HomeMy WebLinkAbout01-09-2001 ICPD Reports/Memos MEMORANDUM
TO: Members of the Police Citizen's Review Board
FROM: R.J. Winkelhake, Chief of Police
RE: PCRB #00-04
DATE: December 21,2000
During the course of this investigation of PCRB 00-04 the complainant chose to
take part in an informal mediation. The complainant met with the investigator
before the informal medication and the process was explained. The complainant
then met with the officers and the officers watch commander.
The complainant was able to address his concern with the officer and watch
commander. Together they were able to review the complaint and able to
discuss each issue. At the conclusion of the discussion the complainant was
satisfied with the results and viewed the complaint as a closed matter.
The complainant signed a memo stating that he was satisfied and does not wish
to pursue the complaint.
November 8, 2000
Chief R. J. Winkelhake,
I met with Officer -790206 & 700415 on this date for mediation of PCRB Complaint
#00-0~, After informal mediation I am satisfied and do not wish to pursue the complaint
any further.
Gia'fini Oomito
Marian Karr
From: media@iowa-city.org
Sent: Sunday. December 17, 2000 10:55 AM
~: marian_karr@iowa-city.org
subject: RELEASE: Traffic Stop Demographics
Contact: Sgt. Bill Campbell - Iowa City Police Department
Phone: (319) 356-5293
Date: 12-17-2000
Time: 10:35 am
Authority of: Chief R.J. Winkelhake
The Iowa City Police Department compiles race and sex
demographic information on drivers of vehicles stopped by
members of the department.
Below are the totals for each demographic catagory, from January
2000 through November 2000.
Male White - 7,967
Male Black - 782
Male Hispanic - 224
Male Asian - 271
Male Other - 163
Male Unknown - 38
Female White - 4,852
Female Black - 328
Female Hispanic - 86
Female Asian - 125
~male Other - 40
~male Unknown - 14
Unknown - 5
TOTAL - 14,895
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Local
Thursday,
January 4,
Iowa City Press-Citizen 200
iowa City
Vehicle-stop
numbers released
The Iowa City Police
Department compiled race
and sex demographic mlbr-
mation on drivers of vel~cles
stopped by members of the
deparUnent.
Below are the numbers
for each demograpl~c cate-
gory from January 2000
through December 2000:
· Male, whim: 8,583
· Male, black: 839
· Male, Hispan/c: 244
· Male, Asian: 293
· Male, otben 172
· Male, anknown: 41
· Female, white: 5,184
· Female, black: 348
· Female, Hisp~nic: 91
· Female, Asian: 138
· Female, other. 45
· Female, m~mown: 15
· Unknown: 5
Total: 15,998
Iowa City Police Department December 2000
TACTICAL DECEPTION Workin,q With Persons With
TALKING SUSPECTS INTO CUSTODY Disabilities
BYANDREWJ. BORRELLO Adapted from: Model Policy ADA
It is estimated that there are 43 million people in the
As Police Officers, we have been trained and entrusted United States with a disability. These are general
to be honest and ethical in all areas of our job. These divided into physical or mental disabilities. The Police
are qualities and characteristics expected of our Department is obligated and determined to provide the
profession by statute and policy. There are, however, full range of services to persons with disabilities.
occasions during the performance of our duties when These services require that personnel recognize
we, as Police Officers, can and should deceive, symptoms of a disability, sensitivity and appropriate
mislead, cause deception, and temporarily hide the support when dealing with persons with disability,
truth. However you want to label it, this form of access to interpreters as needed, and access to
deception is done to afford an Officer with enhanced necessary departmental and non-departmental
control providing an added margin of safety. This is resources. Departmental personnel must take the
Tactical Deception. steps necessary to assist people with disabilities in
An officer determines during a traffic stop that a male is accessing the full range of immediate and follow-up
under the influence of alcohol and will be arrested. He services provided by the Iowa City Police Department.
or she has a back-up officer but this male is 6-5, Following is a brief discussion of various types of
weighs 250 pounds, he is nervous and agitated, and disabilities.
has verbally made it clear that he does not want to go
to jail The officer tells the man he js under arrest and Visual Disabilities
to put his hands behind his back or goes to initiate a One of the most important steps an officer can take
hands on control hold which also alerts the suspect, it's when dealing with a person who is blind or visually
time to go to jail. The suspect begins a violent struggle impaired is to identify themselves as a member of the
to escape and the fight is on. The suspect may get department. When responding to a residence this may
hurt, the Officers may get hurt, but either way an entail having the ECO contact the person and advise
unnecessary altercation and use of force has occurred. that the officer is on scene. If meeting with a person in
With the application of tactical deception, the a public case allowing them to touch a badge may
serve to reassure them that they are in fact dealing with
continued on page 2 the police. Officers should avoid taking the person by
the arm in an attempt to guide him/her. If assistance is
needed, they may seek your arm.
