 10 2851- It IT 110 1972 15 1751 E. 9th Street - 3 15 19T1 10 3 -15 1971 15 1801 3 15 1971 5 315 1971 5 1810 15- 1971 20 1859 3 15 1971 5 py--us calleryana 8 10 3551 Euclid 11 'Bradford' 2 8 197i 1971'.10 2 2 8 1971--. 971 10 1619 2 8 1971 10 Table 6. Continued. db'h h'.. Date Distance From Condition S-recies in. ft. Planted Lirht Source Ft. of Tree- Remarks Locati ion .y -.:s ca a C .8 1071 10 Full leaf U Hcal�hy 1438 Euclid -Avenue - 2 8 197I 15 11 to It 2 6 1971 It 1416 Euclid Avenue, 2 6- 1971 15 1402 2 6 1971 10 .1hol 2 5 1971 10 to 2 8 11071 10 1420 It Mia ccrdata 5 15 1568 15 3740- to It 6 15 1968 5 of 3002 of It it 6 15 1968 10 It 3000 of 11 6- 15 1968 -20 It 11 it It 3 15 1970 10 Suiericr E. 6th Street 11 3 15 1970 20 of 3 15 11010 10 to to 3 15 1970 10 It 15 1970 15 if It 'lm, s P"er-cana 12 25 10156 5 it to 3827 Euclid 9 25 20 8 20 196o 25 3615 2 to 1969 5 to 3134 to Ul=us glabra 26 50 5 3801 • -36 50 5to 3616 Table 7. Light-racter rcadinGs and tree responses in Milwaufee, Wisconsin. Readings and measurements taIten by J. W. ted -_sen a -ad Rocert Sfiera,, City Forester c-.-- 5 Ju.:e 1974. All trees were in full leaf : and in _calf:_: cc-dit_ca. a dbh ht. Date Distance From Foot-candle Date Light Height Light Srcc_es in. ft. Planted" Licht Source Ft. readinr** Installed Source Ft. Location Acer _.cidcs 3 10 1968 6 2.8 Dec. 1972 26 107 N33rd Street _^' A. p. 'CelL - re' 4 18 1969 25 1.8 June 1972 26 3120 WState Street :+ z._ rsscn' 2 9 1971 55' 0.5 Dec. 1972 31 2725-W.IO,mn 725 i.. Hi6 , e nsculus �.__c_ast=u3 12 28- 25 9 Dec. 1972 26 3410 W. Kilbourn Betula era _`8 15 25- 1.8 June 1972 26 3120 W. State Street r tle' 2 10_ 1971 10 2.8 _ June 1972 26 2809_W. State Street F. ;:=ns lvanica.- '. rz-hall'seedl. 3` 10 1968 5 2.7 Dec. 1972 26 839 N. 34th Street -c .. ' •s_� viae. -, e' 3 15 1970 40 0.5 Dec. 1972 31 2743 W. Highland` 3 10-_ 1969 20 2.2 Jure 1972 26 3201"W. State crus r. -Go 8 -I 25 1.8 „ „ 26 3120'W. State liiia ccrdata2 10 1968 20 2.5 -Dec. 1972 26 927 N. 33rd,Street 4 12 1968 25 -_ _ 2.0 „ ,, 26- LTL us ar .-icana ,Hybrid' 3 le 1.970 25 2.7 i " 3i 32o4 w. Highla-d =L' -.us a=.cricaaa ., brid 3 10 .1970 25 - 2.6 *All trees planted in String of year indicated. - - *.Readi-gs taken bet.een 9`p.m..and 10:30 p.n. at ground level using a General Electric Sensitive LiShtaete_r T: pe PF -1-J.- Scales 0-- 5 foot-candles. Additional readings taken under different sa.ple luminaires -..ere: Distance From Standard Buse Rc_3inr `0 3.5, 3:5;`3.2, 3.`1, 3.1, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.8,'2.8, 2.8 10 2.8, 2.8 PO 2.8 2.5, 2.2 - 25 1.8, 1.7 - `40 1.5 Sable 8 Survey cr1 cc ai.. Obser:^d of transplants,naturalized seedlings ace by J. W. Andre =ature treesgro ing ale^g streets of central rllsaayeP, and'RebertlSh.era� City Fo.estercf _o —^.r moi: t_d 26'icet abo-re pavccent. All trees b._l aurce on 6 Junc 1974. 250-.e,t ,.era la fLll leaf and in e healt!y conditicn. Srec`_ca _ dbh ht. Date- Distzrcc Prc. Date Lamp in. ft. Planted Li;ht Sou:, -c• Ft. T r_�r1_i_� _-. d Location Acer girnala 3 10 1955 60 It . 1.„ _ _ June 1973 813 E. Kilbourn > _5 50 Acer r tadc 3 10 ` 1968 10 Acer. plaata. tides 1 S 1972 20 June 1972 2825 W. State . 3 15 1907 15 Jur:,, 1 973 910 E. Kilbourn 1.5 9 1971 20 F. Wells& :L Cass „ 3 9 1971 1$ June 1973 E. Mas on & it. Van Buren „ 2 9 ::1971: 7 Dec. 1:1 29C0 W. Kzlboi n _ ` „ „ 1.5 8 1973 25 �� 1, „ = 2 9 1971 6 If 2939 „ „ „ 2 9 1971 20 n fl 3013 „ if „ 1.5 - 9. - 1973 15 - f, ,; 3037 , „. 2 —0 1970 - 8 „ f ...3313 f 5 20 1967 15 ” if - 3333 10 .3 — 3 ' �+ 755 W. `34th Street A. p: colu.:.aare 3 15 1968 10 741 IT 3 15 „ 20 Jane 1972 ff 3312 W. State 3 15 1968 35 „ - 21 „' :`3405 ^ - „ A• p ,11973 Schxedleri 1.5: 10 1971 10 11 1•$' 10 1971 15 n E. Astor & E. Juncau • ff 3 15 -1968 ,. G5 ;_. 1, n. n ,�. n E. fr 3 15 1963 20 IT " - -_.. 'K'napp Acer saccharinum 22 90 - 15 N. Van Buren & E. Knapp f 22 LO - - 5 - Sunt 1 2 - „ 97 3329 E. State le 45 2 1973 760 :•:. -Cass =: O ff 13 45 -- Dec. 1972 935 W. 34th Street Acer saccharum 2 15 1971 20 15 f, „ :--955 20 40 - 5 June 1 973 E. Kilbourn & N. Cass Decd 1972 2920 W. Silbourn Table 8. Continued - - . _.z c0 n,.. Dame Distance :rcn Date Lanip in. _t Y. Planted"' Lirht Scurcc Ft. Installed ---Location--- Ailanthus altissim-a 11 20 6 Dec. 1972 lhhl W. *ells Crctc_,:s sp. 3 - 8 1971 -15 Jure 1973 910 F.-rilbourn --=u_ : _nnS i.C:nica '' soil's seedless' 2 10 1971 15 ° 1972 2722 W. State 15 50 „ „ 3 =10 �5 ., 2742 „ 2 :- 10 m 15 „ 3 ' 15 h5 „ '- 2815 „ „ 3 -15 ,, 35 -- „ 2825 It ,. 1 5_--.:.10 �� -10 ;.,, „- `':2945 It It - 3 -'15 it20 _ -., _ „.3100 ,. _ „" 3 i 5 „ 20 ,. -3108 ., - - : " 2 9 " 8 Dec. 1972 ?:'. Wisconsin & 34 ?raxinus, =-ericana 8 - 20 8 0 It „ a' ?. eut= purpled 2 -'10 1971 5 June 1972 2809 W. State Gir%go bilcba_ 3 9 1972 15 1973 788 N. Jefferson ,. 3 9 ., 35 _11 7 20 1964 10 „ 789 7 20 25 Gleditsia triacanthos 5 15 1969 50 _" 1972 33rd Street & W. State • ,skyline' _ •, 5 -`15 " '10 _ -n :n_.- n n „ 5 15 25 " 15 1971 25 1973 910 E.'Kilbourn- Juslans nitre 8 1971 20 " 1972 2903 W. State .crus elba L 15 190'8 10 , " 2825 " :•zlus sp. 6 15 1955 55 " 1973 913 E. Kilbourn Prunus 'Tie. port' 3 8 1071 25 n " 1041 E. Knapp-_ icea P=G--ns 10 30 30 Dec. 1972 965 11.-3hth Tilie cc.-data 1 8 1973 10 June 1973 3.106 E.`Knapp - „ 1.5 8 1958 2597 Dec: 1972 .�i_ .:33rd & W. iCilboizrn Ulr-us enericana 2L•. 50 15 June 1972 3022 ?.. Stace „ 11 30 10 June 1973 760 N. Cass 8 .,20 8 Dec. 1972 11. 3hth &`W. Wisconsin L'. e. 