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HomeMy WebLinkAboutHPC 09.13.18 Packet Thursday September 13, 2018 5:30 p.m. Emma Harvat Hall City Hall IOWA CITY HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION Thursday, September 13, 2018 City Hall, 410 E. Washington Street Emma Harvat Hall 5:30 p.m. A) Call to Order B) Roll Call C) Public discussion of anything not on the agenda D) National Register Nomination- Iowa Federation Home, 942 Iowa Avenue (printed copy available for public reference at the Iowa City Public library information desk) E) National Register Nomination- Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street (printed copy available for public reference at the Iowa City Public library information desk) F) Certificate of Appropriateness- Consent Agenda 1. 317 E. Fairchild Street – Northside Historic District (solar array installation on garage) 2. 1120 Sheridan Avenue – Longfellow Historic District (solar array installation on garage) 3. 519 N. Johnson Street – Goosetown/Horace Mann Conservation District (egress window) G) Certificate of Appropriateness 628 S. Lucas Street – Governor/Lucas Street Conservation District a) Primary structure demolition b) New construction – to be discussed only if (a) approved H) Request for Comment on replacement antennas on 102 S. Clinton Street (Johnson County Savings Bank) I) Report on Certificates issued by Chair and Staff Certificate of No Material Effect –Chair and Staff review 1. 624 N. Gilbert Street – Goosetown/Horace Mann Conservation District (foundation repair and window repair) Minor Review –Staff review 1. 404 Brown Street – Brown Street Historic District (non-historic rear window replacement and resizing) 2. 755 Oakland Avenue – Longfellow Historic District (ramp removal and stoop and step reconstruction) Intermediate Review –Chair and Staff review 1. 1025 Burlington Street – College Hill Conservation District (changes to previous garage COA) J) Consideration of Minutes for August 9, 2018 K) Consideration of Minutes for August 23, 2018 L) Commission Information and Discussion 1. Historic Preservation Award Subcommittee 2. Update on Transfer of Development Rights M) Adjournment If you will need disability-related accommodations in order to participate in this meeting, please contact Jessica Bristow, Urban Planning, at 319-356-5243 or at jessica-bristow@iowa-city.org. Early requests are strongly encouraged to allow sufficient time to meet your access needs. NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Sections 1 – 4 page 1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls other names/site number Sue M. Brown Hall; Heckart Apartments; State Inventory Number 52-02013 Name of Multiple Property Listing N/A (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) 2. Location street & number 942 Iowa Avenue not for publication city or town Iowa City vicinity state Iowa county Johnson zip code 52240 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this x nomination request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property x meets does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national x statewide local Applicable National Register Criteria: x A B C D Signature of certifying official/Title: Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Date State Historical Society of Iowa State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting official Date Title State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register other (explain:) Signature of the Keeper Date of Action United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 2 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) Category of Property (Check only one box.) Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) Contributing Noncontributing X private X building(s) 1 0 buildings public - Local district 0 0 site public - State site 0 0 structure public - Federal structure 0 0 object object 1 0 Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register: N/A 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) DOMESTIC/single dwelling DOMESTIC/multiple dwelling DOMESTIC/multiple dwelling 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) Materials (Enter categories from instructions.) LATE VICTORIAN/Queen Anne foundation: STONE walls: WOOD/weatherboard roof: ASPHALT other: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 3 Narrative Description Summary Paragraph (Briefly describe the current, general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) The Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls, located at 942 Iowa Avenue in Iowa City, is a two-story vernacular Queen Anne-style residence, probably built in the 1880s or 1890s, and now used as an apartment and rooming house. The frame house has a stone foundation, clapboard siding, and a complex roof covered in composition shingles. The house is located near the east end of Iowa Avenue, a boulevard that extends due east from Clinton Street, a block east of the Old Capitol, Iowa’s former territorial and early state capitol building. In the area of the Iowa Federation Home, Iowa Avenue was built up primarily with one-story to two-story residences, ranging from small brick residences from the 1850s to Foursquare houses from the early twentieth century. Aside from two modern apartment buildings across the street from the Iowa Federation Home, its setting remains much as it was during the period of significance. The house retains a moderate to high degree of period integrity, with the loss of the original front and side porches and some alterations to gable windows the principal changes. The Iowa Federation Home contains one contributing resource, the house. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable.) (Iowa SHPO Additional Instructions: After the main Narrative Description, discuss any physical alterations since the period of significance under the subheading Alterations, the seven aspects of integrity as it applies to the property in a Statement of Integrity, and any future plans for the property under the subheading Future Plans.) The Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls, generally called the Iowa Federation Home, is located at 942 Iowa Avenue in Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (Figures 1–2). It is located near the east end of Iowa Avenue, a boulevard with center median that extends due east from Clinton Street, a block east of the Old Capitol, Iowa’s former territorial and early state capitol building. Iowa Avenue was envisioned as a grand boulevard visible from the capitol building at the time that Iowa City was platted in 1839. Over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was built up primarily with one-story to two-story residences, ranging from small brick residences from the 1850s to Foursquare houses from the early twentieth century. In recent decades, many of these houses have been replaced by large modern apartment buildings, including two on the south side of the 900 block, across the street and west from the Iowa Federation Home. The setting otherwise remains much as it was at the time the Iowa Federation Home operated, with the house surrounded by residential buildings dating from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. This includes the small residential neighborhood of Woodlawn, now a locally designated and National Register Historic District, located at the west end of Iowa Avenue just east of the Iowa Federation Home. The Iowa Federation Home contains one resource, the house. House. This two-and-one-half story house faces south onto Iowa Avenue (Figures 3–7). It is situated on a slope, which allows a walk-out basement on the rear (north side) of the house. The house exhibits the complex massing and multiple gables characteristic of the Stick and related Queen Anne styles. Although it is classified here as a vernacular Queen Anne-style house based on its overall massing and some architectural details, the house also displays elements of the Stick Style, particularly in the wall surface treatment of the front-facing gable end and in the frieze band that extends under the eaves on the three principal sides of the house. Each of the four sides displays one prominent gabled projection, while the facade also displays a secondary recessed gable over the front entrance to the west of the principal gabled projection. The massing is a variation of the so-called pinwheel plan common among Queen Anne-style houses, which is characterized by a hip-roofed core and multiple cross-gabled wings. In this case, the hip-roofed core is almost entirely lost among the larger cross-gabled projections, and the hip is also capped by a small gable-roofed ridge. The front section of the house is two-and-one-half stories tall, while the rear gabled projection is one-and-one-half stories tall, and a shed-roofed wing in the northwest corner of the house is only one story above the foundation. The house sits on a coursed stone foundation except in the northwest corner of the house, where the foundation appears to be constructed of concrete blocks. The exterior of the foundation throughout the house has a thin cementitious parge coat, so the building materials are not always clearly evident. The house is clad in clapboards except in the gable United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 4 fields, which, with one exception, are clad in imbricated shingles. The exception is the secondary gable on the facade, which is clad in clapboards. The roof throughout the house is covered in composition shingles. The windows throughout the house are typically tall single or paired 1/1-light windows. Most of the 1/1-light windows appear to be modern replacements, probably either vinyl or metal-clad wood. It is not clear whether they are double-hung or single- hung. The most prominent exceptions are three wood windows located on the first story: the cottage window on the front-facing gable projection, the window on the south face of the west-facing gabled projection, and the window on the east side of the house just south of the east-facing gabled projection. Other windows are described below. A decorative frieze band extends under the second-story eaves around all sides of the house. Where the gables do not contain imbricated shingles, the frieze band also outlines the eaves of the gables. The facade, which faces south, is divided into the principal front-gabled projection on the east and a recessed section on the west. The projection has a cottage window on the first story with a decorative leaded glass upper sash that appears to be original. The second story has a pair of 1/1-light windows. A small 1/1-light window in the gable field is a later replacement; earlier photographs show a semi-circular window in this location (Figure 8). In addition to the imbricated shingles, decorations in the gable include bargeboard with bull’s-eye decorations and ornamental spindlework. Similar decorative woodwork is found in all other gables aside from the rear-facing gable and the two minor gables in the gable-on-hipped roof, none of which displays either bargeboard or spindlework. The recessed section of the facade has a broad entrance that contains a front door and sidelights. The front door has a grid of eight small lights above and panels below. Each of the two sidelights has four small lights above a panel. A seven-light transom extends across both the door and the sidelights. The entire entrance is framed by a pair of decorative pilasters capped by a heavy drip molding. A small, modern, one-story front porch with simple square posts and a shed roof has replaced an earlier wraparound porch that formerly extended around to the west side of the house. Above the front entrance is a rectangular bay window on the second story that projects out slightly from the main wall plane. This bay window contains a pair of 1/1-light windows. Above it is a small gabled wall dormer that projects from the hipped roof. Its front and side faces are flush with those of the bay window beneath it. Although this wall dormer lacks the decorative bargeboard found in the larger gables, it has a pair of decorative boards on the wall surface set directly beneath and parallel to the slope of the gabled roof. The dormer contains a single-light rectangular window. The window has been reduced in size, with the part of the former window opening below the present window filled with what appears to be horizontal car siding. It is not clear whether the window is operable or fixed. The east face of the house is divided into three sections. At the front is a broad expanse of wall forming the east side of the front-facing gabled projection. This face has one tall 1/1-light window on the first floor and a shorter 1/1- light window above it on the second floor, both close to the central gabled projection. The central cross-gabled projection has fenestration and gable ornamentation similar to that on the principal front-facing gabled projection on the upper stories. On the first story, instead of a cottage window, is a shallow rectangular bay window with a hipped roof. The bay window has a ribbon of three windows on the front (east) face and one window each on the north and south, all of them tall, narrow, 1/1-light windows. On the south side of the gabled projection are a door opening on the first floor and a 1/1-light window on the second. The door, which formerly opened onto a non-extant side porch, appears to have either been reduced in height or had a transom window covered, based on the clapboards placed above the door and within the door surround. The door appears once to have displayed a single large light over three panels, but the glass pane has been replaced by what is likely a plywood panel, and the doorknob has been removed. Above the hipped roof of the bay window on the east side of the east-facing projection are a pair of 1/1-light windows on the second story and a gable field clad in imbricated shingles and featuring an egress window. A modern metal fire escape ladder extends from the gable window to the roof of the bay window, and a second ladder is attached to the front (east) face of the bay window to provide access to the ground. The only fenestration on the north side of the east-facing gabled projection is a door on the first floor that exits onto a porch in the northeast corner of the house. The decorative woodwork on this porch may be original, since it appears to display the same pattern seen on the porches shown in historical photographs of this house. The other elements of the porch, in particular the railing and steps, are probably more recent replacements, but the jigsaw-cut work below the eaves and possibly the porch posts and knee-brace brackets may be original, or at least modeled after the original. Entering onto this porch from the east face of the rear wing are one door with a transom window and a 1/1-light United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 5 window, both on the first floor. Above the hipped roof of the porch are two small 1/1-light windows that extend into the decorative frieze band. Below the porch is a 1/1-light basement window. The rear-facing gabled projection is just one-and-one-half stories above the foundation, but the foundation is a full story in height. The rear gable end has a basement door opening, a single 1/1-light window on the first story, and a 1/1-light egress window in the gable field. A modern metal fire escape ladder extends from this window down to the basement level. The foundation under the rear-facing gabled projection only extends up a few inches above grade level, with the rest of the north gable end clad in clapboards, including the gable field. To the west of the gabled wing is a one- story shed-roofed wing above the foundation. Unlike the foundation of the gabled projection to the east, the foundation under the one-story wing extends up to the first-floor level and is covered in cementitious parging. The parged surface is smooth, and probably covers a relatively modern smooth-faced concrete block foundation rather than the stone foundation found elsewhere in the house. The basement windows and doors all appear to be modern, probably dating to within the past 50 years, though possibly slightly older. The one-story shed-roofed wing appears to be original to the house, based on tall paired 1/1-light windows on the rear (north) face. The only other window on the rear is a smaller 1/1-light window to the east of the paired window. Above the roof of this wing are two small windows on the second story, one in the west face of the rear-facing projection and one in the north face of the west-facing projection. Both windows are located near the angle between the rear-facing and west-facing projections. The west side of the house is dominated by a gabled projection over the modern parged foundation, which slopes upwards to the south. Aside from the modern windows in the foundation, this face has a broad 1/1-light window on the first story and a smaller 1/1-light window on the second story. A small 1/1-light window surrounded by imbricated shingles is located in the gable field. On the south face of the west-facing projection are a tall 1/1-light window on the first story and a shorter 1/1-light window on the second story. The interior of the house appears to retain substantially the floor plan it likely had during the building’s period of significance, although the uses of some of the rooms have changed. The front door opens into a small entry hall with a door to the right (east), a door straight ahead (north) and a dogleg staircase extending up to the left (west). The two rooms on the first floor were originally a parlor (east) and dining room (north), but both have since been converted to apartments. These formerly public rooms have decorative corner blocks in the door surrounds, while the less public areas of the house have simpler corner blocks. The staircase appears to be the same one shown in historical views of the Iowa Federation Home. The square newel post has inset panels, chamfered corners, and an X-shaped design near the top on all four sides. The railing has a thick handrail and turned balusters that are somewhat more robust than those typically seen in Queen Anne-style houses. A small door opens into a small storage area beneath the stairs. The second story is divided into a hallway, living rooms on both sides of the hallway, and a communal kitchen at the rear of the house. A staircase to the attic is also accessible from the hallway. Most of the doors in the house are modern slab replacements, but a few are four-panel doors that may be original. The four-panel doors include that of Apartment 3 at the top of the stairs, a closet door located in the upstairs hallway just north of the door to Apartment 5, and the small door in the entry hall that leads to a small storage area beneath the staircase. All of the doorknobs and locks are modern replacements. Transoms above the doors on the second story have been sealed. Not every room in the building was visited during the research for the present nomination, so the following descriptions of materials are based on the hallways and communal rooms on both floors, as well as on Apartments 1 and 2 on the first floor. In these areas, the floors are typically wood, probably original, in all but the kitchen and bathroom areas. In those areas, which include the rear (north) section of the upstairs hall near the communal kitchen, the floors are covered in a type of resilient flooring, probably vinyl but possibly linoleum. The walls and ceilings throughout the building appear to be lath and plaster, although it is possible that in some cases original plaster finishes may have been replaced by drywall. The wooden baseboards in the first and second story halls and in the downstairs apartments appear to be original. These baseboards are capped by a simple and relatively robust molding. In the entry hall and in the second-story kitchen area, the lower half of the baseboard has been covered in vinyl strips for protection. Alterations. The principal changes made to this house since the earliest available photograph was taken in 1919 have been the loss of two original porches on the front of the house and the alteration of some gable window openings. Aside from three original wood windows on the first story, most or all of the 1/1-light windows on the house appear to be modern replacements, although they are similar to the 1/1-light windows present in 1919. The concrete block foundation United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 6 under the one-story wing on the northwest corner of the house also appears to date to the mid-twentieth century, possibly after the building’s period of significance. Other changes to the exterior have been minor and are reversible, such as the installation of metal fire escape ladders. The interior has been divided into rooms and apartments, including two apartments on the first floor that were originally used as the dining room and parlor. Most of the interior doors have been replaced by modern slab doors. The house otherwise appears to retain a high degree of period integrity. Statement of integrity. This house retains good to excellent integrity for all seven aspects of integrity. Because the house is situated on its original site, the house retains excellent integrity of location. The building’s integrity of setting also remains high. It remains located near the east end of a broad avenue with center median, and it is surrounded on most sides by the same buildings that surrounded it during its period of significance. The only modern intrusions within a block of the nominated property are two large apartment buildings located on the south side of Iowa Avenue, across the street from the Iowa Federation Home and further west along the block. The house retains a high degree of integrity of design. The massing, roofline, and fenestration pattern are essentially unchanged from the period of significance, aside from the loss of the southeast porch and the replacement of the original wraparound porch at the front entrance by a smaller modern porch. The removal of some of the decorative woodwork in the gable fields has also reduced the building’s integrity of design. The other minor changes to the exterior and interior described above have not diminished the building’s integrity of design significantly. The building’s integrity of materials remains high. It retains its original foundation (except where a section has been replaced on the northwest corner of the house), original clapboard siding, and much of its original exterior decorative woodwork. The original wood siding is now exposed again, having been covered by rolled asphalt siding with an imitation brick pattern during the mid-twentieth century. Although most of the windows on the house are modern replacements, one original cottage window with a leaded glass upper sash survives on the facade, and two other 1/1-light wood windows survive on the first story. The replacement windows are similar in appearance to the original windows, in most cases in the original openings. The rear porch retains some decorative woodwork that appears to be original, and which could be used to replicate the original porches on the front of the house. Much of the woodwork on the interior is also original, including the newel post, railings, and balusters of the staircase; baseboards; and most of the door and window moldings. Only the doors themselves have in most cases been replaced by modern slab doors. The building’s integrity of workmanship also remains high. As described above, the massing, roofline, door and window openings, and much of the original decorative woodwork on the exterior and interior remain essentially unchanged from the period of significance. Only the few features described above that have been replaced or modified no longer retain integrity of workmanship. Because the house has not been altered significantly on the exterior since its period of significance, the house retains excellent integrity of feeling. Because the house remains in use as an apartment and rooming house, essentially its historic function during its period of significance, it retains excellent integrity of association. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 7 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) X A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: A Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.) EDUCATION ETHNIC HERITAGE/BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY Period of Significance 1919–1951 Significant Dates 1919 Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.) N/A Cultural Affiliation (if applicable) Architect/Builder unknown United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 8 Statement of Significance Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations). The Iowa Federation Home is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A in the areas of Education, Black Ethnic Heritage, and Social History, for its importance in illustrating African American responses to racial segregation in university student housing in Iowa City during the early to mid-twentieth century. The home provided housing to black female students at the University of Iowa when other housing options for black students in Iowa City were extremely limited. This allowed more black women to attend the University of Iowa during this period than might otherwise have been possible. The Iowa Federation Home is also significant under Criterion A as the building most closely associated with the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (IFCWC), a significant statewide social, educational, cultural, and political organization of African American women in Iowa in the early to mid-twentieth century. The IFCWC never had a central home of its own, instead holding annual meetings in different cities in Iowa where its member clubs were located. Because the Iowa Federation Home is the only extant building significantly associated with this important statewide organization, the building’s significance is at the state level. The period of significance of the property extends from 1919, when the IFCWC opened the Iowa Federation Home, to 1951, when the last students lived in the home under IFCWC ownership. Although the black students who occupied the house during the 1950–1951 academic year were male rather than female, their residence in the house during its final year of ownership by the IFCWC continued the building’s use as a dormitory for black university students. The building’s period of significance is therefore considered to end in 1951 rather than in 1950, the last year that black female students resided in the building. The house is a contributing resource in the College Hill Conservation District, a locally designated district in Iowa City. Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.) (Iowa SHPO Additional Instructions: For properties not nominated under Criterion D, include a statement about whether any archaeological remains within or beyond the footprint of the property were assessed as part of this nomination under the subheading Archaeological Assessment.) Black Students at the University of Iowa, ca. 1875–1930 The University of Iowa was established in 1847, but the first classes were not held until 1855. The University of Iowa was the first state university in the United States to admit men and women on an equal basis.1 The university may also have admitted non-white students from the outset, although the first known African American student enrolled at the university was Alexander Clark, Jr., who received his law degree from the university in 1879.2 By the early twentieth century, the university was divided into several colleges. Most undergraduates entered either the Liberal Arts or Applied Science college, but students that met certain additional requirements had the option of seeking degrees in one of several other colleges. The university’s black students who entered colleges other than Liberal Arts or Applied Science during the first decades of the twentieth century most often studied in the colleges of Law, Medicine, Dentistry, or Pharmacy. The university reportedly began keeping a record of the racial demographics of its students in 1922, but these early records appear no longer to be available. Currently available records at the university identify enrolled students by ethnicity only beginning in 1977.3 For this reason, sources other than the university registrar’s records have been consulted to estimate the number of black students attending the university prior to 1922.4 1 John C. Gerber, A Pictorial History of the University of Iowa (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1988), pp. 6–11; Dorothy Schwieder, “Iowa: The Middle Land,” in Marvin Bergman (editor), Iowa History Reader (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2008), p. 9. The University of Iowa was originally, and officially still is, known as the State University of Iowa (abbreviated SUI), but this name began falling out of favor in the 1930s and 1940s, and it has not been used officially since 1964, when the board of regents adopted “The University of Iowa” as an official shorthand name for the university; see Jon Van, “SUI No More: Regents Okay Change to U. of I.,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), October 24, 1964, p. 1. The present nomination uses the modern shortened name. 2 Hal S. Chase, “ʻYou Live What You Learn’: The African-American Experience in Iowa Education, 1839–2000,” in Bill Silag. Susan Koch- Bridgeford, and Hal Chase (editors), Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000 (Des Moines, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001), p. 140. 3 Herbert Crawford Jenkins, The Negro Student at the University of Iowa: A Sociological Study (unpublished Master of Arts thesis, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1933), pp. 4–5; personal communication with Michelle Davenport, University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, November 13, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 9 Based on the list of black students at the university compiled for the present nomination, no more than one black student is known to have been enrolled at the university in any given year between the 1870s and the mid-1890s. Two black students were enrolled in the 1895–1896 school year, and four in the following year, but the number of black students appears to have remained below five until 1907, when eight black students were enrolled.5 The number of black students appears to have remained at around ten for the next several years, but it had increased to 16 in 1913. The number then grew quickly and fairly steadily until 1930, when 145 black students were recorded.6 The increase in the number of black students roughly paralleled the increase in the total student population at the university during this period. The total enrollment at the university remained between about 400 and 600 from the mid- 1860s to the late 1880s. Starting in 1887, the number of students began increasing rapidly, reaching over 1,500 by 1900. The rate of growth increased further after the turn of the twentieth century. The student population increased fairly steadily from about 1,400 in 1903 to over 11,000 in 1940.7 Although the rise in black student enrollment during the first three decades of the twentieth century roughly paralleled the rise in overall enrollment, the rate of increase was somewhat greater for black students. Black students, who comprised a negligible percentage of the total student population at the turn of the twentieth century, represented about one percent of the total student population by 1921, and nearly 1.5 percent by 1930. Black Student Housing at the University of Iowa Iowa City, like most northern cities, has no history of de jure racial segregation in housing at the municipal level. Instead, it has a long and continuing history of de facto racial segregation, brought about by a dominant culture of white supremacy that has informed numerous individual decisions by white property owners and real estate agents; written and unwritten policies of institutions such as mortgage lenders and the University of Iowa; and zoning laws, racial covenants in deeds, and other local, state, and federal laws and policies that actively encouraged racially segregated housing during much of the twentieth century.8 Until the University of Iowa completed construction of its first student residence halls in the second decade of the twentieth century—Currier Residence Hall for women in 1913 and Quadrangle Residence Hall for men in 1920—all university students were expected to find housing through the local private housing market in Iowa City.9 Black students at the University of Iowa entered the same housing market, but found their options severely limited by the practices of 2017. 4 Two main sources have been used to compile these estimates. First, the Iowa State Bystander (later renamed The Bystander), an African American newspaper published in Des Moines, Iowa, beginning in 1894, often mentioned individual black students and occasionally published lists of black students attending the university. Second, University of Iowa student directories, available in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections, include one directory published by a private publisher in 1904, and a nearly continuous run of directories published by the university starting in Spring 1911. Student directories do not identify students by race, but they list local addresses. Local addresses can often be used to identify black students because racial segregation in housing led to certain addresses being occupied by black students for multiple years. A comprehensive, but not exhaustive, list of black female students at the university for most years between 1907 and 1946 was compiled in 1999 by Richard Breaux for his research on the women of the Iowa Federation Home; see Richard Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African- American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947,” folder 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs collection, Iowa Women’s Archives, The University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa. 5 “Race Echoes,” Iowa State Bystander (Des Moines, Iowa), December 20, 1907, p. [8]. 6 In December 1913, the Iowa State Bystander reported that “[n]ever in the history of the State University of Iowa has there been so many colored students in attendance as is the case this year,” although no number was specified; see “Colored Students in the State University of Iowa,” Iowa State Bystander, December 19, 1913, p. 1. At least 16 black students were enrolled that year, based on the other sources cited above. The number of black students enrolled each year from 1922–1923 through 1932–1933 is included in Jenkins, p. 5. 7 “University of Iowa Enrollment Chart, 1856–1942,” University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, available on the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections web site, http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/sc/archives/faq/enroll1856-1942/, accessed November 14, 2017. The otherwise steady rate of increase was punctuated by occasional declines in the number of students enrolled, particularly during World War I and in the early years of the Great Depression. 8 The literature describing this history is extensive. Important recent examples that have attempted to push this “hidden” history into the mainstream include Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: Liverwright Publishing Corp., a division of W. W. Norton & Co., 2017); Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2005); and James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (New York: The New Press, 2005). 9 For information on Currier and Quadrangle residence halls, see John Beldon Scott and Rodney P. Lehnertz, The University of Iowa Guide to Campus Architecture (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2006), pp. 66–67, 150–151. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 10 local white landlords and other property owners. Moreover, the university’s construction of its first two residence halls was of no help to black students, since unwritten policies barred black students from residing in university dormitories until after World War II.10 When only a handful of black students attended the university, the limited number of housing options available to them in Iowa City were sufficient. Black male students typically lived either in their places of employment—hotels, commercial buildings, or racially segregated white fraternity houses—or else lived with one of the few African American families living in Iowa City. Black female students generally lived in the households of university professors or other members of the Iowa City community, typically working as domestic servants for those families.11 Prior to the 1920s, only two local black families are known to have opened their doors to black university students.12 One was Ella Moore, who lived at 219 E. College Street with her daughter, hair weaver Daisy Lemme, from approximately 1907 to 1920.13 She was succeeded by other black individuals or families who lived at the same address through the mid-twentieth century. The other black family to house university students at this time was that of Charles and Lottie Donnegan, who lived at three different addresses during their time in Iowa City: 331 S. Madison Street (1910–1912), 637 S. Dodge Street (1913–1920), and 318–320 E. Benton Street (1921–ca. 1943). Other black individuals or families rented rooms to university students in the 1920s and later. One was Charles Alberts, who rented rooms in his house at 914 S. Dubuque Street to students from 1920 to about 1926, and who was succeeded at the same address by other black individuals or families who rented to students through 1965.14 Black male students who worked as shoe shiners at Short’s Shoe Shine, operated by local black businessman Haywood D. Short, were able to rent rooms in Short’s building at 18-1/2 S. Dubuque Street.15 When the number of black students at the university began to grow in the first decade of the twentieth century, and especially in the 1910s and 1920s, the traditional housing options for black students became insufficient. Black male students, who comprised the majority of black students at the university in the first decades of the twentieth century, responded in 1914 by forming a chapter of a Greek-letter society, Kappa Alpha Psi (originally named Kappa Alpha Nu) fraternity, and renting a succession of buildings as fraternity houses. A second black fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, established a chapter at the University of Iowa in 1922, during a period of rapid growth in the university’s black student population.16 10 Jenkins, p. 29. Currier Hall was “officially” desegregated in 1946 by five African American women—Esther Walls, Virginia Harper, Nancy Henry, Gwen Davis, and Leanne Howard—although Harper has stated that “the first African American women to live in the dorms went unacknowledged because they were ‘light-skinned’”; see Richard M. Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls’: The Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs at the University of Iowa, 1919–1950,” The Journal of African American History, Volume 87, Cultural Capital and African American Education (Spring 2002), p. 249. The men’s dormitories—Quadrangle and later Hillcrest—presumably ended their unwritten policy of racial segregation at around the same time, although no published sources have been located that identify the date these dorms were desegregated. It should also be noted that according to one source, a clause in the 1919 Quadrangle constitution explicitly restricted that dormitory to white students, but this claim has not been corroborated elsewhere; see Larry Perl, “Jessup Era Good as (Old) Gold,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), March 9, 1977, p. 8. 11 These conclusions are based on a comparison of addresses of black students in University of Iowa student directories published in 1904 and 1910–1915 with the same addresses listed in the six Iowa City city directories published between 1901 and 1915. For information on black female students’ domestic work, see “Tag Day. Tag Day,” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. 12 The following discussion is derived from two databases compiled by the present author: Richard J. Carlson (compiler), “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century,” database compiled from federal and state census records and Iowa City city directories, 1900–1959 (copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City); Richard J. Carlson (compiler), “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories,” database of black students at the State University of Iowa, 1904–1927, compiled from student directories (copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City). 13 Daisy Lemme was the mother of Allyn Lemme, who, with his wife Helen, rented their house on E. Prentiss Street to black university students and other black tenants during the mid-twentieth century. A biographical sketch of Helen Lemme is presented below. City directories show that the house continued to be rented to African American tenants until the late 1940s, when the house appears to have been removed. 14 Charles Alberts had operated a rooming house at this address since the house was built in 1914, but he is not known to have rented to university students until 1920. The best known of Alberts’ successors were Elizabeth and Junious Tate, who operated the Tate Arms rooming house at this address from about 1940 to the mid-1960s. 15 For more on Haywood Short and his shoe shine business, see Julia Davis, “Short’s Shoe Shine,” The Negro History Bulletin (January 1940), p. 54; Jean C. Florman, “Traces: Personal Accounts of a History Nearly Lost,” Iowa City Magazine (January 1995), pp. 14–18. 16 A brief history of the formation of black Greek-letter societies in the United States and at the University of Iowa, including the formation of these two fraternity chapters, is presented below. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 11 Black Female Students and the Need for Rooming Houses/Dormitories The first black woman to enter the University of Iowa enrolled in the last full academic year of the nineteenth century, 1899–1900. Henrietta Jones of Albia, Iowa, was identified at the time of her enrollment as “the first colored female student to enter the University.”17 Henrietta Jones does not appear to have returned for her second year to the university.18 Another black female student, Beulah Winifred Burton of Red Oak, Iowa, reportedly attended during the 1907–1908 academic year, but died in the summer of 1908.19 The first black women who graduated from the university entered as freshmen in the fall of 1908. The two women, Adah Frances Hyde and Letta Cary, were residents of Des Moines, Iowa. Both took the four-year liberal arts course and graduated in the spring of 1912.20 After graduation, Letta Cary was hired as Professor of Modern Languages at Bishop College, a historically black college in Marshall, Texas.21 Adah Hyde was hired as a public school teacher in Ogden, Iowa.22 It is not known where the very first black female students at the University of Iowa lived while attending the university. The earliest places of residence that have been identified are those of Adah Hyde and Letta Cary. Letta Cary spent at least her final two years at the university living at 1011 Woodlawn in the household of university professor Elbert W. Rockwood, Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology and Head of the consolidated Department of Chemistry in the College of Liberal Arts from 1904 to 1920. Rockwood went on to house at least three other black female students through the 1916–1917 academic year: Iva J. McClain (1913–1915), Ola E. Calhoun (1915–1916), and Mildred I. Griffin (1916–1917).23 Adah Hyde lived during her senior year, and likely also her freshman year, in the household of retired university librarian Joseph W. Rich at 427 N. Dubuque Street.24 During her junior year, at least, she was living at 219 E. College Street, home of Ella Moore and Daisy Lemme. As mentioned above, they were one of only two black families in Iowa City at the time who rented rooms to black university students. The number of black female students at the university rose from two in 1911–1912, the year that Adah Hyde and Letta Cary graduated, to at least five in Fall 1913, eight in 1914, ten in 1915, and 16 in 1916.25 The number of black and 17 “Iowa City Brieflets,” Iowa State Bystander, October 20, 1899, p. 1. 18 She is not listed in the “Students in All the Colleges” section of the 1900–1901 University Catalogue for the University of Iowa; see State University of Iowa, The State University of Iowa Calendar, 1900–1901 (Iowa City: State University of Iowa, 1901), pp. 389–410. However, her entry in the 1925 Iowa State Census states that she had attended college or university for two years, so it is possible that she attended another college or university for a year (1925 Iowa State Census, Monroe County, Wayne Township [Henrietta Lobbins entry]), in the All Iowa, State Census Collection, 1836–1925, available on Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com/); accessed 2018. 19 Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947.” 20 Iowa State Bystander, July 26, 1912, p. 1; captioned photographs and “Iowa City Notes,” Iowa State Bystander, August 2, 1912, p. 1. 21 “Des Moines Girl Appointed,” Iowa State Bystander, September 13, 1912, p. 1. She was hired in part through the influence of Des Moines attorney S. Joe Brown, who was formerly Chair of Ancient Languages at Bishop College. Brown was a University of Iowa alumnus and husband of Sue M. Brown, who took an active role in the establishment and operation of the Iowa Federation Home. 22 “City News,” Iowa State Bystander, May 16, 1913, p. 1; “Ogden, Iowa,” Iowa State Bystander, May 16, 1913, p. [4]. The racially segregated black public school at which Hyde was hired was established by order of the state attorney general to accommodate the children of black coal miners in the Ogden area, after the local school district refused to allow these children to attend the area’s regular public schools. 23 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories”; “City Locals,” The Bystander, February 2, 1917, p. [3]. Rockwood’s career is discussed in Clarence P. Berg, The University of Iowa and Biochemistry: From their Beginnings (Iowa City: The University of Iowa, 1980), pp. 38–47. 24 In the 1909 city directory, Adah F. Hyde’s address was given as 421 N. Dubuque Street, but Sanborn fire insurance maps published in 1906 and 1912 depict no building between 419 and 427 N. Dubuque Street, so “421” is most likely an error for “427”; see Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1906), p. 2; and Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1912), p. 2. 25 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” A few of the students in this database were identified as black in sources such the Iowa State Bystander (later The Bystander). However, by far the largest number of black students included in the database were identified by their addresses listed in University of Iowa student directories. If a student was listed in at least one year at an address known to have been occupied by one or more black students or black residents in that year or an adjacent year, an attempt was made to locate that student in census records to identify their racial classification. In nearly all cases where such a student was identified in census records, they were found to be black. The only exception discovered is Ella Moore’s house at 219 E. College Street, which appears to have been rented on at least one occasion to a white student: Julius R. Hecker in 1909. It should be noted that this method does not identify any black students who lived in Iowa City only in houses not typically occupied by black residents. The number of black students reported here therefore most likely underestimates the total number of black students at the university in any given year. Given the level of de facto racial segregation common in Iowa City housing in the early to mid- twentieth century, however, it is believed that the numbers of black students reported here is close to the total number enrolled, at least for the years under consideration here. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 12 white families in Iowa City willing and able to house black female students was sufficient so long as the number of such students remained low. By the fall of 1916, however, the number of black female students appeared to be increasing at an exponential rate, with double their number compared to just two years earlier. The search for housing for black female students in 1916 must have strained all available resources, although all 16 students managed to find lodgings in Iowa City during that academic year. As a result of the 1916 housing crisis, however, the students began a search for a permanent home for the university’s black female students that continued until the Iowa Federation Home was acquired in September 1919. Of particular concern to the black female students was their isolation, since most lived as the only black person in a white household. It is notable that none of the 16 black female students who were listed in the university’s student directory in 1916–1917 are known to have lived together at the same address that year. Two students had no address listed, and the remaining 14 were listed at 14 different addresses. Only one student in that year was living with a local black family: Emily E. Gross, who lived at 219 E. College Street with Ella Moore. With the exception of one woman who lived in a hotel across the street from the university campus, all of the remaining black women enrolled in 1916–1917 appear to have lodged with white families—many but not all of them affiliated with the university—although it is possible that a few rented rooms from white landlords.26 The difficulty of these living arrangements was recorded in an appeal made by the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs in 1919 to raise funds for what became the Iowa Federation Home. This appeal detailed the difficulties faced by black female students at the university that compelled them to seek funds to acquire a home for their use: The history of the school life of our girls at Iowa City has been one of struggles and humiliation. There are but few of our people in Iowa City and to get a place to stay the girls have gone into the homes of the other race to work—running to scho[o]l in the mornings without a chance to glance in the glass, hurrying back at noon to help with the mid-day meal, then another run to school. When the evening work was done, they were to[o] tired to study. There was no social life for these girls, when sick they were homeless and friendless.27 One possible solution might have been for black female students to live in Currier Hall, a university residence hall for female students that had opened in 1912. However, an unwritten policy prohibited black students from living there. Faced with limited housing options, and the difficulty of carrying out both school work and domestic work even when housing was available, the university’s black female students began searching for other alternatives. By the spring semester of 1917, it appears that five of the students had found a common house to rent, although the location of this building is not known. The newspaper The Bystander reported in March 1917 that a visitor to Iowa City “was entertained at the home of the five university girls, who are as follows: Mayme [sic] Diggs, Helen Dameron, Alma [sic] Calhoun, Mabel Morgan and Helen Lucas.”28 This is the first time that any of the university women who would go on to help establish the Iowa Federation Home are known to have lived together in the same house, although the pattern continued for the next two-and-a-half years until the Iowa Federation Home was established in 1919. Diggs, Dameron, and Lucas, all of them freshmen in 1916–1917, were seniors in 1919–1920 when the Iowa Federation Home first went into operation. Between Spring 1917 and Fall 1919, a group of students worked tirelessly to find a permanent home for black female students at the university. Iva Joiner McClain, who received her undergraduate degree from the university in 1917 and went on to attend graduate school at the same university, persuaded Mrs. Greta Knighton, a member of Iowa City’s small African American community, to house a group of black female students in her house at 826 S. Dubuque Street during the fall semester of 1917.29 The 1917 university student directory lists at least seven black female students at 826 S. Dubuque Street, representing all but two of the nine black female students who are known to have been enrolled that year.30 26 These conclusions are based on a comparison of the list of students’ addresses in Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories,” with the entries for the same addresses in the 1915 and 1918 Iowa City city directories. 