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
Mental, Emotional, and Psychological Disabilities
I Tactical Deception The terms "mental illness", "emotional illness" and
"psychological illness", describe a group of disabilities
I Persons With Disabilities causing disturbances in thinking, feeling, and relating. It
has been estimated that 10 percent of the population
4 Runaway or Abduction have some type of mental illness. Dealing with these
type disabilities usually requires providing only general
assistance, but may require time and patience beyond
that usually provided. If involved in a custodial
situation, the presence of a family member or friend
may be useful in calming the individual. Officers should
use the least amount of restraint neces~ar~ct~n~.~4~
training I
continued from page 1
aforementioned scenario may have a different that he has no weapons, The suspect believing that
outcome. After the Officer determined the man is to be freedom is near is only too happy to comply with my
arrested for driving under the influence under all the wishes. I can now safely and easily apply a powerful
same conditions as listed in example #1, he or she control hold, conduct my search, and then tell the
tells the suspect that he will be allowed to walk home suspect that he is under arrest while the handcuffs are
after a license check is completed. The officer then safely being applied. By doing this, I have given myself
calls for two additional Officers to assist in the arrest added control which enhanced my level of safety.
based on the size and disposition of the suspect. By These are but a few of the many situations tactical
temporarily deceiving the suspect, tactically, the deception can be applied to give added safety to
Officer bought him or herself more time and doubled Officers in otherwise potentially adverse situations.
the manpower, 4 to 1 instead of 2 to 1. Now the The key is to be clever and use your imagination.
arresting Officer can make the arrest and if a fight Now the question arises, "How can Police Officers not
ensues, the officers safety factor and advantage has telling the truth be ethical?" Police Officers are
been greatly increased. Additionally, many suspects supposed to be honest, have integrity, and tell the
would think a lot harder on their capabilities to escape truth. When an Officer uses any of his or her
or their will to fight when facing 4 Officers as opposed resources, skills, training, and experience to his or her
to 2. advantage and this advantage resulted in a fight not
Have you ever contacted an addict who was under the occurring, or an officer not getting hurt, or a suspect
influence but was uncooperative with your evaluation? unable to escape, then that action can be labeled as
Try telling him/her that you understand their problem smart Police work. Temporary deception, applied
as you have a close relative who has been an addict correctly, is smart police work. Seasoned patrol
for years and ask for some advice. Many addicts veterans use it daily, experienced police interviewers
respond to this tactical deception with great depend on it, and injury has been avoided more than
enthusiasm and become very cooperative. How about
once because of it. If a defense attorney asked me in
the husband that beat his wife and will fight before he front of a jury why I lied to the defendant, inferring that
gets arrested? Try telling him that the situation is not this type of action was wrong or unethical, my answer
his fault and that it appears to you that the whole thing would be something like this:
is a big misunderstanding. Follow this by saying that "1 did not immediately tell the defendant the truth
you don't want to arrest him but the law forces you to based upon his aggressive actions which led me to
do it and that it will help him to get away for the night. believe, based on my training and experience, that a
This does not work all the time, nothing does, but fight or escape would happen. I temporarily mislead
these two simple sentences can get many suspects on the defendant until my back-up officers arrived and
your side as you safely talk him into handcuffs. until the situation could be controlled without me or my
How about gang members who are often violent, carry fellow officers getting hurt and to avoid any use of
weapons, or run. Gang members hate to lose face in force on the defendant. Once control was
front of their associates and especially in front of accomplished, I advised the defendant that he was
females and often fight or become uncooperative with under arrest and took him safely into custody without
Police to prove themselves. In certain situations, try incident and nobody was hurt."
