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HomeMy WebLinkAbout10-11-2005 Police Citizens Review Board AGENDA POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD October 11, 2005 - 7:00 P.M. LOBBY CONFERENCE ROOM 410 E. Washington Street ITEM NO. 1 CALL TO ORDER and ROLL CALL ITEM NO. 2 CONSIDER MOTION ADOPTING CONSENT CALENDAR AS PRESENTED OR AMENDED · Minutes of the meeting on 09/13/05 · ICPD General Order #99-04 (Canine Operations) · ICPD General Order #99-05 (Use of Force) · ICPD Use of Force Report- August 2005 ITEM NO.3 REPORT FROM NOMINATING COMMITTEE ITEM NO.4 CONSIDER MOTION TO FIX METHOD OF VOTING COMMENT: As the By-Laws do not prescribe the method of voting, the Board will need to make a motion to fix the method of voting. Nominations can be made by balloting or from the floor. Voting can be by voice vote, show of hands, or ballot. The Board should decide if the basis for decision is majority vote of the total membership and procedure for canvass of ballots. ITEM NO.5 NOMINATIONS FOR OFFICE OF CHAIRPERSON MOTION TO CLOSE NOMINATIONS BALLOT OR VOTE ITEM NO.6 NOMINATIONS FOR OFFICE OF VICE-CHAIRPERSON MOTION TO CLOSE NOMINATIONS BALLOT OR VOTE ITEM NO. 7 OLD BUSINESS ITEM NO. 8 NEW BUSINESS PCRB October 11, 2005 Page 2 ITEM NO. 9 PUBLIC DISCUSSION ITEM NO. 10 BOARD INFORMATION ITEM NO, 1'1 STAFF INFORMATION ITEM NO. 12 CONSIDER MOTION TO ADJOURN TO EXECUTIVE SESSION based on Section 21.5(1 )(a) of the Code of Iowa to review or discuss records which are required or authorized by state or federal law to be kept confidential or to be kept confidential as a condition for that government body's possession or continued receipt of federal funds, and 22.7(11 ) personal information in confidential personnel records of public bodies including but not limited to cities, boards of supervisors and school districts, and 22-7(5) police officer investigative reports, except where disclosure is authorized elsewhere in the Code; and 22.7(18) Communications not required by law, rule or procedure that are made to a government body or to any of its employees by identified persons outside of government, to the extent that the government body receiving those communications from such persons outside of government could reasonably believe that those persons would be discouraged from making them to that government body if they were available for general public examination. ITEM NO. 13 MEETING SCHEDULE and FUTURE AGENDAS · November 8, 2005, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · December 13, 2005, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · January 10, 2006, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · February 14, 2006, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room ITEM NO. 14 ADJOURNMENT MEMORANDUM POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD A Board of the City of Iowa City DATE: October 7, 2005 TO: PCRB Members FROM: Kellie Tuttle RE: Board Packet for meeting on October 11, 2005 Enclosed please find the following documents for your review and comment at the next board meeting: · Agenda for 10/11/05 · Minutes of the meeting on 09/13/05 · ICPD General Order #99-04 (Canine Operations) · ICPD General Order #99-05 (Use of Force) · ICPD Use o," Force Report- August 2005 · PCRB Complaint Deadlines · PCRB Office Contacts- September 2005 Other resources available: National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement NACOLE provides information regarding civilian oversight in law enforcement nation wide. For more information see: www. NACOLE.orq DRAFT POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD MINUTES - SEPTEMBER '] 3, 2005 CALL TO ORDER: Vice-Chair Greg Roth called the meeting to order at 7:02 p.m. MEMBERS PRESENT: Elizabeth Engel, Michael Larson, and Greg Roth MEMBERS ABSENT: Loren Horton, and Candy Barnhill STAFF PRESENT: Legal Counsel Catherine Pugh and Staff Kellie Turtle present OTHERS PRESENT: Capt. Tom Widmer of the ICPD RECOMMENDATIONS TO COUNCIL (1) Accept PCRB Report on Complaint #05-02 CONSENT CALENDAR Motion by Engel and seconded by Larson to adopt the consent calendar. · Minutes of the meeting on 08/16/05 · ICPD General Order #99-05 (Use of Force) · ICPD General Order #00-05 (Off-Duty Conduct: Powers of Arrest) · ICPD General Order #01-04 (Bomb Threats / Emergencies) · ICPD General Order #05-01 (Persons with Mental Illness) · ICPD Department Memo #05-33 · ICPD Use of Force Report- July 2005 Motion carried, 3/0, Horton and Barnhill absent. OLD BUSINESS None. NEW BUSINESS Engel and Larson were chosen for the Nominating Committee and will give a report with their recommendations at the October meeting. PUBLIC DISCUSSION Widmer informed the Board he had spoken with a journalism student regarding the general orders wanting to know why the Board receives them and what type of changes'are made. Widmer asked the Board what kind of information they would like him to provide regarding the general orders. It was decided that Widmer would come prepared to the meeting with the changes in case the Board has questions. Widmer also stated that if it was a substantial change he would let the Board know during their discussion. BOARD INFORMATION Roth introduced the new Board member Michael Larson and Larson gave the Board some background on himself. PCRB September 13, 2005 Page 2 STAFF INFORMATION Tuttle informed the Board that Barnhill had been accepted into the Johnson County Master Gardner trainee program which meets every Tuesday and Thursday from