27 “Tag Day. Tag Day.” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. 28 “City Locals,” The Bystander, March 30, 1917, p. [4]. 29 “Iowa City Notes,” The Bystander, September 21, 1917, p. 1. This note mistakenly gives Knighton’s address as 821 S. Dubuque Street, but gives the correct address for one of the students living there, Iva Joiner McClain. 30 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 13 The arrangement with Mrs. Knighton was short-lived, however. Only a month after students arrived on campus, the residents of Mrs. Knighton’s house made the following announcement in The Bystander: The university girls, due to the inability to find a suitable place, have decided to start a home on a modest plan for university girls. The home will not only be this year, but for all time. Anyone who wishes to help this project along will be doing something for the higher education of Negro girls in Iowa. House furnishings or donations of any sort would be appreciated. We plan to move October 12, Saturday, to 432 [sic] E. Market street. . . . Do you know of a woman who would come and live with us and be our matron? That is one of our great needs.31 The address, given in the announcement as 432 E. Market Street, was an error for 932 E. Market Street.32 A month after this announcement was made, The Bystander reported that: The colored women of the university have succeeded in getting a house. It is nicely located on Market street. Nine girls make their residence here and they have organized themsleves [sic] on a club basis, with th[e] following officers: Miss Iva McClain, president; Miss Ola Calhoun, secretary. Miss Mamie Diggs, treasurer, and Miss Helen Dameron, business manager. The name of the club is the Alpha. The young women of the club are very grateful to their many friends, both white and colored, for their timely assistance. Especial note is due the club women of Des Moines for their help and encouragement. . . . Miss Sweet of Des Moines arrived in Iowa City a week ago to take up her duties as matron of the Alpha house.33 In a history of the university students’ efforts to establish a home for black female students published in 1919, it was reported that the money to rent this house came from the students’ parents, and the furniture was donated by the university faculty.34 In February or March 1918, Mrs. Sweet was replaced as house mother by Mrs. Mattie W. Dameron of Indiana, the mother of house resident Helen Dameron.35 Although the house at 932 E. Market Street was initially proclaimed to be a home “for all time,” it appears to have been occupied by members of the Alpha Club only during the 1917–1918 academic year, and probably also through the summer of 1918. The student directory published in Fall 1918 lists only two students at that address—Mamie Diggs and Golda Crutcher—and the directory published in Spring 1919 lists none. It is not clear whether Diggs and Crutcher 31 “Iowa City,” The Bystander, October 12, 1917, p. [3]. 32 The correct address is given in both the 1918 student directory (for two students) and the 1918 Iowa City city directory (for seven students); see Directory of Faculty and Students, 1918-1919 (Iowa City: The State University of Iowa, no date [Fall 1918]), pp. 14 and 15; and Smith’s Directory of Iowa City and Johnson County for 1909 (Rock Island, Illinois: Edgar Smith, 1909), pp. 55, 68, 69, 73, 99, 141, 142. The only other person listed in the 1918 city directory at this address was Marjory McClain, who was identified as an assistant at Klein Beauty Culture. She was most likely the younger sister of university student and house resident Iva Joiner McClain, based on the 1910 census of Sully County, South Dakota (Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population, South Dakota, Sully County, Pearl Township, Enumeration District 405, Sheet 4A [John A. Joiner entry]). 33 “Iowa City Notes,” The Bystander, November 23, 1917, p. 1. “Miss Sweet” has not been identified with certainty. In 1917, the Des Moines city directory listed only one person surnamed Sweet who was identified as black: Mary Sweet, a cook at 2910 Grand Avenue—the home of Helen Garver, widow of Garver Hardware Co. founder John A. Garver—who lived at 1064 11th Street; see R. L. Polk & Co.’s Des Moines City and Valley Junction Directory, 1919 (Des Moines, Iowa: R. L. Polk & Co., 1919), pp. 453, 1115. The reference to the “club women of Des Moines” probably refers to one or more individual women’s clubs of that city—and perhaps only to the Mary B. Talbert Club, mentioned in the following footnote— rather than to the statewide umbrella organization, the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. The statewide organization does not appear to have become involved in the push for a permanent home for black female students at the university until 1919. 34 “Tag Day. Tag Day,” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. Some support also came from at least one women’s club, the Mary B. Talbert Club in Des Moines, which sent $5.00 to the university women in October 1917 (“City Locals,” The Bystander, October 19, 1917, p. [3]). 35 “Notes from Iowa City,” The Bystander, March 1, 1918, p. [2]. Mattie Dameron’s first name, not given in this source, is known from census records and city directories. She was the wife of James L. Dameron, a student at the University of Iowa in the 1890s who became a school teacher and later assistant principal at the segregated black high school in Madison, Indiana. James Dameron returned to complete his undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa in the late 1910s, when he was in his 50s; see Edgar Smith, Smith’s Directory of Iowa City and Johnson County, Iowa, for 1919–20 (Dorchester, Massachusetts: Edgar Smith, 1919), p. 77; Iowa State Bystander, November 27, 1896, p. [4]; “City News,” Iowa State Bystander, August 7, 1914, p. 1; “Negro, Aged 50, Iowa Student,” The Bystander, November 7, 1919, p. 1. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 14 were actually still living at 932 E. Market Street after all other members of the Alpha Club had moved elsewhere, or whether they simply did not report their new address to the university in time for publication in the Fall 1918 directory. During the 1918–1919 academic year, the members of the Alpha Club (with the possible exceptions of Diggs and Crutcher in the fall semester) were living at 603 S. Lucas Street. This house had been rented by members of Kappa Alpha Psi, the University of Iowa’s first black fraternity, during the previous three years, since the fall of 1915.36 The original intention appears to have been for the women to occupy the fraternity house for the 1918–1919 academic year, then have the Kappa Alpha Psi members return to the house for the 1919–1920 academic year.37 It is not clear why the fraternity members were willing or able to relinquish their house for a year. It may be that few fraternity members were living on campus at the time because many were serving in World War I, which ended in November 1918. In any case, as things turned out, the fraternity did not return to 603 S. Lucas Street in 1919, but instead rented a different house in 1919–1920.38 It is not known whether any appeal was made to the University of Iowa administration during this time to assist in securing a permanent home for black students, male or female. As described below, the first known appeals to the university in this regard did not come until after the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs began its fundraising drive in 1919. Between 1916 and 1919, the push to secure a permanent dormitory for black female students appears to have come almost entirely from the students themselves, with assistance from their families, university faculty, black alumni of the university, Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity, and one or more black women’s clubs. Through these resources, the university women were able to stay together in a single building for the two-and-one-half years before their dreams were realized in 1919 with the establishment of the Iowa Federation Home. Black Sororities and the Delta Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta The university students’ push to secure a permanent dormitory for black female students was part of a larger effort to increase social bonds among African American students at the university through social organizations. In particular, the unity shown by the women in trying to secure a dormitory for their use also reinforced the social bonds that led to the establishment of the first chapter of a black sorority at the University of Iowa. The first fraternities and sororities for African American undergraduate students on university campuses in the United States were established in the first decade of the twentieth century. The earliest black fraternities were Alpha Phi Alpha (founded in 1906 at Cornell University) and Kappa Alpha Psi (originally Kappa Alpha Nu) (1911, Indiana University), while the earliest sororities were Alpha Kappa Alpha (1908, Howard University) and Delta Sigma Theta (1913, Howard University). The basic goals of these fraternities and sororities, like all Greek-letter organizations, were to form social bonds between students and to provide an academic and social support system while in college and a 36 The first black fraternity chapter formed at the University of Iowa was Delta Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi (named Kappa Alpha Nu from its founding at Indiana University in 1911 until the name was changed in 1915), which was established on March 7, 1914; see “Iowa Negroes Organize College Fraternity,” Iowa State Bystander, March 13, 1914, pp. 1 and 3. It is not clear whether this fraternity had a chapter house in 1914–1915. The student directory from that year lists the fraternity’s known members at multiple addresses—none of them at 603 S. Lucas Street—but two are listed at Kappa Alpha Nu house, for which no address was specified. Oddly, the 1919 history of the efforts of the black female students to secure permanent living quarters for themselves states that the previous year “the boys of the other race rented their home to our girls;” see “Tag Day. Tag Day,” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. The fraternity house occupied by the female students was that of the university’s only black fraternity at that time, however, not a white fraternity. 37 “Tag Day. Tag Day.” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. 38 Iowa City city directories do not identify the occupants of the house at 603 S. Lucas Street in either 1919 or 1922. The house was destroyed by fire in January 1922, at which time it was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Sentman; see “Fire Wrecks Sentman Home,” Iowa City [Iowa] Press- Citizen, January 24, 1922, p. 1. Based on the addresses of known Kappa Alpha Psi members listed in university student directories, it appears that members of the fraternity rented 630 S. Johnson Street in 1919, no single house in 1920, and 110 E. Burlington Street in 1921. Only in 1922 were they able to rent a home for any longer period. This was 301 S. Dubuque Street, which the fraternity occupied until the mid-1930s. The difficulties of Kappa Alpha Psi members to rent or purchase a chapter house during this period are described in a November 1921 letter from fraternity member William Edwin Taylor to the Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). As Taylor explains, “No one [in Iowa City] will rent to colored fraternities; and no one will sell in livable localities. It is almost impossible in the whole city to find a decent room to live in. The fraternity of which I am a member, to take advantage of this situation, bought a house on contract of sale last summer. The moment it became known that we had bought, a powerful but sinister organization, raised money to keep us from gaining possession. The old tenant, whose lease was up Sept. 1, has refused to move” (William Edwin Taylor, letter of November 2, 1921, to James Weldon Johnson, Secretary NAACP, New York, in NAACP Branch Files, Des Moines, Iowa, 1916–1924, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; digital image available on the ProQuest History Vault web site, at https://hv.proquest.com/historyvault/). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 15 potential employment network upon graduation. Historically black fraternities and sororities, most of which were founded during the depths of the Jim Crow era of racial segregation in the early twentieth century, also served functions unique or of particular importance to the African American community. They provided social and academic networks to black students who would likely have been denied full access to these opportunities at predominantly white universities. They were able to provide housing to African American students at a time when those students were denied access to most of the student housing available to white students. Finally, their focus on scholarship and achievement made them closer to honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa than to the more socially oriented white fraternities and sororities. This helped to prepare black students for future leadership positions at a time when black students had far fewer opportunities for success than their white counterparts.39 Delta Sigma Theta sorority was formed in 1913 at Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C. The next chapter of the sorority opened in 1914 at Wilberforce University in Ohio, also a historically black university. The next three chapters opened at predominantly white universities: the University of Pennsylvania in 1918, and the University of Iowa and Ohio State University in 1919.40 The formation of the Delta Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta at the University of Iowa was closely intertwined with the black female students’ search for a permanent dormitory. The Alpha Club, mentioned above as the organization of black female students at the time they moved into 932 E. Market Street in the fall of 1917, led directly to the formation of Delta Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. The Alpha Club, in turn, was only the latest in a succession of organizations formed by the university’s black female students for their own academic and social betterment. The first, the Mary Church Terrell Club, was formed in the fall of 1913, which was either the first or second year that more than two black women attended the university.41 At the time the university’s Mary Church Terrell Club was formed, its stated purpose was to “inculcate high ideals in the girls. The work will be along literary lines, with emphasis placed upon the achievements among Negroes.”42 This club is not known to have lasted beyond the 1913–1914 academic year, but it was succeeded in the fall of 1914, with essentially the same officers, by the G. S. U. I. Historian Richard Breaux has interpreted “G. S. U. I.” to stand for “Girls of the State University of Iowa,” although this could not be confirmed from contemporary sources.43 The G. S. U. I. may have functioned more as a social club than did the Mary Church Terrell Club, since the references to the club in Iowa State Bystander (later The Bystander) referred far more often to dinners, parties, and other social events than to lectures or other more academically oriented activities. The club did, however, send its members to an Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (IFCWC) meeting as early as 1915, three years before the first known appeal by the university women to the IFCWC for help in establishing a permanent dormitory.44 The G. S. U. I. apparently operated for three years, through the 1916–1917 academic year, but no reference to it was found in The Bystander after installation of new officers in December 1916.45 The Alpha Club, formed by the university’s black female students in the fall of 1917 at the time the women moved to 932 E. Market Street, appears to have been a successor organization to the G. S. U. I. The Alpha Club may have been formed with the express intention of later joining a black sorority. A university rule in force three years later, at the time the Theta Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity was formed at the University of Iowa, stated that “a group desiring to become affiliated with a Greek letter society should first be formed as a club and remain together for one year.”46 Whether or not the Alpha Club was formed expressly for this purpose, all members of the Alpha Club who 39 Paula Giddings, In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1988), pp. 15–19. 40 Giddings, pp. 69–77. 41 As mentioned below, Mary Church Terrell was the first president of the National Association of Colored Women (later the National Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs), and the namesake of many black women’s clubs throughout the country. 42 “Colored Students in the State University of Iowa,” Iowa State Bystander, December 19, 1913, p. [5]. 43 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 243. 44 “Iowa City, Iowa,” Iowa State Bystander, June 4, 1915, p. [4]. At the 1915 meeting, the club president spoke briefly to the IFCWC about the university, but no contemporary evidence suggests that financial or other appeals were made at that time. Although no contemporary source records such an appeal, a booklet published in 1929 states that at the 1915 IFCWC meeting, the university women “plead [sic] with these [IFCWC] women to give them some assistance in the procuring of a dormitory;” see Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (no place of publication [Des Moines, Iowa?]: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1929), p. [1]. If an appeal was made in 1915, nothing came of it for another four years, as described in greater detail below. 45 “Iowa City,” The Bystander, December 29, 1916, p. [2]. 46 Jenkins, p. 6. An article published in the University of Iowa student newspaper at the time the Alpha Phi Alpha chapter was formed in 1922 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 16 attended the university in April 1919 were charter members of the Delta Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta. As described in The Bystander: The Alpha Club of Negro Student women, an outgrowth of S. U. I. formed some six [sic] years ago, are pledged to the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority and will become full members during the second week of April and nine student women and one alumnus, Miss Adah Hyde, will be initiated on that date. The girls at the University to join are Eliazbeth [sic] Gross, Ola Calhoun, seniors; Helen Dameron-Beshears, Helen Lucas, Mamie Diggs, juniors; Golda Crutcher, sophomore; Harriet Alexander and Imogene Wilson, freshmen.47 The list of women who were charter members of Delta Chapter varies slightly depending on the source. A history of Delta Sigma Theta published in 1988 includes the names of only eight women rather than the nine listed above, omitting Golda Crutcher and Elizabeth Imogene Wilson, but including a second alumna, “Violetta (London) Fields.” Fields was presumably the same person recorded in student directories as Vaeletta London, who appears to have graduated in 1916.48 The eight women who joined Delta Chapter in April 1919 appear to have included every undergraduate black woman then enrolled at the university. Most of these women are shown in a photograph of the university students published during the fund drive for the Iowa Federation Home in 1919 (Figure 9). Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Having tried for a year without success to secure a permanent home for the university’s black female students, a student representative attended a meeting of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (IFCWC) in 1918 in an attempt to attract financial and other assistance for their cause. The IFCWC (originally named the Iowa State Federation of Afro-American Women’s Clubs) was established in Ottumwa, Iowa, in 1902 as an umbrella organization to coordinate the efforts of individual African American women’s organizations around the state. The IFCWC was part of a more general women’s club movement that had grown dramatically over the second half of the nineteenth century, as middle-class women of all races acquired more leisure time and more education than their mothers had. At first, they offered their talents to their churches, raising money and carrying out charitable work. . . . Many women, wishing to continue their education in an informal setting, organized clubs focused on literature, art, or music. Others formed clubs to discuss timely issues or civic concerns. Expanding their focus and interest beyond home and family, these clubs often tackled local social problems, founding settlement houses, homes for the indigent and elderly, and orphanages. They campaigned for better treatment for the mentally ill, for a more humane approach to problems of poverty, and—though sometimes in a quiet way—for political issues such as women’s suffrage and prohibition. Women discovered that participation in clubs provided an arena in which they could develop leadership skills. The urge for social betterment and self-improvement motivated both white and black women, of course, but black women were spurred on by the need to disprove negative images of black women that were widely accepted in American white society. While white women functioned under the popular belief that they were pure, moral, and uniquely designed by nature to provide a civilizing influence on society, black women were often portrayed as the opposite of their white counterparts: immoral, unintelligent, and unable to rise above the so-called “primitive” culture from which their ancestors had been exported as slaves. As more black women acquired education and moved into the American middle classes, they stated that a local chapter of a Greek-letter organization had to be established for two years before it could join a national organization; see “Social Committee Limits the Senior Hop Committee to Sixteen Members; Approves Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity and 2 Clubs,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), February 22, 1922, p. 1. It is not clear which requirement was correct in 1922, and whether either was in effect in 1919, when the Delta Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta was formed. 47 “Clubs. New Sorority at State University,” The Bystander, April 4, 1919, p. [3]. 48 Giddings, p. 74; Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 17 sought to demonstrate that they themselves did not conform to this racist stereotype, and to help their less affluent sisters rise above it as well. Like their white counterparts, these women formed clubs and organizations and looked around for ways in which they could help their communities. Likewise, in the final decades of the 19th century, Jim Crow attitudes and practices led to the founding of black schools and colleges, where, as W. E. B. Du Bois termed it, a “Talented Tenth” would be educated and equipped to uplift the entire race. Urban black communities banded together to found institutions for social services; many of these were funded—and at times administered—by African American women’s clubs.49 A national umbrella organization, the National Association of Colored Women (later known as the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs), was formed in 1896 with the merger of two smaller associations. Its first president was Mary Church Terrell, for whom many black women’s clubs were named in the early twentieth century, including one at the University of Iowa mentioned above. The Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs became a member of the national organization in 1910.50 Before it took the lead in the drive to acquire a permanent home for black female students at the University of Iowa, the IFCWC was involved in other related initiatives. First, starting in 1912, the Federation had taken steps to establish a home for young working black women and elderly black women in Des Moines. They purchased a home on contract for $2,000 in 1915 or 1916, but the project ran into legal difficulties over ownership and had been abandoned by 1917.51 Second, in 1918, on the recommendation of outgoing Federation president Sue M. Brown, the IFCWC established a Scholarship Loan Fund Committee, often called simply the “Scholarship Committee.” Its primary purpose was to establish a scholarship fund “available for worthy Negro boys and girls desiring to secure a college education.”52 But, as described below, the same committee also took the lead a year later in raising funds and purchasing the Iowa Federation Home. At the same annual meeting of the IFCWC in May 1918 in which the Scholarship Fund was established, a communication was read “from the colored girl student [sic] at the Iowa State University, asking Mrs. Joe Brown and the Federation to help them establish a permanent home for colored students.”53 University student Iva McClain read an “[i]nteresting paper” immediately afterwards, but its subject was not identified, and it does not appear to have been directly related to the appeal for assistance for a dormitory. The IFCWC had no recorded response to the appeal at this time, nor to a similar appear made nine months later in February 1919. The IFCWC Scholarship Committee later identified lack of funds as their reason for not responding to the February 1919 request.54 49 Anne Beiser Allen, “Sowing Seeds of Kindness—and Change: A History of the Iowa Association of Colored Women’s Clubs,” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 3–4. 50 Allen, pp. 4, 6; Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 238. 51 An article to establish an Industrial School for Girls, which soon morphed into a call for a home for young working women and older women, first appeared in the IFCWC’s by-laws in 1912; see Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1912), p. 7; Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1913), p. 6; Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1914), pp. 7, 10; Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1915), pp. 10, 16; Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1916), pp. 9, 11, 13, 15–16, 18; and Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1917), p. 13 (all of these IFCWC proceedings, as well as the ones cited below, are arranged chronologically and housed in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa). See also Allen, p. 10. According to Allen, “financial problems and organizational details had stymied the project.” 52 “Report of the 17th Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs,” The Bystander, June 14, 1918, p. 1. It is not clear whether the Scholarship Committee was created in May 1918 or whether only the scholarship fund was created then. The 1929 Iowa Federation Home booklet states that in May 1917, outgoing president Sue M. Brown “appointed a committee to devise some means of assisting the Negro young women at the university” (Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [3]). This appears to refer to the Scholarship Committee, although there is no other indication that the assistance was intended only for women or that it was made in direct response to the University of Iowa students’ request for a home for black female students, as the booklet implies. 53 Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Session of the Iowa State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1918), p. 11; located in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers. 54 Roberta M. Bailey (compiler), Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Held in Odd Fellows Hall, Marshalltown, Iowa, May 26, 27, 28 Inclusive, 1919 (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?], no date of publication [ca. 1919]), p. 10; located in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 18 At the annual meeting of the IFCWC three months later, in May 1919, a presentation to the Federation by Mamie Diggs, a student at the university, on the need for a home was supported by Adah Hyde, the university alumna mentioned above as taking an active role in trying to find the university women a permanent home. At this time, the IFCWC left it to the Scholarship Committee to pursue the request.55 Barely a week later, the Scholarship Committee announced a statewide campaign to raise funds for the university students’ home. Appeals were made to individual clubs and their members, as well as to black University of Iowa alumni and other individuals of means. Individuals could also contribute through a statewide tag day sale held July 18– 19, with the proceeds going towards the home fund.56 The appeals focused on improving the condition of the “Negro race” in Iowa. “Would you better the condition of the Negro race, make it stronger intellectually, morally and socially,” urged one appeal, “then educate the girl of today, the mother of tomorrow.”57 The University of Iowa was not involved in this fundraising campaign, although it played an indirect role. On July 25, 1919, at the request of Helen Dameron-Beshears, University President Walter A. Jessup wrote to Helen Downey, chair of the Scholarship Committee, endorsing the IFCWC’s fundraising efforts to secure money for a black women’s dormitory. Three weeks later, Helen Downey wrote again to President Jessup saying that the Des Moines Chamber of Commerce had blocked the IFCWC’s attempts to raise funds. It is not clear what objection the Chamber of Commerce had to the fund drive, or what authority it had to forbid the drive. The Chamber reportedly asked the university to buy a home for the black female students, a course of action that the IFCWC endorsed. If that wasn’t possible, Downey said, she requested that the university use its influence with the Des Moines Chamber of Commerce to allow the IFCWC to continue with its fundraising campaign. Since the university president was then on vacation, the university’s Dean of Women, Nellie Aurner, responded by saying that the university could not purchase a home for the black female students since the state legislature had not appropriated funds for additional dormitories. This letter was apparently sufficient to convince the Des Moines Chamber of Commerce that its preferred option would not take place, so by August 25, the Chamber allowed the IFCWC to proceed with their fund drive.58 In August 1919, the Scholarship Committee had identified a house in Iowa City that met their needs and which the owner was willing to sell to an African American organization for occupancy by black students. The fundraising campaign raised $2,047, of which $1,000 was used for a down payment on the house and another $1,000 on furnishings and other expenses. The deed was signed on September 3, 1919. As reported the following year by the chair of the Scholarship Committee: The place has nine large rooms, bath, hard wood floors, good attic, cellar, furnaces, etc. It had gas for illumination but we installed electricity at a cost of $25. Had the necessary plumbing done and spent two weeks and moved the furniture the young ladies had into the home and bought other furniture and made it as comfortable as our limited means would allow. . . . 55 Roberta M. Bailey (compiler), Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Held in Odd Fellows Hall, Marshalltown, Iowa, May 26, 27, 28 Inclusive, 1919 (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?], no date of publication [ca. 1919]), pp. 10, 14–15; located in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers. It is clear from the chronology presented here that the chain of events from the 1915 IFCWC meeting at which the university women first made a presentation, through the establishment of the Scholarship Committee in 1918, to the establishment of the Iowa Federation Home in 1919, was not a straightforward progression towards the ultimate goal of establishing a permanent dormitory for university women, as it is presented in the 1929 Iowa Federation Home booklet, and in other sources relying on that account, such as Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 239–240. Instead, the initiative came almost exclusively from the university women until May 1919, and the efforts of the IFCWC towards helping black university students in Iowa prior to that time were not focused on the goal of establishing a home for university women in Iowa City. 56 “Women’s Clubs Begin Drive,” The Bystander, June 6, 1919, p. 1; “Tag Day. Tag Day,” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. 57 Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs $10,000 Drive for Girls’ Home at Iowa City (no author, publisher, or place of publication [Des Moines: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?], no date of publication [1919]), in the Walter A. Jessup Papers at the University of Iowa, available in the University of Iowa Libraries’ Iowa Digital Library, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/aawiowa/id/2044/rec/5; accessed January 21, 2018. 58 Correspondence between Helen Downey and University of Iowa Administration, 1919, in the Walter A. Jessup Papers, 1916–1934, University of Iowa Libraries, University Archives. Also available in the African American Women in Iowa Digital Collection, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/aawiowa/id/2039/rec/42; accessed April 29, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 19 I need not tell you the struggle we had to secure a place in Iowa City, but I might say we grabbed this place as our last chance, an ideal place on the avenue.59 According to historian Richard Breaux, the Iowa Federation Home was “one of the very few women’s dormitories in the nation owned and operated by a formal group of African American women.”60 It is certainly the only one known in Iowa, although no information was discovered during the research for the present nomination on whether other black women’s dormitories were established in other states, and, if so, how they were funded. The Iowa Federation Home at 942 Iowa Avenue The house selected for the student dormitory by the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs was a former single-family home located at 942 Iowa Avenue. The date of construction of the house is not known. Stylistically it appears to date to the 1880s or 1890s, based on its stone foundation, complex massing with multiple gables, tall and narrow windows, cottage window with leaded glass upper sash, and turned and jigsaw-cut gable ornamentation.61 The property was owned and occupied by the family of Joseph Warren (J. W.) and Sophia Clark from the 1860s or earlier until 1891, when it was sold to farmer William H. Wait (or Waite). The Wait family, which included William’s wife Abigail and at least three adult children recorded in the 1900 census, owned the property until 1907. The present house may have been built for a member of the Clark family, but it was more likely built in or shortly after 1891 for the Waits. The sales price of the property more than doubled between 1891 and 1907, from $2,000 to $4,500, a period during which the national inflation rate was essentially zero.62 In 1907, William H. Wait’s heirs sold the property to Susanne Sunier, widow of Iowa City watchmaker and jeweler Aime Sunier, who died the same year. She lived at 942 Iowa Avenue with at least six of her adult and minor children and step-children until 1919, when she sold the property to the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs.63 It 59 Mrs. Selby Johnson (compiler), Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Held in Bethel A. M. E. Church, Davenport, Iowa, May 24–26 Inclusive, 1920 (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?], no date of publication [ca. 1920]), pp. 8, 9, 16; Minutes of the Twentieth Annual Convention of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Held at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, May, 1921 (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?], no date of publication [ca. 1921]); $10,000, Students’ Home Drive, undated (1919) IFCWC brochure filed together with the 1921 Minutes; all located in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers. 60 Richard M. Breaux, “Facing Hostility, Finding Housing: African American Students at the University of Iowa, 1920s–1950s,” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 2002), p. 14. 61 No evidence was uncovered during the research for the present nomination to support the claim given in one source that the house was a farmhouse in 1852; see Peter Boylan, “This Old House: An Isle of Pride, Acceptance,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), April 18, 2001, p. 1A. A 1½-story front-gabled house is shown on or near the site of the present house on a bird’s-eye view map of Iowa City published in 1868, but that house was either substantially remodeled into—or more likely completely replaced by—the present house in the 1880s or 1890s; see A. Ruger, Bird’s Eye View of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (Chicago: Chicago Lithographing Company, 1868). 62 For the inflation rate between 1891 and 1907, based on the Consumer Price Index, see Morgan Friedman, The Inflation Calculator, at https://westegg.com/inflation/; accessed January 19, 2018. For information on the Clark and Wait families and their ownership of this property, see “Charles Clapp Clark” in The Story of Iowa: The Progress of an American State, Volume III: Family and Personal History (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1952), pp. 319–320; Johnson County, Iowa, Auditor’s Office, Transfer Books; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 53, p. 514, Book 58, p. 461, Book 65, p. 472, Book 93, pp. 134–135, and Book 126, p. 466; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Mortgage Book 26, p. 375; Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Schedule No. 1—Population, Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 4, Supervisor’s District 2, Enumeration District 85, Sheet 8B (William H. Waite entry). The house was possibly built for J. W. Clark’s widow Sophia, who died in 1884, or for her son Charles C. Clark, who bought the property from Sophia Clark’s heirs in 1885, but that would not explain the great jump in sales price between 1891 and 1907. Moreover, some of the architectural features of the house, particularly the cottage window, would have been unusual before the mid-1880s, suggesting that the house was most likely not built for Sophia Clark. Charles C. Clark moved to Burlington, Iowa, after earning his law degree from the University of Iowa in 1886, so he is also unlikely to have had a new house built between 1886 and 1891. Sophia Clark sold a half interest in the property in 1883 to Eliza D. Wright, who was evidently living on the site with Sophia Clark’s son Harold W. Clark at the time of the 1885 Iowa state census (Iowa State Census [1885], Statistics of Population, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 4, p. 170 [Eliza D. Wright entry]); see All Iowa, State Census Collection, 1836–1925, database on Ancestry.com; accessed 2018. The property was not reunited under a single owner until it was sold to W. H. Wait in 1891. 63 Iowa State Census (1885), Statistics of Population, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 3, p. 170 (Amy [sic] Sunier entry); Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population, Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 4, Supervisor’s District 2, Enumeration District 90, Sheet 10B (Susanna [sic] Sunier entry); Aime Sunier entry, Oakland Cemetery, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa, on Find A Grave internet web site, at https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/144330542/aime-sunier; accessed January 19, 2018; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 93, p. 134, Book 126, p. 466. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 20 is not known why Susanne Sunier, unlike most other landowners in Iowa City, was willing to sell her property in an otherwise white neighborhood to an African American organization for use by black students. Her status as an immigrant may have been a factor. According to census records, she was born and raised in Switzerland, and only came to the United States in 1881, when she was in her twenties. For the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, and for the university students who had fought for years to establish a permanent home, the acquisition of this house in September 1919 was a major victory. However, the funds raised through the efforts of the IFCWC were able to pay only for the $1,000 down payment on the $5,300 property, as well as the first year’s principal and interest. The Iowa Federation Home ran into financial difficulties in 1922 and 1923. Iowa’s governor at the time, Nathan E. Kendall, saved the Home from foreclosure by purchasing the mortgage, canceling the interest, and donating about one-sixth of the principal.64 The racial attitudes of the neighboring property owners also added to the difficulty in purchasing the Home and to the financial cost to the IFCWC. In particular, a group described as a “white neighborhood group” objected to the purchase. According to the IFCWC, as they attempted to close the deal on the Home, “‘they found there was a tax assessment pending on an extra lot. This they thought would not come up. But angry because we bought, neighbors began to ask a reassessment of this lot and were successful in getting it through court, and it was reassessed [at] $179, which is to be paid for in four payments.’”65 It is not clear when the IFCWC finally paid off the mortgage on the home. The final payment must have been made sometime between 1924, when the IFCWC launched a campaign to raise additional funds for that purpose, and 1929, when a booklet describing the Iowa Federation Home describes the home as “fully paid for.”66 The final payment was most likely made in or shortly after 1924. As reported following the June 1924 IFCWC annual meeting in Iowa City, “The year opened with $2,600 still due on the home. At the convention here, this week, $1,400 was ‘laid on the table,’ for the good cause, and when pledges are paid, the indebtedness will be wiped out.”67 After the Home was fully paid for in the mid- to late 1920s, it was “remodeled and beautified” by Archie A. Alexander, the first African American graduate of the University of Iowa’s College of Engineering. Alexander worked as an engineering contractor after graduating in 1912, and was best known for his work on municipal bridges and sewer systems.68 He was also, not coincidentally, the husband of IFCWC member Audra A. Alexander, who served on the board of trustees of the Iowa Federation Home and later, from 1930 to 1932, served as the Federation’s state president.69 No account appears to have been preserved describing the changes made to the Iowa Federation Home by Archie Alexander. The home was again “renovated and re-decorated within and without” during the summer of 1929, but again, the specifics of this renovation are not known.70 No full record of the changes that were made to the house under the ownership of the IFCWC is available. One change that altered the appearance of the house but did not significantly affect its historic integrity was the introduction, 64 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 242. Breaux suggests that the governor’s interest stemmed from his connection to Albia, Iowa, near Buxton, a coal-mining area with a large African American population. 65 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 242, quoting 1920 IFCWC Minutes. Brackets in Breaux. 66 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 244; Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [3]. 67 “Colored Girls’ Home Dedicated Here Last Night,” Iowa City [Iowa] Press-Citizen, June 5, 1924, p. 12. One source states that the announcement that the home’s mortgage had been paid off came at the 1924 meeting; see Allen, p. 11. This claim is at odds with the reporting in the newspaper article cited here. The only source cited by Allen that might have included this information are the minutes of the 1924 annual meeting of the IFCWC. However, the 1924 minutes are not included in the IFCWC collection in the State Historical Society of Iowa (SHSI) Research Center in Des Moines. It is not clear how Allen was able to view these minutes if they are not in the SHSI’s collection. For the sources used in Allen’s article, see the production file devoted to the Spring 2002 issue of Iowa Heritage Illustrated in the SHSI Research Center in Iowa City. 68 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [3]; “Biographical Note” in Manuscript Register, Papers of Archie Alphonse Alexander, MsC 304, in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City, at http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/scua/msc/tomsc350/msc304_alexanderaa/alexander.html, accessed January 19, 2018. Archie Alexander ended up a University of Iowa graduate after his initial choice, Highland Park College in Des Moines, which he had attended as a freshman in 1907–1908, changed its policy in September 1908 and refused to admit black students. The reason given by the college president, Dr. Oliver H. Longwell, was that “as they [the college] draw a large number of their students from the south, these students objected to go with Colored students and they lost those southern students”; see “Highland Park College Closed Against Negro,” Iowa State Bystander, September 11, 1908, p. 1. 69 Lenola Allen-Sommerville, Historical Reflection: A Millennium Update (Des Moines: Iowa Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, Inc., 2004). 70 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [3]. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 21 probably in the 1940s, of asphalt sheet siding with an imitation brick pattern.71 This siding is shown in photographs of the house taken in the late 1940s and 1950s, but it was removed sometime after the IFCWC sold the property in 1951. The Iowa Federation Home, 1919–1950 Although the IFCWC’s dormitory for black women at the University of Iowa is generally referred to as the “Iowa Federation Home” or simply the “Federation Home,” the formal name appears to have been the “Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls.”72 This last name has therefore been adopted here as the property’s historic name. The IFCWC operated the home at 942 Iowa Avenue for 31 years, from the 1919–1920 academic year until 1949–1950. For most of its history, the Iowa Federation Home fulfilled its original purpose of housing black female students at the University of Iowa, although for several years, as described below, the number of residents was too small to support the Home financially. The Iowa Federation Home was not an official residence hall of the university, but, as described in 1929, the Home was “approved by the Dean of Women of the University, [and] is now operated under practically the same regulations as the regular University Dormitories.”73 Like a fraternity or sorority house, the Iowa Federation Home had a matron or house mother. In some cases the matron was a married woman whose husband also lived in the house and acted as house manager.74 City directories indicate that house mothers were often married women living without a husband, sometimes, but not necessarily, as widows. They also rarely stayed at the Iowa Federation Home for more than a year or two.75 As of 1929, the matron prepared one meal a day, while the students prepared their own breakfast and lunch. As in a university residence hall of that time, “except where excused for some special reason, all residents of the Home are required to take all their meals at the common table which is provided by the Matron.”76 Other rules of the Iowa Federation Home included university-wide social regulations, such as that women were not permitted to entertain guests in their sleeping rooms, as well as house-specific rules regarding study hours, curfews, and other matters.77 While the need for a dormitory for black female students seemed acute in the 1916–1917 school year, when the drive to acquire permanent living quarters began in earnest, in fact the number of black female students enrolled in 1916 was the high water mark for the next dozen years. The black student population, both male and female, declined to the low 20s during World War I, but began to increase rapidly after the war. From 1918 to 1926, the total number of black students grew from 21 to 124, but male students accounted for nearly all of this increase. The number of black female students, for whom the Iowa Federation Home was established, typically varied between eight and twelve during the same period.78 Only in the two years preceding the stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression did the number of black female students at the university increase substantially, to at least 18 in 1928 and 25 in 1929. Nearly all of these female students were housed in the Iowa Federation Home.79 The house was described in 1920 as having nine rooms, but in 1929 as having twelve rooms, which presumably included rooms other than bedrooms.80 While this was 71 A photograph of the Iowa Federation Home with its original siding was shown as the cover image in the published minutes of the IFCWC annual meeting as late as 1938, but a photograph showing the imitation brick siding is included on the cover of the published minutes of the 1948 annual meeting; see Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, Proceedings of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, 37th and 38th Annual Sessions [1938 and 1939] (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines, Iowa: Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs?]), no date of publication [ca. 1939]); Iowa Association of Colored Women, 45th Annual State Convention, Iowa Association of Colored Women [1948], convention program (no publisher or place of publication [Des Moines, Iowa: Iowa Association of Colored Women?]), no date of publication [ca. 1948]); all available in Boxes 1 and 2, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers. 72 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [13]. 73 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, pp. [3, 5]. This 1929 booklet is a rich source of information on the Iowa Federation Home at the time, including its history, function, rules, one photograph of the exterior, and several photographs of different interior rooms. 74 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” pp. 242, 245. 75 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 76 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [5]. 77 Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, pp. [9, 11]. 