telling a gang member to be arrested and who you Now, if it is not painfully clear, temporary deception,
believe may fight or attempt escape, that he is the only used by officers for safety reasons, to stall for time, or
one in the group with guts enough to not always run to avoid an impending altercation is a valuable tactic.
when the police come. By saying this simple sentence, Deception or dishonesty in any other form such as in
or similar applicable sentence, you have lifted his report writing, testimony, etc. has no place in law
status a couple notches and especially if you say it so enforcement.
others can hear it. You have given the suspect what he Naturally tactical deception is not needed in every
wants most, respect from an authority figure. You may arrest, however, it is a tool among many others we
also tell him that it would be a bad idea to fight as his have that can be utilized to our advantage. Tactical
friends would lose respect for him if he is seen taken deception can be a great asset providing for increased
into custody by force. Tell him a man is not afraid to go safety, better control of situations, and to avoid uses of
to jail. The key words the gang member hears are man force on suspects. Unethical behavior or smart Police
and afraid. He wants to be considered a man and work. You bethejudge.
never be seen as afraid.
As you can see, this tactic can be applied to many
situations, domestic violence, persons under the - ,
influence, gang member contacts, as well as many r
other types of arrest situations. Another example of ':
tactical deception I have found successful is at the
point of arrest, I tell the suspect that before I leave the
scene I first need do a quick search to double check · '
training 2
continued from page 1
UPCOMING TRAINING ~'-~-~ ~:::i"'j take the person in to custody. Depadmentalpersonnel
' should consider referring or seeking assistance from
The following is a listing of training, ,/vh ch MAY be available. appropriate outside agencies.
DO NOT consider this a posting. Any' rSque~t to 'atten~
based on this listing will not be co,~sidered a request to Mental Retardation
attend. , , Mental retardation encompasses a broad range of
:- developmental disabilities ranging from mild to
"' "~ profound. Mental retardation and mental illness are
CALENDAR OF EVENTS separate and distinct conditions with no similarity.
When dealing with person of limited intellectual
TRAINING EVENT functioning officers should consider asking shor~
PLACE MONTGOMERY HALL questions, be patient while waiting for a response, and
DATE BEGINNING 1/8/01 5 CONSECUTIVE WEEKS be willing to repeat question as necessary. If a family
MATS member or friend is available, they may be invaluable
in assisting with the subject. When dealing with
TRAINING EVENT someone who is lost, accompanying the person
through a building or neighborhood to seek visual
PLACE MTTU IV clues may prove of benefit.
DATE 02/12-16/01
Criminal Investigative Techniques Mobility Impairments
Among the most identifiable are those persons with
TRAINING EVENT mobility impairments. When responding to an
emergency call involving a person with a mobility
PLACE MTTU IV impairment, officers should be cognizant of the safest
DATa 03/12-16/01 and most rapid method of assisting the person without
Decision Making for Law Enforcement Officers (Use of Force causing unnecessary strain or injury. In an arrest
Training involving classroom and use of simunition) situation, once the person is secure and safety issues
are resolved, consideration should be given to the
TRAINING EVENT return Of any mobility aids.
PLACE CRPD RANGE "Invisible" Disabilities
DATE WEEKOFMAY21ST Many disabilities are difficult to notice. Officers must
Spring Firearm qualification/training realize that the involuntary behavior associated with
some of these disabilities may resemble behavior
characteristics of intoxication or disorderly conduct.
I.e. epilepsy, diabetes or tourette's syndrome. An
CONSTRUCTIVE POSSESSION officer's patience and understanding of the
characteristics commonly associated with "invisible"
In July and August, the County Atty. provided disabilities will assist in coming to a successful
information for the bulletin and WT relating to outcome. As with other types of disabilities, the
constructive and actual possession. This was presence of family members or friends may be useful
emphasized again in a coud case in the Sept. Bulletin. in providing information.