'noline' lh °0 1950 15 June 19739i3 E.-:FilUourn N ,. 14 30 "' 25 910 lh 30 " 2 N.: Cass .& E. Ki]bour n --able 9. Telephone survey conducted between 3 June e_ -id 17 June 1971 of 16 cities using high-pressure sodium i llu—i ration. Lights used priz.arily in cc=ercial districts and along pri•.arf str ects. :rocs usually within _30 feet o 1:-_ps. All trees health-. and in :-igorcus Groth.* _ r _Trees'•'*-fi Lighting Small _ Large No Date Lamp Size Size Lam --s Iatrlled Watts Fit. Ft. No. dbh Date Est. No. dbh Appletcn WI- 120 1969-69 -boo .3 - 150 3-4 1964-66 - - • ti 'aata,�GA -- - 200= --1970 Loo 30, 1CO -4 1971-74. h0; 12-36 nal S=Ore, ,a) 1»'a'1 1972 Loo 20-30 500 3-4 1970-74 1000 12-36 C':IL 1071 400 30 - - - 50: 12-24 Col:=bus, OH- 100 1971 400 ho : 100 1 1/4-3 1970-72 - - cn, OH 20 19T2 250/400 25_ 30 2-4 1970-71 - - Detroit, NI 24 1973 400 30 100 6 1973 - - :crt'e1ayre,,111 .,250:_, 1973 400/1000 35/50 30 2-3 1973 50 12-20 11-2h indianapolis IN -300 1970 boo 30-50 150 2-3 ;, 1972 100 Kansas City, CA r 28 1 1971 or 40030 400 -. 25-30 50 4000 2 ^c-3 1971 1972 5000 12-30 _: Hier---crd, �A- 2000 1972 400 30-60 500 2-3 1972 600 12-36 Sprin;;field, IL LO - 1971 400 27 :100 2-3 1970 - - io� FA ' DC 400 1970 1970 400 25o/40o 32 30/40 100 800 2-4 2-3 - 1972 1969 1000 12-36 Washington, Worcester,` MA'` 20:L 90 o -'1,71-73 ` _ - 400/i000 3e/4o 5 2-3 1971 • {Except for general Lozaon plane decline in NYC (not related to HPS). **A11 city officials contacted indicated no damage caused by HPS. ***Species' names found under "city descriptions"._ �::=1000 TRIZEC CORPORATION E 1 LTD. - ANNUAL REPORT - TABLE OF CONTENTS Highlights of 1974 1 Consolidated Financial Statements Offices and Principal Balance Sheet 17_ Subsidiaries 2 Statement of Earnings 18_ " Directors and Officers 3 Statement of Retained Earnings 18 Chairman's Message 4-- Statement of Cash Flow Statement of Source and Review of Operations 6 Use of Funds_ 19 Summary of Property Interests 13 Notes to Financial Statements 20 23 _ --- -Auditors' Report Summary of Properties Under 24 Development 16 Graphs Ten Year Financial. Review 25 Si vous preferez recevoir ce rapport en franpais, bewllez vous adresser -__ adsecretaire, Trizec Corporation Ltd:, 5 Place Ville Marie, Montreal, Ouebec, H3B 2G6 t • _ Trizec Corporation LI and Subsidiary Companies HIGHLIGHTS OF 1974 — year ended October 31, 1974 1973 Cash Flow from Operations S 17,696,000 514,254,000 ` Per Share' S2.40 S1.95 Fully diluted $2.02 S1.67 Net Earnings before Extraordinary Gain S 4,964,000 $4,681,000' Per Share' _ 672d 640 Fully diluted 59.5¢ 56.7E Net Earnings S 6,056,000 S5,813,000 J Per Share' 820 80C Fully diluted 71.70 69.4c Gross Income $144,364,000 5113,261,000 Total Assets S857,513,000 S678,683,000 Paid -in Capital and Retained Earnings $110,025,000 S106,193,000 Shares Outstanding at October 31 7,394,722 7,342,702, Average Shares Outstanding 7,385,250 7,312,400 = Approximate Number of Shareholders 3,300 3,500 'Per share calculations ire based on the average number - of shorns outstanding during Iha period. - - I I 1 DIRECTORS Hon. Lazarus Phillips, James A. Lowden Vice President O.B.E., Q.C.— _ Edward M. Bronfman - Lawyer, Phillips &Vineberg - John A. Meyer , Chairman of the Board, David G. Philpott Vice President Edper Investments Ltd. President, D. G. Philpott & Michael M. Novac Peter F. Bronfman Associates Limited Vice President President, Edper Investments Ltd. Isidore C. PollackJack Rabinovitch Frank B. Common, Jr., O.C." Lawyer, Letourneau, Stein, Vice President Lawyer. Ogilvy, Cope, Porteous, Marseille, Delisle & LaRue William W. Tinmouth Montgomery, Renault, Clarke & Brian P. Riley Vice President Kirkpatrick Senior Vice President, J. Peter Griffin Edmond -Jacques Courtois, O.C. Trizec Corporation Ltd. Treasurer Lawyer, Laing. Weldon, Courtois,- Clarkson, Parsons & T@traulL James A. Soden, Q.C.' Chairman and Chief Executive Joseph H. Porteous, Q.C. Frank M. Covert, Q.C. Officer, Trizec Corporation Ltd. Secretary Lawyer. Stewart. MacKeen & Jack Wiseman Richard J. Bordewick Comptroller Covert Senior Vice President, _, Leo Goldfarb Trizec Corporation Ltd. Catrinus Renema Assistant Vice President Senior Vice President, Trizec Corporation Ltd. Margaret S. Lawrie The Rt. Hon, the - OFFICERS Assistant Secretary Viscount Hardinge, M.B.E.' James A. Soden Honorary Chairman, Greenshields Incorporated Chairman and Chief Executive Officer - TRANSFER AGENT _William Hay' William Hay Montreal Trust Company, President, Trizec Corporation Ltd. President Montreal, Halifax, Toronto, , Winnipeg, Calgary, Vancouver Leo Goldfarb Peter R. Kirwan -Taylor Senior Vice President Executive Director,_ , Brian P. Riley - SHARE LISTINGS English Property Corporation Senior Vice President Toronto Stock Exchange Limited Louis A. -Lapointe, Q.C. Jack Wiseman Montreal Stock Exchange Chairman, Miron Company Ltd. Senior Vice President David A. Llewellyn' Donald M. Reid Senior Vice President AUDITORS Director and Chief Executive, Coopers & Lybrand English Property Corporation Kenner C. Ames Chartered Accountants, Limited-- - Vice President Montreal, Quebec Stanley, E. Nixon David W. Jordan Corporate Director . Vice President and Financial Consultant -Member of the Executive Committee 'Member of the Executive Committee and the Audit committee _ 3 . There is some satisfaction in the extent to institutions for investment, through the agency of which the anti -development sentiment, which broke: your company, in prime commercial properties over the real