78 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” 79 Richard Breaux has identified 18 black female students in 1928 and 19 in 1929, although the IFCWC booklet published in Fall 1929 gives the number at that time as 25; see Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947”; Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [7]. Only one of the students identified by Breaux in 1928 or 1929 did not live at 942 Iowa Avenue, although the 1929 booklet states that only 17 of the 25 black female students then attending the university were housed in the Iowa Federation Home. 80 Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs (1920), p. 16, available in Box 1, Iowa United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 22 sufficient to house the typical number of residents, it must have seemed crowded in the peak years of 1928 and 1929. Photographs of several of the rooms as they appeared ca. 1929 are provided in the 1929 booklet on the Iowa Federation Home (Figures 10–11). For the first nine years that the Iowa Federation Home operated, the number of students in residence stayed fairly constant, varying between nine and twelve students in all years except for 1922–1923, when only five students lived at the home.81 During this time, only a single black female student at the University of Iowa is known to have lived at a different address.82 A group of women who lived in the house around 1925 or 1926 is shown in Figure 12. During the Depression, the total number of black students at the university dropped slightly, from a high of 145 in 1930 to 119 in 1932. The decline in the number of black female students was more pronounced. From a high of 25 in 1929, the number dropped quickly to around five through most of the 1930s. Moreover, while during the 1920s nearly every black female student at the university had resided in the Iowa Federation Home, during the 1930s at least one, and sometimes several, black female students lived elsewhere, even when the Iowa Federation Home was struggling to get by with just two or three students in residence.83 For two years, from 1937 to 1939, the need of the IFCWC to maintain sufficient income from the Iowa Federation Home despite low black female enrollment at the university was met by the black fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi, which had no chapter house at the University of Iowa by 1937. Members of the fraternity rented the Iowa Federation Home for two academic years, in 1937–1938 and 1938–1939 (Figure 13). For reasons that are not known, but likely include at least in part financial difficulties relating to low fraternity membership during the Great Depression, the fraternity had given up its long-time chapter house at 301 S. Dubuque Street after the 1934–1935 academic year. University of Iowa student directories list the address of this fraternity as 213½ S. Clinton Street for one year in 1935– 1936. It was not included in the list of men’s organizations at the university in 1936–1937, although it apparently remained active, since it rented the Iowa Federation Home for the subsequent two years, with five fraternity members listed in each year.84 After Kappa Alpha Psi had spent two years in the Iowa Federation Home, the university’s black female enrollment increased to the point where nine women were able to live in the home in 1939–1940, so in that year the home was returned to its original function. It is not clear how active Kappa Alpha Psi remained during the following decade, but it was not listed again in student directories as a university men’s organization until 1950. In the 1950–1951 academic year—the last year that the IFCWC owned the Iowa Federation Home—Kappa Alpha Psi was again identified in the student directory as located at 942 Iowa Avenue, and two Kappa Alpha Psi members were listed in the student directory at this address.85 Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers; Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, p. [3]. The description in the 1929 booklet (p. [5]) identifies the rooms as follows: one parlor or drawing room, one dining room, one kitchen, and one bathroom, probably all on the first floor; a second bathroom and an unknown number of bedrooms, probably all on the second floor; and a laundry room in the basement. Depending on whether the basement laundry room was included in the total of twelve rooms, that would suggest that either six or seven bedrooms were located on the second floor. 81 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories”; Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African- American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947.” 82 The exception was Marie Whaley Wooldridge, who had married fellow University of Iowa student Clifton J. Wooldridge in 1924. In 1925–1926, Marie Wooldridge was living with her husband and mother at a different address in Iowa City, which they shared with the family of another black University of Iowa student, Cecil H. Brewton; see 1925 Iowa State Census, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 1 (Clifton Wooldridge entry); Iowa, Marriage Records, 1880–1940, database available on Ancestry.com, accessed March 8, 2018. 83 Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947.” Most notably, the largest number of black female students recorded in Breaux’s list between 1933 and 1938 was in Summer 1934, when seven women were recorded. All seven lived at 15 E. Prentiss Street rather than in the Iowa Federation Home. For a discussion of the financial hardships faced by students during the Depression, and the efforts of the IFCWC to attract students whose rent was necessary to keep the Iowa Federation Home operating, see Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” pp. 244–245. 84 Richard Breaux has stated that the members of Kappa Alpha Psi “gave up their house” in 1937 to help the Iowa Federation Home financially, but the fraternity no longer had a chapter house by 1937. Known members of the fraternity were listed in student directories as living at five different addresses in Iowa City in 1935–36, and at a group of four different addresses in 1936–1937 that largely overlapped those of the previous year. In both years, several members of the fraternity were living in the household of Elizabeth Saulsbury (later Elizabeth Tate) at 9 E. Prentiss Street. In 1940, she and her later husband, Junious Tate, established the Tate Arms rooming house for black male university students at 914 S. Dubuque Street; see Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories”; Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 85 Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947”; lists of Men’s Organizations in University of Iowa student directories, 1927–1952, in the University of Iowa Libraries, Special Collections, Iowa City. Unfortunately, for the years 1937–1939, when the fraternity members occupied the Iowa Federation Home, the pages listing the Men’s Organizations have been removed United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 23 The Kappa Alpha Psi members were not the only men who ever lived in the Iowa Federation Home, although, with one exception, no more than one man is known to have lived in the house in any given year when the primary occupants were female students.86 The men who lived in the Iowa Federation Home were typically married graduate students who worked as house managers of the Home. In some cases, their wives served as house matrons.87 The enrollment of black women more than black men appears to have fluctuated with the national economy. The number of black women enrolled as students reached about ten in 1939 and 14 in 1940, only to fall back again to the single digits during World War II. From just two known black female students in 1945, the number jumped back to at least 14 during the 1946–1947 academic year, the first year in which black women were officially allowed to reside in Currier Hall, the university’s women’s dormitory. In that year, five of the 14 known students lived in the Iowa Federation Home, another five lived in Currier Hall, and the remaining four lived elsewhere in Iowa City or neighboring Coralville (Figure 14).88 The Iowa Federation Home was rededicated in 1943 as Sue M. Brown Hall, in honor of the IFCWC president who reportedly first recommended establishment of the Iowa Federation Home in the 1910s, and who served as the chair of the board of trustees of the home for 20 years until her death in 1941 (Figure 15).89 The Home continued to be operated for three years after the university dormitories were desegregated. The Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, at this time named the Iowa Association of Colored Women, held annual “tag day” sales to benefit the Home through the 1940s, but the last one of which any record has been found was in June 1949.90 By the following year, it appears that the Association no longer found it necessary to raise funds to maintain the Home, which they sold in March 1951. The Iowa Federation Home in Iowa City is the only building significantly associated with the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. The IFCWC never had a central office, instead meeting annually in different locations, typically in cities where their member organizations were located. An attempt to purchase and operate a home for women and girls in Des Moines in 1915 was unsuccessful, as described above. An attempt to raise money in the early 1960s to build a federation headquarters, which would also serve as a “center dedicated to interpreting minority problems and improving race relations,” also appears never to have raised the funds necessary to construct a building.91 By the late 1960s, women’s clubs in general, and black women’s clubs in particular, were in decline. As described by Anne Beiser Allen: from the student directories in the university’s collection, so it is not clear whether the university recognized Kappa Alpha Psi as a fraternity during those years. The university’s other black fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, was listed in the same directories through 1940–1941, then was no longer listed until some time after 1951–1952. Of the three known Kappa Alpha Psi members who had lived at 942 Iowa Avenue and who also were listed in the 1939–1940 student directory, one had moved to 329 Church Street to the household of Charles Gross, while two others moved to 116 E. Burlington Street, home at the time of John W. Ware, an African American automobile service attendant; see University of Iowa student directories and Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” The two Kappa Alpha Psi members listed in the 1950–1951 student directory were Edwin Foster and William H. McAdams (University of Iowa, University Directory, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1950–1951 (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1950]), pp. 44, 92). No others listed at 942 Iowa Avenue were identified in this student directory. 86 The exception was 1920–1921, when, in addition to house manager James L. Dameron, a first-year medical student, Isaac G. Hill, also lived in the Iowa Federation Home, together with 10 women; see Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” 87 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” pp. 242, 245. 88 Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947.” 89 “Mrs. Brown’s Rites Tuesday,” The Des Moines [Iowa] Register, November 30, 1941, Iowa News section, p. 5; “War Topic of Women Here,” The Des Moines [Iowa] Register, June 29, 1943, p. 9. The latter article states that Sue Brown “as president of the association 26 years ago recommended establishment of such an institution.” As described above, this is not quite accurate based on the evidence from contemporary sources; outgoing president Sue Brown recommended establishment of the Scholarship Fund in 1918, and a year later the Scholarship Fund Committee took the lead in the Iowa Federation Home fund drive. 90 “$800 Collected for Negro Dormitory,” Des Moines [Iowa] Sunday Register, June 5, 1949, p. 10-L. 91 The initiative to build this headquarters was mentioned briefly in a section on the events of 1961 in a history of the IFCWC, but the same history provides no further information, including any evidence that the headquarters was ever built; see Allen-Sommerville. Similarly, the fundraising effort to build a headquarters building was mentioned occasionally in Des Moines newspapers, with the latest reference to it found in August 1963; see “Plan Center for Service,” Des Moines [Iowa] Tribune, August 2, 1963, p. 9. No mention of the proposed headquarters after August 1963 has been found by searching for the relevant terms in issues of Des Moines newspapers from the 1960s to the 2010s available on Newspapers.com (accessed March 12, 2018). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 24 Much of the work previously done by African American women’s clubs—assisting the needy, promoting black culture, challenging the white community on civil rights and discrimination—had been taken over by more narrowly focused groups and by the government. Across the nation, black women were joining parent-teacher associations and the League of Women Voters in local communities, working alongside white women for social change. These changes were part of a nationwide trend among women’s clubs in general. As employment opportunities increased, and as the number of organizations devoted to specific political or social welfare projects mushroomed, American women had much wider choices about how and where to direct their energies. As organizations restricted to white males gradually dropped barriers based on race and sex, many women opted to join these groups. Society had changed to the extent that women no longer believed their voices would not be heard in a gathering of men. . . . Women’s energies were clearly not diminished, but the women’s club movement was. By 1969 only eight clubs remained active in the Iowa Association of Colored Women[’s Clubs]. Some of the clubs that belonged to the state organization had simply died out; others had disaffiliated but remained active locally. Although clubs continued to discuss topics such as international relations, civil rights, equal employment, and urban renewal, their main purpose had become more social.92 No evidence was discovered during the research for the present nomination that the IFCWC ever owned other real estate that was significantly associated with the organization. For this reason, the Iowa Federation Home in Iowa City, which was associated with the IFCWC for more then 30 years, and which was viewed by the Federation as one of its major accomplishments, is believed to be the only building in Iowa significantly associated with this organization. Statewide significance is therefore claimed for this building. The Women of 942 Iowa Avenue The Iowa Federation Home served not only as a place of residence, but as a training ground to help prepare the undergraduate and graduate women who lived there for a life of professional accomplishment and service after they left the university. Many remarkable black women attended the University of Iowa as students during the three decades the Iowa Federation Home operated. Most of them, particularly during the 1920s, lived in the Iowa Federation Home and were shaped by the personal and academic support that the Home helped to foster. Academic trailblazers who lived in the Iowa Federation Home included Beulah Wheeler, the first black female graduate of the College of Law in 1924, and Lorena Suggs, the first black female graduate of the College of Pharmacy in 1921. The second and third black female pharmacy students also lived in the Iowa Federation Home: Gwendolyn Wilson, who transferred after one year to the pharmacy school at Des Moines College (later Drake University) in Des Moines to complete her degree in 1929, and Marie A. Brown, who earned her degree from the University of Iowa in 1930.93 Wilson went on to become one of the first licensed African American female pharmacists in Iowa, despite a 15- year diversion into teaching school in Mississippi because racial discrimination prevented her from finding employment in her field. She worked as a pharmacist clerk and chemist for the state of Iowa and later served four and one-half years in Vietnam before she retired in 1974.94 In 1941, when Lulu Merle Johnson, another resident of the Iowa Federation Home, received her Ph.D. in American history, she became the first African American woman in the state of Iowa to earn a doctorate.95 Other former residents of the Iowa Federation Home went on to successful professional careers, with careers in education perhaps the most common. For most of the period the Iowa Federation Home was in operation, however, no public school district, 92 Allen, pp. 12–13. 93 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” pp. 246–247; Carlson “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” 94 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” pp. 246–247. 95 “Lulu Merle Johnson: A Pioneer in Higher Education,” on the University of Iowa Graduate College internet web site, at https://www.grad.uiowa.edu/news/lulu-merle-johnson-a-pioneer-in-higher-education-at-ui; accessed March 14, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 25 college, or university in Iowa hired black teachers, so black graduates who wanted to become school teachers or university professors typically taught in schools—often segregated schools—in other states.96 One short-term resident of the Iowa Federation Home was Elizabeth Catlett, an artist who in 1940 became the first student at the University of Iowa to earn a Master of Fine Arts degree in a studio art.97 Near the end of her time at the University of Iowa, the head of the art department decided that she would earn the traditional Master of Arts degree, not the new Master of Fine Arts degree. Renowned regionalist artist Grant Wood, who was also a member of Catlett’s thesis committee, fought for her to receive the MFA. In 1999, Elizabeth Catlett (then Elizabeth Catlett Mora) recalled the events as follows: The head of the art dept., Dr. Lester Longman[,] offered me no opportunities and made me apply for an MA degree when I went two years for an MFA. Grant Wood called me at the Girl’s [sic] House (black) and asked me to come to the Dept. to try for an MFA as it had never been given. The five profs. gave me one along with the sculpture prof., Henry Stinson.98 Catlett went on to a successful career as an artist and university professor of fine arts, specializing in African American themes. She moved to Mexico in 1946, and taught at the National Autonomous University of Mexico’s School of Fine Arts in Mexico City from 1958 to 1975.99 A new residence hall at the University of Iowa completed in 2017 was named Elizabeth Catlett Hall in her honor.100 Other residents of the Iowa Federation Home pioneered in other areas. While at the university, several of the residents participated in sports that were, as Richard Breaux describes, “virtually closed to African American men.” Harriette Alexander appears to have been the first African American woman at the university to participate on an athletic team, when she played field ball (field hockey) in 1919. Other such women included Lorraine Crawford, who played on the women’s volleyball team in 1923, and M. Corine Mathis, who played on the women’s baseball, track, volleyball, and basketball teams, as well as participated in track and field events.101 As Breaux observes, “reports of African American women students’ achievements added weight to the argument to maintain the [Iowa Federation] [H]ome and helped African Americans across the state feel as if their financial contributions benefited the race.”102 Some of the residents of the Iowa Federation Home went on to play significant roles in the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century. Perhaps the best known in Iowa City is Frances Helen Renfrow, better known by her married name of Helen Lemme. A 1928 graduate of the College of Liberal Arts, she worked as a research technician in the university’s Department of Internal Medicine and raised two children with her husband, Allyn Lemme. According to one biographical sketch: 96 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 248. The first African American teacher hired for a full-time position at a public school in Iowa was Harriette Curley, hired in 1946 as a kindergarten teacher in Des Moines. No other black teachers in the state were hired until the early 1950s. The first known African American professor hired full-time at a college or university in Iowa was Madeline Clarke Foreman, hired by William Penn College in 1945 to teach biology. Neither woman was a graduate of the University of Iowa. See Chase, in Silag, et al. (eds.), pp. 148 and 151. 97 The same year, a non-student instructor also received an MFA in sculpture, and a student received an MFA in music. At the time, the University of Iowa’s MFA programs was one of the few such programs in the United States; see Kathleen A. Edwards, “The Fine Art of Representing Black Heritage: Elizabeth Catlett and Iowa, 1938–1940,” in Lena M. Hill and Michael D. Hill (editors), Invisible Hawkeyes: African Americans at the University of Iowa During the Long Civil Rights Era (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2016), pp. 51, 196, n. 2. 98 Elizabeth Catlett Mora, response to questionnaire from Richard M. Breaux for his dissertation research at the University of Iowa, January 16, 1999. Copy of questionnaire provided to the present author by Richard Breaux, April 30, 2018. Although sources universally identify her as Elizabeth Catlett, she identified herself as Elizabeth Catlett Mora in her 1999 letter to Breaux. Student directories from the 1938–1940 period do not identify Catlett’s residence as the Iowa Federation Home. They confirm only that Catlett lived at 808 S. Dubuque Street in 1938–1939, and at 713 S. Capitol Street in 1939–1940. If Grant Wood called her at the “Girl’s House (black)”—presumably a reference to the Iowa Federation Home—shortly before she received her degree, she evidently lived there only at the end of her two years at the University of Iowa. 99 Karen Rosenberg, “Elizabeth Catlett, Sculptor With Eye on Social Issues, Is Dead at 96,” The New York [NY] Times, April 3, 2012; available online at https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/arts/design/elizabeth-catlett-sculptor-with-eye-on-social-issues-dies-at-96.html; accessed April 30, 2018. 100 Jeff Charis-Carlson, “UI to Name New Residence Hall After Sculptor, Printmaker Elizabeth Catlett,” Iowa City [IA] Press-Citizen, September 8, 2016; Catlett Hall, University of Iowa Housing web site, at https://housing.uiowa.edu/residence-halls/catlett-hall; accessed April 30, 2018. 101 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 247. 102 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 247. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 26 Helen Lemme . . . devoted her life to the rights of African Americans and women, and she was an active member of the Democratic Party. She served as a precinct committeewoman, a delegate at state and county conventions, and member of the Democratic Party Black Caucus. She also advocated for greater representation of Black voters at the 1944 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Locally, she was involved in the Human Rights Commission and the Iowa City Area Council of Churches. She served as secretary of the Johnson County Advisory Board of the Hawkeye Area Community Action Program. She also held seats on the board of the Iowa City League of Women's Voters, the YMCA and the Girl Scouts. She was elected President of the Iowa City League of Women Voters in 1946 and Iowa City Woman of the Year in 1955. A few years later, she was the first Black woman in Iowa City to be awarded the Best Citizen of the Year. At a time when there was reluctant acceptance of black students in the University of Iowa dormitories, Mr. and Mrs. Lemme provided room and board for numerous black students and athletes who came to Iowa City from nearly everywhere in the United States. Some of the students lived in the upstairs of the Lemme’s [sic] huge five bedroom house which was located at 603 South Capitol Street. In addition, there were approximately a dozen students who lived in an adjoining structure called the Annex. Helen Renfrow Lemme died on December 15, 1968, from inhaling smoke during a fire in her home. She died at the age of 64. In 1970, a new elementary school [in Iowa City] was named after Helen Lemme for her outstanding achievements.103 Two decades later, Virginia Harper, another resident of the Iowa Federation Home, attended the University of Iowa for three years before transferring, eventually graduating from the College of Medical Technology in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Her experiences with racism in Iowa and elsewhere “led her to the presidency of the Fort Madison [Iowa] chapter of the NAACP and membership in the Fort Madison Human Rights Commission.”104 Finally, the importance of the Iowa Federation Home to its residents by providing an oasis from white racism, an opportunity for social bonding, and a site of African American cultural expression, was described by several former residents quoted in a newspaper article on the home published in 2001: “It was a nice place for companionship,” said Arlene Morris, who lived at the house from 1947–1949. “As a black group, we didn’t feel accepted by the university. The house brought us together on a campus where generally we were not accepted.” . . . . “We had our meals together, did stuff with the men together,” she said. “It was a known gathering place for black girls. We had men come around constantly. Occasionally, a woman from the Colored Women’s Association came to ask you how you were doing. It was a comforting environment.” . . . . “They tried to make it as nice as they could,” said Yvonne Smith Sims, a 942 [Iowa Avenue] resident from 1947–1948. “A lot of the guys would come over and hangout [sic]. They would congregate downstairs and play jazz music until really late at night. It’s where I first learned about jazz.” 103 Helen Renfrow Lemme entry, Memory Gardens Cemetery, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa, on the Find A Grave internet web site, at https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/92539652/helen-lemme; accessed March 14, 2018. One source states that she was the president of the Johnson County League of Women Voters rather than the Iowa City League of Women Voters; see Kathryn M. Neal, “Unsung Heroines: African- American Women in Iowa,” in Silag, et al. (eds.), p. 375. Neal claims that Helen Lemme School was the first school in Iowa City to bear a woman’s name, but that honor goes to the Clara Louise Kellogg School, completed in 1917 on Woolf Avenue and demolished in 1948 for a Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital; see “Kellogg School in West Iowa City First of System tn [sic] be Completed,” Iowa City [Iowa] Citizen, September 25, 1917, p. 3; “3 Buildings to be Removed from V.A. Site,” Iowa City [Iowa] Press-Citizen, May 5, 1948, p. 11. 104 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls,’” p. 248. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 27 . . . . “That house is where I did the courting of my husband, Louis James,” said [Barbara Brown] James, the recently widowed former resident [from 1944–1947, and niece of Mamie Diggs, one of the first students to live in the house in 1919]. “On that front porch, we talked of our dreams, laid out future plans, told each other how many kids we wanted to have. I spent a lot of time with my husband there; I won’t ever forget that house.”105 History of 942 Iowa Avenue Since 1950 After the university’s dormitories were “officially” desegregated in 1946, the need for a separate home for black female students waned. The number of black female students in the university had been low during the Depression and World War II. Their numbers appear to have begun to rise again after the end of the war, based on the 1946–1947 figures compiled by Richard Breaux, although no specific enrollment numbers for the period after 1946 have been discovered. It is therefore not known how many black female students attended the university, and how many lived in the newly integrated dorms as opposed to off-campus. The number of students living in the Iowa Federation Home during its final year of service as a women’s dormitory, 1949–1950, was eight, similar to the number of women who had occupied the home during much of the early to mid-twentieth century.106 As a result of the national civil rights movement that gained momentum during the 1950s and 1960s, an increasing number of white landlords in Iowa City were willing to rent to black students. As late as 1960, however, it was still common for white landlords to refuse to rent to black student tenants.107 In 1961, the university adopted an off- campus housing policy that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or religion. Landlords who rented to undergraduate students had to agree to practice nondiscrimination in order to remain on the list of university-approved undergraduate housing.108 Landlords were legally required to rent to tenants regardless of race only after the passage of a fair-housing amendment to the Iowa Civil Rights Act in 1967.109 While these laws and policies were still more than a decade away in the late 1940s, shifting racial attitudes in white society coupled with the continuing relatively low number of black women students at the University of Iowa made the Iowa Federation Home less necessary by the late 1940s. In 1951, the Federation, at that point named the Iowa Association of Colored Women, sold the house at 942 Iowa Avenue to a couple who sold it a week later to Jacob and Muriel Blumer. The Blumers owned the property from 1951 to 1968.110 Based on Iowa City city directories, the Blumers occupied the house as a single-family residence until about 1956. By 1958 it had been divided into four apartments and was operating as Heckart Apartments under Darrell Heckart. In 1959, it had been divided into eight units and was operating as Ring Apartments under Donald W. Ring. It has most likely functioned as an apartment house or rooming house continuously since the late 1950s. In the 50 years since the Blumers sold the property in 1968, the house has passed through several different owners. At present, the former parlor and dining room on the first floor have been converted to two apartments, while the second floor houses additional rooms for rent and a communal kitchen. The attic has also been converted to a living unit. Archaeological Assessment. No archaeological remains within or beyond the footprint of the property were assessed as part of this nomination. Acknowledgements. This nomination was funded by an African American Civil Rights Grant administered by the National Park Service. This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, 105 Boylan, p. 4A. 106 University of Iowa, University Directory, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1949–1950 (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1949]), pp. 8, 23, 41, 61, 115, 121, 145, 148). The following year, 1950–1951, the only residents of 942 Iowa Avenue identified in student directories were two members of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity: Edwin Foster and William H. McAdams; see University of Iowa, University Directory, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1950–1951 (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1950]), pp. 44, 92. 107 “Racial Problems in Housing Told,” The Daily Iowan, December 7, 1960, p. 1. 108 Harold Hatfield, “SUI’s Discrimination Policy Revealed,” The Daily Iowan, March 1, 1961, p. 1. 109 Richard, Lord Acton, and Patricia Nassif Acton, “A Legal History of African-Americans,” in Silag, et al. (eds.), pp. 80–81. This was followed a year later at the national level by the passage of the Fair Housing Act, part of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. 110 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 206, p. 420, Book 208, p. 77, and Book 316, p. 278. Iowa City city directories from the 1950s identify Jacob Blumer as a house painter. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 28 administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 29 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) Acton, Richard, Lord, and Patricia Nassif Acton. “A Legal History of African-Americans.” In Outside In: African- American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, edited by Bill Silag, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase, pp. 60–89. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. Alexander, Archie Alphonse, Papers. “Biographical Note.” Manuscript Register, Papers of Archie Alphonse Alexander, MsC 304. University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Biographical note available at http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/scua/msc/tomsc350/msc304_alexanderaa/alexander.html; accessed January 19, 2018. Allen, Anne Beiser. “Sowing Seeds of Kindness—and Change: A History of the Iowa Association of Colored Women’s Clubs.” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 2–13. Allen-Sommerville, Lenola. Historical Reflection: A Millennium Update. Des Moines: Iowa Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, Inc., 2004. Ancestry.com. All Iowa, State Census Collection, 1836–1925. Database on Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/; accessed 2018. ––––––. Iowa, Marriage Records, 1880–1940. Database on Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/; accessed March 8, 2018. Barnes, Charline J., and Floyd Bumpers. Iowa’s Black Legacy. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2000. Berg, Clarence P. The University of Iowa and Biochemistry: From their Beginnings. Iowa City: The University of Iowa, 1980. Boylan, Peter. “This Old House: An Isle of Pride, Acceptance. The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), April 18, 2001. Breaux, Richard M. “Facing Hostility, Finding Housing: African American Students at the University of Iowa, 1920s– 1950s.” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 14–15. ––––––. “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls’: The Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs at the University of Iowa, 1919–1950.” The Journal of African American History, Volume 87, Cultural Capital and African American Education (Spring 2002), pp. 236–255. –––––– (compiler). “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947.” Folder 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs collection, 1929–2005, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. 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United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 30 ––––––. “A Group of State University Girls Looking for a Home.” Photograph and caption. August 22, 1919. ––––––. “Negro, Aged 50, Iowa Student.” November 7, 1919. Carlson, Richard J. (compiler). “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” Database compiled from federal and state census records and Iowa City city directories, 1900–1959. Copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. –––––– (compiler). “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” Database of black students at the State University of Iowa, 1904–1927, compiled from student directories. Copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Charis-Carlson, Jeff. “UI to Name New Residence Hall After Sculptor, Printmaker Elizabeth Catlett.” Iowa City [IA] Press-Citizen, September 8, 2016. Chase, Hal S. “ʻYou Live What You Learn’: The African-American Experience in Iowa Education, 1839–2000.” In Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, edited by Bill Silag, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase, pp. 134–163. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa). “Social Committee Limits the Senior Hop Committee to Sixteen Members; Approves Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity and 2 Clubs.” February 22, 1922. ––––––. “Racial Problems in Housing Told.” December 7, 1960. Davenport, Michelle. Telephone conversation between Michelle Davenport, University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, and Richard Carlson, November 13, 2017. Davis, Julia. “Short’s Shoe Shine.” The Negro History Bulletin (January 1940), p. 54. Des Moines [Iowa] Register. “Mrs. Brown’s Rites Tuesday.” November 30, 1941. ––––––. “War Topic of Women Here.” June 29, 1943. Des Moines [Iowa] Sunday Register. “$800 Collected for Negro Dormitory.” June 5, 1949. Des Moines [Iowa] Tribune. “Plan Center for Service.” August 2, 1963. Edwards, Kathleen A. “The Fine Art of Representing Black Heritage: Elizabeth Catlett and Iowa, 1938–1940.” In Invisible Hawkeyes: African Americans at the University of Iowa During the Long Civil Rights Era, edited by Lena M. Hill and Michael D. Hill, pp. 141–167. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2016. Faga, Steve. Rental inspector sketches, October 30, 1986. In the files of the City of Iowa City, Iowa, Neighborhood and Development Services. Find A Grave. Memory Gardens Cemetery, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa; Oakland Cemetery, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. Database on Find A Grave web site, https://www.findagrave.com/; accessed January 19 and March 14, 2018. Florman, Jean C. “Traces: Personal Accounts of a History Nearly Lost.” Iowa City Magazine (January 1995), pp. 14–18. Available in Box 1, folder 13, of the Elizabeth (Bettye) Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. Friedman, Morgan. The Inflation Calculator (web site), at https://westegg.com/inflation/; accessed January 19, 2018. Gerber, John C. A Pictorial History of the University of Iowa. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1988. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 31 Giddings, Paula. In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1988. Hatfield, Harold. “SUI’s Discrimination Policy Revealed.” Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), March 1, 1961. Hill, Lena M., and Michael D. Hill (editors). Invisible Hawkeyes: African Americans at the University of Iowa During the Long Civil Rights Era. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2016. Hubbard, Philip G. My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa’s First African American Professor. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1999. Iowa City [Iowa] Citizen. “Kellogg School in West Iowa City First of System tn [sic] be Completed.” September 25, 1917. Iowa City [Iowa] Press-Citizen. “Fire Wrecks Sentman Home.” January 24, 1922. ––––––. “Colored Girls’ Home Dedicated Here Last Night.” June 5, 1924. ––––––. “3 Buildings to be Removed from V.A. Site.” May 5, 1948. Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. No place of publication (Des Moines, Iowa?): Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1929. ––––––. Papers. State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines. Iowa Heritage Illustrated Spring 2002 Production Files. State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City. Iowa State Bystander (Des Moines, Iowa). Brief article on number of black students at State University of Iowa. November 27, 1896. This and the other articles cited below are available on the Library of Congress’s Chronicling America web site, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/, accessed 2017 and 2018. ––––––. “Iowa City Brieflets.” October 20, 1899. ––––––. “Race Echoes.” December 20, 1907. ––––––. “Highland Park College Closed Against Negro.” September 11, 1908. ––––––. Captioned photographs of Adah Hyde and Letta Cary. July 26, 1912. ––––––. Captioned photographs of Adah Hyde and Letta Cary; “Iowa City Notes.” August 2, 1912. ––––––. “Des Moines Girl Appointed.” September 13, 1912. ––––––. “City News.” May 16, 1913. ––––––. “Ogden, Iowa.” May 16, 1913. ––––––. “Colored Students in the State University of Iowa.” December 19, 1913. ––––––. “Iowa Negroes Organize College Fraternity.” March 13, 1914. ––––––. “City News.” August 7, 1914. ––––––. “Iowa City, Iowa.” June 4, 1915. Iowa State University Geographic Information Systems Support and Research Facility [ISUGISSRF]. Iowa Geographic Map Server (web site), at http://ortho.gis.iastate.edu; accessed April 2018. Jenkins, Herbert Crawford. The Negro Student at the University of Iowa: A Sociological Study. Unpublished Master of Arts thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1933. Jessup, Walter A. Papers. Available online at the University of Iowa Libraries’ Iowa Digital Library, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/aawiowa/id/2044/rec/5; accessed January 21, 2018. Johnson County, Iowa, Auditor’s Office. Transfer Books. Iowa City, Iowa. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 32 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office. Deed Books, Mortgage Books. Iowa City, Iowa. Katznelson, Ira. When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2005. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. The Story of Iowa: The Progress of an American State. Volume III: Family and Personal History. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1952. Loewen, James W. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: The New Press, 2005. Moore, Altheda Beatrice, Scrapbook. African American Historical Museum and Cultural Center of Iowa, Cedar Rapids. Digital image available online in the University of Iowa Libraries’ African American Women in Iowa Digital Collection, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/aawiowa/id/720/rec/89; accessed 2018. Mora, Elizabeth Catlett. Response to questionnaire from Richard M. Breaux for his dissertation research at the University of Iowa, January 16, 1999. Copy of questionnaire provided to the present author by Richard Breaux, April 30, 2018. Morris, James B., Jr., Photo Album, 1937–1941. University of Iowa Libraries, Special Collections, Iowa City. Digital image available online in the University of Iowa Libraries’ James Morris Digital Collection, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jamesmorris/id/31; accessed June 4, 2018. Neal, Kathryn M. “Unsung Heroines: African-American Women in Iowa.” In Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, edited by Bill Silag, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase, pp. 364–385. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. Perl, Larry. “Jessup Era Good as (Old) Gold.” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), March 9, 1977. Polk, R. L., & Company. R. L. Polk & Co.’s Des Moines City and Valley Junction Directory, 1919. Des Moines, Iowa: R. L. Polk & Co., 1919. Rosenberg, Karen. “Elizabeth Catlett, Sculptor With Eye on Social Issues, Is Dead at 96.” The New York [NY] Times, April 3, 2012; available online at https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/04/arts/design/elizabeth-catlett-sculptor-with- eye-on-social-issues-dies-at-96.html; accessed April 30, 2018. Rothstein, Richard. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liverwright Publishing Corp., a division of W. W. Norton & Co., 2017. Ruger, A. Bird’s Eye View of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. Chicago: Chicago Lithographing Company, 1868. Sanborn Map Company. Insurance Maps of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1906. ––––––. Insurance Maps of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1912. Schwieder, Dorothy. “Iowa: The Middle Land.” In Iowa History Reader, ed. Marvin Bergman. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2008. Scott, John Beldon, and Rodney P. Lehnertz. The University of Iowa Guide to Campus Architecture. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2006. Silag, Bill, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase (editors). Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. 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[ca. 1950]. Taylor, William Edwin. Letter of November 2, 1921, to James Weldon Johnson, Secretary NAACP, New York. In NAACP Branch Files, Des Moines, Iowa, 1916–1924, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Digital image available on the ProQuest History Vault web site, at https://hv.proquest.com/historyvault/. United States Bureau of the Census. Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Schedule No. 1—Population. Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 4, Enumeration District 85. ––––––. Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population. Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 4, Enumeration District 90. ––––––. Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population. South Dakota, Sully County, Pearl Township, Enumeration District 405. United States Geological Survey. Iowa City West, Iowa. 7.5' Series Quadrangle Map. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey, 1994. University of Iowa Graduate College. “Lulu Merle Johnson: A Pioneer in Higher Education.” On the University of Iowa Graduate College internet web site, at https://www.grad.uiowa.edu/news/lulu-merle-johnson-a-pioneer-in-higher- education-at-ui; accessed March 14, 2018. University of Iowa Housing. Catlett Hall. University of Iowa Housing web site, at https://housing.uiowa.edu/residence- halls/catlett-hall; accessed April 30, 2018. University of Iowa Libraries. “University of Iowa Enrollment Chart, 1856–1942.” University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, available on the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections web site, http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/sc/archives/faq/enroll1856-1942/, accessed November 14, 2017. Van, Jon. “SUI No More: Regents Okay Change to U. of I.” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), October 24, 1964. Walker-Webster, Lynda C. “Social, Fraternal, Cultural, and Civic Organizations.” In Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, edited by Bill Silag, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase, pp. 402–460. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 34 Previous documentation on file (NPS): preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested previously listed in the National Register previously determined eligible by the National Register designated a National Historic Landmark recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # Primary location of additional data: X State Historic Preservation Office X Other State Agency Federal Agency X Local Government X University Other Name of repository: Iowa Women’s Archives at the University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City; State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City; Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa, Iowa City; City of Iowa City Urban Planning Office Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property F less than one (Do not include previously listed resource acreage; enter “Less than one” if the acreage is .99 or less) Latitude/Longitude Coordinates Datum if other than WGS84: F (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places) 1 41.661428 N 91.521116 W 3 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude 2 4 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 35 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) The nominated property is a rectangular parcel located in Lot 3, Block 4, of J. W. Clark’s Addition to Iowa City. The parcel measures 60.5 feet east-west by 102 feet north-south, with Iowa Avenue marking the south boundary of the parcel and the west side of the house at 942 Iowa Avenue marking the west boundary. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The nominated property includes all of the land that has been associated with the house at 942 Iowa Avenue since 1924. During the first few years that the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs owned this property (1919–1924), the property included addition land that extended from the northeast corner of the present parcel. This parcel contained a building identified variously as a garage or barn. The IFCWC sold this parcel in 1924. The loss of this additional land does not diminish the historic integrity of the remaining parcel, since (a) the property is significant for the house located on the main parcel, not for anything relating to the earlier garage parcel, and (b) the property had its present boundaries during most of its period of significance. 11. Form Prepared By name/title Richard J. Carlson/Architectural Historian date March 15, 2018 organization Office of the State Archaeologist telephone (319) 384-0732 street & number 700 Clinton Street Building email richard-j-carlson@uiowa.edu city or town Iowa City state IA zip code 52242-1030 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form:  GIS Location Map (Google Earth or BING)  Local Location Map  Site Plan  Floor Plans (As Applicable)  Photo Location Map (Key all photographs to this map and insert immediately after the photo log and before the list of figures). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 36 Photographs: Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 3000x2000 pixels, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph. Photo Log Name of Property: Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls City or Vicinity: Iowa City County: Johnson State: Iowa Photographer: Richard J. Carlson Date Photographed: February 2, 2018, and March 13, 2018 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0001 General view, north side of Iowa Avenue showing the Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls as second house from the right, camera facing west-northwest. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0002 South side (right) and west side (left), camera facing northeast. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0003 South side (left) and east side (right), camera facing northwest. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0004 East side (left) and north (rear) side (right), camera facing southwest. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0005 North side (left) and west side (right), camera facing southeast. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0006 Detail of front door on south side, camera facing north. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0007 Detail of leaded glass in cottage window on south side, camera facing north. Photograph taken March 13, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0008 Interior, staircase from front hall, camera facing northwest. Photograph taken February 2, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0009 Interior, detail of door frame molding in former dining room (now Apartment 2), facing south. Photograph taken February 2, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0010 Interior, rooms on second floor, facing northeast. Photograph taken February 2, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 37 List of Figures Figure 1. Center part of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa, showing location of Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls. Figure 2. Location of the Iowa Federation Home. Figure 3. Key to photos 1–7 of the Iowa Federation Home. Figure 4. Key to photos 8–10 of the Iowa Federation Home. Figure 5. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, basement level. Figure 6. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, first floor level. Figure 7. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, second floor level. Figure 8. View of Iowa Federation Home, ca. 1919. Figure 9. Group portrait of the University of Iowa women who led the efforts to establish a dormitory for black women at the university, ca. 1919. Figure 10. Iowa Federation Home interior rooms, ca. 1929. Figure 11. Iowa Federation Home interior rooms, ca. 1929. Figure 12. Photograph of residents of 942 Iowa Avenue in the mid-1920s. Figure 13. Iowa Federation Home in 1938 when it housed the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Figure 14. Women who “officially” desegregated Currier Hall in 1947. Figure 15. Iowa Federation Home house mother Margaret M. Lowry, shown on the front porch of the home, probably in the early to mid-1940s. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 38 Figure 1. Center part of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa, showing location of Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls. Source: U.S.G.S. Iowa City West, Iowa, 1994, 7.5 Series Quadrangle Map. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 39 Figure 2. Location of the Iowa Federation Home. Dashed line shows the boundary of the nominated property. Base aerial photograph: 2016 aerial photograph (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 40 Figure 3. Key to photos 1–7 of the Iowa Federation Home, 942 Iowa Avenue. Base aerial photograph: 2016 aerial photograph (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 41 Figure 4. Key to photos 8–10 of the Iowa Federation Home, 942 Iowa Avenue. Top: first-story floor plan. Bottom: second-story floor plan. North is up in both floor plans. Floor plans prepared by Jessica Bristow, City of Iowa City Historic Preservation Planner, based on rental inspector sketches by Steve Faga, October 30, 1986, available in the files of the City of Iowa City Neighborhood and Development Services. 8 9 10 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 42 Figure 5. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, basement level. Floor plan prepared by Jessica Bristow, City of Iowa City Historic Preservation Planner, based on rental inspector sketches by Steve Faga, October 30, 1986, available in the files of the City of Iowa City Neighborhood and Development Services. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 43 Figure 6. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, first floor level. Floor plan prepared by Jessica Bristow, City of Iowa City Historic Preservation Planner, based on rental inspector sketches by Steve Faga, October 30, 1986, available in the files of the City of Iowa City Neighborhood and Development Services. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 44 Figure 7. Current floor plan of Iowa Federation Home, second floor level. Floor plan prepared by Jessica Bristow, City of Iowa City Historic Preservation Planner, based on rental inspector sketches by Steve Faga, October 30, 1986, available in the files of the City of Iowa City Neighborhood and Development Services. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 45 Figure 8. Historic view of Iowa Federation Home, ca. 1919, facing north-northwest. This photograph shows the original front and side porches, brick chimney, and semi-circular gable window in the principal gabled wing, all of which have since been removed or replaced. Otherwise the house appears today much as it did in 1919. Source: Bailey, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Session of the Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs [1919], p. 15, in Box 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs Papers, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 46 Figure 9. Photograph of the University of Iowa women who led the efforts to establish a dormitory for black women at the university. Back row, from left to right, Naomi Azalia Harper, Elizabeth Imogene Wilson, Harriet (or Harriette) Louise Alexander, Ruth W. Southall, Martha Helen Lucas. Front row: Iva Joiner McClain, Minerva J. Graves, Ola Elinor Calhoun, Mamie Diggs, Helen M. W. (Dameron) Beshears, and Emily Elizabeth Gross. Richard Breaux identified the names of these women based on their photographs in other sources (see Allen, p. 10, and Ginalie Swaim, e-mail of September 21, 2002, to Anne Allen, in the production files relating to Allen’s article, in the Iowa Heritage Illustrated Spring 2002 production files, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City). The names given above are the fullest names available based on University of Iowa student directories (Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories”). This photograph was taken sometime between fall semester 1918, when Alexander and Wilson started at the university as freshmen, and August 1919, when this photograph was published in The Bystander (Des Moines, Iowa, August 22, 1919, p. 1), with the caption “A Group of State University Girls Looking for a Home.” The photograph was most likely taken in connection with the IFCWC fundraising campaign for the Iowa Federation Home in the summer of 1919. Two of the women pictured, Minerva Graves and Ruth Southall, had earlier been involved in the campaign to secure a dormitory for black women at the university, but both had graduated from the university in 1917. They joined the nine current students in 1919 pictured here. Only one black woman at the University of Iowa in 1919 is not pictured here: Golda Estelle Crutcher, who entered as a freshman in 1917 and graduated in 1921. Source of image: Lynda C. Walker-Webster, “Social, Fraternal, Cultural, and Civic Organizations,” in Silag, et al. (eds.), Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, p. 421. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 47 Figure 10. Interior views of the Iowa Federation Home, ca. 1929. Source: Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, pp. [6] and [8]. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 48 Figure 11. Interior views of the Iowa Federation Home, ca. 1929. Source: Iowa Federation Home Operated by Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs, pp. [10] and [12]. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 49 Figure 12. Photograph of residents of 942 Iowa Avenue in the mid-1920s. From the scrapbook of Altheda Beatrice Moore in the African American Historical Museum and Cultural Center of Iowa, Cedar Rapids; digital image available online in the University of Iowa Libraries’ African American Women in Iowa Digital Collection, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/aawiowa/id/720/rec/89. The photograph is labeled “The Old Gang” and “The ‘Frosh.’” A comparison of the names shown in the photograph caption and information from University of Iowa student directories suggests that the women pictured are most likely: Alice Algee, Lulu Merle Johnson, (unidentified), Marie Reed, Helen Jeanne Alexander, and either Emily Louise Johnson (freshman in Fall 1924) or Ellen Louise Martin (freshman in Fall 1925). The photograph was probably taken during the 1925–1926 academic year, since both Alice Algee and Lulu M. Johnson entered the university as freshmen in Fall 1925, and Alice Algee did not return to the university the following year. Both Marie Reed and Helen Alexander had first entered the university as freshmen earlier (Reed in 1923 and Alexander in 1924), but each repeated their freshman year in Fall 1925. Only the scrapbook owner, Altheda Moore, was not a freshman in 1925–1926. See Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 50 Figure 13. Group of men standing outside the Iowa Federation Home, 1938. The men are identified on the back of the photograph as Hillary, Fred Smith, and Braddie. “Braddie” was James B. Morris, Jr., whose photo album of his years at the University of Iowa contains this photograph. All three were probably members of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. The Iowa Federation Home housed members of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity for two years, from 1937 to 1939, and again in the year 1950–1951, the last year that the IFCWC owned this building. Source: James B. Morris, Jr., Photo Album, 1937–1941, University of Iowa Libraries, Special Collections, Iowa City. Digital image available online in the University of Iowa Libraries’ James Morris Digital Collection, at http://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/cdm/ref/collection/jamesmorris/id/31; accessed June 4, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 51 Figure 14. The five African American women who “officially” desegregated Currier Hall in 1946, and one guest. From left: Leanne Howard, Esther Walls, Nancy Henry, Gwen Davis, guest Pat Smith, and Virginia Harper. Image appears in the 1947 University of Iowa yearbook (p. 339) and a copy is held in the Esther J. Walls Papers, Iowa Women's Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Iowa Federation Home for Colored Girls Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 52 Figure 15. Iowa Federation Home house mother Margaret M. Lowry, shown on the front porch of the home, probably in the early to mid-1940s. This photograph was in the possession of Phillip G. Hubbard, the first African American faculty member at the University of Iowa, and later Dean of Academic Affairs and Vice President for Student Services at the university (Philip G. Hubbard, My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa’s First African American Professor [Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1999], pp. 40–43). This photograph likely dates to Hubbard’s period as an undergraduate student at the university (1940–1943 and 1945–1947, with a gap for service in World War II). Iowa City city directories list Margaret M. Lowry as the house mother for the Iowa Federation Home in 1942 and 1943, but not in 1940 or 1946, the nearest years in which directories were also published. The imitation brick siding had been added to the house by this time. Note that the post shown here is different from the ones shown in earlier photographs of the house in the 1910s and 1920s, and it is also different from the current posts. Source: Charline J. Barnes and Floyd Bumpers, Iowa’s Black Legacy (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 76. IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0001 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0002 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0003 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0004 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0005 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0006 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0007 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0008 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0009 IA_JohnsonCounty_IowaFederationHome_0010 NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Sections 1 – 4 page 1 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name Tate Arms other names/site number Alberts, Charles and Dorothy, House; Williams Hotel; State Inventory No. 52-05284 Name of Multiple Property Listing N/A (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) 2. Location street & number 914 South Dubuque Street not for publication city or town Iowa City vicinity state Iowa county Johnson zip code 52240 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this x nomination request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property x meets does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: national statewide x local Applicable National Register Criteria: x A x B C D Signature of certifying official/Title: Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Date State Historical Society of Iowa State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of commenting official Date Title State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register other (explain:) Signature of the Keeper Date of Action United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 2 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) Category of Property (Check only one box.) Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) Contributing Noncontributing X private X building(s) 1 0 buildings public - Local district 0 0 site public - State site 0 0 structure public - Federal structure 0 0 object object 1 0 Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register: N/A 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) DOMESTIC/multiple dwelling DOMESTIC/multiple dwelling 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) Materials (Enter categories from instructions.) LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY foundation: STONE/limestone AMERICAN MOVEMENTS/Foursquare walls: STUCCO roof: ASPHALT other: United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 3 Narrative Description Summary Paragraph (Briefly describe the current, general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) The Tate Arms, located at 914 South Dubuque Street in Iowa City, is a two-story brick Foursquare house with attached veranda and carport. It was completed in 1914. The house is covered in a stucco coating that was limited historically to the area under the veranda and carport, but now covers nearly all of the exterior walls. The house is located south of the university and downtown near Ralston Creek on a floodplain formed near the junction of Ralston Creek and the Iowa River. Two different railroad tracks are located near the house to the north. The area around the house has been redeveloped extensively in recent decades and retains few buildings older than 50 years. The house retains a moderate degree of period integrity. Its massing, brick walls, veranda/carport, and much of its fenestration pattern are original, except where a few elements have been replaced. Its windows, doors, roof, and most of its rear wall are modern replacements, although the replacement elements are similar to the earlier elements they replaced. The house has been altered extensively on the interior. The Tate Arms contains one resource, the house. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable.) (Iowa SHPO Additional Instructions: After the main Narrative Description, discuss any physical alterations since the period of significance under the subheading Alterations, the seven aspects of integrity as it applies to the property in a Statement of Integrity, and any future plans for the property under the subheading Future Plans.) The Tate Arms is located at 914 South Dubuque Street in Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (Figures 1–3). It is located near the north end of the block, close to Benton Street, on the east side of the street. The house is located on a floodplain formed near the junction of Ralston Creek and the Iowa River, located approximately 2,000 feet south- southwest of the Tate Arms. The Cedar Rapids and Iowa City (CRANDIC) Railroad and Iowa Interstate Railroad tracks are located two blocks and one block north of Benton Street, respectively. The large lot across the street from the Tate Arms has been occupied by the Johnson County Administration building since the 1980s. From the 1930s to the 2010s, a National Guard Armory was located south of the site of the county administration building. Historically the neighborhood was composed of a mix of residences, businesses, and light industrial buildings, which developed over time through a combination of relatively inexpensive land on the floodplain and the proximity of the railroads. Between 1926 and 1948, businesses in the area included a junkyard, warehouses, stock yard, garage and repair shop, coal yard, bulk oil storage, and filling stations. A National Guard Armory, completed in 1938 nearly opposite the Tate Arms on the west side of Dubuque Street, served as a buffer between the Tate Arms and a sewage disposal plant completed in 1936.1 Residences lined the east side of Dubuque Street, and predominated in the area south of the railroad tracks and a block in either direction of Dubuque Street. Nearly all of the residences in the vicinity of the Tate Arms have been removed, replaced primarily by modern commercial and civic buildings built within the past two or three decades. In 2009, a year after a flood damaged the sewage treatment plant located a block south of the Tate Arms, the City of Iowa City targeted the south side of Iowa City, including the area around the Tate Arms, for redevelopment as part of the Riverfront Crossings District. Much of the new development that has occurred near the Tate Arms in the past decade has been a result of this initiative by the city. As a result, the setting of the house has changed considerably since the building’s period of significance ended in 1961. The Tate Arms contains one resource, the house. House. The Foursquare house at 914 S. Dubuque Street is divided into a principal front section and a smaller rear section, both two stories in height (Figures 4–5). A one-story veranda and carport (possibly originally a carriage porch) wraps around the front (west) and north sides of the house. The house rests on a stone foundation. The walls are 1 Sanborn Map Company, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1933), pp. 13–14; Sanborn Map Company, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1933, with updates through 1948), pp. 13–14; “Iowa City’s New Sewage Disposal Plant, Seen From the Air,” Iowa City Press-Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa), June 29, 1936, p. 12; “More Than $400,000 Spent on Construction Work in City in 1937,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, December 31, 1937, p. 2. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 4 constructed of brick, which has been covered by stucco in recent decades. The roofs over the main section, rear section, veranda, and carport, are all hipped roofs covered in composition shingles. The only exception is that the east end of the roof ridge in the hipped roof over the front section ends in a small east-facing gable that overlooks the hipped roof of the rear wing. This gable was added recently; as late as December 2014, the roofs over both sections were hipped (Figure 6). Unless otherwise noted, the windows throughout the house are modern 1/1-light windows with metal-clad wood sash, brick sills, and, on the first story only, wooden lintels. With the exception of those on the south side, nearly every 1/1- light window on the house has non-operable, decorative exterior wood shutters. The facade of the front section, which faces west, has two openings on each floor. On the first floor is the front door on the north and a cottage window on the south covered by a 12-light storm sash. The modern front door, constructed of fiberglass, has a single large light above two panels. On each side of the door is a non-functional, decorative sidelight with three stacked lights above a panel. A narrow single-light transom, also non-functional, extends across the opening above the door and sidelights. The cottage window, which appears to be the only original wood window that survives in the house, has obscure glass in the upper sash. On the second story are two 1/1-light windows, one over each first-floor opening. A prominent feature of the front of the house is the veranda, which spans the facade and wraps around to the north side of the house where it merges with a carport that shelters a section of the driveway. The veranda has masonry piers and masonry posts, both of which are tapered. Both the piers and posts typically have inset panels on their main public faces, including those facing a person standing between the two posts that flank the front entrance. The veranda has a poured concrete deck that appears to date to the mid- to late twentieth century and has no railing. The carport extends north across the driveway from the east end of the veranda on the north side of the house. The carport has the same piers and posts found elsewhere on the veranda. Where the veranda meets the house walls, pilasters replace the posts. In the case of two posts and one pier, the original masonry structure has been replaced by a modern wooden pier or post with a design matching the historic ones. The plan is for these posts to be covered in stucco to better match the original posts, but this has not yet been done. The north side of the house is divided into the front and rear sections, with the front section recessed relative to the rear wing. The rear wing has a paired window on the first story and single window on the second story. In the re- entrant angle between the two wings, a non-functional modern fiberglass side door is located in the west wall of the rear wing under the veranda roof. A 1/1-light window is located on the second story above this door. On the north wall of the main section are a paired window near the east end on the first floor and two windows on the second floor. The east window on the second floor is a typical 1/1-light window, while the west window is a single-light diamond-shaped window with obscure glass. The diamond shape of the window and its use of obscure glass suggest that the window was installed during the mid-twentieth century. While it is probably not original to the house, it most likely dates to the property’s period of significance. The diamond-shaped window had been installed by 1981, but no earlier photograph of the house showing the window was discovered during the research for this nomination.2 The rear (east) side of the house has masonry only on the north and south ends. The center of the rear wall on both stories is clad in pressed panels, probably of fiberglass or another plastic-based material, that imitate a stucco finish. The only windows in this wall—two on each story—are located in the central paneled sections. These windows are slightly broader than the 1/1-light windows set in historic openings found elsewhere on the house. They are also the most modern, having been installed since December 2014, replacing seven older (but still modern) windows formerly located on this wall (Figure 6). On the front section of the south side are two 1/1-light windows on each floor. The rear section of this side, which is recessed slightly relative to the front section, has one 1/1-light window on each floor, as well as a second smaller window opening on the second floor. This smaller window, which has been sealed, is located to the west of the main window, and may indicate the current or former location of a bathroom. The only window on this side to have shutters is the westernmost window on the first story. According to the 2014 county assessor’s record, the house contained 2,356 square feet of total living area, with 1,178 square feet per floor. There were ten rooms above ground, including five bedrooms, and a full basement, but no 2 See John Riley’s photograph of the house in November 1981 published in connection with Sandra Stanar, “Commune Happy It Can Still Call House Its Home,” Iowa City [Iowa] Press-Citizen, November 11, 1981, p. 2A, Because Gannett charges a large usage fee to reproduce this image, it is not included in the present nomination. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 5 attic. There was one full bathroom.3 The interior of the house has been altered extensively by multiple remodelings since 1979, most recently an extensive renovation completed by the present owners in 2014–2015.4 The only original woodwork observed during an inspection of the property on December 12, 2017, were the floor joists under the first story floor that remain exposed in the basement. These joists vary in size and spacing. They include nearly full dimension 2" x 12" joists placed on approximately 20-inch to 22-inch centers in the rear section, and smaller nearly (or slightly more than) full dimension 2" x 8" joists placed on approximately 18-inch or 19-inch centers in the front section. The only joists observed with cross-bracing between the joists are those in the southwest corner room. The two upper floors are divided into one condominium unit on each floor. The floor plan is modern, since all the original interior walls were removed during one or more of the previous renovations. They were replaced most recently during a complete redesign of the interior undertaken during the 2014–2015 renovation. The rooms currently have vinyl plate flooring, drywall walls and ceiling, and maple doors and trim. A new fireplace constructed of Cultured Stone (manufactured stone veneer with recycled content) has been installed in the southwest corner of each floor. Alterations. The most notable change to the exterior of the house has been the covering of all exterior brick surfaces with stucco. During the building’s period of significance, the stucco exterior was limited to all or part of the area of the first floor under the veranda roof. Stucco was added to the rest of the exterior sometime between 1981 and 1994. Another major alteration has been the replacement of all of the windows and doors with modern replacements. Except on the rear wall, these modern replacements have been placed within the historic openings. On the rear wall, an earlier clapboard exterior was replaced in recent decades by synthetic panels molded to imitate stucco. The windows in this paneled section are modern, introduced during the 2014–2015 renovation. Other alterations to the exterior may have been made, but the limited evidence available from historical photographs suggests that the changes described above have been the most significant changes to the building’s exterior. On the interior, the building has been altered substantially. Neither the original floor plan nor any original woodwork appears to survive above the basement level. Because no information on the original floor plan was discovered during the research for the present nomination, it is not clear to what extent the original floor plan has been altered. Statement of integrity. This house retains moderate to excellent integrity all seven aspects of integrity on the exterior, and substantially compromised integrity on the interior. Because the house remains on its original site, the house retains excellent integrity of location. The building’s integrity of setting remains only moderate. While its relation to the Iowa City street grid and to Ralston Creek has not changed, nearly all of the residences and commercial buildings and all of the civic buildings that surrounded the house during its period of significance have been removed. While the area still retains a mix of civic, commercial, and residential buildings, the residences are modern apartment buildings and the civic buildings and nearly all the commercial buildings are also modern. The integrity of design of the house appears to be moderate to high, although the almost complete absence of photographs of the house during its period of significance makes it difficult to identify with certainty changes that have been made to the design over time. Its Foursquare form is undoubtedly original, and its veranda and carport also appear to be original, or at least to date to the building’s period of significance. Furthermore, no obviously modern or otherwise incompatible additions have been constructed. The fenestration pattern in the brick sections also appears to be largely or entirely original, although the rear wall, which was not brick historically, has been altered substantially in recent years. The interior of the house has also been altered substantially, although it is difficult to determine the extent to which basic 3 Richard J. Carlson and Marlin R. Ingalls, Iowa Site Inventory Form for site 52-05284 (Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street, Iowa City, Iowa), p. 3, included in Appendix III of Richard J. Carlson and Marlin R. Ingalls, Phase I Intensive Historic Architectural Survey of the Sabin School and Southside Iowa City Neighborhood, Johnson County, Iowa, Technical Report 121 (Iowa City, Iowa: Office of the State Archaeologist, 2015). The current assessor’s records for this property identify it as a two-unit condominium, with each unit having six rooms (three bedrooms) above and no rooms below; see Iowa City, Iowa, Assessor, Property Reports for 912–914 S Dubuque Street Condominiums Unit A and 912–914 S Dubuque Street Condominiums Unit B, at http://iowacity.iowaassessors.com/, accessed April 12, 2018. 4 Conversation between Richard Carlson and Jeff Clark, one of the owners of the property, at 914 S. Dubuque Street, Iowa City, Iowa, December 12, 2017. A few photographs of a few interior rooms taken in the 1950s and 1960s are available in the “Tate Arms” storyboard included in Box 2 of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 7 page 6 features such as the floor plan have been altered due to lack of historical documentation. In any case, the interior is not considered to be a significant feature of the house for the purposes of eligibility under this nomination. The house retains only moderate integrity of materials on the exterior. The most prominent changes on the exterior have been the concealment of the original brick walls behind a stucco coating and the replacement of all the windows and doors. There is historical precedent for the stucco coating, however, since at least part of the first story appears to have been stuccoed since the 1940s.5 Only the second story stucco has been added since 1981. Another change has been to the rear wall, which once had clapboard siding, but now is clad in modern panels pressed to imitate stucco. The house retains its original stone foundation and brick walls, as well as its veranda and carport, although a few individual pieces have been replaced with modern materials. The integrity of materials on the interior is low. The finishes on the first and second stories have been replaced entirely during multiple remodeling campaigns after the building’s period of significance. The only original materials that remain exposed on the interior are located in the basement. The house appears to retain only moderate integrity of workmanship on the exterior. The stucco coating has concealed the brick walls, brick window sills, and wooden lintels that formerly were exposed on the second story, so the workmanship of these features has been obscured. The original workmanship is likely only to have been concealed by the stucco, not replaced, however. For this reason, the building’s integrity of workmanship on the exterior is evaluated as moderate. On the interior, the integrity of workmanship is low because all of the original features above the basement level have been removed in renovations undertaken after the building’s period of significance. Because the house retains its basic design and its most important materials from its period of significance, despite some newer or replacement features, it retains good integrity of feeling. Because the house remains in use as a multiple-family residence—a function similar to but not the same as the rooming house function it served during its period of significance—its integrity of association is moderate to high. From the above discussion, it is clear that the Tate Arms has suffered a greater loss of integrity, particularly on the interior, than one would typically expect to see on a building evaluated as individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The reason the Tate Arms is considered to meet National Register eligibility criteria is that it is one of only four extant buildings in Iowa City that represent a significant historic context, described in greater detail below in the Statement of Significance: African American housing in Iowa City during the period of heightened racial segregation in housing during the first half of the twentieth century. As described in greater detail below, the four surviving buildings that represent this historic context—out of at least four dozen that once represented it—are the Tate Arms, the Iowa Federation Home at 942 Iowa Avenue, the former Short’s Shoe Shine building at 18 S. Clinton Street, and 630 S. Johnson Street. Of these four buildings, the Tate Arms is the only one located in the former 1st Ward, which, as described below, was the location of the great majority of African American housing in Iowa City during the early to mid-twentieth century. The Tate Arms is also the only one of the four built for an African American owner, and the only one purpose-built as a rooming house for African American roomers. Moreover, the former Short’s Shoe Shine building at 18 S. Clinton Street—a downtown commercial storefront with party walls on both sides rather than a freestanding building—was either rebuilt entirely or substantially remodeled in the early 1970s, to the extent that it now retains considerably less integrity than the Tate Arms.6 The ca. 1865 building at 630 S. Johnson Street remains in use as an apartment house, but it has only a weak association with Iowa City’s African American history. It was occupied by a chapter of the black fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi for a single year (1919–1920), and has no other known African American association. For these reasons, the Iowa Federation Home (which is also being nominated for listing in the National Register) and the Tate Arms are the only two buildings in Iowa City that both have a significant association with Iowa City’s pre-1950 black community and retain a sufficient degree of period integrity on the exterior to be recognizable to people who lived in the buildings during their periods of significance. 5 Andrew Bassman, “The Tate Arms: An Iowa City Historic Landmark” (research paper conducted for an unspecified university class ca. 2012; copy on file, City of Iowa City, Neighborhood and Development Services Department, p. 8. See also Figures 8–10. 6 “South Clinton Street, 000-Block, 1972,” Iowa City [Iowa] Public Library, Digital History Project, Urban Renewal, 1970s–1980s, Collection, http://history.icpl.org/items/show/845; accessed June 21, 2018. The slide, which appears to show the replacement of the building or storefront at 18 S. Clinton Street, is undated, but it was printed in April 1972. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 7 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) X A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. X B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: A Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.) EDUCATION ETHNIC HERITAGE/BLACK SOCIAL HISTORY Period of Significance 1914–1961 Significant Dates 1914 1940 Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.) Alberts, Charles Tate, Elizabeth Marie Crawford Saulsbury Cultural Affiliation (if applicable) Architect/Builder unknown United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 8 Statement of Significance Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations). The Tate Arms, originally built as a residence and rooming house for Charles and Dorothy Alberts, is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A in the areas of Education, Black Ethnic Heritage, and Social History, for its importance in illustrating African American responses to racial segregation in housing, including university student housing, in Iowa City during the early to mid-twentieth century. The house was built in 1914 as both a residence for its black owner and a rooming house for black residents of Iowa City. For the next half century it provided housing to both black students at the University of Iowa and other black residents of Iowa City—primarily unmarried men—at a time when housing options for black residents in the city were extremely limited. From 1940 to 1961, it operated as the Tate Arms, with its tenants primarily black male University of Iowa students. Nearly all of the rooming houses, apartment houses, and fraternity houses in Iowa City that housed African American men during the early to mid- twentieth century have been demolished. The Tate Arms is one of a very small number that remains standing. It is also the only one known to have been built for a black owner and used as a rooming house from the time it was built. The house is also eligible under Criterion B in the areas of Education, Black Ethnic Heritage, and Social History for its association with its original owner and probable builder, Charles Alberts, and for its later association with Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate. Alberts built and operated this house as what was almost certainly Iowa City’s first, and possibly only, rooming house built expressly to provide housing for Iowa City’s black residents during a time of increasing racial segregation in housing in the early twentieth century. Elizabeth Tate, with her husband Junious (Bud) Tate, operated a rooming house for black male students at the University of Iowa from the 1930s to the 1960s. She is significant under Criterion B because of her importance, over a period of nearly three decades, in providing room and board to black university students who would otherwise have found it difficult to secure lodgings in Iowa City at a time when most white landlords would not rent to black tenants. The house is important for its association with both Charles Alberts and the Tates, but only one historic name can be assigned to a building listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Because the house is known locally as the Tate Arms, this name has been adopted as the building’s historic name. The significance of the house is at the local level. The property’s period of significance extends from 1914, when the house was opened as a rooming house, to 1961, when the Tate Arms rooming house finally closed its doors and the building ceased to be used as a rooming house for Iowa City’s black residents. Because nearly every other residential building in Iowa City that historically housed black tenants between the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries has been demolished, the Tate Arms is considered to meet National Register eligibility criteria despite its somewhat compromised integrity. The building was designated an Iowa City Historic Landmark in 2014. Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.) (Iowa SHPO Additional Instructions: For properties not nominated under Criterion D, include a statement about whether any archaeological remains within or beyond the footprint of the property were assessed as part of this nomination under the subheading Archaeological Assessment.) Iowa City’s African American Community, ca. 1860–1940 From 1860 to 1940, Iowa City had a small black population that never exceeded 110 people or fell below 50, according to census records.7 The black population represented about 1.2 percent of the city’s total population in the 7 While federal census figures are largely accurate, several instances were found during the 1900–1940 period where a black resident of Iowa City was counted twice in the census, or where a white individual was mistakenly recorded as black. These errors slightly exaggerated the black population by three to six people for the census years 1910, 1920, and 1930. On the other hand, a significant undercounting of black residents occurred from the 1920 census on, since census records typically record university students in their home towns, not in the cities where they attend school. While a small percentage of University of Iowa students were included in the census as living in Iowa City because they worked in the city or were living with a family member there, the majority of University of Iowa students were counted in the census in their home communities. Therefore, throughout the period under consideration here, the actual population of Iowa City during a given academic year was generally several thousand more than the official census figure for that year. After a rapid increase in the number of black students attending the university in the 1910s and 1920s, described below, the actual number of black residents of Iowa City during the school year was typically double or more the official census figure. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 9 period immediately following the Civil War, in 1870 and 1880, but from 1890 through 1970 the city’s black population varied between about one-half and one percent of the total population.8 Iowa City had few black residents before the Civil War. At the time of the 1860 census, Johnson County, where Iowa City is located, had a black population of just 30, 22 of whom lived in Iowa City.9 By 1870, the city’s African American population had risen to 71 (out of 93 in Johnson County as a whole), and by 1880 it had reached 86 (out of 103 in Johnson County). The early black migrants to Iowa City came from a variety of places, with the pre-Civil War migrants dominated by families from Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Ohio. After the Civil War, many of the black residents of Iowa City and Johnson County were born in Iowa, and they formed the majority by 1880. Migrants from elsewhere came primarily from the three southern states mentioned above, as well as Virginia, Alabama, and Missouri.10 The core of Iowa City’s small black community in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was largely formed during this period of rapid growth in the years following the Civil War. After reaching a peak of 86 in 1880, the black population of Iowa City dropped to 50 by 1890, and remained steady between 54 and 61 from 1900 to 1920.11 The small number of older black residents who died or moved away during this period was roughly equal in number to the small influx of new black residents. After 30 years of this stability, the black population of Iowa City nearly doubled between 1920 and 1930, jumping from 54 to 106 people. In both years, the majority of the black residents were born in either Missouri or Iowa, with Illinois a distant third in both years. Texas was fourth in 1930 and was tied for fourth in 1920 with South Dakota, Kentucky, and New York. While the general distribution of the places of birth of Iowa City’s black residents appears to have remained fairly steady between 1920 and 1930, it should be noted that the percentage of black residents born in one of the states of the former Confederacy grew from 13 percent in 1920 to 22.6 percent in 1930. This suggests that the first Great Migration—the mass migration of African Americans from the southern states to the North in the decades before World War II, discussed below—had a small but measurable effect on the black population of Iowa City. By 1940, the city’s black population had fallen again, with 77 people recorded in the official count. Black Students at the University of Iowa, ca. 1875–1965 During its period of operation as the Tate Arms, and to a lesser extent under the ownership of Charles Alberts and other earlier owners, the house at 914 S. Dubuque Street was home to many University of Iowa students.12 The 8 For the total population, see “Total Population for Iowa’s Incorporated Places: 1850–2000,” State Data Center, State Library of Iowa, electronic document, http://www.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf; accessed April 5, 2018. For the black population, see United States Bureau of the Census, The Statistics of the Population of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), p. 137; Statistics of the Population of the United States at the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883), p. 418; Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), p. 531; Twelfth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1900, Census Reports, Volume 1: Population, Part 1 (Washington D.C.: United States Census Office, 1901), p. 617; Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, Volume 2: Population, 1910, Alabama–Montana (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), p. 638; Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920, Volume 3: Population, 1920 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1922), p. 318; Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, Volume 3, Part 1 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 765; Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population, Volume 2, Part 2, Florida–Iowa (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), p. 974; A Report of the Seventeenth Decennial Census of the United States, Census of Population: 1950, Volume 2, Characteristics of the Population, Part 15, Iowa (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 15-62; The Eighteenth Decennial Census of the United States, Census of Population: 1960, Volume 1, Characteristics of the Population, Part 17, Iowa (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1964), p. 17-61; 1970 Census of Populations, Volume 1, Characteristics of the Population, Part 17, Iowa (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 17-107. 9 Slightly different census figures are given in Jan Olive Nash, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Bethel A. M. E. Church, Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (copy on file, State Historic Preservation Office, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines), p. 10. Nash notes that the official census figure of 30 black residents of Iowa City is off by eight because the same family was recorded twice, although she mistakenly identifies this number as the black population of Johnson County as a whole rather than just Iowa City. 10 This analysis is based on an examination of the manuscript census rolls available on Ancestry.com, so the total numbers given here sometimes vary slightly from the official census numbers. Slightly different numbers are also given in Nash, p. 10, which results in a slightly different interpretation here of places of origin. It should also be noted that some formerly enslaved people could not reliably tell the census taker which state they were born in because the separation of enslaved children from their parents and the forced migration of enslaved people of all ages were common before the Civil War. 11 The 1890 and 1940 census figures cited here are the official figures; the others, from 1900 to 1930, like earlier census figures given above, are based on an examination of the manuscript census population schedules rather than the official census figures. 12 The University of Iowa was originally, and officially still is, known as the State University of Iowa (abbreviated SUI), but this name began falling United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 10 official census figures cited above did not generally include university students, who typically lived in Iowa City during the academic year and sometimes the summer sessions as well. Black students at the university were rare before the 1910s. The University of Iowa was established in 1847, and the first known African American student at the university, Alexander Clark, Jr., received his law degree in 1879.13 The university reportedly began keeping a record of the racial demographics of its students in 1922, but these early records appear no longer to be available. Currently available records at the university identify enrolled students by ethnicity only beginning in 1977.14 For this reason, sources other than the university registrar’s records have been consulted to estimate the number of black students attending the university prior to 1922.15 In particular, the following discussion relies on two databases compiled by the author of the present nomination for use in this nomination and a related nomination of the Iowa Federation Home at 942 Iowa Avenue in Iowa City. Like the Tate Arms, the Iowa Federation Home was used historically as a rooming house for black tenants during Iowa City’s long era of segregated housing, in this case for black female students at the University of Iowa. The two databases include one database of black students at the University of Iowa compiled from student directories (1904 and 1911–1927), and one database of black residents of Iowa City compiled from state and federal census records (1900–1940) and Iowa City city directories (1901–1959).16 Fewer than ten black students attended the University of Iowa in any given year prior to the early 1910s.17 Because the number of black students at the University of Iowa was typically only a small fraction of Iowa City’s black population before the mid-1910s, the pre-1920 census figures are reasonable approximations of the total numbers of black residents of Iowa City during that period. From 1913 to 1930, however, the number of black students at the university rose dramatically, from 16 in 1913 to 145 in 1930.18 By the time of the 1920 census, the number of black out of favor in the 1930s and 1940s, and it has not been used officially since 1964, when the board of regents adopted “The University of Iowa” as an official shorthand name for the university; see Jon Van, “SUI No More: Regents Okay Change to U. of I.,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), October 24, 1964, p. 1. The present nomination uses the modern shortened name. 13 Hal S. Chase, “ʻYou Live What You Learn’: The African-American Experience in Iowa Education, 1839–2000,” in Bill Silag. Susan Koch- Bridgeford, and Hal Chase (editors), Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, 1838–2000 (Des Moines, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001), p. 140. 14 Herbert Crawford Jenkins, The Negro Student at the University of Iowa: A Sociological Study (unpublished Master of Arts thesis, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1933), pp. 4–5; personal communication with Michelle Davenport, University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, November 13, 2017. 15 Two main sources have been used to compile these estimates. First, the Iowa State Bystander (later renamed The Bystander), an African American newspaper published in Des Moines, Iowa, beginning in 1894, often mentioned individual black students and occasionally published lists of black students attending the university. Second, University of Iowa student directories, available in the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections, include one directory published by a private publisher in 1904, and a nearly continuous run of directories published by the university starting in Spring 1911. Student directories do not identify students by race, but they list local addresses. Local addresses can often be used to identify black students because racial segregation in housing led to certain addresses being occupied by black students for multiple years. A comprehensive, but not exhaustive, list of black female students at the university for most years between 1907 and 1946 was compiled in 1999 by Richard Breaux; see Richard Breaux, “Women of 942 Iowa Avenue and other African-American Women at the University of Iowa before 1947,” folder 1, Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs collection, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City, Iowa. 16 Richard J. Carlson (compiler), “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century,” database compiled from federal and state census records and Iowa City city directories, 1900–1959 (copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City); Richard J. Carlson (compiler), “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories,” database of black students at the State University of Iowa, 1904–1927, compiled from student directories (copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City). For both databases, if a person was listed in any year at an address known to have been occupied by at least one black resident in that year or an adjacent year, an attempt was made to locate that person in census records or other sources to identify their racial classification. In nearly all cases where such an individual was identified in census records, they were found to be black. The only exception discovered is Ella Moore’s house at 219 E. College Street, which appears to have been rented on at least one occasion to a white student: Julius R. Hecker in 1909. It should be noted that this method does not identify any black residents who lived in Iowa City only in houses not typically occupied by other black residents. The number of black students reported here therefore most likely underestimates the total number of black students at the university in any given year, at least for those years for which the only source of information is student directories. Given the level of de facto racial segregation common in Iowa City housing in the early to mid-twentieth century, however, it is believed that the number of black students reported here is close to the total number enrolled, at least for the years under consideration here. In addition to the students known from student directories, a small number of black students from period before 1911 are known from a scattering of other sources, primarily the Iowa State Bystander. 17 In 1907, for example, eight students were enrolled at the university; see “Race Echoes,” Iowa State Bystander (Des Moines, Iowa), December 20, 1907, p. [8]. 