September 8-November 1. EXECUTIVE SESSION Motion by Larson and seconded by Engel to adjourn into Executive Session based on Section 2'1.5('l)(a) of the Code of Iowa to review or discuss records which are required or authorized by state or federal law to be kept confidential or to be kept confidential as a condition for that government body's possession or continued receipt of federal funds, and 22.7(1 ~1 ) personal information in confidential personnel records of public bodies including but not limited to cities, boards of supervisors and school districts, and 22-7(5) police officer investigative reports, except where disclosure is authorized elsewhere in the Code; and 22.7(~ 8) Communications not required by law, rule or procedure that are made to a 9overnment body or to any of its employees by identified persons outside of government, to the extent that the government body receiving those communications from such persons outside of government could reasonably believe that those persons would be discouraged from making them to that government body if they were available for general public examination. Motion carried, 3~0, Horton and Barnhill absent. Open session adjourned at 7:14 P.M. REGULAR SESSION Returned to open session at 7:16 P.M. Motion by Larson and seconded by Engel to forward the Public Report as amended for PCRB Complaint #05-02 to City Council. Motion carried, 3~0, Horton and Barnhill absent. MEETING SCHEDULE · ~, October '1 ~, 2005, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · November 8, 2005, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · December 13, 2005, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room · January 10, 2006, 7:00 P.M., Lobby Conference Room ADJOURNMENT Motion for adjournment by Larson and seconded by Engel. Motion carried, 3~0, Horton and Barnhill absent. Meeting adjourned at 7:20. OPS-IO.1 CANINE OPERATIONS I Date of Reissue General Order Number September, 2005 99-04 I Effective Date Section Code April 21, 1999 OPS-10 Reevaluation Date Amends / Cancels April 2007 9~05 C.A.L.E.A. I Reference 41.1.4, 1.3.6 INDEX A S: Reports Searches -< --u "T'I Use of Force -~,C~ -- I. PURPOSE '~' It is the purpose of this policy to provide guidelines for the management an~'use o~the department's canine unit. The utilization of canines requires adherence to procedures that properly control their use and channel their specialized capabilities into acceptable crime prevention and control activities. II. POLICY It is the policy of the Iowa City Police Department to use trained canine teams in acceptable fashion to augment the traditional law enforcement and crime prevention functions of the Iowa City Police Department. The Department recognizes that under certain circumstances that the use of a canine constitutes a use of force and must comply with the Departments Use of Force policy. OPS-10.2 III. DEFINITIONS Canine (K-9) Team: an officer handler and his/her assigned police ~e. -- Canine Supervisor: Commander of Field Operations IV. PROCEDURES ~ .~. A. CANINE UTILIZATION 1. The Department's canine team is available on a 24-hour, call out basis to: conduct building searches; assist in the arrest or prevent the escape of serious or violent offenders; protect officers or others from death or serious injury; track suspects or locate lost or missing persons, or hidden evidence of a crime, and detect the presence of narcotics or explosives. a. Canine teams should not be used to respond to minor complaints but may engage in assignments not listed here with approval of the canine supervisor or on duty watch commander. b. Canine teams may be called upon to do public demonstrations as assigned. 2. Canine handlers are responsible for determining whether a situation justifies canine use and the appropriate tactical measures .that should be taken. Where the on-scene supervisor disagrees with the handler's tactical assessment, the Commander of Field Operations or designee, when the Commander of Field Operations is absent, should be notified and his/her decision followed. Where time does not permit such notification, the directions of the on- scene supervisor shall be followed. a. Police canines shall not be handled or given commands by anyone' other than the assigned handler. Should the assigned handler be injured or otherwise unable to command the canine, the canine should be removed from the scene. 3. Canine team assistance shall be requested by patrol officers through an immediate supervisor. 'Communications center personnel will forward the requisite information concerning the incident to the canine handler or unit supervisor. Requests from the Investigative Section should be routed through the Investigative Supervisor on duty, or if unavailable, the request should be routed through the on-duty watch commander. In instances where the request comes from an active SRT response, the request will be routed through the SRT supervisor in charge of the scene. CPS-10.3 B. BUILDING SEARCHES FOR SUSPECTS IN HIDING A primary use of canines is for locating suspects in buildings or related structures where search by officers would create an unnecessary risk to officers and/or bystanders. All building searches or entries shall comply with departmental directives pertaining to building searches and entry. In addition the following guidelines apply when a canine unit is used in the search: 1. The building perimeter should be secured by responding personnel. 