estate investment industry during the throughout North America. The institutions are last few years, seems now to have somewhat Deutsche Bank A G. Commerzbank A.G., Baye- abated and to be more rational in its approach. rische Vereinsbank and Wohnungswirtschaft It has teff behind, however, much hastily conceived Wuestenrot. The main thrust of this investment legislation, some of.which is in the process of program; in which your company -will participate, 9 is being directed towards first class office bwldings being amended. The Canadian institute of Public Real Estate Companies, of which your company principally in the larger, cities, but also in smaller was a founding member, is working closely with cities with attractive growth prospects. theappropriate authorities in its continuing effort Your company has agreed as a first step in to establish a more acceptable regulatory implementing this agreement to sell to these West framework for new development. German institutions a 50interest in Calgary The sectors of the real estate industry in which Place which will continue to be managed on a transact on say your company has invested, in their breadth and "to day basis by the company. portfolio providing astable underlying .base of 'currently being reviewed by the Foreign Investment complementary diversity, represent a well balanced Review Agency. -` committed income. They are also capable of a Itis proposed that your company enter into an continuing adjustment to inflationary pressures. agreement with Canadian National Railway Com These advantages, l believe, place your company pang, Air Canada and Hilton International Company in an uniquely strong position. to. establish a new Canadian hotel chain operating The continuing profitability of this portfolio both in Canada and abroad. Trizec's interest would ro osed agreement is subject to owes company's to the dedicated. I would of your be 24.51 The p compan s 2,600 employees:l v✓ould Tike to thank the approval of the Governor-General in Council. Y' In recent years,your.company has established each one of them, on behalf of the shareholders, for their contribution. a strong operating base in the United States which On behalf of the board is well structured to support expansion. The United States market has a breadth and diversity capable of generating attractive real estate values on a broad scale: Investment there will make an increasinglylargercontribution to future growth. Your companyrecognizesthat making sub- stantial additions to its portfolio over limited: March 18, 1975 periods of time can have the effect of temporarily slowing the rate of growth in earnings while the new properties work up to their projected levels of revenue generation. This is a relatively small price topay ;[or the future profitability to be had from additions to its portfolio at this time — particularly v✓hen the demand for new rental accommodation remains strong, even ert os are buoy nt to the and o when desirable p p market. -5- REVIEW: OF OPERATIONS 2 t Financial: poration Ltd. for the fiscal Gross revenues of Trizec Cor4,000 ro ar ended Octobr 31, 1974 5173 261,000 ne7973 Cash f ow was S 44 17,696 000 orared $2.40 ashore compared to 514,254,000 % 51.95 a share. Net earnings before extraordinary gains were 54,964,000 or 67.2 cents a or 64 cents- share compared to S68` 000 $6 056 OOOor Net earnings after extraordinary gains 82 cents a share compsred to gains of $ 092 000 ar000 or e attributable to 5 cents. The extraordinary g _ inappropriate r the sale of properties which were considered inapp P � to the long term objectives of the company.s were limited = Net earnings before extraordinary g to an increase of 6 per cent as a result of an increased t =� -;:provision for deferred income. taxes arising from several s. ; _- . factors ncluding the retroactive adjustment for the. new tax * - - surcharge.and the effect of financing through income bonds. Cash flow.the most appropriate measure of the ong-term investor 7 company's financial performanc24s erlcennt. Cash flow has in real estate, was increased by P - - - -.3 increased at an average annual compounded rate of just under 20 per cent for the last three years. _- r Trizec oaid halt-yearly dividends of 20 and 25 cents _` 7 -during fiscal 1974. A hall-yearly dividend of 25 cents was _ `paid following the-year-end. _ - +, During the year property as net net increas increased se in long- - a 5178.305,000, financed largely by 3 { j term debt of 582 million and by the assumption of debtr. relating to acquired properties:- -. - -- Development: Tnzecns to its property Poridevelopment proogi olio C.Prominen�telemenls tial additio in this Program are three rnulltti,u a Square in Saint lexes — Scotia Centre in Calgary Brunswick John. and Maritime Centre in Halifax. -Scotia Centre is a 37-storey. 000 sq. It. ollice -489, _ lower. and three-storey retail and banking structure. The oroject,:which -is ajon-, venture with the Bank of Nova oed off this y in Scoliaa' will be l Square s. mullli-phased Projfor ect anin wh ch6 Bruns` th Trizec has a 28.3% interest. CLimrartners are hw Limited, Bank of Nova Brunswick Telephone Company. ..-- Scotia and M.R.A. Holdings. Limned 11 will ultimIt oatelC1 incor- - _ ail borate a33-storey office tower, 320,000 sq. so2Le;ecienal banking facilities and. a.250oomhotel. _ here wilialso be parking facilities for approximately _cars.jn �aIdiatz�ens have been z ovation has oured been cfor ompletedfirstthe for Maritime= - - - - Centre whose principal tenant will be Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Co. The comi)0 00 o be developed fice. pace, - - phases, will have a total of 500, ximately 1.21,000 sq. It.