18 In December 1913, the Iowa State Bystander reported that “[n]ever in the history of the State University of Iowa has there been so many colored students in attendance as is the case this year,” although no number was specified; see “Colored Students in the State University of Iowa,” Iowa State Bystander, December 19, 1913, p. 1. At least 16 black students were enrolled that year; see Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” The number of black students enrolled each year from 1922–1923 through 1932–1933 is included in Jenkins, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 11 university students, 47, was approaching 60, the number of black residents of Iowa City recorded in the census. By 1930, there were more university students (145) than black residents of the city recorded in the census (110).19 Thus, at least during the 1920s and 1920s, the black population of Iowa City during the school year was typically double or more the official census count. In addition, while overall university enrollment was increasing during the same period, the number of black students was rising at a higher rate than the overall increase. Black students, who comprised a negligible percentage of the total student population at the turn of the twentieth century, represented about one percent of the total student population by 1921, and nearly 1.5 percent by 1930.20 During the 1940s and early 1950s, the number of black students attending the university dropped significantly relative to the early 1930s. While no specific enrollment figures for this period have been discovered, one estimate from 1942 was that “we have over a hundred colored students here.”21 By 1946, this number had evidently dropped, since a newspaper editorial estimated that “University Negro students number approximately 45 men and 15 women.”22 The impression of one black student who enrolled in 1950 and graduated in 1957 (with two years off in 1951–1953 for military service) was that “When I went to UI, there must have been fifteen or fewer undergraduate black men and almost no black women.”23 Black student enrollment at the university probably began to increase around the mid-1950s, but there appear to be no permanent university records from this period classifying students by race. In response to a request by black students, the university in 1956 stopped recording racial classifications on permanent academic records of individual students.24 This may have been the reason that, in 1964, the head of the university’s committee on human rights (and future University of Iowa president) Willard L. Boyd said that it was “not known how many Negroes are enrolled at the university, because race is not indicated on records.” However, race must have been recorded in temporary or unofficial records, at least, since Boyd estimated that the number of black students at the time was about 275.25 This number, if accurate, was nearly double the number of black students enrolled at the previous peak around 1930. Just four years later, in 1968, however, the number of black students at the university was estimated to be only 160 out of 17,000 students.26 It is not clear whether one of the two estimates was significantly off, or whether the number of black students dropped significantly between 1964 and 1968. Racially Segregated Housing in Iowa City, 1900–1965 Iowa City, like most northern cities, has no history of de jure racial segregation in housing at the municipal level. Instead, it has a long and continuing history of de facto racial segregation, brought about by the dominant American culture of white supremacy that has informed numerous individual decisions by white property owners and real estate agents; written and unwritten policies of institutions such as mortgage lenders and the University of Iowa; and zoning laws, racial covenants in deeds, and other local, state, and federal laws and policies that actively encouraged racially segregated housing during much of the twentieth century.27 p. 5. 19 There was a small amount of overlap, since some university students were counted in Iowa City’s census in these two years, but many more black students were not counted as were counted. 20 For overall student enrollment, see “University of Iowa Enrollment Chart, 1856–1942,” University of Iowa Office of the Registrar, available on the University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections web site, http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/sc/archives/faq/enroll1856-1942/, accessed November 14, 2017. The otherwise steady rate of increase was punctuated by occasional declines in the number of students enrolled, particularly during World War I and in the early years of the Great Depression. 21 Mother Hubbard, “Home Defense,” Iowa City Press-Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa), May 18, 1942, p. 12. 22 “The Negro and Prejudice,” in the “As Viewed From Here” editorial column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, May 7, 1946, p. 6. 23 Theodore “Ted” Wheeler, “Going the Distance,” Testimonial Four in Lena M. Hill and Michael D. Hill (editors), Invisible Hawkeyes: African Americans at the University of Iowa During the Long Civil Rights Era (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2016), pp. 136–137, 138. 24 “University to Drop Racial Query on Student Records,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, May 5, 1956, p. 3. 25 “Panelists View Human Rights, Cite Need for Local Program,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, January 9, 1964, p. 3. 26 “Increasing Negro Students Aim of $50,000 Fund at UI,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, April 9, 1968, p. 1. 27 The literature describing this history is extensive. Important recent works that have attempted to push this “hidden” history into the mainstream include Richard Rothstein, The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (New York: Liverwright Publishing Corp., a division of W. W. Norton & Co., 2017); Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America (New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2005); and James W. Loewen, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism (New York: The New Press, 2005). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 12 During the nineteenth century, no more than a few black families lived in Iowa City. The nineteenth century population peak came in 1880, when 14 households in Iowa City were headed by black men or women, for a total black population of 86. Most of Iowa City’s black residents in the nineteenth century were long-time residents, typically families of formerly enslaved people who moved to the city in the decades following the Civil War. The early black residents lived in different locations in the city, though even then families tended to be concentrated in certain locations: near the African Methodist Episcopal (A. M. E.) Church on S. Governor Street; other locations in the southeast part of the city within a few blocks of the A. M. E. church; on the Iowa River floodplain between the city center and the river; and along Dubuque Road (now N. Dodge Street) on the far north side of the city.28 The black residents at this time lived almost exclusively in family groups. A small number of unrelated renters lived with black families, and an even smaller number of black residents lived and worked as servants in the households of white families. No rooming houses for black men or women are known to have been operated in Iowa City in the nineteenth century.29 As the city’s black population decreased slowly in the last decades of the nineteenth century, a pattern of increased housing segregation in Iowa City became apparent. By the time of the 1900 census, when twelve households with a black head of household were recorded in Iowa City, half of these households were concentrated in a small area on the south side of the city. This area basically comprised a four-block stretch of Maiden Lane near the railroad tracks and Ralston Creek, together with a few houses located within about a block of Maiden Lane that were clustered near the southern city limits. Of the remaining six households, all were located along or south of Iowa Avenue, a pattern not seen twenty years earlier.30 While economic factors certainly played a role in this distribution of housing—nearly all of the adult black males recorded in 1900 had working-class jobs, working either as unskilled laborers or in one of the building trades—it is unlikely to have been the only factor, since inexpensive housing could be found elsewhere in Iowa City in 1900, including north of Iowa Avenue.31 For this reason, it is puzzling that Gabriel V. Cools, a black graduate student at the University of Iowa who completed his Master of Arts thesis in 1918, could conclude that: The Negro population of the city is scattered all over the community. The streets on which they may be found are College, Dodge, Dubuque, Jefferson, Linn, Clinton, Madison, and Governor. In no instance are there more than two families living on the same street, and even then they are so widely separated that there is no close contact between them. The Negroes all live in desirable localities, side by side with the whites. As far as it has been ascertained there is perfect harmony between them. Both races seem too absorbed with their own business to spare the time to find fault with the other.32 The black household on Jefferson Street that Cools mentions must have been a brief anomaly at the time he was conducting research for his thesis, since no black household north of Iowa Avenue was recorded in either the 1910 or 1920 census. At the time of the 1920 census, 14 of the 18 black households in the city were located in the city’s 1st Ward, located south of Washington Street and west of Maiden Lane.33 Two others were located along Iowa Avenue in the 4th Ward, and the last two were located near the railroad tracks south of Bowery Street in the 5th Ward. No black households were recorded in either year in the 2nd or 3rd Wards, apart from a single household in 1910 located in the 28 This is based on an analysis of the approximate locations of households in Iowa City headed by a black head of household, as identified in the 1880 U.S. census and 1885 Iowa state census. While exact addresses are not listed in either year, locations by street are given in 1880 and by street or intersection in 1885. See 1880 United States Federal Census and All Iowa, State Census Collection, 1836–1925, both on Ancestry.com, accessed 2018. 29 These conclusions are based on an analysis of the types of household occupied by Iowa City’s black residents as listed in the 1880 and 1900 U.S. census and 1885 Iowa state census. 30 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 31 During this period, throughout the residential areas north of Iowa Avenue, smaller and older houses sat side-by-side with large modern houses built for the middle and upper middle classes. Smaller and less expensive houses predominated further east in the Goosetown neighborhood northeast of Iowa Avenue. In two instances, one in 1909 and one in 1918, black students at the University of Iowa briefly rented houses in the Goosetown area. Both were isolated instances that appear to have lasted no more than a single year. 32 Gabriel Victor Cools, The Negro in Typical Communities of Iowa (Master of Arts thesis, The State University of Iowa, Iowa City, 1918), p. [126]. 33 The north three blocks of the 1st Ward have Linn Street as a western boundary, since Maiden Lane does not extend north of Court Street. The 1st Ward boundaries stayed the same from 1900 to 1917, at least; see Huebinger Survey and Map Publishing Company, Atlas of Johnson County, Iowa (Davenport, Iowa: The Huebinger Survey and Map Publishing Co., 1900), p. 51; Economy Advertising Company, Atlas of Johnson County, Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa: Economy Advertising Co., 1917), pp. 52–53. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 13 2nd Ward just north of its boundary with the 1st Ward.34 While the geographical distribution of black households in 1910 and 1920 was not confined to a single neighborhood, suggesting that the pattern of racial segregation in Iowa City at this time was not as rigid or absolute as it was in other cities or at different times, the pattern is clear. It was reinforced as the number of black residents of the city increased during the mid-twentieth century, as shown in the following table: Table 1. Locations of Addresses in Iowa City, Iowa, with One or More Black Heads of Household, as Listed in Federal and State Census Records, 1900–1940 Year No. of Addresses in 1st Ward No. of Addresses outside 1st Ward Total No. of Addresses Percentage of Addresses in 1st Ward 1900 6 6 12 50 1910 7 5 12 58 1920 14 4 18 78 1925 18 435 22 82 1930 22 4 26 85 1940 20 4 24 83 Note: It was not verified whether the ward boundaries remained the same during the entire period covered by this table. In order to make the table useful for comparative purposes, the boundaries of the 1st Ward for years covered by the table are taken to be those shown on the 1900 and 1917 maps of Iowa City. The percentage of black households concentrated in Iowa City’s 1st Ward is a useful indicator of the overall racial segregation of the city’s housing. As this table demonstrates, racial segregation rose rapidly in the decades following 1900, until roughly four in five black households in the city were concentrated in the 1st Ward between 1920 and 1940 (Figures 7 and 8). The increase in racial segregation paralleled, and was almost certainly influenced by, a rapid rise in Iowa City’s black population. As noted above, the number of black university students grew rapidly during the 1910s and 1920s, essentially doubling the city’s resident black population during the time when school was in session. This population growth paralleled several contemporary and related events at the national level: the rise and entrenchment of Jim Crow laws in the South, which codified a racial hierarchy that placed white people at the top; the first Great Migration of African Americans from the southern states to the North to escape both the Jim Crow laws and the racially motivated terrorism by which white people enforced the racial hierarchy; and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist and nativist organizations, whose goal was to maintain and enforce the dominance of white Christians in all aspects of society, and which flourished nationally during the 1920s.36 The noticeable increase in the black population of Iowa City during the 1920s, combined with national trends that served to broaden and deepen white supremacist ideas among the nation’s white majority, almost certainly strengthened the trends towards racial segregation in Iowa City’s housing already seen in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As a result of white majority opinion in the mid-twentieth century, black students attending the University of Iowa found it difficult to secure decent and affordable housing. Until the University of Iowa completed construction of 34 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; Huebinger Survey and Map Publishing Company, p. 51. 35 Only three households outside of the 1st Ward are listed in the 1925 Iowa State Census, but for the purposes of this table, the Iowa Federation Home at 942 Iowa Avenue—a private dormitory for black female students at the University of Iowa established in 1919 and operated until 1950—is counted as an additional address in 1925 because it is included in other census years. 36 The effect of the first Great Migration on Iowa City appears to have been fairly limited, since black migrants from the South typically moved to industrial cities in the North. In Iowa, this meant a substantial growth in the black population of larger cities like Waterloo, Cedar Rapids, and Council Bluffs, but only limited growth in smaller, less industrial cities such as Iowa City. Nonetheless, Iowa City’s black population increased substantially between 1920 and 1930, from 60 to 110 by the official census count. At least part of this growth is likely attributable to the Great Migration. Historian Richard Breaux is probably correct in concluding that the growing black student population in Iowa City during the 1920s was attributable more to what David O. Levine has called the “culture of aspiration” than to the Great Migration. However, Breaux mistakenly states that the population of Iowa City decreased during the 1920s. In fact, both the overall population and the black population increased between 1920 and 1930. See Richard M. Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls’: The Iowa Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs at the University of Iowa, 1919–1950,” The Journal of African American History, Volume 87, Cultural Capital and African American Education (Spring 2002), n. 44, p. 253. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 14 its first student residence halls in the second decade of the twentieth century—Currier Residence Hall for women in 1913 and Quadrangle Residence Hall for men in 1920—all university students were expected to find housing through the local private housing market in Iowa City.37 Black students at the university entered the same housing market, but found their options severely limited by the practices of local white landlords and other property owners. Moreover, the university’s construction of its first two residence halls was of no help to black students, since unwritten policies barred black students from residing in university dormitories until after World War II.38 When only a handful of black students attended the university, the limited number of housing options available to them in Iowa City were sufficient. Black male students typically lived either in their places of employment—hotels, commercial buildings, or racially segregated white fraternity houses—or else lived with one of the few African American families living in Iowa City. Black female students generally lived in the households of white university professors or other white members of the Iowa City community, typically working as domestic servants for those families.39 Prior to the 1920s, only two local black families are known to have opened their doors to black university students.40 One was Ella Moore, who lived at 219 E. College Street with her daughter, hair weaver Daisy Lemme, from approximately 1907 to 1920.41 She was succeeded by other black individuals or families who lived at the same address through the mid- twentieth century. The other black family to house university students at this time was that of Charles and Lottie Donnegan, who lived at three different addresses during their time in Iowa City: 331 S. Madison Street (1910–1912), 637 S. Dodge Street (1913–1920), and 318–320 E. Benton Street (1921–ca. 1943). Other black individuals or families rented rooms to university students in the 1920s and later. One was Charles Alberts, who rented rooms in his house at 914 S. Dubuque Street—the house being nominated here—to students from 1920 to about 1926, and who was succeeded at the same address by other black individuals or families who rented to students through the early 1960s.42 Black male students who worked as shoe shiners at Short’s Shoe Shine, operated by local black businessman Haywood D. Short, were able to rent rooms in Short’s building at 18-1/2 S. Dubuque Street.43 When the number of black students at the university began to grow in the first decade of the twentieth century, and especially in the 1910s and 1920s, the traditional housing options for black students became insufficient. Black male students, who comprised the majority of black students at the university in the first decades of the twentieth century, responded in 1914 by forming a chapter of a Greek-letter society, Kappa Alpha Psi (originally named Kappa Alpha Nu) fraternity, and renting a succession of buildings as chapter houses. A second black fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, established a chapter at the University of Iowa in 1922, during a period of rapid growth in the university’s black student population.44 In addition, the number of black families in Iowa City grew during the 1920s, and more of these families 37 For information on Currier and Quadrangle residence halls, see John Beldon Scott and Rodney P. Lehnertz, The University of Iowa Guide to Campus Architecture (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2006), pp. 66–67, 150–151. 38 Jenkins, p. 29. Currier Hall was “officially” desegregated in 1946 by five African American women—Esther Walls, Virginia Harper, Nancy Henry, Gwen Davis, and Leanne Howard—although Harper has stated that “the first African American women to live in the dorms went unacknowledged because they were ‘light-skinned’”; see Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls’,” p. 249. The men’s dormitories—Quadrangle and later Hillcrest—presumably ended their unwritten policy of racial segregation at around the same time, although no published sources have been located that identify the date these dorms were desegregated. One source claims that this policy was official rather than unwritten in at least one case—that of Quadrangle, whose 1919 constitution reportedly explicitly restricted that dormitory to white students—but this claim has not been corroborated elsewhere; see Larry Perl, “Jessup Era Good as (Old) Gold,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), March 9, 1977, p. 8. 39 These conclusions are based on a comparison of addresses of black students in University of Iowa student directories published in 1904 and 1910–1915 with the same addresses listed in the six Iowa City city directories published between 1901 and 1915. For information on black female students’ domestic work, see “Tag Day. Tag Day,” The Bystander, July 11, 1919, p. [4]. 40 The following discussion is derived from Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century,” and Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” 41 Daisy Lemme was the mother of Allyn Lemme, who, with his wife Helen, rented their house on E. Prentiss Street to black university students and other black tenants during the mid-twentieth century. A biographical sketch of Helen Lemme is presented below. City directories show that the house continued to be rented to African American tenants until the late 1940s, when the house appears to have been removed. 42 Charles Alberts had operated a rooming house at this address since the house was built in 1914, but he is not known to have rented to university students until 1920. The best known of Alberts’ successors were Elizabeth and Junious Tate, who operated the Tate Arms rooming house at this address from about 1940 to the mid-1960s. 43 For more on Haywood Short and his shoe shine business, see Julia Davis, “Short’s Shoe Shine,” The Negro History Bulletin (January 1940), p. 54; Jean C. Florman, “Traces: Personal Accounts of a History Nearly Lost,” Iowa City Magazine (January 1995), pp. 14–18, available in Box 1, folder 13, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers in the Iowa Women’s Archives at the University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. 44 The first black fraternity chapter formed at the University of Iowa was Delta Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi (named Kappa Alpha Nu from its founding at Indiana University in 1911 until the name was changed in 1915), which was established on March 7, 1914; see “Iowa Negroes Organize College Fraternity,” Iowa State Bystander, March 13, 1914, pp. 1 and 3. For Alpha Phi Alpha, see “Social Committee Limits the Senior Hop United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 15 began renting rooms to black university students. Finally, more white landlords appear to have begun renting to black students during this decade, typically in racially segregated housing. In these ways, the supply of housing for black university students appears largely to have kept up with the demand, although living conditions were often poor and overcrowded.45 The Tate Arms was built by Charles Alberts as a personal residence and rooming house in 1913–1914, near the onset of the period of increased racial segregation in Iowa City described above. The house was the first house in the area occupied by an African American family, but because black residents tended to live in close proximity to each other during this period, the house was soon joined by others. Indeed, the house to the south, 916 S. Dubuque Street, was leased by an African American tenant at about the same time as Charles Alberts built his house. Both houses were occupied by black families through at least the 1950s. Two other black households at 926 and 930 S. Dubuque Street were started in the late 1940s or early 1950s in houses built in the late 1920s and occupied by white families for their first two decades. A block to the north, the houses at 808, 818, and 824 S. Dubuque Street were occupied by African American families or the Alpha Phi Alpha black fraternity for anywhere from one to three decades during this period. Two other houses (812 and 826 S. Dubuque Street) were rented by black families for at least two years each.46 By the mid-twentieth century, African American housing in Iowa City was largely concentrated along S. Capitol Street south of its intersection with Prentiss Street; Prentiss Street east of S. Capitol Street; and areas along the Ralston Creek floodplain, specifically the 800 and 900 blocks of S. Dubuque Street; and areas of S. Linn Street and Maiden Lane. Charles Alberts One of the houses in Iowa City that accommodated black residents, both students and non-students, in the early to mid-twentieth centuries was the rooming house built for Charles and Dorothy Alberts in 1913–1914 at 914 S. Dubuque Street, the property being nominated here. Charles Alberts was a stone mason by profession, and also worked with concrete block manufacturing. He may therefore have been the contractor and builder for his own house, which has a stone and brick foundation and brick walls. Little is known about the early years of Charles Alberts, who moved to Iowa City in 1908.47 Census records from 1910 and later generally record that he was born in New York State in about 1864, but the earliest census in which he has been located, 1900, states that he was born in Canada and came to the United States in 1867.48 He was probably Committee to Sixteen Members; Approves Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity and 2 Clubs,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), February 22, 1922, p. 1. 45 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” For the living conditions of rental housing occupied by African American students in Iowa City during this period, see William Edwin Taylor, letter of November 2, 1921, to James Weldon Johnson, Secretary NAACP, New York, in NAACP Branch Files, Des Moines, Iowa, 1916–1924, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; digital image available on the ProQuest History Vault web site, at https://hv.proquest.com/historyvault/), and Jenkins, pp. 18–20. Taylor stated that “[c]onditions in this city are at present almost unlivable for a colored student. . . . No one will rent to colored fraternities and no one will sell in livable localities. It is almost impossible in the whole city to find a decent room to live in.” Jenkins’ assessment a dozen years later was somewhat more positive, though he nonetheless observed that “in two different dwellings a total of six men were staying in quarters which left much to be desired as to wholesome living conditions” (Jenkins, pp. 18– 19). The inadequacy of the living arrangements appears to have been largely the result of overcrowding. In some cases, three or four men were staying in a single room designed for no more than two people. Distance from the university does not appear to have been a significant issue, even though most of the student housing nearest to the main campus was rented only to white students. Some black students lived downtown or just south of downtown close to the campus, and many white students also lived far from campus. Distance was never raised as an issue by black students at this time when they were calling attention to the inadequacy of the housing available to them. 46 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 47 In November 1908, Alberts was said to have “been in the city only a short time, having come here from Michigan”; see “Alberts Found Guilty,” The Iowa City Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa), November 4, 1908, p. [8]. 48 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States, Schedule No. 1—Population, Michigan, Arenac County, Standish Township, Enumeration District 27, p. 2B (Charles Alberts entry); Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” His marriage record to Emma Carter Holt in 1923 reportedly states that he was born in “Sarah Curse,” New York, presumably a transcription error for Syracuse, New York; see transcription of information from marriage record of Charles Alberts and Emma Carter [sic], Cedar Rapids, Iowa, March 28, 1923, in “Iowa, Select Marriages Index, 1758–1996,” database available on Ancestry.com, accessed April 6, 2018. A few other clues suggest that Alberts had a connection with southwestern New York, which may be where he was born or where he or his family later moved. In the 1925 Iowa State census, his household in Iowa City included a 46-year-old widow, Bell Bliss, who was identified as Alberts’ niece. While no family relationship has yet been discovered, Cora Bell (Gayton) Bliss was identified in the 1925 census as the daughter of Aaron Gayton and Johanna (or Joanna) Dorsey. Census records show that Aaron Gayton lived in Ontario County, New York, in 1870. By 1880 he had married Johanna and had moved to Cattaraugus County, New York, three counties to the southwest of Ontario County. By 1892, they had moved one United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 16 living in Corry, Erie County, Pennsylvania, in September 1891, when his son Harold was born there.49 In 1900, he was living in Arenac County, Michigan, where he worked as a mason. He had been married for ten years to a woman named Dorothy, and they had a single child, their son Harold. Charles Alberts was listed in Iowa City city directories starting in 1909, where he was typically identified as a mason. The 1910 census identified his occupation as stone mason for foundations.50 He purchased the property at 914 S. Dubuque Street in October 1913, its first African American owner.51 It is not clear whether a house was already present on the property at the time Alberts purchased it, but if there was, it was not the present house. Based on the low sales price for Lot 34 in 1913 ($350), the much higher sales price for Lot 34 and two apparently undeveloped lots in Sunnyside Addition a decade later in 1923 (approximately $2,500, based on transfer tax stamp values), and Charles Alberts’ profession as a mason, it appears that the present house was built for, and possibly even by, Charles Alberts.52 Alberts built the present house as a rooming house, which was completed in early 1914. He and his family occupied part of the house, with the rest of the building rented out to tenants. The building may have been ready for occupancy as early as January 1914, and it was certainly ready by April 1914, when a newspaper announcement of a celebration for Charles Alberts’ fiftieth birthday stated that the celebration “took place at New Brick Rooming house, which is now ready to receive roomers.”53 Alberts presumably saw a need for a rooming house that accommodated black tenants, since most white landlords in Iowa City at the time rented only to white tenants. The rooming house built for Charles and Dorothy Alberts appears to have been the first, and was possibly the only, house in Iowa City built expressly to house African American roomers during the period of heightened racial segregation in housing during the early to mid-twentieth century. As noted above, research in census records and city directories indicates that between 1880 and 1900, Iowa City’s black residents lived exclusively in single-family homes or duplexes, with at most one or two unrelated roomers living with the principal individual or family at that address. By 1910, a small number of addresses housed more than two unrelated black roomers, but all appear to have been former single-family homes. In any case, all of these houses have been removed, and no longer survive to represent this historic county to the east, to Allegany County, New York. They lived in Allegany County until their deaths, Joanna in 1907 and Aaron in 1916 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1870 Census, Schedule 1, New York, Ontario County, Town of Phelps, p. 124 [Almira Gayton entry]; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1880 Census, New York, Cattaraugus County, Portville, p. 16 [Aaron “Gayten” entry]; New York State Census, 1892, Allegany County, Town of Friendship, 1st Election District, p. 9 [Aaron Gayton entry]; Aaron D. Gayton and Johana Gayton entries in Maple Grove Cemetery, Friendship, Allegany County, New York, on the Find A Grave web site, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/78207436, accessed April 9, 2018). It should be noted that Cora Bell Bliss was almost certainly not the niece of Emma Carter Holt Alberts, since her father and mother were born around 1840 in Kentucky and Missouri, respectively, and had no known connection to New York; see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Schedule No. 1—Population, Iowa, Lee County, Montrose Township, Enumeration District 75, p. 7B (Bryant Carter entry). As described below, the first and last verified events in Charles Alberts’ life also connect him with the region around southwestern New York: Erie County, Pennsylvania (two counties west of Cattaraugus County), in 1891, and Cattaraugus County itself in 1926. It is not clear why no census records for Charles Alberts prior to 1900 have been located. If he were born in New York in 1864, he should have been listed in federal and state census records in 1865, 1870, 1875, and 1880, at least, yet he has not been located in a single one of these. Since he also has not been located in the 1870 or 1880 census of any other state, the most likely explanation is that he went by a different name in his childhood and changed his name as an adult. 49 The World War I draft registration card for Harold Harry Alberts of Iowa City, Iowa, states that he was born in “Cora Pa,” while the record of his second marriage to Lula R. Gilbert in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1921, states that he was born in “Cory Pa.”; see U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918, database on Ancestry.com, and Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Marriage Records and Indexes, 1810–1973, database on Ancestry.com, both accessed March 20, 2018. No town in Pennsylvania named “Cora” or “Cory” has been identified, but a city named “Corry” is located in Erie County, in the northwest corner of the state. In 1890 it had a population of 5,677; see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910: Statistics for Pennsylvania (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1912), p. 583. 50 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 51 From 1911 to 1913, Lots 33 and 34 of White’s Subdivision of Out Lot 4, County Seat Addition to Iowa City, where the present house is located, were owned by James McCollister. There appears to have been an earlier house on this property, but it was replaced by the present house in 1913– 1914. For more information on the earlier history of this property, see Carlson and Ingalls, Iowa Site Inventory Form for site 52-05284. 52 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 112, p. 542; Deed Book 120, p. 577. 53 A newspaper announcement in December 1913 stated briefly: “We can afford accommodation by January 15, 1914.—Chas. Alberts, 914 South Dubuque street, Iowa City, Iowa”; see “City News” column, Iowa State Bystander [Des Moines, Iowa], December 19, 1913, p. [5]. The 1914 quotation is from “Iowa City Notes,” Iowa State Bystander, April 17, 1914, p. [4]. The “New Brick Rooming house” was presumably the new house at 914 S. Dubuque Street, although this was not specified in the newspaper account. A ca. 1913 construction date is also reportedly supported by an appraisal of the property conducted in 1940, which reportedly states that the house was 27 years old at that time; see property appraisal cited in Bassman, p. 8. Unfortunately, the location of this appraisal was not identified in Bassman’s research paper, and attempts to locate the document for the present nomination were unsuccessful. At present Bassman’s research paper is the only known source of this information. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 17 context. Such addresses included 812 E. Bloomington Street, which housed black university students in 1909, but was occupied as a single-family residence by a white family both before and after that year, and was replaced by the current Craftsman-style house at the same address in the 1910s. Another example was 331 S. Madison Street, which housed black families and university students from about 1909 to 1912, but was shortly afterwards replaced by another building. Other houses where more than two unrelated roomers lived appear to have been used at most only temporarily as rooming houses, and were primarily single-family residences.54 The first known buildings in Iowa City that served primarily as rooming houses for black tenants were the Charles and Dorothy Alberts houses, later known as the Tate Arms—the property being nominated here—which opened in 1914; a rooming house at 221–227 S. Capitol Street (non-extant) operated by Milton Thompson in 1915 and possibly for a few adjacent years; and a house at 118 W. Iowa Avenue (non-extant) that was occupied by five unrelated black men in 1915. Milton Thompson’s rooming house was a row of four flat buildings formerly occupied exclusively by white tenants, but which in 1915 was managed by Milton Thompson, an African American man, who rented rooms to black tenants. Between January 1916 and January 1917 the building at 221–227 S. Capitol Street was removed and replaced by a glove factory for E. F. Rate’s Sons Co.55 The house at 118 W. Iowa Avenue was an older house that had been occupied by white families in the late nineteenth century.56 City directories indicate that this house continued to be occupied by African Americans in 1918 and perhaps 1919, and that it was removed between 1919 and 1922 for what is now Hubbard Park on the University of Iowa campus. No other rooming house in Iowa City built after 1914 that served as the main building on a property was identified as having been built primarily to house black roomers. A small number of secondary buildings that served as rooming houses for black tenants may have been built on properties where the main house was also owned or occupied by a black family. One possible example is 318 and 320 E. Benton Street. A house at 318 E. Benton Street was first listed in Iowa City city directories between 1920 and 1922. It was occupied by Charles Donnegan, a black man, and his white wife Lottie Donnegan. The Donnegans also owned an older house at 320 E. Benton Street that was occupied by black renters starting in the mid-1920s, although it was earlier occupied by white tenants.57 Whether or not any of these houses were built specifically to house black tenants, none remains standing today. In 1915 or 1916, Charles Alberts and his wife Dorothy were divorced.58 At the time of the 1920 census, Charles Alberts was managing a rooming house at 914 S. Dubuque Street, where he lived with a housekeeper and five roomers, all black. His occupation in 1920 was listed as manager rather than mason. Alberts also appears to have been active in political affairs. In 1919, an advertisement was placed in a local newspaper calling for a “Mass Meeting of The Colored Voters of Iowa City, Saturday[,] March 29, at 8:00 P.M., at 914 South Dubuque Street” (Figure 9). No additional information on this meeting was discovered to explain its purpose, including in Iowa’s only African American newspaper, the Des Moines-based Iowa Bystander. In addition to working as a mason, Charles Alberts operated a cement block manufacturing business from his home. A 1922 advertisement for this business listed the variety of block types available, and stated that Alberts had operated a similar business in Michigan about 14 years earlier, in about 1908 (Figure 9). Within three years, Charles Alberts had lost everything. In March 1923, Alberts, then in his late 50s, was charged with sexually assaulting the 17-year-old daughter of his housekeeper, Emma Carter Holt. The daughter, Blanche Holt, was later determined by the court to be mentally incompetent and was sent to the state insane asylum in Mt. Pleasant. In an apparent attempt to avoid the charges, Alberts married his housekeeper a week after his arrest.59 He 54 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 55 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; Sanborn Map Co., Insurance Maps of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1912), p. 13; Sanborn Map Co., Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa (New York: Sanborn Map Co., 1920), p. 8. The E. F. Rate’s Sons Co. was located on S. Linn Street until a January 1916 fire. By January 1917, the company’s new factory at 223 S. Capitol Street had been built. See “Rate Fire Loss Reaches $30000,” Iowa City [Iowa] Citizen, January 11, 1916, p. 1; classified advertisement advertising for workers for E. F. Rate’s Sons Co., Iowa City [Iowa] Daily Citizen, January 20, 1917, p. 7. 56 Cynthia L. Peterson, et al., Archaeological Investigations of the Historic Hubbard Park Site (13JH1440), Johnson County, Iowa, Technical Report 1 (Iowa City, Iowa: Office of the State Archaeologist, 2015), p. 83. 57 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 58 They were still married at the time the 1915 city directory was compiled. By December 1916, she was remarried to Sidney Soward and had moved to Buchanan County, Iowa; see Smith’s Directory of Iowa City and Johnson County, Ia., for 1915 (Dorchester, Massachusetts: Edgar Smith, 1915), p. 31; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office (Iowa City, Iowa), Deed Book 119, p, 144. 59 Transcription of information from marriage record of Charles Alberts and Emma Carter, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, March 28, 1923; from “Iowa, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 18 retained local attorney Edward F. Rate, who at the time was working in partnership with O. A. Byington, for his defense. The case went to trial in October, and after nearly 12 hours of deliberation, the jury found Alberts guilty of criminal assault. In January 1924, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in Fort Madison, Iowa. His lawyers were victorious on appeal, however, and in March 1925 the state supreme court reversed the lower court’s ruling and remanded the case back to the district court. At that point, the prosecutors decided that further prosecution would be unlikely to succeed, since the only prosecuting witnesses were the daughter, who was mentally incompetent, and her mother, who could not be compelled to testify against her husband. As a result, Alberts either avoided prison entirely, or avoided serving the remainder of his sentence (newspaper accounts are unclear on this point).60 This prolonged legal battle was expensive, however, as was the bail that Alberts had to post to avoid serving time in jail pending trial. Although Alberts was, as one newspaper phrased it, “a negro of means,” his accumulated wealth was exhausted by the lengthy legal proceedings.61 In May 1923, apparently in order to raise the $2,500 bail, he sold the property at 914 S. Dubuque Street, as well as two lots in Sunnyside Addition (now 1630 Crescent Street), to H. H. Rate.62 Although recorded in deed books as an outright property transfer, this transfer appears to have been intended more as collateral on a loan. H. H. Rate appears to have been attorney Edward F. Rate’s father, and served as trustee for the property pending the conclusion of the lawsuit.63 In August 1925, two months after Alberts was freed, he was sued by H. H. Rate, trustee, and his two lawyers for over $2,000 in attorney’s fees and other expenses. At about the same time, Alberts’ wife Emma obtained a judgment against him for another $500, although the basis of this lawsuit was not discovered during the research for the present nomination. As a result, in November 1925, first Alberts’ real estate at 914 S. Dubuque Street, and then much or all of his personal estate, including his cement block manufacturing equipment, was sold at auction to satisfy the two judgments (Figure 10).64 Between 1925 and 1927, full title to the property at 914 S. Dubuque Street was acquired from the various interested parties by Edward F. Rate, which evidently served as his attorney’s fee for defending Alberts. Charles and Emma Alberts were evidently divorced at about this same time, since in January 1926, when Charles Alberts quit-claimed his interest in the Dubuque Street property to Rate, he was listed as single and as a resident of Cattaraugus County, New York.65 Alberts is listed in the 1926 Iowa City city directory as a resident of 914 S. Dubuque Street, but he was no longer living in Iowa City by 1928. He has not been located in any subsequent census or any other record. Despite the transfer of this property to white lawyer Edward F. Rate in 1925, city directories and census records indicate that Rate leased the house exclusively to black tenants during his period of ownership. The tenants included Mrs. Emma Alberts in 1924 and Charles Alberts in 1926, then Joseph Williams, who operated the Williams Hotel at this address for employees of his “auto laundry” (car wash) for a few years around 1930, as described in the following section. Charles and Dorothy Alberts House/Williams Hotel Little is known of the early operation of the rooming house under Charles (and originally also Dorothy) Alberts. Information about some of the tenants in the rooming house is known from city directories and census records of the period. Besides Charles Alberts and a housekeeper, the earliest known occupants of the building were three tenants who Select Marriages Index, 1758–1996,” database available on Ancestry.com, accessed April 6, 2018. 60 “Sensational Case Against Aging Negro,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 21, 1923, p. 3; “City Briefs” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, April 12, 1923, p. 2; “City Briefs” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, May 26, 1923, p. 7; “Criminality Alleged Here in Six Cases,” Iowa City Press- Citizen, October 15, 1923, p. 3; “City Briefs” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, October 20, 1923, p. [2?]; “Alberts Must Draw Term in Penitentiary,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, October 24, 1923, p. 2; “To Ft. Madison For Long Term of C. Alberts,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, January 4, 1924, p. 7; “Gets Retrial,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 19, 1925, p. 4; “Alberts to Get Freedom,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, June 3, 1925, p. 2. 61 “Alberts Case May Be Ended in Wedding,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 28, 1923, p. 3. 62 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 120, p. 577. 63 “Alberts Sued By Attorneys,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, August 25, 1925, p. 5; “Edward Rate, 96,” “Deaths” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 30, 1994, p. 8A. 64 Advertisement: Sheriff’s sale of Charles Alberts’ real estate, Iowa City Press-Citizen, October 31, 1925, p. 8; Advertisement: Sheriff’s sale of Charles Alberts’ personal property, Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 19, 1925, p. 11. 65 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 137, p. 321. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 19 were listed in the 1918 city directory: John Brown, a laborer; Russell Leonard, a hotel porter; and Russell Porter’s wife Mary. Preston Peterson, also a porter, lived in the house in 1919.66 The house and its activities were mentioned in passing in The Bystander in January 1918, on a report on the visit to Iowa City of the daughter of Mrs. W. M. Broadus. Mrs. Broadus was “manager of Chas. Albert’s [sic] up-to-date rooming house at 914 South Dubuque street. The Xmas and New Year’s dinner was served in the large new dining room, which seats about twenty people.”67 It is not clear whether the dining room was “new” because it was a new addition on the house or just an existing space converted to a dining room or newly furnished. A testimonial praising the house was published the same month in The Bystander. Mr. and Mrs. Edgar S. Reescer of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, stated that they were in Iowa City for six or eight weeks, staying in Charles Alberts’ “up-to-date rooming house,” while caring for their sick daughter who was in the homeopathic hospital. According to the testimonial, they “received the best treatment and hospitality that anyone would wish, as we have furnace heat, electric lights, bath and all of the modern conveniences, and the most convenience [sic] of all is a modern kitchen upstairs for the convenience of roomers, with hot and cold water and everything convenient for a kitchen, and it is conducted on a moral system.”68 While none of the earliest known residents of the house were university students, that changed in 1920. In Fall 1920, seven or eight black male students at the University of Iowa were listed as living at 914 S. Dubuque Street, and in 1921 the number had risen to nine.69 This shift in clientele resulted from the rapid increase in the number of black male students at the university after World War I, combined with their limited housing options in Iowa City. A chapter of one black fraternity, Kappa Alpha Psi, had been established at the University of Iowa in 1914, and their chapter house housed many of the university’s black male students. After the war, the Kappa Alpha Psi chapter found it difficult to rent a chapter house, and a second black fraternity, Alpha Phi Alpha, was established in 1922. The lack of any black fraternity house on campus between 1918 and 1922 was likely a large part of the reason that Charles Alberts’ rooming house was dominated by university students in 1920 and 1921. The Alpha Theta chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity was founded in March 1922, and the majority of its members lived that fall at 318–320 E. Benton Street.70 The number of students staying at the Alberts rooming house dropped to one in 1922, and between zero and three per year through 1926, the last year included in the study.71 For the remainder of the 1920s and early 1930s, the typical resident of the Alberts rooming house was an unmarried black man, although several married men stayed there as well. They held standard occupations for working black men at the time, including porters for downtown businesses, laborers, and the occasional shoe repairer, cook, or oil station attendant. The only woman known to have stayed in the rooming house during this period who was not married to one of the male residents was Mrs. Celia McKeen, a domestic servant in 1928. It is possible that she was the housekeeper in the Williams Hotel, however, rather than a regular tenant.72 From about 1928 to 1932, the house was known as the Williams Hotel. The original proprietor was Joseph Williams, who also operated an “auto laundry” (car wash) at 12–16 E. College Street in the downtown commercial area. In 1928 and 1930, all of the known residents of the Williams Hotel other than Celia McKeen were associated with the auto laundry. Most were laborers, but one person each in 1928 and 1930 was identified as a foreman, and Joseph Williams himself also lived there. By 1932, although the building was still identified as the Williams Hotel, its proprietor was Louis Goodwin, who had been the auto laundry foreman in 1930. By this time, the tenants no longer 66 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 67 “Iowa City, Iowa,” The Bystander (Des Moines, Iowa), January 11, 1918, p. [4]. 68 Mr. and Mrs. Edgar H. Reescer, “Statement to Public,” The Bystander, January 25, 1918, p. [4]. 