On Nov. 16, 2000 the Iowa Supreme Court decided
State v Atkinson, which again reiterates the necessity Speech and Hearing disabilities
for determining the extent to which a person is As exemplified in other training, a person's failure to
connected to the contents (contraband) contained in a comply or respond to verbal commands does not
vehicle. In this case the court states ...When the always constitute defiance, but may be the result of a
controlled substance is found in a car there are factors hearing impairment. When dealing with the hearing
to be considered in whether the defendant had impaired, officers need to take extra time to ensure
knowledge of its existence, such as: contraband in that they have adequately communicated with the
plain view of the defendant, with the defendant's hearing impaired. In custodial situations it is of the
personal effects, found on same side of the car as the utmost importance that officers take steps to see that
defendant, the defendant is owner of vehicle, and the rights of the hearing impaired are protected.
suspicious activity by the defendant. In this case, the
When responding to calls involving persons with
State proved only that the defendant had engaged in
suspicious activity. The defendanrs close proximity to disabilities, you have an obligation to ensure that the
the contraband is insufficient alone to establish her person with disabilities services and protections
dominion and control of it .... comparable to those provided those without
training 3
Runaway or Abduction past. If so where did the child go? Throughout the
Assessment Tools for Patrol Officers interview process the officer should attempt to
establish if the absence is a significant deviation from
When a child disappears, the responding officer must established patterns of behavior. Through interviews
make the determination as to the extent of the the officer should develop and verify as thoroughly as
response. The identification of a case as runaway possible a timeline of the child's last known activities,
when in fact it is abduction may decrease the identify habits, hobbies, interests and identify the
likelihood of the child being safely returned. This is known "comfort zone" of the child. How much time
exacerbated by the fact that there are approximately transpired between the child's last known activity and
450,000 runaways in the United States at any given the parent's repod? Note any changes in behavior or
time. Without obvious indicators of abduction, such as activity, identify any traumatic or stressful events, Did
a witness, statistics indicate that the child is most likely the child exhibit any "runaway" gestures such as
a runaway. If officers work on the assumption that it is staying out all night, threats, or other behavior that was
a runaway, evidence of abduction may often be contrary to normal or accepted behavior. Are there
overlooked. indications of child abuse within the residence?
Additionally eftotis should be made to identify and
Assessing the Situation interview friends, teachers or others who regularly had
The responding officers initial assessment will have a contact with the child. Who would the child go to
receive assistance?
great impact on the outcome of the missing child case
and may determine whether the child is recovered and
Scene Assessment - A search of the missing child's
returned home safely. No other investigation is as
time sensitive. If abduction is erroneously classified as residence can provide information that may assist in
a runaway, crucial investigative oppodunities may be determining if the incident is a runaway or abduction.
jeopardized. To assess a missing child repod Are there signs of forced entry? Is the child's room in a
accurately. the responding officer must explore the different state than normal. Are there things missing
child's lifestyle and behaviors. In addition the officer from the child's room, i.e. clothes, toiletdes,
must assess whether a voluntary departure is medications, favorite objects? Does the child have
consistent with the child's behavior pattern. Officers access to money, credit cards, transportation, and
should determine if the child is living with both parents have they been accessed. This would indicate the
or if there is a non-custodial or a shared custody disappearance was preplanned. Additionally officers
parent who may have the child or know of their should consider a thorough search of the property. A
whereabouts. second officer may do this while the initial officer
continues their interview with the parent(s).
Officers should interview parents separately from other ' ::
family members. During the parental interview, officer
should compile a physical description of the child, a - : ":"!
cloth ing description if available, and a current , f: '
photograph. Determine if the child has runaway in the
This and That :' ·
In 1998, 15,935 fatalities and 305,000 injuries were related to impaired driving, accounting for one fatality nearly
every 33 minutes and one injury every two minutes. Additionally, traffic-related crashes annually result in more
than $45 billion in economic costs.
Reminder: When completing a Use of Force report, in the "Type of Incident" box, you need to specify the original
reason for contact with the subject. If you end up using force on someone resulting from your stopping a person
for another officer you need to use the original reason for the contact by the originating officer.
In State v. Bloomer, decided by the Iowa Supreme Court 10/11/2000, it was determined that although a defendant
(suspect/OWl) is entitled to an independent test for alcohol content, that right does not arise until after the
defendant completes the test requested by the officer.
I "Even if you're on the right track, if you stand still you'll get run over by the train. Will Rogers
training 4
i-. L..:,:~;.,
· t' __ · ...... ,' r~",'
IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT
TRAINING BULLETIN 01
DATE: Dec. 4th, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k.hurd
SUBJECT: RR Crossing Violations
This weeks watch training deals with RR crossing hazards and violations. The
attached video identifies various driver obligations, traffic violations and
investigative tips associated with RR crossings.