-- - a thee-level retail mall of app and indoor parking, Occupancy of Phase 1 is scheduled for Fall, 1976. - Several other developmentsnt a with the Bank01111Ova stage. Winnipeg S9 , Scotia, of a major mullli-0 0 Mlin.T,oi Cltosign ontlehplolr^,'c Ivnri'34-aleroy elliro-lov+rrr 01 npproxun Italy 575i.00n sq. fl 6 pt'acsc:aos,ra�� 4.a•s s -s a ,1rW Ja. am rip" wwfftw�or. O m i' - [p. CT"r-• per- Mom %. M7, I ti61II7 i r i y rv�� um P. .a. �iijlRll� q.a pY rti W Rlti.l.fi' .. TYr 1 r•M0— o ow" • wK �l1aal�A .a• araaz.a ....• .. .�a�aw... .:x `each, an indoor retail mall and a ill b room hotel. Adis- : tinctive feature of this complex -will b f gre glass-enclosed on �. banking hall with its innovative use otgreenery. and clearing of the site is nearing completion for w umconstrue- and _ -ctpally owned .7,00 tion of m0-cargarage, above which `ment will be constructed. the develop r evelopAt Place Quebec; construction is expected to com- mence this year on a 600,000 sq. ft. office tower.. This complex_ already includes the 572 -roam Quebec Hilton -: Holel,:a municipally owed convention centre, 150,0003. �6 sq, it. of retail space, a 252,000 sq. Il. office building and a r r 1,000 car garage. - r :Important downtown sites suitable for development of major mulli-use urban complexes have been acquired in Montreal, Toronto and St. John's, Newfoundland. , Construction is well advanced on the 482,000 sq. It. with +Caalnsregional ndTheBay aWoolco. Th two major tores, J is Trizec's principal partner Hudson's Bay Company Limite `-- and completion is scheduled for this year. Another regional shopping centre for Metropolitan Toronto is planned with -� j. Simpsons Sears as principal tenant and joint venturer Yx 4 partner- .• In St. Lambert; Quebec, a new retirement lodge is under construction and will increase the capacity of Trizec's retirement lodges and nursing homes to approximately 3,000 guests: sites have been acquired for constructionhome onto. retirement lodge. in Ottawa and a nursing ortunities Trizec s established properties offer many opp _ for continuing development, with accompanying increases _ +, in pr Prepar tions ha a bethrouh en made for tansion of he addition ofacilitief a le penthouse floor to the Royal Bank Building in Place imately Marie. which will increase rentable space by extension 14.000 sq. ft. A 13 -storey, 90,000 sq. in Halifax. ft has also been made to the Centennial lo Bmprdove its properties ' As part of its ongoing program in centres and read the rentable area of several shopp 9 - plazas has been increased. An addition of 83,000 sq. IL of - ed at the office and relais Cece is nlre:TheeNer oQ1re^o�atlelp of Macleod .`.Halifax Shopping leled and Dartmouth Shopping Mall, Calgary, has been comp Cenire is being enclosed:. art centres is their Another aspect of Trizec's Shopp 9is Inothis�rrespectcplans reasefort the first of several office buildings - at Yorkdate Shopping Centre have been completed. z .. Office buildings: One of the principal attractions of Trizec's portfolio is the broad and sustaining base of rental income provided by the coman's officee ailand park ngbfacilities const tutte buildings58 per ce ttrelated of Trizec's .:income producing portfolio.the nl fa qef Cul rwhrr office have a trracled in mponant core Cross•soCllutl of the linnncud, conirnrr[ I,d, tnduslnnl and ns lennnls: professional connnunillca B - ' • Trizec Corpora#n Ltd. and Subsidiary Companies -- Rr � I Ix .. r fia-�.G•=� V , 'Y •"ice``✓ -+"9 5't�i? r Sh. I t. Scarborough Town Centre, s- - ;-,..: •' .' -�" ' Metropolitan. Toronto 2.. Lougheed Nall, Vancouver, B.C. -- _ 2 raMn's deGadment store, Town Cerdre 4. Aquascutum of London. Place Ville Marie shopping concourse r J, Sim sons department store, Scarborough Town Centre _ patterns are such iliac •• • At = uplift in revenues, are continuously taking place on an orderly and predictable basis f ` Shopping Centres The major Canadian department stores and specialty -retail chains are represented in Trizec s shopping centres, ��',(t��h+� across Canada. They are complemented by the leading independent merchants in the communities which Trizec w serves. Tenants of Trizec's shopping centres and retail 17 i olazas in calendar 1974 generated an estimated $580 million of sales compared to S450 million in 1973. Sales volume of �[®t _. such magnitude is particularly significant as a reflection of the quality of Trizec's retail tenants and provides some. 1 - :.measureof theabilityof Trizec's shopping centres to A t generale additional revenues. Retail rentals for the most pad are calculated as a percentage of the gross sales of individual tenants with stated minimum rentals. aa^ In October Trizec opened Trans -Canada Mall in - Calgary and will have increased the number of shoppin centres snits portfolio to 20 with the completion of Unictty z Mall in Winnipeg this year. Shopping centres during fiscal 1974 accounted for. 20 per cent of Trizec's income producing property assets. Retirement lodges: - -- Trizec's chain o1 18 retirement lodges and nursing homes, Central Park Lodges, offers a valuable social service to providing first class accommodation with. attendant facilities for the elderly. Trizecs retirement lodges and nursing homes maintain a consistently high level of occupancy and give an added degree of diversification to its holdings. Initial market I R11 -response to Trizec's first retirement lodge in Quebec, now und er constru ctio n in St. Lambert, has exceeded expectations. ; _Hotels: The company has interests in five hotels located in Vancouver, Regina, Toronto and Quebec City with 2,357 'rooms in all - -- - Three of these are managed by Hyatt International.