2. In all cases, an attempt shall be made to contact the building's oWner or tenant, an attempt shall be made to determine whether there may be tenants or others in the building, and an attempt shall be made to ascertain the building's layout. 3. When a canine building search is anticipated, a preliminary search by officers should not be conducted, as this will interfere with the canine's ability to discriminate scents. 4. On-scene personnel should take the following steps in I:~l~rat~n for the canine search:'~>-~-i ~ '-FI a. Evacuate all tenants, workers or others from the facility? -- ~ r'n. --u !-Ti b. Request that all air moving eqUipment be shut down. ~ .-E'. _ 5. The camne shall not be used to search facilities that corttain substances potentially harmful to the animal unless overriding risk to human life is present. The presence of such substances is a factor weighing in favor of an on-lead search of the property. 6. Unless exigent circumstances exist, prior to commencing the search, the handler or other designated person shall loudly announce that there are pOlice officers on the premises and that a trained police canine will be released if the individual does not surrender. This will be accompanied by the warning that the canine will find and bite the individual. This statement shall be repeated at least once. In the absence of exigent circumstances the canine unit shall wait at least 3 minutes prior to entry of the structure, to allow the suspect a reasonable opportunity to respond. In multilevel, partitioned or large single level structures said announcement shall be repeated as reasonably necessary to apprise occupants of the structure that there are police officers on the premises and that a trained police canine will be released if the individual does not surrender. For example, this standard may require a repetition of the announcement at new levels, entryways or portions of the structure distant from the original location of entry. To the extent possible, the warning should be communicated OPS-10.4 over an open radio channel for capture on the voice data logs. The time and location of the announcement(s) should be relayed to communications for inclusion in the CAD but in any case shall be noted in the canine officer's incident report. 7. Prior to entry, all exits should be secured or placed under observation, and communications assigned to a designated frequeqi~ and ~ited to a tactical nature. 8. Prior to entry; .-<~ _.., a. exits should be under containment. Officers should~osi~ne~ in such a manner as to provide a view of the site witl~exl~sing them. Containment means the suspect cannot esc_,~pe from__, the perimeter without being observed. b. radio' communications switched to a designated frequency and limited to a tactical nature. 9. The decision as to whether the search should be conducted on or off lead will be made by the handler based on the information available at the time. The presence of substances potentially harmful to the canine is a factor weighing in favor of an on-lead search. 10.When apprehending suspects in these or related circumstances, canines shall be commanded to disengage as soon as the suspect is subdued or readily complies with officer's commands. 11.Assisting officers should not walk between the canine and the suspect unless specifically instructed to do so by the handler. 12.The arrestee should not be transported in the same vehicle with the canine unless alternative transportation is not available and immediate transport is essential for safety or security reasons. C. REPORTS REQUIRED Use of specially trained police canines for law enforcement responsibilities constitutes a real or implied use of force. In this as in other cases, officers may only use that degree of force that reasonably appears necessary to apprehend or secure a suspect as governed by this department's Use of Force policy. In all instances where a canine is deployed, a supplemental report shall be submitted by the handler, or in the event he/she is unable to complete the report, by a watch supervisor. The supplemental report shall be forwarded to the Canine Supervisor. Whenever the canine unit apprehends a person, the handler shall complete a Use of Force Report. Whenever a canine apprehends an individual with physical contact, whether or not in the line-of-duty, the handler shall: 0PS-10.5 1. Summon a supervisor to the scene. 2. Examine the affected area to determine the seriousness of the bite or injury. 3. Obtain medical treatment for the person, medical personnel should examine the affected area irrespective of the perceived seriousness of the bite or injury. 4. Take color photographs of the affected area, if possible, prior to and following medical treatments. A "full body" photograph should also be included. 5. Complete an incident report whenever it is known or alleged that a canine has apprehended or otherwise injured an individual. The report shall detail the circumstances surrounding the incident, the identity of the individual involved and any witnesses, the extent of the injuries, if known, and measures taken in response to the incident. A Use of Force report shall also be filled out. Copies of the incident report shall be forwarded to the Commander of Field Operations prior to the end of the watch. D. CROWD CONTROL O ~ 1. Canine teams shall not be used for crowd control..':7or~ peaceful__ demonstrations or gatherings. .