69 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” The number in 1920 was probably eight, but one student, Marion Claude Colvin, was listed at “911” S. Dubuque Street. Street indexes in Iowa City city directories list only a single address on the west side of the 900 block of S. Dubuque Street in 1918, 1919, or 1922—903 S. Dubuque Street—so it is most likely that 911 was an error for 914 S. Dubuque Street. 70 “Social Committee Limits the Senior Hop Committee to Sixteen Members; Approves Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity and 2 Clubs,” The Daily Iowan, p. 1; Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” The location of the majority of Alpha Phi Alpha members in 1922 is known from comparing a list of charter members of the Alpha Theta chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha available on the chapter’s web site with the database of students cited above; see “Alpha Theta Chapter History,” on the Alpha Theta Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha web site, at http://athetaalphas06.wixsite.com/iowa/chapter-history; accessed April 6, 2018. 71 Carlson, “Black Students at SUI and their Addresses from Student Directories.” 72 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 20 included employees of Joseph Williams’ auto laundry, which had evidently closed. Instead, the roomers included the usual mix of porters, students, and an oil company attendant. From 1934 to 1940, the house was again occupied by the family of Emma C. Holt, the former housekeeper and briefly the wife of Charles Alberts, who had returned to the surname of her first husband. Also living in her household was her son, Carter Holt, who worked as a shoe shiner and porter during this period. Between 1926 and 1932, Emma Holt had lived at at least four other addresses in the area, eventually returning to 914 S. Dubuque Street by 1934. The Holts appear to have been the primary occupants of the house, since the only other tenants identified in city directories during this time were John H. Williams, identified in various years as a cook and a laborer, and Lonnie Harris—listed in 1936 only—for whom no occupation was identified. John H. Williams had been a tenant of the house back in 1924 when Charles and Emma Alberts lived there, and he lived at the same address as Emma Alberts (later Emma Holt) during the span of nearly a decade when she did not live at 914 S. Dubuque Street. It is possible that the building also housed university students at this time, but no student directories from the period have yet been consulted to determine how many black students, if any, lived in the rooming house in the mid- to late 1930s. The 1940 census lists three African American lodgers at this address in addition to the Holts, but only one roomer—long-time tenant John Williams—was identified in city directories. It is therefore likely that the building continued to serve as a rooming house for African Americans even in years when city directories list only the Holts and at most one or two other people at this address.73 Elizabeth Crawford Tate and Junious Tate The house built for Charles and Dorothy Alberts is best known in Iowa City today as the Tate Arms, the name given to it by the next owners, Elizabeth (“Bettye”) Tate and her husband, Junious (“Bud”) Tate, who bought the property in 1940. The Tates operated the house for a approximately 20 years as a rooming house, primarily for black male students at the University of Iowa. The Tates had started renting rooms to black tenants a few years earlier at a different address, so by their move to what became the Tate Arms, they continued both their own practice of providing housing to black university students as well as the historical use of the Alberts house as a rooming house that catered specifically to black tenants. Elizabeth “Bettye” Marie Crawford, later Elizabeth Saulsbury Tate, was born in Fairfield, Iowa, in 1906. She graduated from Fairfield High School in 1926, then reportedly worked for three years in Cedar Rapids (Figure 11).74 Little is known of her years in Cedar Rapids, including her occupation.75 In July 1929, she married Aljoe Saulsbury, who was then living at 914 S. Dubuque Street in Iowa City, the property being nominated here.76 While their wedding announcement stated that “[a]fter July 18th [1929] the couple will be at home at 914 South Dubuque, Iowa City,” they did not live for long at that address. By the time of the 1930 federal census, taken in April 1930, they were living at 514 73 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 74 “125 Receive Diplomas at High School,” The Fairfield Daily Ledger (Fairfield, Iowa), May 28, 1926, p. 1; “Former Fairfield Girl Is Married,” in “Society” column, The Fairfield Daily Ledger, July 27, 1929, p. 2. She had completed the normal training class for teacher training while in high school, and just before her graduation it was reported that she had “accepted a position in the [segregated black] Eureka High school at Hattiesburg, Miss., for the coming school year,” but no evidence has been discovered to suggest that she ever taught school, either in Mississippi or elsewhere; see “Normal Trainers to Rural Schools,” The Fairfield Daily Ledger, October 25, 1925, p. 7; and “Just Among Ourselves” column, The Fairfield Daily Ledger, April 24, 1926, p. 5. Later sources state that after graduation from high school she worked for a summer at Lake Okoboji, a popular recreation area in northwest Iowa; see Florman, p. 18. All contemporary sources from the early to mid-twentieth century give Elizabeth Crawford Saulsbury Tate’s nickname as “Betty,” although in many later sources from the 1970s on she is identified as “Bettye,” which was evidently her preferred spelling. 75 Only one primary source other than the 1929 marriage announcement quoted above has been identified that locates her with certainty in Cedar Rapids, and that source, an obituary of her father, was not published until March 1929; see “John Crawford Died Today at 2,” The Fairfield Daily Ledger (Fairfield, Iowa), March 5, 1929, p. 1. She was probably the Elizabeth Crawford listed in the 1928 Cedar Rapids city directory; no Elizabeth Crawford was listed in the directory of either adjacent year (1926 or 1929). According to the 1928 city directory, Elizabeth Crawford was living at 1955 5th Avenue in Cedar Rapids, which was the home of Philip and Hattie Liebsohn. Philip Liebsohn was the owner of Philip Liebsohn & Son, a department store; see McCoy’s Cedar Rapids City Directory, 1928 (Rockford, Illinois: The McCoy Directory Company, 1928), pp. 170, 306. No occupation was given for Elizabeth Crawford in the city directory, so it is not clear what employment connection, if any, she had with the Liebsohns. 76 Their marriage record states that Aljoe Saulsbury was living at “1914 Dubuque S. St. Iowa City,” but the correct address is given in “Former Fairfield Girl Is Married,” p. 2. For the marriage record, see Iowa, Marriage Records, 1880–1940, database on Ancestry.com; accessed March 19, 2018 (Aljoe Saulsbury to Elizabeth “Crawfot,” Iowa City, Johnson County). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 21 S. Linn Street in Iowa City. Aljoe Saulsbury worked as a car washer in 1930 and 1932, while Elizabeth worked as a cook for a private family in 1930.77 They moved often during this period, renting homes at 216 S. Madison Street in 1932 and 9 E. Prentiss Street in 1934.78 In November 1933, Aljoe Saulsbury was convicted of assault with intent to commit manslaughter, and was sentenced to five years imprisonment.79 He was released on parole two years later, but was sent back to prison in April 1936 after another altercation, this time with Elizabeth Saulsbury’s future husband, Junious Tate.80 Aljoe and Elizabeth Saulsbury evidently separated or divorced around this time. In the 1936 city directory, Mrs. Betty C. Saulsbury, who then worked as a maid, was listed as living at 9 E. Prentiss Street, but Aljoe was not listed with her.81 It was during her marriage to Aljoe Saulsbury that the future Elizabeth Tate first began renting out rooms in her house to black male students at the University of Iowa. The first such student for which there is a record is James A. Tate, the younger brother of her future husband, who was listed in the Saulsbury household at 9 E. Prentiss Street in the 1934 city directory. By 1936, James Tate and his brother Junious Tate were living in the adjacent house at 11 E. Prentiss Street.82 The first known tenant of Elizabeth Saulsbury confirmed from University of Iowa student directories is Jesse D. Hayes, a graduate student from Carbondale, Illinois, who is listed at 9 E. Prentiss Street in 1934–1935.83 Two events that occurred around 1935 appear to have influenced Elizabeth Saulsbury’s decision to open her home to multiple black students rather than just one at a time, as she had apparently done for at least a year or two previously. First was the removal of Aljoe Saulsbury from her household, which almost certainly led to a loss of income that had to be made up elsewhere after 1933. The second was the financial struggles of one of the University of Iowa’s two black fraternities, Kappa Alpha Psi. Kappa Alpha Psi members had lived in a building at 301 S. Dubuque Street that the chapter had bought on contract in 1921, but their last year in this building was 1934–1935. While it is not known why they sold their chapter house, it may have been that declining membership during the Great Depression did not produce the revenues needed to maintain the house payments.84 Whatever the reason, they sold their building in 1935. In the 1935–1936 university student directory, the address given for the Kappa Alpha Psi chapter house was 213½ S. Clinton Street. However, of the 16 students listed at 301 S. Dubuque Street in 1934–1935, nine were also listed in 1935– 1936, but only two of the nine were listed at 213½ S. Clinton Street. Five were listed as living at 9 E. Prentiss Street, Elizabeth Saulsbury’s address.85 Elizabeth Saulsbury therefore was able to provide housing for the majority of the Kappa 77 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population Schedule, Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 1, Supervisor’s District 12, Enumeration District 52-16, Sheet 10B (Aljoe “Saulsbery” entry); Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 78 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 79 “‘Not Guilty’ Plea of Negro Accused of Manslaughter,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 17, 1933, p. 2; “Al Joe Salisbury Gets Prison Term for Stabbing Man,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 20, 1933, p. 2. At the time of his conviction, it was reported that he would be sent to the men’s penitentiary in Fort Madison, Iowa, but by the time of his parole two years later (discussed below), he was at the reformatory in Anamosa, Iowa. 80 “Hold Salisbury, Negro, At Hospital; Inquire Into Alleged Stabbing,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 30, 1936, p. 2; “Aljoe Salisbury is Returned to Anamosa,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, April 21, 1936, p. 3. Although Junious Tate is identified in the March 30 article as “Julius” Tate, this was clearly an error for “Junious,” since he was said to be living at 11 E. Prentiss Street, listed in the 1936 city directory as the address of Junious Tate, and located next door to Aljoe and Elizabeth Saulsbury’s house. 81 It is not clear where Aljoe Saulsbury went after he was released from prison. The only other records of him discovered to date are his marriage to Carlee Saulsbury in Fort Smith, Arkansas, in 1942, and their divorce five years later in Michigan; see Michigan, Divorce Records, 1897–1952, database on Ancestry.com, accessed April 7, 2018. Elizabeth Tate never mentioned her first marriage in interviews she gave in the 1990s, allowing her interviewers to conclude that she came to Iowa City either with, or to be with, Junious Tate. 82 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” Oddly, James A. Tate is not listed in the University of Iowa student directory in either 1933 or 1934, although he was listed in the Roster of Students in the university catalog in both years; see State University of Iowa, Catalog Number 1933–1934 (Iowa City, Iowa: The State University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1933]), p. 499; State University of Iowa, Catalog Number 1934–1935 (Iowa City, Iowa: The State University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1934]), p. 501. James A. Tate and Junious A. Tate are both listed as children of Alex and Emma Tate in the 1920 federal census of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920—Population, Iowa, Linn County, Cedar Rapids, Precinct 18, Enumeration District 141, p. 16B (Alex Tate entry). 83 University of Iowa, University Directory, First Semester, 1934–1935 (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1934]), p. 63. Pre-1934 student directories have not been examined to see whether any students lived at 9 E. Prentiss Street or at any of the other addresses at which the Saulsburys lived. Hayes is not listed in student directories in any other year between 1932–1933 and 1936–1937. 84 On the other hand, the fraternity chapter does not appear to have been hurting for members at the time they sold their property. During the 1934– 1935 academic year, at least 15 students are listed at this address in the University of Iowa student directory. 85 University of Iowa, University Directory, 1935–1936 (Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1935]), pp. 42, 52, 53, 62, 74, 91, 107, 112. The final two of the nine lived at two different addresses in Iowa City. In addition, two first-year students were living at 9 E. Prentiss Street in United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 22 Alpha Psi members who had lost their chapter house, while earning additional money to make up for the loss of her husband’s income. It was evidently through her tenant and later neighbor, James Tate, that Bettye Saulsbury met her future husband, Junious “Bud” Tate, James Tate’s older brother (Figure 12). Junious A. Tate was born in Buxton, Iowa, in 1908, where his father worked as a coal miner. The family later moved to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 30 miles north of Iowa City. There Junious Tate married his first wife, Louise Bragg, in 1927, although their marriage did not last long. She was not listed as his wife in Cedar Rapids city directories from 1928 through 1931, and in 1932 she was likely the Mrs. Louise Tate who was listed in the directory as living at a different address from Junious Tate.86 By 1936, Junious Tate was living in Iowa City, and was listed in the city directory as living at 11 E. Prentiss Street with James Tate. At the time, Junious Tate was a shoe shiner with Hawkeye Shoe Repair, and James Tate was still a university student.87 Bettye Crawford Saulsbury was listed as Junious Tate’s wife in the 1938 and 1940 city directories.88 They continued to live at 9 E. Prentiss Street and to rent out their home to university students. At the time of the 1940 census, the Tates were renting the house for $15 per month.89 By 1940, the Tates had saved sufficient funds to make a down payment on a house of their own, so they would not need to continue renting 9 E. Prentiss Street. Edward F. Rate, who had owned the rooming house at 914 S. Dubuque Street since acquiring it from Charles Alberts in the mid-1920s, was ready to sell the property at this point. He and Elizabeth Tate knew each other since she had been his tenant briefly after her marriage to Aljoe Saulsbury in 1929. They may also have begun discussing the sale of the house as a result of a much more recent connection: at the time of the 1940 census, Elizabeth Tate’s mother, Elizabeth McIntyre, and her brother, George Crawford, were living at 914 S. Dubuque Street.90 Rate accepted an offer from the Tates to buy the house for $3,300, in the form of a $340 down payment and $30 monthly installments starting in August 1940.91 Although Edward and Maude Rate did not complete the sale of the Tate Arms property to Junious and Elizabeth Tate until 1962, Junious Tate was listed in city directories as the owner of this property from the time he is first listed at this address in 1942.92 From the outset, the Tates named their rooming house the “Tate Arms,” and marketed it specifically towards black students at the university.93 While Elizabeth Tate ran the rooming house, her husband Junious (Bud) Tate operated 1935–1936 who had not been at the university the previous year. This brought to seven the total number of black male students rooming in Elizabeth Saulsbury’s house in that year. 86 Marriage record of Junious Tate and Louise Bragg, Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa, November 16, 1927, available in the Iowa, Marriage Records, 1880–1940, database on Ancestry.com, accessed April 8, 2018; Cedar Rapids city directories, 1928–1932, available in the All U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995, database on Ancestry.com, accessed April 8, 2018. 87 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” Junious’s name was misspelled “Julius” in 1936. During the 1930s, 11 E. Prentiss Street was owned and occupied by Peter P. Frantz and his wife Apollonia, who sometimes took on roomers, at least through 1930; see Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” The Frantzes are rare among Iowa City’s white landlords in that they took in students from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Their tenants also included another black student, Morris Peter McLaine, listed in the 1932–1933 university student directory, and the Chinese Students Club, listed at this address in the 1926 Iowa City city directory; for McLaine, see State University of Iowa, University Directory, First Semester, 1932–1933 (Iowa City, Iowa: State University of Iowa, n.d. [ca. 1932]), p. 76. Peter Frantz was an immigrant, born in either Germany or France depending on which census is consulted, which may have been a factor in his decision not to rent exclusively to white tenants; see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920– Population, Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Enumeration District 94, p. 1B (Peter P. Frantz entry); U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population Schedule, Iowa, Johnson County, Iowa City, Ward 1, Enumeration District 52-16, p. 15B (Peter Frantz entry). 88 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” Their marriage was apparently a common law marriage at the outset, since their marriage was not solemnized until September 12, 1940; see Iowa Marriage Records, 1880–1940, database on Ancestry.com; accessed March 19, 2018. 89 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” 90 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” For the relationship between Elizabeth McIntyre, George Crawford, and Elizabeth Crawford Tate, see the undated notebook containing family names and birth dates included in Box 1, folder 11, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers. 91 Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Miscellaneous Record Book 159, p. 459. In later years, Elizabeth Tate is quoted as recalling that they paid only $10 down on the house, which is less than the $340 specified in the sale agreement; see Florman, p. 18, and many other sources. 92 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 239, p. 267. 93 As early as September 7, 1940, a classified advertisement in the University of Iowa student newspaper, The Daily Iowan, advertised rooms for rent in a “MODERN, convenient home for Negro students. Tate Arms. 914 S. Dubuque”; see “Daily Iowan Want Ads” section, The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), September 7, 1940, p. 5. Advertisements of unknown origin, possibly from city directories, that appear to date to around the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 23 a janitorial service for department stores in downtown Iowa City. At least one student resident of the Tate Arms earned extra money by working evenings and weekends for Bud Tate’s operation.94 In 1954, in addition to managing the Tate Arms, Elizabeth Tate began working as a clinical technician at the University of Iowa Hospital’s cardiovascular lab. She retired as supervisor from the lab 22 years later in 1976.95 The Tate Arms operated until the early 1960s, with its last documented tenant residing there in the summer of 1961 (Figure 13). The earliest available source, published in 1966, states that Elizabeth Tate served as “landlady” to a succession of University of Iowa students between 1931 and 1961.96 Later sources state that Elizabeth Tate ran the rooming house until 1963 or even later, but these sources do not appear to be accurate.97 Most likely the Tate Arms ceased operating in 1961, shortly before Junious and Elizabeth Tate were divorced.98 By 1964, neither Junious nor Elizabeth Tate remained in the house at 914 S. Dubuque Street. City directories list a succession of male students— probably but not necessarily black students—living at this address between 1964 and 1967. In 1968 and 1969, the house was occupied by Walter J. Manuel, who appears to have worked as a technician in the same cardiovascular lab at the University of Iowa where Elizabeth Tate also worked. Starting in 1970, the house was listed as vacant.99 Elizabeth Tate eventually sold the house in 1979.100 During their time at 914 S. Dubuque, the Tates raised one son, Dennis—apparently Elizabeth Tate’s son by her first marriage to Aljoe Saulsbury—and one adopted daughter, Candace, whom they adopted as a baby in 1947 (Figures 14–15).101 Elizabeth Tate was a leader and active member in the Iowa City community. She was also active in the local theatre, a passion she had had since at least high school.102 She was a charter member of the Iowa City Community Theatre and served on the board of directors. She also performed in many community and University of Iowa theatrical productions during the mid-twentieth century.103 After her retirement in 1976, she was an active volunteer with the Old 1940s, are included on the “Tate Arms” storyboard, located in Box 2 of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers. 94 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; Florman, p. 18; Linda Schreiber, “Housemother Sets Rules,” Community News Advertiser (Coralville, Iowa), August 16, 1995, p. 2. 95 “Bettye Tate Retires After 22 Years of Service,” The Pacemaker (University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City), June 1976, no page specified. Newspaper clipping available in Box 1, folder 13, of the Elizabeth (Bettye) Crawford Tate Papers. 96 Johanna Nelson Beers, “Have You Heard?” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 2, 1966, p. 5. The beginning date of 1931 has not been verified, and in any case it refers to a different building, but the end date appears to be accurate. Few University of Iowa students resided in the Tate Arms during its final years. In 1957–1958, only three students were listed at this address in the university student directory (spring semester), and in both 1959–1960 (fall semester) and 1960–1961 (both fall and spring semesters) not a single student was listed at this address. The last known student was James Walter Terry, who lived at this address in the summer of 1961. No students were listed at this address in 1962–1963 (fall semester). Since 1961 is the date of the residence of the last known student at the Tate Arms—who is presumed but know confirmed to have been black—and it is the same year identified in Beers’ 1966 article as the final year that Elizabeth Tate operated her rooming house, it is taken here to be the end date of the property’s period of significance. 97 For 1963, see, for example, Emily Gersema, “Dorms Off Limits,” The Sunday Gazette (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), September 26, 1999, p. 11A. For 1965, see Darain Metz, “Helping Black Students Was Tate’s Calling,” Iowa City Press-Citizen (Iowa City, Iowa), March 8, 1993, p. 1B. The Tate Arms was last listed in Iowa City city directories in 1962, although the information for this directory was probably gathered in late 1961. No directory was published in 1963, and by 1964, the Tate Arms was no longer listed. 98 “Elizabeth Tate Files for Divorce Petition Here,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, March 14, 1962, p. 2; 1992 affidavit from Elizabeth Crawford Tate stating that she and Junious Tate divorced in 1963, and that he died in Cedar Rapids in 1970, in Box 1, folder 1, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers. 99 Iowa City, Iowa, city directories, 1964–1975, inclusive. The directories were published annually during this period. 100 Curt Seifert, “Remodeling Condemned House Raises Questions,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, October 3, 1980, p. 1A. 101 Her son, known in later years as Dennis Martin Tate, was born in August 1931; see California Death Index, 1940–1997, on Ancestry.com, accessed March 30, 2018. Based on his name, age, location, and relationship to Elizabeth Tate, he was almost certainly the same person as Dennis Aljoe Saulsbury, who began attending kindergarten in September 1936 at Henry Sabin School in Iowa City, located two blocks east of 9 E. Prentiss Street; see “20 Children Open School Career in Kindergarten at Henry Sabin Last Monday,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, September 22, 1936, p. 8. The last known mention of Dennis Saulsbury in the local newspapers was in June 1938, while the first known mention of Dennis Tate was in July 1941; see “Memorial Day Reports Given,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, June 2, 1938, p. 5; “List Winners in Pet Show,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 10, 1941, p. 13. Dennis Tate was also a student at Henry Sabin School, which was located four blocks north of the Tate Arms; see “Playground Results,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, June 26, 1942, p. [7]. Henry Sabin School was demolished in 2015. 102 “Bettye Tate Retires After 22 Years of Service.” Much of the information from this 1976 article is reprinted in Johanna Nelson Beers, “Have You Heard?” column, Iowa City Press-Citizen, June 6, 1976, p. 5A. For Elizabeth Crawford’s interest in theatre in high school, see various Fairfield, Iowa, newspapers from 1925, such as “Junior Play Put On With Cleverness,” The Fairfield Daily Ledger (Fairfield, Iowa), May 2, 1925, p. 1. 103 Biographical Note, Guide to the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, The University of Iowa Libraries internet web site, http://collguides.lib.uiowa.edu/?IWA0266, accessed April 8, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 24 Capitol gift shop and University of Iowa Hospitals library.104 She died in 1999 at the age of 93.105 Five years after her death, the new alternative high school in Iowa City was named the Elizabeth Tate High School in her honor. Lauren Reece, School Board President at the time the building name was chosen, stated that the naming committee named the new building for Elizabeth Tate because “‘[s]he was a model of the core values and mission of the alternative high school. . . . We found out she was a well-rounded and humanistic person. She embodied the philosophy . . . and the spirit of the school.’” Sharon Wiser, a special education teacher at the school, also praised the name choice because Tate “‘opened her arms to people who were rejected. . . . She was a jack of all trades. She made a real impact on this community.’”106 Tate Arms, 1940–1961 Most of the information we have on the operation of the Tate Arms comes from a series of interviews conducted with Elizabeth Tate in the mid-1990s that were published in local newspapers and magazines. The earliest, published in 1993, describes Tate’s memories of her boarding house as follows: “I had this house with 12 rooms in it and I rented it out to them [black male students at the University of Iowa]. All they had to do was live by my rules: Make up their beds, change the linen once a week—and no girls. They had to listen to me because I was the boss.” The boss did more than collect the $10 monthly rent fees. Tate was the cook and counselor to the 20 young men who were coping with being away from home. She listened to their problems, and maintained a firm, yet gentle hand of authority. Her only request, which later became part of her rules, was that no one eat at the table until she sat down at the head of it. Tate said she had great relationships with all of the students. Her trips around the world aside, Tate said watching the young men, her boarders, grow and mature comprise her fondest memories. She still keeps in touch with many of them.107 Additional information on the Tate Arms was published in two profiles of Elizabeth Tate published in 1995. One stated: She [Elizabeth Tate] bought beds—including three “double-deckers”—two dozen desks, and 20 bookcases, and hung a sign over the front porch with the name “Tate Arms.”108 “There were all these boys coming to town needing a place to stay,” she says. “When they were accepted into college, the university would send them a list of places where they were allowed to live. I was on the list.” 104 Meegan Burkart, “Bettye Tate Returns to the City She Visited as a Youngster,” Washington Journal (Washington, Iowa), no date of publication or page number (ca. June 1996); newspaper clipping available in Box 1, folder 13, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers. 105 “Elizabeth Tate, 93,” obituary, Iowa City Press-Citizen, September 25, 1999, p. 4A. The obituary cited here is the third of three obituaries of Elizabeth Tate published in the Iowa City Press-Citizen. Each is slightly different from the others, but all contain essentially the same biographical information. The other two were published on September 16, 1999, p. 4A, and September 17, 1999, p. 4A. 106 Rob Daniel, “Tate Chosen for School Name,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 17, 2004, pp. 3A, 5A. 107 Metz, p. 1B. In an interview published two years later, she expanded the list of rules slightly: “‘The boys made their own beds, changed their linens once a week, and picked up after themselves. And they couldn’t bring in any girls. No drinking in the house—ever. And when I raised my voice, they knew to be quiet.’” In addition, while Mrs. Tate did all of the cooking, her boarders had to wash the dishes (Florman, p. 18). Later interviews also specify that the $10 per month rent was only in the early years; see Florman, p. 18, and Schreiber, “Housemother Sets Rules,” p. 2. The “no girls” rule had either been relaxed by 1954 or did not apply to married couples, since Gloria Wright lived there with her husband at that time; see Linda Schreiber (misspelled “Schrieber”), “Tribute to Tate,” Community News Advertiser, no date (ca. June 1996). All of the newspaper articles cited here can be found in Box 1, folder 13, of the Elizabeth (Bettye) Crawford Tate Papers. 108 Florman, p. 18. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 25 . . . . A spacious backyard garden kept “the boys” in vegetables, although Tate says the boarders ate the produce so quickly she never had the chance to can or preserve any of it. . . . The well delineated rows of potatoes, green beans, lettuce, peas, and tomatoes stretched some 30 feet to the back property line. “I was a mess,” Tate says, laughing, “but you know, I never got tired. I kept 20 boys for the fall and spring semesters and over most of the summer. At holidays we usually had 12 or 14 people around the dinner table because most of them couldn’t afford to go home. But for three weeks every summer, I’d close up and go travel. . . . Many of her boarders still write or call “Ma” Tate, and she recalls them with great affection. . . . During all the years Tate welcomed students into her home, she only once had occasion to evict one. “I can’t remember why,” she says, “but I do remember he was a loudmouth, and he kept telling me I wouldn’t throw him out. One night I did just that. I got most of his things, threw them onto the side porch, and locked the door. I wouldn’t even let him come back for his shoes. Last I heard, he was a lawyer in St. Louis.” Sadly, Tate has thrown away virtually any all [sic] mementos of her years as a “house mother.” She has no old letters, no financial records, no photographs of the house whose large sign above [the] front porch once welcomed so many young students to the “Tate Arms.”109 A slightly different characterization of Elizabeth Tate was made by Ted Wheeler, who attended the University of Iowa in the 1950s, but did not live in the Tate Arms. Sixty years later, he still recalled the importance of Elizabeth Tate and the other black families who rented rooms to black university students. Because of the small number of black students at the University of Iowa at the time, he wrote: In effect, no social life existed. Mrs. [Bettye] Tate and Mrs. [Helen] Lemme, two outstanding women who kept houses where black students could board, made these difficulties easier to bear. Of the two, Mrs. Tate exhibited a little more austerity. She was a very proud, disciplined woman, who did almost no socializing with the people who lived with her. Although I didn’t stay there, I got to know her by visiting my friends, the black football and black basketball players, who rented from her. . . . Without segregation, there would not be either a Tate or a Lemme, but in difficult times, they made great contributions to humanity by making it possible for black students to be more comfortable.110 One story sometimes told about the Tate Arms is that jazz great Duke Ellington performed afterhours shows there while he was in town.111 This is at least possible. During the mid-twentieth century, many black performers stayed in private residences rather than hotels while on tour, since most hotels operated by white managers routinely refused to accommodate black lodgers. The story is most likely apocryphal, however. In the many interviews conducted with Elizabeth Tate during the 1990s, she never mentioned Duke Ellington or any other performer either lodging overnight or performing at her house.112 On the contrary, the strict rules of conduct she emphasized for her boarders—no girls, no alcohol—suggest that she would have been unlikely to host afterhours parties at her house. Only one first-hand account of Ellington’s visits to Iowa City written by a black student who attended the University of Iowa in the 1950s was identified during the research for the present nomination. This student, Ted Wheeler, mentions that Duke Ellington performed at a different rooming house for black university students, one operated by Helen Lemme, but he does not 109 Florman, pp, 18–19. 110 Wheeler, pp. 136–137. Bracketed words in original. 111 Karen Kubby, quoted in Sandra Stanar, “Commune Happy It Can Still Call House Its Home,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 11, 1981, p. 2A; Richard M. Breaux, “‘Tireless Partners and Skilled Competitors’: Seeing UI’s Black Male Athletes, 1934–1960,” Chapter 5 in Hill and Hill, pp. 166–167. Breaux has identified five instances between 1949 and 1957 when Ellington’s band visited Iowa City. 112 See, for example, Metz, Florman, and Schreiber, “Housemother Sets Rules,” as well as an article published shortly after Elizabeth Tate’s death: Gersema, “Dorms Off Limits,” p. 1A. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 26 mention informal performances at any other location.113 While additional information may substantiate the stories of Ellington having performed at the Tate Arms, it appears more likely that afterhours performances by Ellington—and probably by other touring black musicians of the mid-twentieth century—were limited to the Lemmes’ house. Many of the former residents of the Tate Arms went on to successful careers. Former boarders Roy Bradshaw and William Shoecraf Wood attributed the success rate among boarders at the Tate Arms to Bettye Tate’s discipline. “She was like a second mother to us,” Bradshaw was quoted as saying in 1995, “Many of us probably would not have succeeded if not for her. . . . With her everything was not an obstacle. She saw that you got out there and went face-to- face with the world.” Bradshaw earned a Master’s degree in health and physical education. Wood earned a law degree and became a judge in the Chicago area.114 Residents of the Tate Arms Although the Tate Arms was home to probably well over 100 students during its 20 years of operation, very few residents of the Tate Arms have been identified. Iowa City city directories identify only twelve roomers between 1942 and 1959, and only five of the twelve were students. Although the Tate Arms was marketed specifically towards university students, it also housed several black men employed in various working-class jobs in the 1940s and 1950s. In addition to the five students identified from city directories, interviews conducted with Elizabeth Tate in the 1990s identified another seven students who lived in the Tates’ rooming house while they were students in Iowa City. While most of the seven appear to have lived at the Tate Arms, it is possible that some of the earlier roomers, such as Eugene Skinner or Edward N. (Ed) Wiggins, were residents only of the Tates’ earlier house at 9 E. Prentiss Street.115 Finally, university student directories for the years 1949–1950, 1950–1951, and at least one semester each in 1957–1958, 1959– 1960, 1960–1961, and 1962–1963 were consulted for Tate Arms residents. In these six years (plus a few summers), an additional 16 students in 1949–1951 and one student in 1957–1963 were identified. A further search of University of Iowa student directories would almost certainly identify many more residents of the Tate Arms, but time limitations prevented a comprehensive search of these directories for the present nomination. The following paragraphs describe the careers of some of the nearly 30 Tate Arms residents that have been identified. The careers of Roy Bradshaw and William Shoecraf Wood have been mentioned above. Residents of the Tate Arms in 1949–1950 included the following. Robert Leon Owens III, a graduate student at the University of Iowa in 1949–50, received his doctorate in Educational Psychology, and later became President of Knoxville College in Knoxville, Tennessee, and subsequently Dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Howard University in Washington, D.C., both historically black colleges or universities (HBCUs).116 After Blinzy Lee Gore received his law degree from the University of Iowa, he taught at the South Carolina State College School of Law, then later became Vice President for Academic Affairs at Claflin College, both HBCUs in Orangeburg, South Carolina.117 Otis Finney, a graduate student in 113 Wheeler, pp. 136–137, 138. Wheeler attended the university from 1950 to 1957, except for two years between 1951 and 1953 when he was drafted into the military and served in the army. The Lemmes’ son, Paul Lemme, has also confirmed that Ellington played at their house; see Mark Siebert, “Helen Lemme: Her House Was Home for Black Students,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, May 4, 1989, pp. 19E–20E. In the 1950s, Allyn and Helen Lemme lived at 603 S. Capitol Street (non-extant), now the site of the University of Iowa’s University Services Building. 114 Schreiber, “Housemother Sets Rules,” p. 2. 115 For Roy Bradshaw and William Shoecraf Wood, see the previous section. The other former students identified in 1990s articles on Elizabeth Tate include Gloria and Bruce Wright, Ed Wiggins, and Wendell Jones (Florman, p. 19), and Eugene Skinner (Emily Gersema, “Tate Had Real Class in Era of Segregation,” newspaper clipping from The Gazette [Cedar Rapids, Iowa], no date [ca. September 11–18, 1999]; available on the “Honoring a Legend” storyboard in Box 2 of the Elizabeth (Bettye) Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City). 116 George E. Curry, “Spotlight on Campus: Prexy with a Mission,” Tuesday Magazine (June 1969), a supplement to The Courier-Journal and Times (Louisville, Kentucky), June 1, 1969, p. 12; Robert L. Owens III, Oral History “Spoken Memories,” interviewed on September 1, 2009, by interviewer Charles Johnson of the Zion Baptist Church [Washington, D.C.] Historical and Preservation Commission’s Oral History Committee; transcript available on the Humanities DC web site, http://wdchumanities.org/docs/hrc/ZBC%20OFFICIALTranscribed%20Oral%20History2-- %2010%2009.pdf, accessed June 9, 2018. 117 “Claflin Trustees, Staff,’ The Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, South Carolina), April 6, 1969, p. 7F; “Mrs. Gloria B. Gore,” obituary, The Times and Democrat (Orangeburg, South Carolina), September 13, 2007, p. A4. The South Carolina State College School of Law was established by the South Carolina state legislature in 1947 to prevent a black student from enrolling in the University of South Carolina School of Law; see Alfred D. Moore III, “Turning the Tide of Segregation: The Legacy of the Law School at South Carolina State College,” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, filed in “Features” on September 7, 2017, available at https://www.jbhe.com/2017/09/turning-the-tide-of-segregation-the-legacy- of-the-law-school-at-south-carolina-state-college/, accessed June 9, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 27 1949, later worked as a physical education teacher, coach, and assistant principal in Chicago public schools.118 Lutrelle (“Lu”) Fleming Palmer, Jr., was a graduate student in communications at the University of Iowa, but he is said not to have completed his dissertation after he left his extensive notes on a train. Lu Palmer went on to become a journalist, radio commentator and talk show host, and political activist in Chicago. He established Chicago Black United Communities (CBUC), which was instrumental in organizing black voters to elect Chicago’s first black mayor, Harold Washington, in 1983.119 Later residents of the Tate Arms included Nathaniel Hunter, who lived at the Tate Arms from at least 1956 to 1958, based on both city and student directories. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1958. He was later employed with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and now works as a consulting engineer in Sacramento, California. He is currently president of the Northern California Council of Black Professional Engineers.120 Although most of the boarders in the Tate Arms were unmarried men, at least one unmarried female student and one married couple, both students, also lived at the Tate Arms in the 1950s. The female student was Jewel Limar (later Jewel Limar Prestage), who was the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in political science at an American university. She earned her Master of Arts degree in 1952 and her Ph.D. in 1954, both at the University of Iowa. She spent most of her career as a professor, departmental chair, and later dean, at Southern University and A&M College, a historically black university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.121 The married couple, Bruce and Gloria Wright, lived at the Tate Arms in 1954, at about the same time as Jewel Limar. Bruce Wright was a graduate student at the time. Gloria Wright’s student status at the time has not been confirmed. No information about their later careers was discovered during the research for the present nomination.122 History of 914 S. Dubuque Street since 1961 After the university’s dormitories were “officially” desegregated in 1946, the need for a separate home for black male students waned. As described above, few specific enrollment numbers for the decades after 1946 have been discovered. It is therefore not known how many black male students attended the university, and how many lived in the newly integrated dorms as opposed to off-campus. As a result of the national civil rights movement that gained momentum during the 1950s and 1960s, an increasing number of white landlords in Iowa City were willing to rent to black students. As late as 1960, however, it was still common for white landlords to refuse to rent to black student tenants.123 In 1961, the university adopted an off- campus housing policy that prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or religion. Landlords who rented to undergraduate students had to agree to practice nondiscrimination in order to remain on the list of university-approved undergraduate housing.124 Landlords were legally required to rent to tenants regardless of race only after the passage of a fair housing amendment to the Iowa Civil Rights Act in 1967.125 Elizabeth Crawford Tate last operated the Tate Arms in 1961. By 1964, she was living at 18½ S. Clinton Street, where her mother, Elizabeth McIntyre, was living. Elizabeth McIntyre died in 1965, and Elizabeth Tate continued to live 118 Kenan Heise, “Otis R. Finney, 64, Former Dunbar, Carver Coach,” Chicago [Illinois] Tribune, January 19, 1989; available on the Chicago Tribune web site, at http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-19/news/8902260714_1_mr-finney-football-coach-dunbar. accessed May 2, 2018. 119 H. Gregory Meyer, “Lu Palmer, 82,” Chicago [Illinois] Tribune, September 14, 2004, electronic document, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-09-14/news/0409140126_1_mr-palmer-lu-palmer-conrad-worrill, accessed June 8, 2018; Dr. Conrad Worrill, “A Great Black Hero Born in March: Lu Palmer,” The Chicago [Illinois] Crusader, March 7, 2016, electronic document, https://chicagocrusader.com/great-black-hero-born-march-lu-palmer/, accessed June 8, 2018. 120 “Black Scientists Host Field Trip to Inspire Youth,” The Sacramento [California] Observer, April 11, 2013, available online at http://sacobserver.com/2013/04/black-scientists-host-field-trip-to-inspire-youth/, accessed May 2, 2018; LinkedIn profile of Nathaniel Hunter, at https://www.linkedin.com/in/nathaniel-hunter-935454b3/, accessed May 2, 2018; Buzzfile listing for the Northern California Council of Black Professional Engineers, Buzzfile web site, at http://www.buzzfile.com/business/NCCBPE-510-893-6426, accessed May 2, 2018. 121 “Prestage, Jewel Limar (1931–2014),” in The Online Reference Guide to African American History, electronic document, http://www.blackpast.org/aah/prestage-jewel-limar-1931-2014; accessed March 27, 2018. 122 Schreiber, “Tribute to Tate”; Florman, p. 19. 123 “Racial Problems in Housing Told,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), December 7, 1960, p. 1. 124 Harold Hatfield, “SUI’s Discrimination Policy Revealed,” The Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), March 1, 1961, p. 1. 125 Acton and Acton, pp. 80–81. This was followed a year later at the national level by the passage of the Fair Housing Act, part of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 28 at 18½ S. Clinton Street until about 1969.126 Elizabeth Tate continued to lease the house at 914 S. Dubuque Street to tenants for several years after she moved out, but she apparently no longer served as a house mother. When she finally sold the property in 1979, it had reportedly been vacant since about 1973, although city directories had listed it as vacant since 1970.127 The last tenant at this address while it was under Elizabeth Tate’s ownership identified during the research for the present nomination was Lee Wood, who lived at this address in September 1970.128 The next owner, real estate agent and developer Bernard Campion, bought this property at the same time as Richard Davin, another real estate agent and developer, bought the adjacent parcel at 912 S. Dubuque Street. They originally planned to remove both buildings and replace them with a new commercial building and parking lot on the site. After plans for the new building fell through, Campion invested $15,000 to repair the house and began leasing it to tenants.129 The first tenants, who rented the house in 1979–1980, were a housing collective known as the Tate Arms Intentional Family.130 The house was nearly demolished again in 1980–1981 when the city included removal of the house as part of a Ralston Creek flood control project. In the end, the project was reduced in scope and the city no longer needed the property, so the renovated house was spared.131 The house was threatened for a third time in 2014, when it again appeared to be slated for demolition. After the historic preservation community in Iowa City raised the alarm, the house, with the owner’s agreement, was designated an Iowa City Historic Landmark in 2014. In return, density bonuses in the form of transfer of development rights allowed the owner to build an apartment building on the adjacent lot that was larger than would otherwise have been allowed.132 The house has been converted to condominiums, its current use. Significance It is difficult to overestimate the importance of rooming houses and other types of accommodations catering specifically to black tenants during the period of heightened racial segregation in the mid-twentieth century. Without such houses, Iowa City’s black population would have been much smaller than it was, and the University of Iowa’s black student population virtually non-existent. The ability of black people to use white-owned rental housing was dependent entirely on the whims of the white landowners. If even one white person objected to sharing a rooming house with a black person, the black person was typically refused accommodation. Such objections were common enough in the mid- twentieth century that most white landlords, whatever their own racial views, simplified life for themselves by renting only to white tenants.133 The ability of black tenants to obtain housing was therefore always difficult, and their ability to continue renting in the same location was often uncertain. Not only was a white landlord much less likely to rent to a black tenant if their other tenants were white, but living subject to the whims of white landlords could result in eviction. Attempts by black university students to find permanent accommodations in the late 1910s and early 1920s—an all- female dormitory for women and a fraternity house for men—were met with strong resistance from Iowa City’s white community.134 As late as 1957, two black university students were nearly evicted after their landlord heard complaints 126 Iowa City, Iowa, city directories, 1964–1970; Elizabeth Cicel Crawford McIntyre autopsy report, in Box 1, folder 10, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers. 127 Seifert, p. 1A. 128 “5 Charged in Mishaps,” Iowa City [Iowa] Press-Citizen, September 24, 1970, p. 8A. 129 Seifert, pp. 1A, 2A. 130 Stanar, p. 2A. 131 Sandi Wisenberg, “3 Houses Spared Near Dam Project,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, November 25, 1981, p. 1A. 132 Chase Castle, “Commission Names Tate Arms Building an Historic Landmark,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, August 15, 2014, pp. 3A, 5A; Andy Davis, “City Council Sets Two Public Hearings, Grants Height Bonus,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, January 7, 2015, pp. 3A, 6A. 133 Richard M. Breaux, “Facing Hostility, Finding Housing: African American Students at the University of Iowa, 1920s–1950s,” Iowa Heritage Illustrated, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 14–15; Jenkins, pp. 34–35. In general, potential black customers in any type of business in Iowa City were constrained in their abilities to purchase goods and services by the whims of white business owners and white customers, whose needs were almost invariably placed above those of black customers. Iowa civil rights law since the nineteenth century has specified that a variety of businesses, including restaurants and barber shops, must serve all clients regardless of race. This law was rarely enforced during the mid-twentieth century, and many may not even have been aware that it was a law. A 1946 newspaper editorial regarding recent protests over instances of white- owned businesses refusing to serve black customers mentioned refusal of service at barber shops and restaurants specifically, but framed these decisions as the prerogative of the business owner rather than violations of state law; see “The Negro and Prejudice,” p. 6. Racial discrimination in housing was legal in Iowa until a fair-housing amendment was added to the Iowa Civil Rights Act in 1967; see Richard, Lord Acton, and Patricia Nassif Acton, “A Legal History of African-Americans,” in Silag, et al. (eds.), pp. 80–81. 