# $ •- \' The Regina Inn is operated by Tnzec and a 50% joint venture r partner. The Quebec Hilton, which is part of your company's 4 Place Quebec development,. is- managed by the Hilton group which is also'a joint venture partner: It the Company's pro- posed agreement with Canadian National, Air Canada and Hilton becomes effective, the Quebec Hilton would form part of the proposed new hotel chain. -' All of the hotels have achieved prominence in their communities and even in the most recently opened hotels _= initial occupancy. projections have been exceeded. In the company's planning of multi -use centre -city projects there is increasing evidenceofsubstantial benefit to 'their overall economicreturnfrom having a hotel as an integral part. Three hotels are planned for such complexes -- Residential properties: Trizec's apartment buildings in I lalitai, Qllawn and Calgary are consistently fully occupied, making a predict- 'able.anduseful contribution to the company's earnings. The smallest of the group, 63 -suite Le Marchant Towers, --was sold after the fiscal year end. 10 Trizec's policy of expansion in the United States has - led to the establishment of an important presence in that market. The company now has close to 20 per cent of its property assets there., providing a solid operating and -:-revenue base for further .expansion. The greatest growth in Trizec's American assets was achieved during fiscal 1974 when it acquired office buildings in Detroit and Los Angeles and purchased Mobile Home - Communities, Inc. of Denver.:.. The famous Fisher Building in Detroit, one of the - i_ nation'sarchitectural show pieces, and the adjoining New Centre Building were acquired early in the year. The _ i company already owned the First National Building. The -. three together give Trizec 1,779,000 sq. ft. of prime office ` space in the city: Trizec last year also acquired through its subsidiary, , Tristar Western Ltd. a 100 percent interest in five office - buildings and 40 per cent interest in two other office -in buildings.. all located the Los Angeles area. These seven office buildings, acquired in various stages Of development, have a total area of 1,696,000 sq. It. of primebfiice space. 'Development is being completed on 'schedule r- and the leasing activity projected at the time of + acquisition has been maintained.-- - During 1974 Trizec completed the acquisition of a 99% interest in Mobile Home Communities, Inc.. one of the leading companies in the United States in this field. Mobile Home Communities owns 34 mobile home parks located principally in the southern United States. They include 11,086 home -sites on approximately 1,500 acres and enjoy an exception- ally high rate of occupancy. Each park is a self-contained residential community with F f 1. appropriate common facilities such as community halls and 9; swimming pools. Each individual space within the park is leased as a fully serviced lotto the owner of a mobile home.�`- The inclusion -. of mobile homeparks-inTrizec's-portfolio •, �� -,, gives it a desirable source of income with the potential for upliftand, because .-" _ ti r -• - .:steady of the proximity of the parks to ' -' - large urban centres. the land owned by the company can _ expected to show, asubslantial increase in ablyover value he value over jhe long term. •S - Trizec is engaged through its investment in Link Programs Incorporated of Chicago. with various partners in .severallong-term development projects, the most ambitious of which is Pershing Square in Kansas City. Now in the ` - --preliminary planning and marketing stages this project is a 58 -acre mixed use urban centre development. Other Iona -term projects include the development of an industrial -..park in, Reno, Nevada, an urban renewal project in Iowa" - - City, Iowa, and a residential development in Austin, Texas. A regional office has also been established in Atlanta, Georgia , with the. formation last year of a new subsidiary. Tristar South, Inc., which is becoming increasingly activein LRF eastern and southern United States Construction: The contribution to the company's revenues frorn the ^' -operations of the construction division, now being under= .taken through Tristar Western, was reduced. during thu - • : '. " +ac ='r` A,' '`j�^'�' An example year, in large part the consequence of the general decline in new of.. enduring beniny..in office building, design: ilio vaulted main lobby of Ilia Fisher Building In Detroit, Michigan. > construction activity. Doors lead to the Fisher Theatre, left foreground. 