Cc: Chief Winkelhake
Capt, Harney
Capt. Widmer
Watch Training 01-21
RR Grade Crossing Violations
Scenario - You are stopped second in line at a RR crossing. There is a moving train
vehicle stopped in front of it and the vehicle then accelerates across the tracks.
Critical Issues - What is the appropriate charge? Is there a difference between going
through flashing RR lights and going around/through a lowered arm? The Code of Iowa
has the following requirements and prohibitions relating to RR crossings:
321.304 Prohibited Passing - No vehicle shall, in overtaking and passing another vehicle
or at any other time, be driven to the left side of the roadway under the following
conditions: . ..2. When approaching within one hundred feet of any narrow bridge,
viaduct, or tunnel, when so signposted, or when approaching within one hundred feet of
or traversing any intersection or railroad grade crossing.
SPECIAL STOPS REQU1RED
321.341 Obedience to signal o f train.
When a person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing and warning is
given by automatic signal, crossing gates, a flag person, or otherwise of the immediate
approach of a train, the driver of the vehicle shall stop within fifty feet but not less than
fifteen feet from the nearest rail and shall not proceed until the driver can do so safely.
The driver of a vehicle shall stop and remain standing and not traverse such a grade
crossing when a crossing gate is lowered or when a human flagman gives or continues to
give a signal of the approach or passage of a train.
321.342 Stop at certain railroad crossings--posting warning.
The driver of any vehicle approaching a railroad grade crossing across which traffic is
regulated by a stop sign, a railroad sign directing traffic to stop or an official traffic
control signal displaying a flashing red or steady circular red colored light shall stop prior
to crossing the railroad at the first opportunity at either the clearly marked stop line or at
a point near the crossing where the driver has a clear view of the approaching railroad
traffic.
Chapters 321.354 - .358 contain prohibitions on parking within a RR right of way.
Discussion - The attached video discusses grade crossing violations. It discusses the
obligations of drivers when approaching RR crossings. It also discusses trespassing
issues. The RR right of way is private property and persons may be subject to trespassing
charges.
(TI bonus: what is the misstatement in the video?)
IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT
TRAININC BULLETIN ~1-~
DATE: Dec.1 lth, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k.hurd
SUBJECT: WT 01-24 Vehicle Damage Estimates
This weeks watch training deals "guestimating vehicle damage." The attached
sheets were adapted from "cheat sheets" used by the Iowa State Patrol. You will
need to determine where the involved vehicles "fit" in the range. Also there is
reference to the new state accident report forms which go into effect on 01/01/01.
C,~: Chief Winkelhake
Capt. Harney
Capt, Widmer
Watch Training 01 ~24 . i .....
Vehicle Damage Estimates ....... :" _ o t'. I c.
Scenario - You respond to a car deer accident. There is damage to the ffo~,l~art of the,,
car. You need to estimate the total amount of damage. ~C'?;:". r ': ~ ' "~)!..:.7\
Critical Issues - What guidelines should I follow when making a "guestimate" of the
dollar mount of the damage. What is the dollar value of the deer? What if it struck a
loose steer instead?
Discussion -
Iowa Code Chapter 321.266(2) is as follows:
/
The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of any
person, or total property damage to an apparent extent of one thousand dollars or more
shall also, within seventy-two hours after the accident, forward a written report of the
accident to the department.
While it is not expected that officers will be able to accurately estimate the amount of
damage of vehicles involved in a crash, we should attempt to get a reasonable "ballpark"
figure. Most of our estimates involve the under estimation of vehicle damage. The
underestimation of damage creates several problems among which are: confusion on the
pan of the owner as to the filing of a State Accident Report, Inaccurate data being entered
in Records, Inaccurate data being provided to other governmental agencies for use in
their decision making process.
In the above scenario for figuring total dmnage, a deer would have a value of $00.
Livestock or domesticated animals should be placed at their market value.
The attached guidelines have been adapted and updated from "cheat sheets" used by the
Iowa State Patrol when estimating vehicle damage. The estimates do not include labor,
which can voly from shop to shop.
Using the attached guidelines if the grill, headlights, hood and windshield were damaged
and it were a relatively new mid-priced car, you could estimate the damage at:
Grill $200
Headlights $200
Hood $600
Windshield $300
For a total dollar amount of $1300, thus requiring a state accident report to be filled out.