134 Breaux, “‘Maintaining a Home for Girls’,” pp. 242–243. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 29 from white neighbors that the black tenants were depreciating their property values. Only after two white housemates of the black students circulated a petition in the neighborhood asking that the black students be allowed to remain in the house, with the result that only two out of 17 neighbors objected to the presence of the black students, did the landlord withdraw his eviction order.135 The Tate Arms represents a rare surviving example in Iowa City of housing for African Americans in the early to mid-twentieth century. As described above, the great majority of housing for black owners and tenants during this period was located in the 1st Ward. The north end of the 1st Ward near the city center began to be redeveloped in the mid- twentieth century. Significant redevelopment began to occur in the late 1940s and 1950s as the economy recovered from the Great Depression and World War II, and it accelerated dramatically as a result of the urban renewal movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. As a result, many of the residences in that area once occupied by African Americans were demolished between the 1940s and 1970s. Most of the houses further to the south in the 1st Ward that were occupied by African Americans during the mid-twentieth century continued to stand until the late twentieth century, but nearly all of these have been demolished in successive waves of development since the 1970s. Of more than 40 houses located within the historical boundaries of the 1st Ward that are known to have been occupied by African Americans at some point during the twentieth century, only the Tate Arms remains standing.136 In addition to its eligibility under Criterion A for its importance in illustrating African American responses to racial segregation in housing, including university student housing, in Iowa City during the early to mid-twentieth century, the house is also eligible under Criterion B in the areas of Black Ethnic Heritage and Social History for its association with its original owner and probable builder, Charles Alberts, and for its later association with Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate. Alberts was one of only a handful of African American landowners in Iowa City in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and he also operated a successful masonry contracting and concrete block manufacturing business from this property for several years. More importantly for the significance of this property under Criterion B, he built and operated what was almost certainly Iowa City’s first rooming house built expressly to provide housing for Iowa City’s black residents during a time of increasing racial segregation in housing in the early twentieth century. While several other buildings in Iowa City also served as lodgings for black roomers during the early twentieth century, none is known to have been built for that purpose. In any case, other than the three buildings mentioned above—942 Iowa Avenue, 18 S. Clinton Street, and 630 S. Johnson Street—no other extant building in Iowa City is known to have housed African American owners or tenants during the first half of the twentieth century. The Tate Arms is the only extant building in Iowa City associated with Charles Alberts. Before he built the house at 914 S. Dubuque Street, he lived briefly at three other known addresses: one on S. Madison Street and two on S. Governor Street near the A. M. E. Church. All of these buildings have been removed. Alberts also worked from his home, so no other building in Iowa City is associated with his occupation of mason. The Tate Arms is therefore the only building in Iowa City significantly associated with Charles Alberts. 135 “Withdraw Notice Asking Negro Students to Leave Rooms in House Here,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, May 2, 1957, p. 1. 136 The locations of these houses are known from Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” The earliest redevelopment of this area can be seen by comparing the 1933 and 1948 Sanborn fire insurance maps, and comparing United States Department of Agriculture aerial photographs taken between the 1950s and 1970s (Sanborn Map Company, 1933, pp. 2, 4, 13–14; Sanborn Map Company, 1933, with updates through 1948, pp. 2, 4, 13–14; Iowa State University Geographic Information Systems Support and Research Facility [ISUGISSRF], Iowa Geographic Map Server, web site at http://ortho.gis.iastate.edu, accessed April 9, 2018). Urban renewal is discussed in numerous sources, including City of Iowa City planning documents and newspaper articles. One early source showing a map of urban renewal properties slated for demolition is Fred E. Karnes, “Urban Renewal: Involved, Costly—But Underway,” Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 31, 1970, p. 3A. Since the great majority of African American households in Iowa City between 1900 and 1950 were located in the 1st Ward, the redevelopment of this area has meant the removal of nearly all of the housing historically associated with the city’s African American population. Only three known examples of pre-1950 African American housing remain extant outside the 1st Ward: the Iowa Federation Home at 942 Iowa Avenue, occupied by black University of Iowa students, most of them female, from 1919 to 1950; 18 S. Dubuque Street, formerly Short’s Shoe Shine, owned by black businessman Haywood D. Short, which rented rooms to black roomers who worked at the shoe shine parlor from the mid- 1920s to the mid-1940s; and a building at 630 S. Johnson Street that was used for a single year (1919–1920) as a chapter house for the black fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi. The only other extant building in Iowa City historically associated with African Americans before 1950 is the Bethel A. M. E. Church (NRHP) at 411 South Governor Street. After 1950, the next known extant building associated with a black owner or tenant is 1226 2nd Avenue, a ranch-style house built in a residential subdivision in 1957 for its first known owners and occupants, Leroy and Wilda Hester; see Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century”; Johnson County, Iowa, Recorder’s Office, Deed Book 232, p. 391. Aside from the Tate Arms and the three other residential buildings located outside the 1st Ward mentioned above, all other buildings that are known to have housed African American families anywhere in Iowa City before 1950 have been removed. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Section 8 page 30 The building is also significant under Criterion B for its association with Elizabeth Tate. She, with her husband Junious (Bud) Tate, operated a rooming house for black male students at the University of Iowa from the 1930s to the 1960s. She is significant under Criterion B because of her importance, over a period of nearly three decades, in providing room and board to black university students who would otherwise have found it difficult to secure lodgings in Iowa City at a time when most white landlords would not rent to black tenants. While she started this rooming house at a different address in the 1930s, she and her husband operated the Tate Arms at 914 S. Dubuque Street from 1940 until 1961. Elizabeth Tate was also well known locally for her work in the University of Iowa Hospital’s cardiovascular lab, Iowa City community theatre, and other areas, but no Criterion B significance on the basis of those activities is claimed in the present nomination. In 2004, five years after her death, Iowa City’s new alternative high school was named in her honor. Several other black residents of Iowa City, usually married couples, operated rooming houses for black tenants in Iowa City in the early to mid-twentieth century, but none of these houses survive. In addition to Charles and Dorothy Alberts, Elizabeth and Junious Tate, Allyn and Helen Lemme, Haywood and Alice Short, Charles and Lottie Donnegan, and Ella Moore, all mentioned above, rooms to black tenants were also let before 1950 by Steve and Estelle Ferguson, Samuel and Mildred Richardson, Wilton and Estella Scott, Fred and Margaret Winston, and Carl and Frances Culberson.137 Others operated in the 1950s and 1960s, before the Iowa legislature passed a fair housing act. In nearly all of these cases, the houses or rooming houses associated with these families were located in or just north of the 1st Ward. With the exception of the four identified above, all have been demolished. The Tate Arms is therefore the only surviving rooming house in Iowa City associated not only with Elizabeth Tate, but with any of the black families who opened their houses to black tenants in the early to mid-twentieth century. In addition, none of the other residences associated with Elizabeth Tate—514 S. Linn Street or 9 E. Prentiss Street—survive. Archaeological Assessment. No archaeological remains within or beyond the footprint of the property were assessed as part of this nomination. Acknowledgements. This nomination was funded by an African American Civil Rights Grant administered by the National Park Service. This material was produced with assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund, administered by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. 137 Carlson, “Addresses of Black Residents of Iowa City in the Early to Mid-Twentieth Century.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 31 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.) Acton, Richard, Lord, and Patricia Nassif Acton. “A Legal History of African-Americans.” In Outside In: African- American History in Iowa, 1838–2000, edited by Bill Silag, Susan Koch-Bridgeford, and Hal Chase, pp. 60–89. Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 2001. 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United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 39 Previous documentation on file (NPS): preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested previously listed in the National Register previously determined eligible by the National Register designated a National Historic Landmark recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # Primary location of additional data: X State Historic Preservation Office X Other State Agency Federal Agency X Local Government X University Other Name of repository: Iowa Women’s Archives at the University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City; Office of the State Archaeologist at the University of Iowa, Iowa City; City of Iowa City Urban Planning Office Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 40 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property F less than one (Do not include previously listed resource acreage; enter “Less than one” if the acreage is .99 or less) Latitude/Longitude Coordinates Datum if other than WGS84: F (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) The nominated property comprises Lot 34 of White’s Subdivision of Out Lot 4, County Seat Addition to Iowa City. The parcel measures 130 feet east-west by 60 feet north-south. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The nominated property includes all of the land that has been associated with the house at 914 S. Dubuque Street since the house was completed in 1914. The historical rather than the current legal location of the parcel has been used as the boundary because the current legal location is limited to the building itself and does not appear to include any of the lot surrounding the building. The current legal location of this parcel is 912–914 S. Dubuque Condominiums Unit A, and 912–914 S. Dubuque Condominiums Unit B. 11. Form Prepared By name/title Richard J. Carlson/Architectural Historian date March 15, 2018 organization Office of the State Archaeologist telephone (319) 384-0732 street & number 700 Clinton Street Building email richard-j-carlson@uiowa.edu city or town Iowa City state IA zip code 52242-1030 1 41.650585 N 91.532910 W 3 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude 2 4 Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 41 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form:  GIS Location Map (Google Earth or BING)  Local Location Map  Site Plan  Floor Plans (As Applicable)  Photo Location Map (Key all photographs to this map and insert immediately after the photo log and before the list of figures). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 42 Photographs: Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 3000x2000 pixels, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph. Photo Log Name of Property: Tate Arms City or Vicinity: Iowa City County: Johnson State: Iowa Photographer: Richard J. Carlson Date Photographed: March 27 and April 12, 2018 Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0001 General view, east side of S. Dubuque Street showing Tate Arms as middle building in row of three, camera facing northeast. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0002 North side (left) and front (west) side (right), camera facing southeast. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0003 Front (west) side, camera facing east. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0004 Front (west) side (left) and south facade (right), camera facing northeast. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0005 Rear (east) side (left) and north facade (right), camera facing southwest. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0006 Rear (east) side (left) and north side (right), camera facing southwest. Photograph taken March 27, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0007 Detail of front porch posts flanking front entrance, camera facing east. Both piers are original masonry, but post on left is modern reconstruction in wood of the type of masonry post seen on the right. Photograph taken April 12, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0008 Interior, front door showing lack of sidelights and transom from interior, camera facing northwest. Photograph taken June 11, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0009 Interior, staircase along north wall of house showing diamond-shaped window, camera facing east-northeast. Photograph taken June 11, 2018. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0010 Interior, second-story condominium from near northwest corner, camera facing east-southeast. Photograph taken June 11, 2018. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 43 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0011 Interior, second-story condominium from near northwest corner, camera facing east-southeast. Photograph taken June 11, 2018. List of Figures Figure 1. South part of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. Small-scale view showing location of the Tate Arms. Figure 2. Location of the Tate Arms. Medium-scale view showing relation of Tate Arms to surrounding neighborhood and railroad tracks. Figure 3. Location of the Tate Arms. Large-scale view. Figure 4. Key to photos 1–7 of the Tate Arms. Figure 5. Key to photos 8–11 of the Tate Arms. Figure 6. Historic view of the Tate Arms in December 2014, facing southwest. Figure 7. Locations of households headed by an African American listed in the 1900, 1910, and 1920 U.S. census of Iowa City. Figure 8. Locations of households headed by an African American listed in the 1925 Iowa state census and the 1930 and 1940 U.S. census of Iowa City. Figure 9. Top: 1919 advertisement for a “Mass Meeting of the Colored Voters of Iowa City” at the Alberts house. Bottom: 1922 advertisement for Charles Alberts’ cement block manufacturing business at 914 S. Dubuque Street. Figure 10. Advertisement for Sheriff’s sale of Charles Alberts’ personal property, November 23, 1925. Figure 11. Photograph of Elizabeth Crawford (later Elizabeth Tate), reportedly taken in 1926. Figure 12. Undated photograph of Junious A. (“Bud”) Tate. Figure 13. Undated photograph of the Tate Arms, probably taken between the 1940s and 1960s. Figure 14. Photograph of a woman who appears to be Elizabeth Tate holding her newly adopted baby Candace Tate under the carport on the north side of the Tate Arms, facing southeast. Figure 15. Photograph of a man who appears to be Junious Tate holding his newly adopted baby Candace Tate under the carport on the north side of the Tate Arms, facing southeast. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 44 Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC. Figure 1. South part of Iowa City, Johnson County, Iowa. Small-scale view showing location of the Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street. Source: U.S.G.S. Iowa City West, Iowa, 1994, 7.5 Series Quadrangle Map (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 45 Figure 2. Location of the Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street. Medium-scale view showing relation of Tate Arms to surrounding neighborhood and railroad tracks. Base aerial photograph: 2016 aerial photograph (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 46 Figure 3. Location of the Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street. Large-scale view. Dashed line shows historical property boundary, which is also the boundary of the nominated property. Base aerial photograph: 2016 aerial photograph (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 47 Figure 4. Key to photos 1–7 of the Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street. Base aerial photograph: 2016 aerial photograph (ISUGISSRF). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 48 Figure 5. Key to photos 8–11 of the Tate Arms, 914 S. Dubuque Street. Top: first-story floor plan. Bottom: second- story floor plan. Note that north is down in these floor plans. Base floor plans: Untrauer Drafting Service, “914 S. Dubuque Duplex,” prepared for Apartments at U of I, LC (Coralville, Iowa: Untrauer Drafting Service, Inc., 2015). Copy on file, City of Iowa City. 8 9 11 10 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 49 Figure 6. View of the Tate Arms in December 2014, facing southwest. This photograph shows the house before its most recent renovation. The second story had been stuccoed by this time. Older features that have been replaced since 2014 include the roof, which is similar but not identical to the hipped roof shown here, and the fenestration on the rear wall, shown at the left side of this photograph. Photograph by Marlin Ingalls, Office of the State Archaeologist, Iowa City, December 31, 2014. Included in electronic files associated with Carlson and Ingalls, Phase I Intensive Historic Architectural Survey of the Sabin School and Southside Iowa City Neighborhood, Johnson County, Iowa; on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 50 Figure 7. Locations of households headed by an African American listed in the 1900, 1910, and 1920 U.S. census of Iowa City. First Ward boundaries (as of 1900) and floodplains shown. Figures 7 and 8 were prepared by Luke Foelsch, City of Iowa City, based on a list of addresses compiled by Richard Carlson. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 51 Figure 8. Locations of households headed by an African American listed in the 1925 Iowa state census and the 1930 and 1940 U.S. census of Iowa City. By 1940, the city limits had expanded beyond the 1900 limits to the east, west, and north—beyond the area shown in this figure—but no black householders lived in the newly annexed areas. Instead, by 1940, African American households were increasingly concentrated in the 1st Ward. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 52 Figure 9. Top: 1919 advertisement for a “Mass Meeting of the Colored Voters of Iowa City” at the Alberts house (Iowa City Citizen, March 26, 1919, p. 2). No further information about this meeting was discovered. Bottom: 1922 advertisement for Charles Alberts’ cement block manufacturing business at 914 S. Dubuque Street (Iowa City Press- Citizen May 19, 1922, p. 12). United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 53 Figure 10. Advertisement for Sheriff’s sale of Charles Alberts’ personal property, November 23, 1925. The inclusion of seven beds and seven commodes in this list suggests that there were four or possibly five furnished rooms in the Alberts rooming house. This assumes that Charles Alberts had one bed and one commode and his housekeeper had a second set. It is not clear whether the housekeeper’s daughter had a third set, but it is likely that each of the remaining sets corresponded to one of the furnished rooms that Alberts leased to tenants. Source: Iowa City Press- Citizen, November 19, 1925, p. 11. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 54 Figure 11. Photograph of Elizabeth Crawford (later Elizabeth Tate), reportedly taken in 1926. Based on the reported date, this was likely a high school graduation photograph. Source: “Family” storyboard, located in Box 2 of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 55 Figure 12. Undated photograph of Junious A. (“Bud”) Tate. Source: “Family” storyboard, located in Box 2 of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 56 Figure 13. Undated photograph of the Tate Arms, probably taken between the 1940s and 1960s. This is the only photograph of the building discovered during the research for the present nomination that appears to show the house during the time it operated as the Tate Arms. The gate posts shown along the street in front of the building are no longer extant. Source: “Tate Arms” storyboard, located in Box 2 of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 57 Figure 14. Photograph of a woman who appears to be Elizabeth Tate holding her newly adopted baby Candace Tate under the carport on the north side of the Tate Arms, facing southeast. This photograph is one of a series of photographs of people, probably all members of Junious and Elizabeth Tate’s family, shown holding the newly adopted baby. Based on the baby’s age (nine weeks) and birth date shown in a label on one of the photographs, this photograph was probably taken in early June 1947. Shown in the background of this photograph is the north face of the rear wing before it was stuccoed. Source: Box 1, folder 14, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 Tate Arms Johnson County, Iowa Name of Property County and State Sections 9 – 11 page 58 Figure 15. Photograph of a man who appears to be Junious Tate holding his newly adopted baby Candace Tate under the carport on the north side of the Tate Arms, facing southeast. This photograph is one of a series of photographs of people, probably all members of Junious and Elizabeth Tate’s family, shown holding the newly adopted baby. Based on the baby’s age (nine weeks) and birth date shown in a label on one of the photographs, this photograph was probably taken in early June 1947. On the right edge of this photograph is one of the posts and piers supporting the Tate Arms’ veranda and carport roof. Source: Box 1, folder 14, of the Elizabeth “Bettye” Crawford Tate Papers, Iowa Women’s Archives, University of Iowa Libraries, Iowa City. IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0001 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0002 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0003 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0004 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0005 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0006 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0007 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0008 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0009 IA_JohnsonCounty_TateArms_0010 Staff Report September 6, 2018 Historic Review for 317 Fairchild Street District: Northside Historic District Classification: Key Contributing The applicants, Mary and Dominic Audia, are requesting approval for a proposed alteration project at 317 Fairchild Street, a Key Contributing property in the Northside Historic District. The project consists of the installation of 14 solar panels on the south-facing roof of the non-historic garage. Applicable Regulations and Guidelines: 4.0 Iowa City H istoric Preservation Guidelines for Alterations 4.4 Energy Efficiency 4.7 Mass and Rooflines Staff Comments This house was built between 1907 and 1912 in a transitional style between the waning Queen Anne Style and the large vernacular American Foursquare style. The cutaway corner and projecting bay on the east side are examples of the Queen Anne Style. The large square form with gabled dormers are elements of a traditional Foursquare, but the scale of the dormers reflects the gabled projections on a Queen Anne. The house has narrow lap siding, a standing seam metal roof, and one-over-one double-hung windows. The front porch has been enclosed and a small rear corner porch has also been enclosed. The large gabled rear projection may be original since it appears on the 1912 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map. The garage is not historic. In 2011, a Certificate of No Material Effect was issued for the removal a non-historic applique in the gable of the front porch. In 2017 a Certificate of No Material Effect was issued for the repair of the internal gutters and replacement of any deteriorated soffits and fascia found when the external gutters and downspouts were replaced. This same year approval through an Intermediate Review was given to replace and widen the driveway. The applicant is proposing to install fourteen 39-inch by 78-inch solar panels on the south-facing portion of the garage roof. The “Snap N Rack Roof Mount System” holds the panels at a low profile in relationship to the garage roof. The connections are flashed with the garage roof and the product specification include verifying that the roof structural members are not damaged by the installation. Repair or replacement of damaged roof joists is included if needed during the installation. The guidelines for Energy Efficiency do not specifically address solar panels, but do encourage discussion and research of new innovations and technologies. For roofs, the guidelines recommend against installing solar collectors or other mechanical devices on prominent street elevations. In Staff’s opinion, the solar panels will be mounted relatively flush to the garage roof so that they do not impact any neighboring views. The garage is located downhill and is not visible from Fairchild Street or the front of the house. The views in the alley will also be minimally impacted because of the low profile of the mounting system. While this rack system does penetrate the garage roof, the garage is new construction and does not contain historic materials that could be impacted during installation. The system appears to be flashed to avoid water infiltration and damage if properly installed. Solar panels are a modern technology that aid in the sustainability of our historic neighborhoods. While each building is evaluated individually, the low-profile garage installation generally has very little impact on the historic character of the home or the garage on which they are attached. Staff finds this installation acceptable Recommended Motion Move to approve a Certificate of Appropriateness for the project at 317 Fairchild Street as presented in the application. Application for Historic Review Property Owner/ Applicant information(Please check primary contact person) Historic Designation (Maps are located at the following link: www.icgov.org/historicpreservationresources) Proposed Project Information Application for alterations to the historic landmarks or properties located in a historic district or conservation district pursuant to Iowa City Code Section 14-4C. Guidelines for the Historic Review process, explanation of the process and regulations can be found in the Iowa City Historic Preservation Handbook, which is available in the Neighborhood and Development Services office at City Hall or online at: www.icgov.org/historicpreservationresources The HPC does not review applications for compliance with building and zoning codes. Work must comply with all appropriate codes and be reviewed by the building division prior to the issuance of a building permit. Meeting Schedule: The HPC meets the second Thursday of each month. Applications are due in the office of Neighborhood and Development Services by noon on Wednesday three weeks prior to the meeting. See last page of this application for deadlines and meeting dates. For Staff Use: Date submitted: Certificate of No material Effect Certificate of Appropriateness Major Review Intermediate Review Minor Review Property Owner Name: Email: Address: Phone Number: City: State: Zip Code: This Property is a local historic landmark. This Property is within a historic or conservation district (choose location): Contractor/Consultant Name: Email: Address: Phone Number: City: State: Zip Code: Address: Use of Property: Date Constructed (if known): OR Brown St. Historic District College Green Historic District East College St. Historic District Longfellow Historic District Northside Historic District Summit St. Historic District Woodlawn Historic District Clark St. Conservation District College Hill Conservation District Dearborn St. Conservation District Goosetown/ Horace Mann Conservation District Governor-Lucas St. Conservation District Within the district, this Property is Classified as: Contributing Noncontributing Nonhistoric Jefferson St. Historic District Mary & Dominic Audia draudia@gmail.com (319) 541-9577 317 Fairchild Iowa City IA 52245 Moxie Solar jenn@moxiesolar.com 319-329-0460 PO Box 703 North Liberty IA 52317 317 Fairchild, Iowa City, IA 52245 Contributing Property 1900 Application Requirements Application Requirements Addition Building Elevations (Typically projects entailing an addition to the building footprint such as a room, porch, deck, etc.) Choose appropriate project type. In order to ensure application can be processed, please include all listed materials. Applications without necessary materials may be rejected. Product Information Alteration Building Elevations (Typically projects entailing work such as siding and window replacement, skylights, window opening alterations, deck or porch replacement/construction, baluster repair, or similar. If the project is a minor alteration, photographs and drawings to describe the scope of the project are sufficient.) Product Information Photographs Construction Building Elevations of a new building Product Information Floor Plans Site Plans Photographs Demolition Photographs (Projects entailing the demolition of a primary structure or outbuilding, or any portion of a building, such as porch, chimney, decorative trim, baluster, etc.) Evidence of deterioration Proposal of Future Plans Repair or Restoration of an existing structure that will not change its appearance. Other Please contact the Preservation Specialist at 356-5243 for materials which need to be included with applications Project Description: Materials to be Used: Exterior Appearance Changes: Photographs Product Information To Submit Application:Download form, Fill it out and email it to jessica-bristow@iowa-city.org or mail to Historic Preservation, City of Iowa City, 410 E. Washington Street, Iowa City, IA 52240 Floor Plans Photographs Site Plans Installation of 4.83 KW flush roof mount, grid tied solar array producing energy to offset consumption at the Audia's home. 14 solar panels mounted on the south facing roof of the detached garage. *please see attached Electrical equipment (including solar panels and inverter) and aluminum racking. 1 APT test conditions according to IEC/TS 62804-1:2015, method B (-1500 V, 168 h) 2 See data sheet on rear for further information. The Q.ANTUM solar module Q.PLUS L-G4.2 is the strongest module of its type on the market globally. Powered by 72 Q CELLS solar cells Q.PLUS L-G4.2 was specially designed for large solar power plants to reduce BOS costs. Only Q CELLS offers German engineering quality with our unique Yield Security. Q.ANTUM TECHNOLOGY: LOW LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY Higher yield per surface area and lower BOS costs thanks to higher power classes and an efficiency rate of up to 17.6 %. INNOVATIVE ALL-WEATHER TECHNOLOGY Optimal yields, whatever the weather with excellent low-light and temperature behaviour. ENDURING HIGH PERFORMANCE Long-term yield security with Anti PID Technology1, Hot-Spot Protect and Traceable Quality Tra.Q™. EXTREME WEATHER RATING High-tech aluminium alloy frame, certified for high snow (5400 Pa) and wind loads (2400 Pa). A RELIABLE INVESTMENT Inclusive 12-year product warranty and 25-year linear performance warranty2. THE IDEAL SOLUTION FOR: ANTI PID TECHNOLOGY (APT) HOT-SPOT PROTECT (HSP) TRACEABLE QUALITY (TRA.Q ™) YIELD SECURITY Ground-mounted solar power plants Q.PLUS L-G4.2 335 -345 Q.ANTUM SOLAR MODULE snapnrack.com Solar Mounting Solutions Resources snapnrack.com/resources Design snapnrack.com/configurator Where to Buy snapnrack.com/where-to-buy Series 100 Residential Roof Mount System The SnapNrack Series 100 Roof Mount System is engineered to optimize material use, labor resources and aesthetic appeal. This innovative system simplifies the process of installing solar modules, shortens installation times, and lowers installation costs; maximizing productivity and profits. The Series 100 Roof Mount System boasts unique, pre-assembled, stainless steel “Snap- In” hardware and watertight flash attachments. This system is installed with a single tool. No cutting or drilling means less rail waste. It is fully integrated with built-in wire management, solutions for all roof types, one-size-fits-all features, and can withstand extreme environmental conditions. Series 100 is listed to UL Standard 2703 for Grounding/Bonding, Fire Classification and Mechanical Loading. UL 2703 Certification and Compliance ensures that SnapNrack installers can continue to provide the best in class installations in quality, safety and efficiency. ò Appealing design with built-in aesthetics ò No grounding lugs required for modules ò All bonding hardware is fully integrated ò Rail splices bond rails together, no rail jumpers required ò No drilling of rail or reaching for other tools required ò Class A Fire Rating for Type 1 and 2 modules System Features Include Snap in Hardware Single Tool Installation No Cutting or Drilling Preassembled hardware Easy Leveling Integrated Wire Management Integrated bonding UL 2703 Certified snapnrack.com Solar Mounting Solutions © 2016 by SnapNrack Solar Mounting Solutions. All rights reserved 877-732-2860 www.snapnrack.com contact@snapnrack.com SERIES 100 TECHNICAL DATA Materials • 6000 Series aluminum • Stainless steel • Galvanized steel and aluminum flashing Material Finish • Silver and black anodized aluminum • Mill finish on select products • Silver or black coated hardware Note: Appearance of mill finish products may vary and change over time. Wind Loads 110 – 190 mph (ASCE 7-10) Snow Loads 0 – 120 psf Array Pitch 0 – 60 degrees Standoff 242-92057 Ground Lug Assembly (ONE REQUIRED PER ROW OF MODULES) Mill Finish L Foot Base Serrated Stainless Steel Flange Bolt Serrated Stainless Steel Flange Nut Channel Nut L Foot Flashing Bonding Splice Insert Splice Base Stainless Bolt with Split-Lock Washer Bonding Adjustable End Clamp Top Bonding Adjustable End Clamp Bottom Bonding Channel Nut Bonding Mid Clamp Stainless Steel Bolt with Split- Lock Washer Universal End Clamp (UEC) Wave Mill Finish Standoff Rubber Rain Collar Standoff Clamp Assembly Mill Finish Standoff Base (1-Hole Base Shown) UEC Pull Strap UEC Wedge Stainless Steel Bolt with Flat Washer Metal Roof Base Assembly Channel Nut Stainless Flange Nut Stainless Flange Bolt All Purpose L Foot 92 Degree L Foot Bonding Channel Nut 12-6 AWG Copper Wire Stainless Bolt with Split Lock Washer Ground Lug 242-02101 Standard Rail 015-09816 Bonding Adjustable End Clamp 242-02067 Bonding Mid Clamp 242-02053 Stainless Hardware with Split-Lock Washers Bonding Standard Rail Splice 242-04015 Universal End Clamp 242-02215 Metal Roof Base with L Foot 242-02037 L Foot Base with Flashing 242-92050 SnapNrack_Series_100_Brochure_2.1 Staff Report September 6, 2018 Historic Review for 1120 Sheridan Avenue District: Longfellow Historic District Classification: Contributing The applicant, Cheryl Miller, is requesting approval for a proposed alteration project at 1120 Sheridan Avenue, a contributing property in the Longfellow Historic District. The project consists of the installation of four solar panels on the south-facing garage roof surface. Applicable Regulations and Guidelines: 4.0 Iowa City Historic Preservation Guidelines for Alterations 4.4 Energy Efficiency 4.7 Mass and Rooflines Staff Comments This single-story, side-gabled bungalow with projecting front gable was built ca 1920. Originally, the front gable spanned a half-width open porch. In 1992, the open porch was enclosed and the front portion was expanded, likely changing the roofline of the porch area. The house is clad in wood shingle siding and has six- over-one double hung windows with wide flat trim and crown molding. The eave has an open soffit and exposed rafter tails. The siding is detailed with a toothed course at three different levels. The garage is a simple single-car garage constructed of the same materials as the house and located on the alley. In 2014 a minor review approved the replacement of the non-historic stairway and landing at the back of the house. The secondary entrance was moved to the back at an unknown date. Originally it was on the alley side of the house and had a bracketed entry canopy. The applicant is proposing to install four 39-inch by 78-inch solar panels on the south-facing portion of the garage roof. The “Snap N Rack Roof Mount System” holds the panels at a low profile in relationship to the garage roof. The connections are flashed with the garage roof and the product specification include verifying that the roof structural members are not damaged by the installation. Repair or replacement of damaged roof joists is included if needed during the installation. The guidelines for Energy Efficiency do not specifically address solar panels, but do encourage discussion and research of new innovations and technologies. For roofs, the guidelines recommend against installing solar collectors or other mechanical devices on prominent street elevations. In Staff’s opinion, the solar panels are mounted relatively flush to the garage roof so that they will not unnecessarily impact any neighboring views. The panels will be visible from the alley and from Sheridan Street when viewed from the alley entrance. They will not be visible from the front of the house or from the west. While this rack system does penetrate the garage roof, the project specification provides direction on avoiding damage to the structure and how to remediate any damage that may occur. The flashing part of the system should avoid water infiltration from the installation. Solar panels are a modern technology that aid in the sustainability of our historic neighborhoods. While each building is evaluated individually, the low-profile garage installation generally has very little impact on the historic character of the home or the garage on which they are attached. Staff finds this installation acceptable. Recommended Motion Move to approve a Certificate of Appropriateness for the project at 1120 Sheridan Avenue as presented in the application. Application for Historic Review Property Owner/ Applicant information(Please check primary contact person) Historic Designation (Maps are located at the following link: www.icgov.org/historicpreservationresources) Proposed Project Information Application for alterations to the historic landmarks or properties located in a historic district or conservation district pursuant to Iowa City Code Section 14-4C. Guidelines for the Historic Review process, explanation of the process and regulations can be found in the Iowa City Historic Preservation Handbook, which is available in the Neighborhood and Development Services office at City Hall or online at: www.icgov.org/historicpreservationresources The HPC does not review applications for compliance with building and zoning codes. Work must comply with all appropriate codes and be reviewed by the building division prior to the issuance of a building permit. Meeting Schedule: The HPC meets the second Thursday of each month. Applications are due in the office of Neighborhood and Development Services by noon on Wednesday three weeks prior to the meeting. See last page of this application for deadlines and meeting dates. For Staff Use: Date submitted: Certificate of No material Effect Certificate of Appropriateness Major Review Intermediate Review Minor Review Property Owner Name: Email: Address: Phone Number: City: State: Zip Code: This Property is a local historic landmark. This Property is within a historic or conservation district (choose location): Contractor/Consultant Name: Email: Address: Phone Number: City: State: Zip Code: Address: Use of Property: Date Constructed (if known): OR Brown St. Historic District College Green Historic District East College St. Historic District Longfellow Historic District Northside Historic District Summit St. Historic District Woodlawn Historic District Clark St. Conservation District College Hill Conservation District Dearborn St. Conservation District Goosetown/ Horace Mann Conservation District Governor-Lucas St. Conservation District Within the district, this Property is Classified as: Contributing Noncontributing Nonhistoric Jefferson St. Historic District Application Requirements Application Requirements Addition Building Elevations (Typically projects entailing an addition to the building footprint such as a room, porch, deck, etc.) Choose appropriate project type. In order to ensure application can be processed, please include all listed materials. Applications without necessary materials may be rejected. Product Information Floor Plans Site Plans Photographs Alteration Building Elevations (Typically projects entailing work such as siding and window replacement, skylights, window opening alterations, deck or porch replacement/construction, baluster repair, or similar. If the project is a minor alteration, photographs and drawings to describe the scope of the project are sufficient.) Product Information Photographs Construction Building Elevations of a new building Product Information Floor Plans Site Plans Photographs Demolition Photographs (Projects entailing the demolition of a primary structure or outbuilding, or any portion of a building, such as porch, chimney, decorative trim, baluster, etc.) Evidence of deterioration Proposal of Future Plans Repair or Restoration of an existing structure that will not change its appearance. Other Please contact the Preservation Specialist at 356-5243 for materials which need to be included with applications Project Description: Materials to be Used: Exterior Appearance Changes: Photographs Product Information 8/21/2018 IMG_4349.jpg https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?projector=1 1/1 Example photo of a Moxie Solar installed array on a detached garage, Iowa City, in the Brown Street Historic District. 1 APT test conditions according to IEC/TS 62804-1:2015, method B (-1500 V, 168 h) 2 See data sheet on rear for further information. The Q.ANTUM solar module Q.PLUS L-G4.2 is the strongest module of its type on the market globally. Powered by 72 Q CELLS solar cells Q.PLUS L-G4.2 was specially designed for large solar power plants to reduce BOS costs. Only Q CELLS offers German engineering quality with our unique Yield Security. 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UL 2703 Certification and Compliance ensures that SnapNrack installers can continue to provide the best in class installations in quality, safety and efficiency. ò Appealing design with built-in aesthetics ò No grounding lugs required for modules ò All bonding hardware is fully integrated ò Rail splices bond rails together, no rail jumpers required ò No drilling of rail or reaching for other tools required ò Class A Fire Rating for Type 1 and 2 modules System Features Include Snap in Hardware Single Tool Installation No Cutting or Drilling Preassembled hardware Easy Leveling Integrated Wire Management Integrated bonding UL 2703 Certified snapnrack.com Solar Mounting Solutions © 2016 by SnapNrack Solar Mounting Solutions. All rights reserved 877-732-2860 www.snapnrack.com contact@snapnrack.com SERIES 100 TECHNICAL DATA Materials • 6000 Series aluminum • Stainless steel • Galvanized steel and aluminum flashing Material Finish • Silver and black anodized aluminum • Mill finish on select products • Silver or black coated hardware Note: Appearance of mill finish products may vary and change over time. Wind Loads 110 – 190 mph (ASCE 7-10) Snow Loads 0 – 120 psf Array Pitch 0 – 60 degrees Standoff 242-92057 Ground Lug Assembly (ONE REQUIRED PER ROW OF MODULES) Mill Finish L Foot Base Serrated Stainless Steel Flange Bolt Serrated Stainless Steel Flange Nut Channel Nut L Foot Flashing Bonding Splice Insert Splice Base Stainless Bolt with Split-Lock Washer Bonding Adjustable End Clamp Top Bonding Adjustable End Clamp Bottom Bonding Channel Nut Bonding Mid Clamp Stainless Steel Bolt with Split- Lock Washer Universal End Clamp (UEC) Wave Mill Finish Standoff Rubber Rain Collar Standoff Clamp Assembly Mill Finish Standoff Base (1-Hole Base Shown) UEC Pull Strap UEC Wedge Stainless Steel Bolt with Flat Washer Metal Roof Base Assembly Channel Nut Stainless Flange Nut Stainless Flange Bolt All Purpose L Foot 92 Degree L Foot Bonding Channel Nut 12-6 AWG Copper Wire Stainless Bolt with Split Lock Washer Ground Lug 242-02101 Standard Rail 015-09816 Bonding Adjustable End Clamp 242-02067 Bonding Mid Clamp 242-02053 Stainless Hardware with Split-Lock Washers Bonding Standard Rail Splice 242-04015 Universal End Clamp 242-02215 Metal Roof Base with L Foot 242-02037 L Foot Base with Flashing 242-92050 SnapNrack_Series_100_Brochure_2.1 Staff Report June 6, 2018 Historic Review for 519 North Johnson Street District: Goosetown / Horace Mann Conservation District Classification: Contributing The applicants, Matthieu and Jacqueline Biger, are requesting approval for a proposed alteration project at 519 North Johnson Street, a Contributing property in the Goosetown/Horace Mann Conservation District. The project consists of the addition of a basement egress window and window well on the new two-story addition to the house. Applicable Regulations and Guidelines: 4.0 Iowa City Historic Preservation Guidelines for Alterations 4.5 Foundations 4.13 Windows Staff Comments The house at 519 North Johnson Street, is an American Foursquare built between 1922 and 1926. It has a low hip roof, a full width front porch and simple window patterning. The upper story has two six-over-one double hung windows on each façade. The lower story has some eight-over-one double hung windows on the front and south facades. The house has a stucco-coated foundation, aluminum siding over original lap siding, and a modern metal shingle-style roof. The aluminum siding and soffits were installed about 1975. In 2016 staff and the Commission Chair approved a porch repair project. Earlier this year a two-story rear addition to the house was approved. In order to meet building code requirements, the applicants are proposing to add a basement egress window to the back, west side, of the recently approved two-story addition. Generally, this would have been approved as part of that project but was excluded as an oversight. A new concrete window well, meeting egress requirements and matching the foundation on the addition, will be installed. The egress window will be a Jeld Wen metal clad casement window with muntin bars to appear as a double hung window matching the other windows on the house. Section 4.5 Foundations of the guidelines state that if new window wells are required, the materials used must appear similar to the existing foundation material. Section 4.13 Windows recommends replacing a bedroom window, if required for egress by the Building Code, with a new one that matches the size, trim, used of divided lights and overall appearance of the other windows. Divided lights may be true or simulated. Simulated divided lights may be created with muntin bars that are permanently adhered to both sides of the glass, preferably with spacer bars between the panes of insulating glass. Staff finds that the west location for the egress window is the appropriate location and the project will also meet the material recommendations in the guidelines. Staff finds this project acceptable. Recommended Motion Move to approve a Certificate of Appropriateness for the project at 519 N. Johnson as presented in the application. Staff Report September 7, 2018 Historic Review for 628 South Lucas Street District: Governor-Lucas Street Conservation District Classification: Contributing The applicant, JKS Real Estate, LLC, is requesting approval for a proposed demolition and new construction project at 628 S. Lucas Street, a Contributing property in the Governor-Lucas Street Conservation District. The project consists of the demolition of the existing house and construction of a new house and garage. This staff report only discusses the demolition. Applicable Regulations and Guidelines: 7.0 Guidelines for Demolition 7.1 Demolition of Whole Structures or Significant Features 7.2 Prevention of Demolition by Neglect 8.0 Neighborhood District Guidelines 8.1 Longfellow Neighborhood Staff Comments This house is a one-story gable front and wing house, which was a style built in Iowa City between 1850 and 1870. Some of the interior door trim and the front door with transom and sidelight date from 1870s millwork catalogues. It is likely the house dates from the 1870s. Originally, the house had a front porch and a rear porch along each side of the wing. The house was remodeled at least in the 1910s-1920s because the front porch now has some Craftsman details and an interior door dates from the 1920s. The rear porch was enclosed at an unknown date and the house had been duplexed. The applicant is proposing to demolish the existing house and build a new single-family home on the property. A new garage is included because it may become a part of this project. The applicant contends that the existing building is unsound and irretrievable due to a decaying foundation and insect damage to some of the structural beams in the basement. The applicant submitted a letter from James Jacob of VJ Engineering in support of these claims. The engineer’s letter states that the structure is unsafe. The guidelines disallow the demolition of any primary building on a contributing property within a Historic District unless the owner can demonstrate that the building is structurally unsound and irretrievable. The Commission will consider the condition, integrity and architectural significance of the building. Before a Certificate of Appropriateness for demolition will be approved for a primary building, the Commission must approve a Certificate of Appropriateness for the building that will replace the one being demolished. Staff review of the house showed that while some original material remains, front door and front window, brick foundation, early metal roof, frieze board and crown, the house has been extensively altered. It appears that the original brick foundation had been parge-coated when it began to deteriorate. The entire house is covered in asphalt shingle siding and some of the wall underneath was also parge-coated. Staff could not determine the material of the original cladding. The front porch construction is not original and has also been covered in asphalt shingle siding which was then painted white. On the interior, the original layout has been modified and only limited number of original finishes remain. When the rear porch was enclosed, the foundation wall between it and the house was removed and it was moved to the outer extent of the porch so