12 - Corpora�n Ltd. and Subsidiary Companies Trizec SUMMARY OF PROPERTY INTERESTS otherwise noted) - (Company's percentage interest is 1o0 % unless Total (rentable sq. ttJ" Total OFFICE BUILDINGS (rentable sq. a)'• Edmonton 362,000 Halifax 83,000 CN Tower 1001h Avenue Building 411000 288,000 Halifax Insurance Building 73,000 - Centennial Building 80,000 Centennial Building IBM Building Quebec CityQ52,000 Phase I - - Calgary 788,000 Place _Quebec - Calgary Place 31.000 Montreal 2,928,000 12th Avenue Building 27,000 Place Ville Marie 312,000 171h Avenue Building Texaco Building (75%) 108,000 18,000 360 St: James Street BCN Building 510,000 531,000 Glidden Building 244,000 2020 University (850%) 204,000 Pacitic 66 Plaza 359,000 555 Dorchester Blvd. West 81,000 Royal Bank Building 46,000 505 Dorchester Blvd- West 199,000 Montreal Trust Building 50,000 Domtar House ` 157,000 Westburne Building 87,000 Orpheum Building 58,000 91h Avenue Building Building 5165AuRoad Bu een Mary 111,000824,000 Vancouver Sherbrooke -Crescent Buildings 192,000 Royal Centre Drummond Medical Building 164,000 Los Angeles 366.000 Peel Centre Building 178,000 ------ Ventura Gloria 299,000 Port St -Laurent Encino Valley Gateway 276,000 Toronto249,000 Wellington Street West Building ;Sunset Argyle' ;Wilshire New Hampshire' 195,000 215,000 180 Detroit 843,000 t Century La Cienega' Towers South (40%) 160,000 185,000 First National Building 702,000 i Tristar - iTrislarTowers North' ) Fisher' Building 234,000 New Center Building •Baso ouilding Is cotnplcted. Tennnt work is in progress "- applicable '- - _.. .. ark.lno where Includes Tristar VJestern Lid., atwo-thirds owned subsidiary ". tl hrouflh r Total - SHOPPING CENTRES Total (rentable sq. IQ— - - (rentable. sq. ItX* ( - Prince Albert Halifax . 384,000 South Hill Shoppers Mall 268,000 Halifax Shopping Centre Dartmouth 98,000 Regina Regina Centre (50%) 58,000 Dartmouth Shopping Centre Quebec 117,000 Moose Jaw Town 'n' Country Shoppers Mali 203,000 . Place Quebec (Phase IO Montreal 65,000 Lethbridge College Shopping Mall (40%) 222,000 Jean Talon Shopping Centre Normandie Shopping Centre 215,000 Calgary Macleod Mall Shopping Centre 236,000 Ottawa i� Centre (50%) Carlingwood Shopping g 289,000 Marlborough Shoppers Mall 236,000 167,000 - Trans Canada Mall 1 Toronto ` Scarborough Shopping Centre' f65%) 701,000 Vancouver Brentwood Mall, 431,000 Yorkdale Shopping Centre' - - 904,000 Lougheed Shoppers' Mall 549,000 Brandon Brandon Shoppers Mall 233,000 Saskatoon Confederation Park Plaza 238,000 -; HOTELS No. of Rooms No. of -Rooms 656 Quebec Hilton, Quebec (50%) 572 516 Hyatt Regency; Vancouver (75%), Myatt House. Richmond, B.C. 373 Hyatt Regency. Toronto (50%) 240 Regina Inn. Regina (50%) RETIREMENT LODGES Guest Capacity Guest Capacity Manitoba - 277 Ontario 133 Winnipeg No. 1 214 Jane Street, Toronto 213 .Winnipeg No. 2- 89 Thorncliffe No. 1. Toronto 150 Brandon --- - Thorncliffe No. 2, Toronto 208 Queen's Drive, Toronto 135' Alberta Grande Prairie - 89 Ottawa London 114 - Jasper Place J 134 Kitchener 281 Edmonton Edmon 123 Hamilton 185 Calgary Windsor 108 British Columbia 257 Thunder Bay Windermere Lodge, Vancouver --'Excluding Simpson's premises.. '•Through Tristar Western Ltd -a two-thirds owned subsidiary. 14 Corpora Ltd. and Subsidiary Companies Trizec No. of suites APARTMENTS No, of Suites Ottawa309: Terrace Apartments 201 Halifax 201 Spring Garden Terrace Apartments 400 Saville Le Voyageur Apartments Park Victoria Apartments 162 Calgary Village Apartments 330 Embassy Tower _ 63 parkland " Le Marchant Towers' HOME COMMUNITIES' ` Name No. of Sites MOBILE No. of Sites Location - Location Name West Palm Beach,913 Holiday Park Canada Sou thglen (50%) 132 Florida Clearwater, Florida gay Aristocrat 361 416 Winnipeg Tampa, Florida Regency Cove Eldorado Village 227 United States Mesa Village 199 Largo, Florida Windmill Village 468 Mesa, Arizona HaciendadeValencia 364 Sarasota; Florida Windmill Village - 479 tAesa, -Arizona papago Peaks Village ---279---- FL Myers, Florida —:- Phoenix., Arizona - Capri Village Daytona Beach, Carriage Cove 418 Phoenix Arizona ' Phoenix, Arizona Catalina Village 379 Carefree Village 220 Florida Lubbock, Texas Camelot Village Rockwood Village 271 261 Tucson, Arizona Holiday Hills Village 758 Tulsa, Oklahoma gonania Village'i 182 Denver; Colorado Colorado Chaparral Village 107 333 Las Vegas, Nevada Nevada Rancho Bonanza 182 Denver; Colorado HillcresLVillage' 270 Las Vegas. Denver, Colorado_ Hillside Village _ - - 327 Baton Rouge, = Cedarcrest Village' 395 Denver, Continental Estates Louisiana Denver, Colorado Colorado Springs, 240 Minneapolis, Minnesota Camelot Acres 319 Holiday Village Golden Terrace Village 264 Minneapolis, Village Green North 421 Golden, Colorado ldColorado,C Pueblo Grande Village 481 Minnesota - Gaslight Village Pueblo, Colorado Casa Village Lawrence, Kansas Gasl'ght Village 434 Billings, Montana Rancho Valley Village 740 Lincoln, Nebraska San Diego, California Lampli hall Village 269 g SarrDiego, California OTHER PROPERTIES - industrial park and other miscellaneous buildings. land held for future development, an Other properties include _ -Sold atterfiscal_ year end. "Company's interest is 99.7°/u__e11 - 223 for nHillcres' west village, to sties. . -_ - iinclude's. Hillcrest. East vitiage, sites andpt 346 sites, and Holiday Croft, 218 sites. -_ zincludes Holidaybowns, - - 31ncludes Southmoor Village. .179 sites.. 