(The new forms have abbreviated instructions for car/deer accidents)
With the attached cheat sheet you will need to determine where in the range the
vehicle(s) involved fit and make your estimate accordingly.
Average Repair Costs t ~---' ,,~ -"
(does not include labor)
Grill $150- 300 ~0~'~;:' "" :' :"}'\/'/'&
Windshield $150 - 400
Side windows $150
Hood $400 - 800
Trunk $350 - 500 /
Rear hatch/lift gate $600
Rear Window $350 - 700 (higher with defrost
Taillights (both) $150
Headlights (both) $150 - 300
Rear fender quarter $550 - 800
Door $300 - 500
Front Fender/Quarter $300 - 600
Roof $700 - 900
Grill $150 - 300
Radiator $350 - 600
Bumper $250 - 700
Wheel $150 - 500
For luxury or "foreign sports cars" add 20% to the higher figure
IQWA CITY PQLICF DFPARTMFNT
TRAINING BULLETIN
DATE: Dec.18th, 2000
TO: Commanders (All Sworn)
FROM: k,hurd
SUBJECT: WT 01-25 State (Ohio) v Homan
This weeks watch training deals in greater detail with State (Ohio) v Homan.
This was touched upon briefly in the Nov. Bulletin, but put briefly, when
administering SFST officers need to follow the procedures developed by the
NHTSA. The Homan decision also pointedly demonstrates the importance of
detailed, complete repods. Even though the SFST were not allowed, Homan
was convicted based on the observations and documentation of the officer.
While not binding on Iowa, the decision was a topic at the Prosecuting Attorneys
conference in Nov., which resulted in the Prosecuting Attorneys sending out
training information. They fully expect Homan type defenses in the near future.
Cc: Chief Winkelhake
Capt. Harney
Capt. Widmer
Watch Training 01-2S
State v Homan (Ohio)
2331
the whid~ ~d d~t~ct an odor of alcohol I
d~vers' liGgnse. You decide to administer field sobriety tes~.
Critical Issues - How should the tests be administered. Is there any problem iEl v~
from the procedures established by the ~TSA? Is it possible to obtain a conviction w/o
th~ SFSTs?
Discussion - ~ State (Ohio) v Hom~ (mentioned in the Nov. training bulletin), decided
by the Ohio Supreme Cou~ in August 2000, it was d~cided that minor va~ations from the
inst~ctions/procedures established by the ~TSA, render the results of the test
u~eliable. The decision stated in pa~, "When field sobriety testing is conducted in a
ma~er that depa~s from established methods and procedures, the results are i~erently
u~diable." "The ~TSA concluded that field sobriety t~sts are ~ effective means of
detecting legal intoxication only wheo: lhe tests are administered in the prescribed,
stand~dized ma~er, ***the standardized clues are used to assess the suspect's
peffo~ance, and ***the standardized criteria are employed to inte~ret that
perromance." "...If any one of the standardized field sobriety test elements is changed,
the validity is cornpromised." "...The small margins of eftor that characterize field
sobriety tests make strict compliance critical." "...it is well established that in field
sobriety testing even minor deviations fi'om lbe standardized procedures can severely bias
the results." In a consenting opinion, ".. field sobriety t~st results ~e admissible at ffial
only if the officer strictly complied with slandardized testing procedures." ...the care
with which a field sobriety test is administered has a decisive ef/ecl on the ~cst's
reliability, and hence its evidentiary value."
As noted in the Nov. T~aining Bulletin Homao's conviction was upheld even tbe field
sobriety tests were disallowed because the officer detailed the other [actors; driving,
behavior, odor, in his repo~.
While Homan is a decision by the Ohio Supreme C0u~ and is not binding on Iowa
Coups, it may be cited or sere as re~erence ~o~ the Iowa CouPs. The implications o/this
case a~e such that it was a topic for the Iowa Prosecuting Attomey's conference in
November.
FYI it is expected that the admissibility of "non-procedural" SFST will be challenged.
~MEMBEK THE TITLE: STANDA~IZED Field Sobfiery Tests.
With this in mind, the Iowa Prosecuting Altomeys have provided the following reffesher
from the ILEA training manual.
(Complete Homan d~dsion available in the Training office)