that the floor would become part of the interior basement space. At some point this new exterior foundation wall was backed with OSB and concrete was poured against it. The condition of the house is extremely deteriorated. Several issues mentioned in the engineer’s letter have also been recognized by staff. The north foundation wall is deteriorated and the wall above it is out of plumb. The original east foundations wall was left mostly unsupported when it was moved and now has several posts supporting it. Several secondary beams supporting walls above, but not supporting floor joists, are damaged by insects to the point that they retain very little integrity and no longer serve any structural purpose. Staff recommends that the Commission fully consider the condition, integrity and architectural significance of the house as prescribed in the guidelines in their review of this application. Staff suggests that the house is in an extremely deteriorated condition. Even an inspector’s note from 1973 (accessed through the City Assessor’s website) stated that the house was in poor condition inside and out. Poorly implemented changes have resulted in a loss of integrity and finishes (though several elements could be salvaged from the house). While many of the issues with the condition of the house could be resolved, they would likely result in a greater loss of integrity. On the exterior, the integrity of the historic character is marginal. While the rear porch has been enclosed and the front porch rebuilt, there have been no other exterior additions. While the roof is not original, it is historic. Many of the windows have probably been changed or altered over time. The exterior cladding has been completely obscured. A limited amount of exterior trim remains. While the house is likely the oldest extant house in this area of South Lucas Street, it is in extremely poor condition. Recommended Motion If the Commission finds based on the information submitted that the house is structurally unsound and irretrievable, then consideration should be given to the application for the new house and garage. If a design is approved for the new house and garage then a motion approving the demolition of the house may be considered by the Commission. If the Commission determines that the house is not structurally unsound and irretrievable then a motion to deny a Certificate of Appropriateness for the demolition project at 628 South Lucas Street should be considered. Staff Report September 7, 2018 Historic Review for 628 South Lucas Street District: Governor-Lucas Street Conservation District Classification: Contributing The applicant, JKS Real Estate, LLC, is requesting approval for a proposed demolition and new construction project at 628 S. Lucas Street, a Contributing property in the Governor-Lucas Street Conservation District. The project consists of the demolition of the existing house and construction of a new house and garage. This staff report only discusses the demolition. Applicable Regulations and Guidelines: 6.0 Guidelines for New Construction 6.1 New Primary Structures 6.2 New Outbuildings 7.0 Guidelines for Demolition 7.1 Demolition of Whole Structures or Significant Features 7.2 Prevention of Demolition by Neglect 8.0 Neighborhood District Guidelines 8.1 Longfellow Neighborhood Staff Comments Refer to the demolition staff report for the information concerning the history of the existing primary building The applicant is proposing to construct a new single-story Craftsman-style home and two-car garage with accessory apartment on the property following the demolition of the existing building. The guidelines recommend that new construction in a historic or conservation district comply with the content of Section 8.0 Neighborhood Guidelines to determine the appropriate size, scale, site location and architectural style of the new building. In the Governor-Lucas Street Conservation District, a Craftsman Bungalow is among the appropriate styles for new construction. South of this property, at least two Craftsman houses are extant. In Iowa City, Craftsman bungalow- style houses are one or one-and-a-half stories with a simple rectangular floor plan. Roof pitches are low, and range from 5/12 to 8/12 with 18 to 24- inch overhangs. The soffits are open, leaving the rafter tails exposed. The siding material often changes between the first and second story. A wide band board or brick soldier course will delineate the change in materials. A water table and band board is located at the top of the foundation wall. Other ornamentation is relatively simple, upper sash divided lights, and square porch columns. Craftsman porches may be small and only wide enough to provide a covered entry, or they may be the full width of the house. Porch ornamentation is similar to that on the main house. The guidelines recommend locating the building a distance from the street so that the setback is consistent with the setbacks of existing principal buildings located along the same frontage. Front porches should be constructed that are consistent with the architectural style of the building. It is recommended to use vertical- grained fir porch flooring for the porch decking. Similarly, it is recommended to use wood or an approved wood substitute that accepts paint for porch posts, trim and other components. Porches will be constructed of traditional porch construction with wood joists and wood flooring and skirting between the porch piers. The possibility exists for using pretreated porch decking as long as the gaps between boards are 1/8 or smaller. Siding should be consistent with the architectural style of the new building. Most historic siding in Iowa City is wood. Fiber cement siding with a smooth finish is an acceptable substitute for wood siding in most circumstances. For windows, it is recommended to specify the window type, proportion, shape, profile, divided light pattern, and placement based on the architectural style of the new structure and contributing structures of a similar style. The use of metal-clad, solid wood windows is acceptable. Windows and trim must accept paint. Divided lights must be created with muntins that are adhered to both sides of the glass. Placing small decorative windows in the attic level of front gable ends if consistent with the architectural style is recommended. Adding wood (or an acceptable wood substitute) window trim that is three to four includes in width if the exterior walls are sided with wood is also recommended. Staff finds that the new construction is appropriate for this location if the existing house is determined to be structurally unsound and irretrievable so that it may be demolished. The new house meets the guidelines for a Craftsman Bungalow and the design has developed through several iterations. Metal-clad wood four-over-one double hung windows, fiberglass doors, cement board shingles in the gables, wood or cement board lap siding, and traditional porch construction are all included in the design. Only the use of pretreated porch decking utilizes an exception to the guidelines. The garage follows the guidelines so that it could be considered a Minor Review if submitted as an application on its own. Recommended Motion Move to approve a Certificate of Appropriateness for the project at 628 South Lucas Street as presented in the application with the following conditions: • Garage overhead doors are approved by staff Revised 8.29.2018see other views for reivision Revised 8.29.2018 Revised 8.29.2018DETACHEDGARAGEOPTIONAL Revised 8.29.2018S. LUCASDETACHEDGARAGEFAMILYDWELLINGSINGLE628 S. LUCAS ST.2 B.R./2 BATHDRIVEWAYOPTIONAL Revised 8.28.2018 Qty 1 s606 Door $601.48 3-0 x 6-8 Right hand swing in 6-9/16 Jamb Depth UV White Jambs 2 Bore Nickel Hinges Prefinished White 1 S206 Door $414.80 3-0 x 6-8 Left Hand Swing In 4-9/16 Jamb Depth UV White Jambs 2 Bore Nickel Hinges Prefinished White $1,867.29 $112.04 $1,979.33 Total S4813 Door $851.01 3-0 x 6-8 Right hand swing in 6-9/16 Jamb Depth Frontline Clad Jambs 2 Bore Grand Total: Sub Total: 1 Weldon - 628 South Lucas Door Page Office: (319) 624-2253 Fax: (319) 624-2254 www.litewindows.com Sales Tax (6%): Nickel Hinges Description Picture (approx. look) Prefin Panel White Quote Name:Weldon 628 Lucas Quote #:SQBTA015094_1 *See Details On Last Page Printed On: 9/4/2018 1:47 PM Page 2 of 4 Line Label Quantity UOM Part Number Unit Extended 1 garage 3 EA Quaker Unit 11 ** Viewed From Exterior ** Series: Brighton Exact Size: 30 X 42 Rough Opening: 30 3/4 X 42 1/2 Color:White,Paint Type:2604,Interior Finish:Pre Painted White,Fill Nail Holes:Yes, Glass:EnergyBasic (Dual Silver),Argon Filled,Muntin:SDL-7/8" MBG-916, Hardware:White,Sash:Sweep Lock, Jamb Liner:Beige, Screen:Full Screen,Material:Better View (TM),Ship:Screen With Product, Install Acc:Hinged Nailing Fin,Depth:4 9/16" Jamb Depth, Unit:1-Double Hung No Plough Exact Size: 30 X 42,NOT Egress, NFRC - U-Factor:0.32SHGC:0.26VT:0.44AL:≤0.3CR:55 Rating: R-50 Top Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Bottom Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Overall Rating: DP-50 2 gables 2 EA Quaker Unit 11 ** Viewed From Exterior ** Series: Brighton Exact Size: 30 X 30 Rough Opening: 30 3/4 X 30 1/2 Color:White,Paint Type:2604,Interior Finish:Pre Painted White,Fill Nail Holes:Yes, Glass:EnergyBasic (Dual Silver),Argon Filled,Muntin:SDL-7/8" MBG-916, Install Acc:Hinged Nailing Fin,Depth:4 9/16" Jamb Depth, Unit:1-Double Hung Fixed Sash Set Exact Size: 30 X 30, NFRC - U-Factor:0.28SHGC:0.33VT:0.58AL:≤0.3CR:56 Rating: R-50 Fixed Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Overall Rating: DP-50 3 kitchen 1 EA Quaker Unit 11 ** Viewed From Exterior ** Series: Brighton Exact Size: 30 X 42 Rough Opening: 30 3/4 X 42 1/2 Color:White,Paint Type:2604,Interior Finish:Pre Painted White,Fill Nail Holes:Yes, Glass:EnergyBasic (Dual Silver),Argon Filled,Muntin:SDL-7/8" MBG-916, Hardware:White,Sash:Sweep Lock, Jamb Liner:Beige, Screen:Full Screen,Material:Better View (TM),Ship:Screen With Product, Install Acc:Hinged Nailing Fin,Depth:6 9/16" Jamb Depth, Unit:1-Double Hung No Plough Exact Size: 30 X 42,NOT Egress, NFRC - U-Factor:0.32SHGC:0.26VT:0.44AL:≤0.3CR:55 Rating: R-50 Top Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Bottom Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Overall Rating: DP-50 4 bath/landing 2 EA Quaker Unit Quote Name:Weldon 628 Lucas Quote #:SQBTA015094_1 *See Details On Last Page Printed On: 9/4/2018 1:47 PM Page 3 of 4 1-T T 1-T T ** Viewed From Exterior ** Series: Brighton Exact Size: 30 X 42 Rough Opening: 30 3/4 X 42 1/2 Color:White,Paint Type:2604,Interior Finish:Pre Painted White,Fill Nail Holes:Yes, Glass:EnergyBasic (Dual Silver),Tempered,Argon Filled,Muntin:SDL-7/8" MBG-916, Hardware:White,Sash:Sweep Lock, Jamb Liner:Beige, Screen:Full Screen,Material:Better View (TM),Ship:Screen With Product, Install Acc:Hinged Nailing Fin,Depth:6 9/16" Jamb Depth, Unit:1-Double Hung No Plough Exact Size: 30 X 42,NOT Egress, NFRC - U-Factor:0.32SHGC:0.26VT:0.44AL:≤0.3CR:55 Rating: R-50 Top Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Tempered Glass Bottom Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Tempered Glass Overall Rating: DP-50 5 Main 10 EA Quaker Unit 11 ** Viewed From Exterior ** Series: Brighton Exact Size: 36 X 60 Rough Opening: 36 3/4 X 60 1/2 Color:White,Paint Type:2604,Interior Finish:Pre Painted White,Fill Nail Holes:Yes, Glass:EnergyBasic (Dual Silver),Argon Filled,Muntin:SDL-7/8" MBG-916, Hardware:White,Sash:Sweep Lock, Jamb Liner:Beige, Screen:Full Screen,Material:Better View (TM),Ship:Screen With Product, Install Acc:Hinged Nailing Fin,Depth:6 9/16" Jamb Depth, Unit:1-Double Hung No Plough Exact Size: 36 X 60,Meets Egress NFRC - U-Factor:0.32SHGC:0.26VT:0.44AL:≤0.3CR:55 Rating: R-50 Top Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Bottom Glass:LowE (Dual Silver) - DSB - Stnd - Cardinal / Clear - DSB,Strength:Annealed Glass Overall Rating: DP-50 All Prices in USD Quote Subtotal $9,550.96 Tax 6.000 %$573.06 Total Quote Value $10,124.02 Additional Charges Qty Description Amount Extended 2.00 Andersen 100 Composite Sliders for the basement 5' x 4' $317.48 $634.96 Additional Charge SubTotal $634.96 Tax 6.000 %$38.10 Additional Charge Total $673.06 Quote Grand Total (may be subject to sales tax) $10,797.07 MINUTES PRELIMINARY HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION EMMA J. HARVAT HALL AUGUST 9, 2018 MEMBERS PRESENT: Thomas Agran, Kevin Boyd, Zach Builta, Helen Burford, G. T. Karr, Quentin Pitzen, Lee Shope MEMBERS ABSENT: Gosia Clore, Sharon DeGraw, Cecile Kuenzli STAFF PRESENT: Jessica Bristow OTHERS PRESENT: Kevin Hanick RECOMMENDATIONS TO COUNCIL: (become effective only after separate Council action) CALL TO ORDER: Chairperson Boyd called the meeting to order at 5:30 p.m. PUBLIC DISCUSSION OF ANYTHING NOT ON THE AGENDA: There was none. CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATENESS - CONSENT AGENDA: 706 East College Street. Bristow said there did not need to be discussion for this item. She showed a photograph of the property. Bristow said the consent agenda works by having Commission members read the material and then vote on a motion. She asked if anyone had questions about the project. Burford asked what the window was for. Bristow said staff doesn't really know. She said there is one on each side. Bristow said the window is metal-framed. She said staff doesn't know when it was installed, although it is not in the historic photograph, which has a wide-ranging date possibility of 1920 through 1966. Pitzen asked if the window was operable. Bristow responded that it once was operable but is not any longer. Burford said she was not present for the original discussion of the changes to this building. She asked if anything was said about restoring the palladium window and the fenestration details. Bristow said that with the overall project, the owner removed all of the synthetic siding. She said that some of the trim details above the palladium window will be put back. Bristow said the owner is being very faithful to what he sees as the scars of the removed trim that are on the house, and that is being replaced. MOTION: Builta moved to approve a certificate of appropriateness for the casement window removal at 706 East College Street as presented in the application. Karr seconded the motion. The motion carried on a vote of 7-0 (Clore, DeGraw, and Kuenzli absent). HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 2 of 11 CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATENESS: 1154 East Court Street. Bristow said this property is in the Longfellow Historic District. She said the Commission has never reviewed any work for this property. Bristow said this house is a foursquare that is covered in what is probably asbestos siding. Bristow stated that there are multiple parts to this project. She said that the first part involves the front step condition and treatment. Bristow said one can see that the front steps were pre- cast concrete steps that were just put in, so they are not the original stairs for this property at all. Bristow said, given that this is a wooden porch, it may have had a wooden set of stairs. She said that there are some potential examples of similar houses and similar piers with concrete stairs and block sidewalls that match the piers on the house. Bristow showed an example from Ronalds Street. She pointed out that even though these are concrete and block, they do deteriorate. Bristow said it is not known what was originally on the Court Street house, because these do deteriorate as well. Bristow said it is not something that can be determined by the Sanborn maps, as they do not show the steps or stoops. Bristow showed an example from Iowa Avenue. She said that they all follow the similar idea where the sidewalls come off flush with the inside of the piers. Bristow said that is what is proposed. Bristow pointed out the new drawings to Commission members. She said they were just updated with a little bit thicker sidewalls - more constructible. Bristow said that the slide images also show the new drawings, as the old ones were in the packet. Bristow said this therefore involves two steps of a sidewall with limestone caps and a black metal handrail that will be mounted to the steps themselves. She said staff finds this to be an acceptable way to put on new steps that would be more compatible than the existing, non- historic stairs. Bristow said that another element of the project involves replacement of the rear stairs as well, with a handrail that meets the guidelines. She said that the bigger part of this, on the back, is converting the sleeping porch, which appears to be original, on the second floor to a bathroom, which would mean enclosing it a little bit more than it already is. Bristow said that it is an enclosed part of the house. She said that it probably had an open porch below it, based on some of the siding, but it is all enclosed now. Bristow said that the plan is to retain the central windows in the sleeping porch but to replace the glass with an obscure glass. She said that the side windows next to that and right around the corner would be replaced with slightly smaller windows. Bristow said it fits within the scaling of the original windows so that it accommodates the bathroom fixtures. Bristow said that the windows that are closer to the house though would be removed, partly because there is a shower in one corner and to balance it out. She said that since those are against the house anyway, they will not be very visible, so it is an acceptable compromise to HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 3 of 11 make for the bathroom. She said one would still have a lot of the language of the sleeping porch. Bristow said that below the bead board there are three little openings across the bottom from where the original porch was for drainage on the original open porch. Then below that there is some of the newer siding that is not an historic siding. She said that the plan would put a band board across the bottom of the beadboard to clarify that condition a little bit more. Bristow stated that the siding would continue to be bead board like it is now, so this would keep a lot of the same language that is going on with this property. Bristow showed what the exterior would look like on one side. She showed where the window next to the house would be removed and the window at the corner would be a shorter window. Bristow showed the rear elevation of the house. Bristow said that window product information still needs to be approved, so she recommends including that in the motion. She said staff finds that all of the parts of this project are appropriate. Hanick, the owner of the property, referred to the rear elevation of the house. He said he has looked into what windows would be available, including a wood, double hung window for the larger, center ones. Hanick said he thinks he can get it so that just the bottom is obscure and the top would be clear, which he thinks would be better for the interior. He said then the same window would be partly obscure and partly clear. Bristow said that brings up the question of whether or not those are the original windows reused or if the owner plans to replace them. Hanick said they would be replaced. He said that the current windows are rotten. Bristow said she was unsure if, since this was a screened porch originally, they were actually windows or not. She said this house has probably not had much maintenance on it for a long time. Hanick agreed. Hanick said he thinks the new front porch drawing where the sidewall is thickened up will look a lot nicer. He said there will be a limestone cap on that. Hanick said he found a company in Indiana that makes what they are calling authentic, rock-faced block, which he'll use. He said he hopes the colors will be compatible. Hanick said the ones on the foundation are slightly different. He said he thinks the new block will be more like those, and they will weather together over time and shouldn't be a problem. Bristow said that some people doing this type of project have actually just stained the new block to match, sometimes just a very slight gray stain. Hanick said the only other thing that is not on the application involves an old coal chute that currently exists on the west side of the house along the driveway. He said there is currently a piece of plywood over that. Hanick said he would like to order enough block to fill that in to make it a consistent rock face foundation. Bristow said that could be added to the application. She said that is the kind of thing the Commission would find acceptable, especially if there is not an original metal chute cover or anything to put in its place. Bristow said that typically one likes to see holes like that repaired with the block toothed in. Karr referred to the window elevation for the porch. He asked about the plan to have the top sash be clear and the bottom will be obscure. Hanick said that more natural light would be HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 4 of 11 better than having it obscure all the way around, and this is for the back yard. He said he would like to do that if possible. Hanick said that there is a little 1960s addition on the main level. He said there is one rotten window there that he would like to replace with the same thing that is there. Bristow said that should be part of the application as well. Bristow said it is up to the Commission whether it wants to add the coal chute and/or the other window to the motion. She said that staff would find that appropriate. Bristow said that the 1960s addition probably has casement windows right now. She said that if all of the windows were going to be replaced, she would say that using something that fit the house would be better. Bristow stated that for only one window, making it match the others would be an appropriate way to go. She said that if the Commission did not want to add these items to the motion, they could be addressed as minor reviews to be looked at by staff. MOTION: Agran moved to approve a certificate of appropriateness for the project at 1154 East Court Street as presented in the application with the following conditions: window product information for the sleeping porch renovation to be approved by staff; the repair of the coal chute as discussed at this meeting to be approved by staff; and the repair to the casement window in the 1960s addition, since it is not for all four windows, to be approved by staff. Karr seconded the motion. The motion carried on a vote of 7-0 (Clore, DeGraw, and Kuenzli absent). REPORT ON CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY CHAIR AND STAFF: Certificate of No Material Effect - Chair and Staff Review. 1424 Center Avenue. Bristow said this project involves the replacement of shingles on a non-contributing property in the Longfellow Historic District. 622 North Van Buren Street. Bristow said this project involves the repair of column bases, storm window repair, and a little bit of trim reconstruction. 1036 Woodlawn Avenue. Bristow said the carriage house at this address was damaged by a tornado, and most of the foundation walls were replaced at that point in time. She said that now, because of drainage and a collapsing wall issue on the south face, that wall is being replaced as well, as is the concrete apron that goes into the carriage house. 423 Ronalds Street. Bristow said this house has an addition on the back with casement windows that open out that are being repaired and with screen windows that open in. She said the windows had water and air leaking for awhile. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 5 of 11 Bristow said that a conference she attended provided a sample of information of the Indow product, which is basically a storm window that is flexible so that one can squeeze it in and put it there and squeeze it out as well. She said that it does not have any fasteners and does not do anything to the window opening itself. Bristow said the owner was having difficulty finding a solution for these windows, because she did not want to put any holes into the frame. Bristow said the owner found these, and so that storm window has been approved as part of the preservation fund for this particular house. She said the new product does not seem to be very expensive, so this will be a kind of test as to how they work. 427 North Dodge Street. Bristow said this house has a carport that had plywood siding all the way to the ground that was wicking up moisture. She said that was permanently removed, and a couple of structural members were replaced. 701 East College Street. Bristow said this project is to replace the wood shingles on the house. Minor Review - Staff Review. 15 North Johnson Street. Bristow said the site stairs on this building are being replaced to match the existing, and hopefully the railing will be replaced with a black metal rail instead of the wood rail. She said that will be done if the wood cannot be reused. 737 Grant Street. Bristow said there is an attic window in the front of this bungalow, and the window on the back was enlarged and did not match. She said the owners wanted to replace it and remove the through-wall air conditioner next to it. Bristow said there will be some stucco repair. She said the owners wanted to replace the window with that size but found the original window in the attic, so they are just going to reinstall the original window. 1049 Woodlawn Avenue. Bristow said this project consists of replacing the front wood steps and replacing the handrail with a metal handrail. Intermediate Review - Chair and Staff Review. 833 Rundell Street. Bristow said that because of budgetary constraints, the screened-in porch on the back is being replaced with a simple entry stoop and entry canopy with stairs. She included the drawing which is marked-up, because there were some other changes that are under the Commission's HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 6 of 11 purview, such as making the dormer the same height as the roof, which is not appropriate so it will be lower like it is supposed to be. 727 Dearborn Street. Bristow stated that this house is not really contributing, because it has been remodeled. She said it is unknown what is original on this house and what is not. Bristow said the Commission approved an addition on the back, and the approval was conditioned on matching the foundation material, rock-faced concrete block. She said the owners came back with asking to just use smooth, concrete block. Bristow said that typically, one wants this to match, but it is also a factor to be able to tell what is original and what is not. She said that chair and staff decided that using the smooth concrete would be fine in this instance, because then it would be forever known that this is an addition. Bristow said that as the owners got into the project, they removed the aluminum siding on the house and were able to get in and realized that most of the windows had been replaced and all of the sills had been cut down. She said that hopefully this will add some general clarity to this house. Karr asked about the application regarding the flexible from the inside storm windows. Bristow confirmed that storm windows, even on the outside, do not require Commission approval. They were reviewed because the project was using the Historic Preservation Fund. CONSIDERATION OF MINUTES FOR JULY 12, 2018: MOTION: Agran moved to approve the minutes of the Historic Preservation Commission's July 12, 2018 meeting, as written. Shope seconded the motion. The motion carried on a vote of 7-0 (Clore, DeGraw, and Kuenzli absent). COMMISSION INFORMATION AND DISCUSSION: Commissioner vacancies. Bristow stated that the City Council has asked that staff and the Communications Department work together to try to recruit someone for the Jefferson Street District, which staff has always thought might be an empty seat, and for the East College Street Historic District. She asked Commission members who know someone who resides in either district to find out if he/she would be interested in serving on the Commission. Bristow said the City will be putting out a mailing shortly that will go directly to every resident. She said that a Commission member must be a resident of the district; someone who is an owner of property in the district but does not live in the district would not be eligible. 727 North Lucas Street Garage Demolition. Bristow said this is not coming before the Commission, because there is not currently a plan to build a new garage. She said that the building official determined that the garage had to come down. Bristow said she just wanted to let the Commission know about the situation. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 7 of 11 Iowa City-Hosted Preserve Iowa Summit Postponement. Bristow said there was a lot of debate last calendar year about the Preserve Iowa Summit and holding off until 2020 or holding off until 2021. She said the decision was made to have it in 2020, and staff was starting to compile information to apply for the grant that is due September 1 to start planning for that. Bristow said that department directors and upper level staff decided that this should be postponed, because of the fact that it will take more planning than just the Commission and herself can complete. She said it will take assistance from some of the other urban planners, who are all very new, so that the decision was made to postpone this. Bristow said the State was caught off guard a little bit, because of the late notice to them as well. She said this is being worked through, and staff will try to do this again at the next available opportunity. Bristow said it may be 2021, although she assumes the State may try again for a location in Western Iowa. She said staff will coordinate with the State on when the next available time will be. Iowa City Public Library Historical Iowa City Newspapers Website. Boyd said that the Iowa City Public Library added a really great feature - a searchable database of all the Iowa City newspapers from the 1870s to 1925. He said it is searchable by words and phrases and is a good resource for people looking into older homes. Boyd referred to the two pages he found that were worthwhile for the Commission to know about. He said that part of the Commission's job is to help people understand the shared history of Iowa City. Boyd said the Library does a lot of that work also, and he wanted to make sure people knew about the resource. Clinton Street and Railroad Depot Historic District Update. Boyd said that some of the City staff would like this to go to the City Council very soon. He said that the Commission moved kind of quickly on this once the report came back. Boyd said that often, for something like this, the proposed district boundary would go to the State Historic Preservation Office, which would review the boundary because it would also be a boundary for a National Register nomination. Bristow said that typically, not for every district but for many of the districts, they have been National Register districts before being local districts. She said that means that the National Register nomination goes to the State for review prior to the local process. Boyd said the State had reviewed a previous iteration of this district and said that it would be acceptable but has not had a chance to review the current district. He said that being on the National Register is an additional benefit to the property owners. Boyd said that what staff and the Commission wanted to do was to get feedback from the State Historic Preservation Commission Office (SHPO) to make sure the proposed boundary would also be an acceptable boundary for the National Historic Register. Bristow said there is actually a grant to do that revised boundary National Register nomination for this district. She said the consultants are working on creating their contract now so that HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 8 of 11 revised nomination will probably be reviewed by the State in December. Bristow said it won't go to their review committee until June, but they will review a draft in December. Boyd said then there would be some sense and feedback as to whether this is on the right track. He said he would recommend that the Commission hold off on moving this nomination forward to the City Council. Boyd said it is his understanding that the only way to do that is to withdraw the nomination and then have it go through the process again. Boyd said the Commission is trying to be responsive to making sure the owners have maximum benefits and making sure the Commission is being thoughtful to the concerns raised before the Planning and Zoning Commission. He said the timing of taking this to the City Council sometime in the late fall or winter might be better. Boyd said there is a lot going on at the City Council right now. He said there will be a full City Council on October 6. Boyd said this is being done because of the boundary issue. He said he thinks the Commission should try to be sensitive to any concerns and work out as many of them as possible before moving this to the City Council. Boyd said that the upcoming grant will help move the potential district to the National Register. He said that SHPO will kind of weigh in on the front end as to whether this is on the right track. Boyd said that if SHPO says this is headed the right way, by the time it gets to City Council, the Commission will be able to say that this is eligible to be on the National Register. He said the Commission is really trying to tie those two things together, because there has been confusion about why they are separate. Burford asked when the Planning and Zoning Commission discussed this. Bristow said she thought it happened in June or July. Karr said that in this situation there is a property owner who owns a large portion of the properties that is against this and asked if there is still a moratorium. Boyd replied that there is not one currently. He said the moratorium starts when the City Council sets the public hearing. Boyd said that what staff and the Commission are trying to do is to take care of this before that starts. He said it would be communicated to the property owner what the timeline is and what the Commission is trying to do. Boyd said it should also be made clear that the maximum number of benefits are available to him, which would include a National Register nomination. Karr said the downside, if one were in favor of having this as a district, is that there would be several months with the possibility that buildings could be altered and changes could be made. Boyd confirmed this. He said that all of the properties appear to be rented at the moment. Bristow said that if the nomination is withdrawn, the Commission will have to start over. She said there would be an owner meeting, an Historic Preservation Commission meeting, and a Planning and Zoning Commission meeting again. Bristow said that the Commission could start the process as soon as comments are received from SHPO. 2018 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Forum - Des Moines. Boyd said he and Bristow both went to this conference in Des Moines a few weeks ago. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 9 of 11 Boyd discussed a presentation by Kärcher, which is actually a power washing company. He said that the company cleans cultural resources for free. Boyd said the company has done a lot of big projects and is now working on more and smaller projects to try to move into more places. They clean historic stone with steam and a low-pressure sprayer. The steam kills organic materials like moss and lichens. Boyd said he e-mailed the University Facilities Department and Geoff Fruin to share this information, as well as Juli Seydell-Johnson, the Parks and Recreation Director. He said this may or may not be an opportunity, but he thought it was very interesting and wanted to share the information. Boyd said the City of Ottumwa has; through a public/private partnership between the City, Wapello County, and private development; really restored a lot of its historic storefronts. He said the work done there is really driving a lot in the community in terms of engaging in downtown, a lot of community events, pop-up stores - some of which have become permanent stores, etc. Boyd said they have added a lot of housing diversity to the community. He said it was a great example of how historic preservation can help both build community and help with economic development in a community like Ottumwa. Boyd discussed the Dubuque Heart Program. He said that the non-profit Four Mounds in Dubuque, through the Heart Program, works with the Dubuque School District to identify mostly high-risk students. Boyd said they attend a half day of learning techniques that are not taught as much anymore to use on older homes, such as window restoration and plaster repair. Boyd said they have been doing this long enough that some graduates of the program have taken the knowledge and have businesses to provide these types of services. He said that the neighborhood north of downtown has been historically troubled, but this program has taken sometimes a whole block at once and rehabilitated it. Boyd said that a lot of these students in the program are residents of the neighborhood, and this is reshaping the neighborhood and reshaping the lives of these people. Boyd said that at the conference there was a lot of discussion with other commission members and people from around the country about the work they are doing to make sure historic properties are celebrated. He said that Iowa City's Historic Preservation Commission is doing that with the grant for the Tate Arms Building and the Iowa Federation Home. Boyd said that some of the recognition consists of plaques, some is social-media driven, and some of it uses mapping software. He said it involves the democratization of historic preservation in that it gives people somewhere to share their own stories about places that add to a richer history. Bristow agreed that the mapping is an interesting concept. She discussed the Lucas Farms Neighborhood, where neighbors are very active and engaged. Bristow said that in some cases, we have historic resources that we know nothing about. She said the first step for that is a kind of windshield survey of what is there, what the ages are of the houses, and what the styles are. Bristow said that volunteers could do that type of work, with mapping applications that can be done on a phone. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 9, 2018 Page 10 of 11 Bristow said there is also potential for tying together sustainability and historic preservation. She said they work together well, and adding a little bit of sustainability to each section of the guidelines could help a lot with that. Bristow said there are also some opportunities for education. She said there could be sessions for design reviews and other things. Boyd said that one city appointed a high school student who was interested in historic preservation to its commission. Bristow stated that there is a potential for an emergency project on a local landmark building that is downtown. She said that it is a signage issue, which comes to the Commission automatically. Bristow asked if Commission members would be able to attend a special meeting if it is called for this project. Boyd said the Commission is technically scheduled to potentially meet on the fourth Thursdays of the month but has not needed to historically. He said this business is a downtown historic landmark, and the Commission should try to be as responsive as possible. Bristow agreed but added that an application has to be submitted at least 24 hours before a meeting to allow time for it to be reviewed and to get it on the agenda. Bristow said she will give the date of the 23rd as a potential option and let the applicant know that consideration will be based on being able to have a scheduled meeting. Agran said he has been asked about the status of the downtown survey and about whether facade funds could be available from the City. Bristow said there have been some delays. She said that the Commission's project creates a multi-property document, which is the long story of downtown. Bristow said that it will create a report and site inventory forms. Bristow said that part of the story is the City's urban renewal. She said this was submitted to the State for comments, but it turns out that the State will not even be able to review it until October 3. Bristow said that the City has therefore pulled back and decided not to do that. Bristow said that now it's a matter of figuring out the timing for a public meeting and having a review of it coming to the Commission. She said the Commission will read the report and review the documents to some degree. Bristow said then the Commission will make some determination on a National Register as soon as possible, partly because that makes funding available to people, although that process takes at least a year. Bristow said then it would be up to the Commission or a Commission subcommittee to determine local district designation and the timing for that. She said that it would probably happen soon but likely after national designation process has begun. Bristow said there is a potential for the report to come to the Commission for the September meeting, but it may not be until October. She said the public meeting will also happen in this time period from early September through mid-October. ADJOURNMENT: The meeting was adjourned at 6:30 p.m. Minutes submitted by Anne Schulte HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION ATTENDANCE RECORD 2017 - 2018 KEY: X = Present O = Absent O/E = Absent/Excused --- = Not a Member NAME TERM EXP. 9/14 10/12 11/9 12/14 1/11 2/8 3/8 4/12 5/10 6/14 7/12 8/9 AGRAN, THOMAS 6/30/20 X X X X X X X X X X O/E X BAKER, ESTHER 6/30/18 X X X X X X X X X X -- -- BOYD, KEVIN 6/30/20 O/E X X X X X X X X X X X BUILTA, ZACH 6/30/19 X X X X X O/E X X X X X X BURFORD, HELEN 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X CLORE, GOSIA 6/30/20 X X X O/E O/E X O/E X X X X O/E DEGRAW, SHARON 6/30/19 X X X O/E X X X X X X X O/E KARR, G. T. 6/30/20 X X X X X X X X X X O/E X KUENZLI, CECILE 6/30/19 X O/E X X X X X X X X O/E O/E MICHAUD, PAM 6/30/18 X X X X X X X X X -- -- PITZEN, QUENTIN 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X SHOPE, LEE 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X SWAIM, GINALIE 6/30/18 X X O/E X X X X X X X -- -- WAGNER, FRANK 6/30/18 O/E X X O/E O/E X X X X X -- -- MINUTES PRELIMINARY HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION HELLING CONFERENCE ROOM AUGUST 23, 2018 MEMBERS PRESENT: Thomas Agran, Kevin Boyd, Zach Builta, Sharon DeGraw, G. T. Karr, Cecile Kuenzli, Quentin Pitzen, Lee Shope MEMBERS ABSENT: Helen Burford, Gosia Clore STAFF PRESENT: Jessica Bristow OTHERS PRESENT: RECOMMENDATIONS TO COUNCIL: (become effective only after separate Council action) CALL TO ORDER: Chairperson Boyd called the meeting to order at 5:30 p.m. PUBLIC DISCUSSION OF ANYTHING NOT ON THE AGENDA: There was none. CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATENESS: 115 South Dubuque Street - Franklin Printing House. Bristow said this building is both listed on the National Register of Historic Places and a local landmark. She showed where it is located in the downtown area. Bristow showed a corner shot of the building. She said it is a pre-Civil War Building, built in 1856. Bristow said the site inventory form discusses its Victorian/Renaissance style. She said there is a metal cornice, and there are metal hoods and little brackets above the windows. Bristow said there are even metal sills on the windows. Bristow said that back in 1984, the storefront was rehabilitated. She said that some cast iron storefront was uncovered. Bristow said that this does not feel like any of it is cast iron, but the owners apparently at least took cues from that cast iron storefront when they did the work. She said that some of the detail on the pillars probably mimics what was there on the cast iron storefront. Bristow said the project is to add a sign. She said that the vinyl lettering on the window does not really count as a sign, unless the owner were to block a certain square footage of the glass. Bristow said the owner wants to have a projecting and illuminated sign to help draw in the public. She said the guidelines do not really talk about signs at all, so both are referred to the Secretary of the Interior Standards, which discusses maintaining historic signs, new signs on historic buildings, the placement and where signs would be historically, taking cues from the building for the design, and not damaging the building when the sign is installed. Bristow stated that the Downtown District created its own storefront and signage guidelines. She said that because preservation practices were taken into consideration to develop those, staff has looked at those as well. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 23, 2018 Page 2 of 4 Bristow said staff sent the guidelines, as shown in the packet, to the signage designers, who came back with a second version of a design. She said the previous design was very modern, but the new one has a frame element to it. Bristow said it is painted on, but the black portion around frames out the sign itself. She said this is different from the company’s other signs in that it takes cues from the building. Bristow said that because this storefront really frames the opening with the plasters and the sign board, it is really all about framing. She said that adding a frame element to the sign does speak a little to the architecture itself. Bristow discussed the size that the sign would be and the location. She said that it needs to be eight feet off the pavement, and that is met here. Bristow showed some photographs of some other downtown signs. She said that it was originally recommended to put the sign in the sign band on the building. Bristow said the letters would end up very square, instead of linear and thin, so it didn't really fit proportionally within the sign band. Bristow showed some other downtown signs that are very creative and reflect the type of business. She showed the signs at Dumpling Darling, Daydream Comics, Prairie Lights Bookstore, Moonrakers, the Rise, Moss, Ginsburgs, and Pancheros. Bristow said the downtown is really going toward having these projecting signs. She said it was seen historically as well, and it catches the pedestrian traffic. Bristow said this really fits with what is going on downtown and said it is not out of scale. Bristow stated that the only thing that came close to being objectionable with the building officials was that signs are not allowed to be just a plastic box with letters painted on it that the whole box is illuminated. She said that by covering the whole surface with the metal and cutting out the letters, it is a step away from that. Bristow said they are therefore following the guidelines. Bristow said, given the fact the owner is putting the sign in a recommended location and it meets the guidelines for size and location and an effort was made to look at the building a little more, staff recommends approval. Kuenzli asked if the Dumpling Darling projecting sign is also electrified. Agran said that it is. Kuenzli asked if all of that wiring would also be on the new sign. Bristow responded that it may be possible for them to go through from the inside for the wiring on this one. She said that what is there for the pillars does not seem original, and she guessed that it is not backed up with brick. Kuenzli asked if electrified signs are being encouraged, as none of the others seem to be. Bristow said she believes it is something that has been okayed. Pitzen asked if it wouldn't be dependent on the business hours. Bristow said that the representative of the store told her that for their business, it is really mandatory that they have an illuminated sign. Kuenzli asked if anyone else finds a lit sign to be objectionable. Agran said that he works for the Downtown District, and although he is not speaking for them, he does have some perspective. He said the perspective is that if a business is not illuminated - if the store windows are not left on or the sign is not illuminated - the impression on people walking by drops precipitously. Agran said that if one looks at the health of downtown and preserving downtown as a retail environment, illuminated signs are something that the Downtown District advocates for. HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION August 23, 2018 Page 3 of 4 Karr asked if there is actually a code enforcement regarding signs through the Building Department. Bristow answered that there is a square footage limit. Karr asked for clarification regarding the plastic part. Agran said that if one thinks of an older sign where the plastic is clear and the letters are vinyl, essentially backlit, that is the kind of sign that is not allowed. Karr said he gets the lighting motivation, but was unsure about the plastic. Agran said he believes it is about the quality of the light. He said it has to do with how much ambient light is moving through it and how generic the sign is. Karr asked if the overall intent is for the sign to be seen and look decent. Agran said that all of it is to encourage higher quality and more innovative signage. Bristow said on the round shape, it is only the letters that will glow, because it is actually a metal that is covering the face. She said that the gray and the black is metal, with the letters cut out of it. She said that it would only be the letters that would have the glow. Bristow said that the lights above the sign band are actually just part of the building. Boyd said that the preservation brief says that they kind of default to local ordinances and local things. He said that his take on it is that the default would be the Downtown District Guidelines. MOTION: Agran moved to approve a certificate of appropriateness for the project at 115 South Dubuque Street as presented in the application. Shope seconded the motion. Shope said this is a low-key sign. He said it isn't ostentatious or out of place. Shope said he does not object to the lighting the way it is done. DeGraw said she believes it fits the guideline criteria. The motion carried on a vote of 8-0 (Burford and Clore absent). MINUTE TAKER: Bristow said the City is looking for a new minute taker, and she hopes to have someone in place before the September meeting. MAILING: Bristow said that the City Council has directed staff to work with Communications to send out a mailing for the Jefferson Street and East College Street Historic Districts, because there is not a representative from either of them. She said that mailing was completed earlier in the day. Bristow said that for the East College Street Historic District, there were 31 letters that went out for 26 properties, and for the Jefferson Street District, there were 37 properties but 111 letters that went out, because so many of those houses are divided into apartments. She said that a letter was sent to every occupant, in the hopes of finding someone to be a representative for that district. ADJOURNMENT: The meeting was adjourned at 5:51 p.m. Minutes submitted by Anne Schulte HISTORIC PRESERVATION COMMISSION ATTENDANCE RECORD 2018 KEY: X = Present O = Absent O/E = Absent/Excused --- = Not a Member NAME TERM EXP. 10/12 11/9 12/14 1/11 2/8 3/8 4/12 5/10 6/14 7/12 8/9 8/23 AGRAN, THOMAS 6/30/20 X X X X X X X X X O/E X X BAKER, ESTHER 6/30/18 X X X X X X X X X -- -- -- BOYD, KEVIN 6/30/20 X X X X X X X X X X X X BUILTA, ZACH 6/30/19 X X X X O/E X X X X X X X BURFORD, HELEN 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X O/E CLORE, GOSIA 6/30/20 X X O/E O/E X O/E X X X X O/E O/E DEGRAW, SHARON 6/30/19 X X O/E X X X X X X X O/E X KARR, G. T. 6/30/20 X X X X X X X X X O/E X X KUENZLI, CECILE 6/30/19 O/E X X X X X X X X O/E X MICHAUD, PAM 6/30/18 X X X X X X X X -- -- -- PITZEN, QUENTIN 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X X SHOPE, LEE 6/30/21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X X X SWAIM, GINALIE 6/30/18 X O/E X X X X X X X -- -- -- WAGNER, FRANK 6/30/18 X X O/E O/E X X X X X -- -- --