15 -, ,; SUMMARY OF PROPERTIES UNDER DEVELOPMENT Phase.3, Place Quebec,, Quebec: it space. Scotia Centre, Calgary: 35 -storey central office tower of 600,000 sq. The third element in the planned development it wpm complement he 489,000 sq: ft., 37 -storey office tower atop a enter storey place Quebec centre -city comp retail podium base and banking hall. Joint ventured with existing office, hotel, convention and retail facilities. the Bank of Nova Scotia, the protect n now scheduled Construction chon is expected to commence in 1975. for topping off in the spring of 1975 and completion in 1976. Trizec's interest is 50%. — -Unicity Mall, Winnipeg: Brunswick Square, Saint John: Regional shopping centre of 482,000 sq. it. Leasing, including majors and independent retail Cores, is A two -phased Brunswick Telephone ventured with MRA substantially complete and of is scheduled for Holdings, New Brunswick Telephone 00,000d Bank of August, 1975: Through a subsidiary. Trizec holds a Nova SCOIia. Revised plans include 600,000 sq. office space in a 33 -storey tower to be 1 w 000 60% interest in this venture. The other major, partner is phases; a department store of additional retail space; of Hudson's Bay Company Limited. q: ft.t some 170,000 sq. - roximately 760 cars. Markham Marketplace, Metropolitan Toronto: a regional Bank of Nova Scotia head office; a 250 -room 480,000 sq. it. regional shopping centre located in luxury hotel and parking for app royal the Phase I construction has commenced and co spinterest Markham Township: Subject to rezoning app_ of this phase is scheduled foc1976. Company' company now plans completion by Fall 1976. Com - i528.3%. pany's interest is 50%. Simpsons -Sears will be principal tenant and joint venture partner. - Maritime Centre, Halifax:` Can Park Lodge, St: Lambert, Quebec: A multi -use complex for downtown Halifax with Opening of this luxury retirement lodge for 210 guests 500,000 sq. ft. of office space in two 20 -storey towers and_a 121,000 sq. it. indoor retail mall. The three-level is scheduled for Fall, 1975. retail area has direct access to enclosed parking space. _ Centennial Building, Halifax: Occupancy is scheduled for spring, 1976. An office building expansion to the existing 13 -storey Winnipeg Squarer Winnipeg: facility and providing an additional rentable area of approximately 90,000 sq- ft. Completion is scheduled Multi -phase development proposal for the corner of for Spring, approximately 9 Portage Main "streets to consist of two 34 -storey 5. office buildings of 575.000 sq: ft: area each, 118.000 park Regis Apartments, New York City: sq. ft of indoor retail space and an innovative a aGly for hall Plans also call for hotel. The -owned hot parking phase The Park Regis -Apartments, New York City: 210 -unit 1.000 cars and a luxury co-operative apartment building. Base construction is includes 220 rooms and design permits addition of complete and marketina of individual units is in another 150 rooms at a future date. Demolition and progress. Company's interest is 40%. clearing of site is scheduled for completion in 1975. This development is a joint venture in which Trizec and the Bank of Nova Scotia have each a 50% interest. 16 In Jincc 25,370 1,975 rs .1;4361. 805,832 ,-` 627,5274� 17,17 �857,51 F;L;n ii ,488 ued and fullypaid7 I s- 7 394-722'sh6res'(1,973 7 shares) 9134 Contributed surplus 7E Retaineked arnings,, 17,8E 1110,02 857,51 G I g n ad a n Uo li a I I of Ilio on rc Eit r-a'or"d )NSOL ATEMI ue3 t.raordinary,'ga sing frojrn sale 1 ended " Depreciation 6,11 F 1974-.,- Deterred income taxes --,,32 Other Cash flow.from operations 17,69E Cash flow from op era 7 k accompar )any is a member of the Canaman msnwlc at Estate Companies (CIPREC) The compai tg policies`and itsaI ndards,of financial;disi anti 11 in accordance with the recommend, sbtute tyles of Consolidation consolidated financial statements Include:_' he accounts of all companies in which the c s an interest in.excess of 5;0 The accounts of ell.unincorporated joint van :h the company holds an interest, to the.exte lompany`s interest in their respecbve assets lilies, andearnings mvestnent m shares of corporate Iomt venti ie company has.an:interesl ot50% or less a - _._ __41...nnuifii ha CIC 3 Foreign Exchange 7 Property interests and investments In United St (a) in Canadian dollars,at funds haye•been expressed prevailing al the date such .assets werea exchange (b) ;hong term'da I payable in United: Stales funds 'rate =expressed in, Canadian dollars at the of exchsr where;apj wailing when the funds were received or, it rate established under foreign exchange,comi assets and liabilities in United Slates,fun Other been expressed in.Canadian dollars. at the rateYoh _ - - prevailing at the date of the balance. sheet, or, under foreign excY applicable; aFrates established -- commdments - 4 Property Interests. �. at cost (includinc (a) Property, interests are -valued the excess of the cost of opment expenses) plus the carrying cost of theF =_ _ .certain subsidlanes .ovdi excess has been ascribed by mans acgwred, This; to these individual properties, In addition, an amo the excess of cost of sh '$17 „ 177OOO,representing subsidiaries has not be net assets'ofcenain other = allocated to property interests.; X` _ -(b)<.Property ,interests have been increased by the =' of the following directly related development expi J-74. r j t i 1 1 } 1974 1973 (b) Corporate Joint ventures On thousands or donors) = The company;has certain investments in c.... Salaries,' general and administrative '2 ventures in which the, company has an.interest 3 035 396 Property faxes less (note 2(b) j .A hnanctal_summary of the cc 2020 .::1 219 Interest _ , . Proportionate interest in- these partially -owned = ;. ,12,570 r 8 828 property companies is as follows:' " 17,625 `_121443 :19 t.line company's proton (c) .Properties carried at net book value of n rhouse approximately _ S354,398,000 are situated on land held under leasesor. Income producing properties j agreements expiring in the years 2019 to 2074 Properties underdevelopment (d) It is estimated that the company's share of further:: 18,5'. Properuas held for development expenditures required to complete the Properties under. .. 1,3! development (excluding those held by corporate = = 20,6: Joint- ventures) (see 5(b)) Liabiliues less other assets - 11,01 note will amount to a approximately 526,473,000 as at October 31, 1974. Financing has been .. < < _ - . a ' Company's investment'(note 5(a)) ;g,5t 'arranged for approximately 517,588 000 of tnis amount Net earmngs`(includmg extraordma (e) Depreciahon on income producing properties is'tiesed ` ry on a sinking fund method under which an increasing amount on sale of income : - ` consislmg of a fixed annual sum together with n937,000 -pro y 8 Property in 1974) , :97 interesC ac compounded at the rate of,4%-per annum is charged to `earnings is Estimated cost to;complete ahese soa.s to depreciate fully the properties over their properties under development `. 21,83 estimated lives of from 25 to 60 years (fj The undepreciated,capital cost available Financing available s ;. _,21,83 to the company_ for income fax purposes amounts to approximately .,_ _„ j ' VzT Accounts receivable - ` 5. Investments -a� "' ' = - -� Included in accounts receivable is an amount (aj Investments are classified as follows of m respect of funds provided to a trustee under. th the,Ezecutive Share Purchase Plans`which 'fun d; = loaned to employees,(some of,whom are director F 1974 1973 pu?chase fully pardahares of the company Corporate jointvan tuies - (in thousands of donors)) 1 _Shares=;atequity.value j i T �_ - -.6,095 3,207 -` Advances 3 ,498 €486 J ` 9,593 3 693 Subsidiary company Mobile Home Communities Inc., not consohdatetl as at October 3l; 1973 the - r 1 as :'r. `purchasevias not complete atz ' t zthat date - + i ) ',Shares and warrants = at cost 6 950 ) Miscellaneous 982120 _4 } _ :..._. := 9,975 10,763 ? a � Jdexalioii.Of 57;1 01 797,335;Oot,Onvu i as 55 635 50.1 ---------- ;w; would have decreasEd_the net earnings 11 :-Remuneration of Di a extraordinary items and, net earnings per.The following remuneratioi ar fo59.5c and 71.7C respectively',Cash flow company and 16 :18 officer: pershare would have decreased to $2.02. In 1973 the re:were l8 direr were directors] it Liabilities and other Commitments lal „i ne company has guara 'of its subsidiaries and affilial certain of its holdings"'in'shal its'subsidiaries as security 8 (b) Jhe.company and,certaii liablefor.obligations of their venture. developments. in_eae joint venture are available foi obligations for loans which ari i 1974. Jit addition;. rporahon,Ltd and its subsidiary compani .1974 and the consolidated statements o lined earnings, cash flow,from operation I use of funds for the year then ended..O he finarfcial"statements of -Trizec Corpori subsidiaries of which we are;the audifor. iemlieview of the accounting procedure: he accounting records and other supporl ve`considered necessary in. the circu_mst zd on the reports of the auditors who hau the Cummings , Properties'Limited ` 18100f Great West International Equities af,r;,4 44 Ltd a82 487= 909,970;"885,810=_ ANALYSIS OF PROPERTY INTERESTS ($806 million) AS FT OCT06 R 31 1974 (IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)�� n -1 ZYfi ter; � C<- A'395 z- r� OFFICE COMMERCIAL Sia�<Y�W..1lF -SHOPPING CENTRES- _ MOBILE HOMES • St Q HOTELS -_.,. _-RETIREMENT .LODGES .�;. 32,- -� APARTMENTS PROPERTY . UNDER DEVELOPMENT:»:,.:-_L"'"t`- -' HELD FOR -: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PROFIT CONTRIBUTION TO NET OPERATING INCOME* YEAR ENDED OCTOBER 31, 1974 (IN MILLIOIJS OF DOLLARS) _ FOR THE --iL,+-T168 .,.y.' f( Z INCOME 16.T 62.9 - _ 4 EN 1.s d OFFICE AND COMMERCIAL " 75 INCOME - �,�-,,,,--;.:; _ 23.0 SHOPPING CENTRES -..- _-.. to INCOME 63 1�2 zs_,. t39 RETIREMENT LODGES -INCOME - 9.6 1.315 11.8 - HOTELS _.- .. I 2.6J 2.4 INCOME MOBILE HOMES - - �791112 INCOME --- 42 APARTMENTS IG�•i. - - _ - CONTRIBUTION TO PROFIT -- MM OPERATING EXPENSES •Betorc management and devnlopment leesmi cllan'I 'nmcosalazos, sen- atc —. p,Denses and "merest on generacnrnvale borrowmps Imm constmctlOn - _ - - - eml antl Idmims:mbvn Does not Include conb"bobnn to prolit of 5 3 million anonp of S17.5 mouon... - for toed pmbos n Ino total -mount . :. .. -. •'Ineludm9 relad- 24 Trizec Corporatiortd. and Subsidiary Companies_ • TEN YEAR FINANCIAL REVIEW - _ Year ended October 31,' - - Year ended December 31, 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966. 1965 (in thousands of dollars) Gross properly assets : 805,832 627,527 545:531 480,043 236,543 226,075 218,421 173,294 169,330 164,326'- Gross income 144,364 113,261 104,368 - 84,799 -..41,672 _-37,774 .27,982 24,957 21,062 17,744. Cash flow from operations 17,696 14,254 11,728 9,085 3,913 3,618 2,415 1,452 237 (553)" Net earnings (loss) before extraordinary gains- 4,964 e,681 4.176 3.381 2.155 2,026 1,122 257 (841) (1,561) Net earnings" 6,056 5,813 4,221 3,381 2,615 2,732 1,122 257 (841) (1,561)" Average number of shares 7,385 7,312 7,189 - 6,368 2,899 2,872 2,148 1,922 1,922 1,922 (Per Share) . Cash flow from operations $2.40 $1.95 51.63 $1.43 $1.35 51.26 51.12 S .76 S .12 - (S .29)-, Net earnings (loss) before -- extraordinary gains" $ .67 S".64 S .58 S �.53 S -.74 5:.71 S -.52 S .13 (5 .44) (S .81).:: r: Net earnings S .82 S :80 S .59 S .53 S .90 S ,95 S .52 S .13 (S .44) (S .81) . 'During 1971 the Company's year end was changed from December 31 to October 31. "After deferred income taxes which were first. required to be provided in 1971. - - 25