~ -- · 2. Canine teams shall be used for crowd control only up ~d~prc~cel of-" the watch commander or canine supervisor, to protecl:~gainsCtheft or property damage during a riot or unlawful assembly (see IA'"6ode chapter 723) that cannot be controlled by other means. In these situations canines shall: a. be short leashed at all times unless no other means are available to 'protect an individual from serious injury; and b. not initiate any offensive action, unless to guard against imminent loss of life or serious bodily injury. E. DRUG DETECTION Use of police canines in a drug detection capacity is authorized in the following situations and under the following conditions: 1. The canine unit supervisor shall maintain records that document the use and proficiency of individual canines in drug detection. OPS-10.6 This documentation shall be readily available to canine officers and others who may need it when seeking warrants. 2. Random exploratory sniffing of luggage, packages or other inanimate objects may be conducted in public facilities such as airports, and bus terminals, as authorized by the canine unit supervisor or other authorized command officer and in accordance with State and Federal law. a. When a drug detection canine alerts to luggage or related items, a warrant or consent to search must be obtained before it is opened unless exigent circumstances exist to justify a warrantless search. 3. The use of drug detection canines in public schools i~ermit~ only when: a. The school's principal or designated authorit_~Z~.~Clue~s approves use of the canines. ~c.~ -- ..-< r- i-FI b. there is reasonable and articulable suspicion t_~iev.~, th illegal narcotics are being distributed and/or con~med e~ the premises such that the interests of the school are-Seing unacceptably compromised; and c. the search is limited to inanimate objects in public areas and the exterior of student lockers unless reasonable and articulable suspicion exists to gain admission to lockers and related areas where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. (see Iowa Code Chapter 808A, Student Searches) 3. Drug-sniffing canines may be used to sniff motor vehicles when: a. reasonable suspicion exists to believe the operator or passengers are in possession of illegal narcotics; or b. during a valid vehicle stop, the canine is used to sniff the vehicle's exterior in an exploratory manner. Unless the canine alerts to the vehicle, the operator may not be detained longer than necessary to conclude the business associated with the initial stop. F. TRACKING Police canines are available with supervisory approval to track missing persons or suspects, or to locate evidence that the supervisor has reason to believe has been abandoned or hidden in a specified open area. Such searches are subject to the following conditions and limitations: OPS-IO.7 1. · When officers are pursuing suspects and contact with the suspect is lost, the officer, prior to summoning a canine team shall: a. stop and pinpoint the location where the suspect was last seen b. shut off engines of vehicles in the area if possible; and c. avoid vehicle or foot movement in the area where the suspect or subject was last seen. 2. Canines used for tracking persons shall remain on a leash of sufficient length to provide a reasonable measure of safety to the subject of the search without compromising the canine's tracking abilities. 3. When used to locate small children, unless there is a reasonable suspicion of foul play or a reasonable belief that serious bodily injury or death will occur if the child is not located immediately, the search shall be conducted on leash. If circumstances are such that an off-leash search is necessary, the canine officer shall explain the risks of apprehension to the parents or next of kin and their approval obtained to use the dog. 4. Canine teams should not be used to apprehend or locate persons suspected to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs or the mentally disturbed, if no other crime is involved, unless the person posses an immediate significant threat of death or serious physical injury to an officer or others. 0 CAN,N ©4 --u -FI 1. Teasing, agitating or roughhousing with police can_~,~-~s s~ctl~-r. prohibited unless peRormed as pa~ of a training exerC~ 2. Handlers shall not allow anyone to touch, pet or hu without thoir pormission and immediato supomision. Shoed a civilian expross a dosiro to do so, thoy should bo informod that polico caninos aro workin~ do~s and they can impmporly appmachod. H. OUTSIDE USE OF CANINES 1. Handlers will not offer or provide the services of the police canine for use to any outside agency without supervisor approval. The on- duty shift supervisor will make the decision and grant or deny approval for the K-9 unit to respond to the requesting agency. The OPS-10.8 supervisor will consider the current availability of units within the city prior to authorizing the use of the unit outside the city. 2. Emergency requests for the canine unit which occur when the canine unit is off-duty, will be cleared by the watch commander and coordinated with the canine unit. I. CANINE USE AND CARE Canines are the sole property of the Iowa City Police Department and assigned to the selected officer(s) as a law enforcement tool. The canine officer has assigned responsibilities to maintain the animal, but the animal may be reassigned at the discretion of the Chief of Police. 1. Police canines ~shall not be used for breeding, participation in shows, field trials, exhibitions or demonstrations without prior approval of the Chief of Police or his/her designee. 2. Canine handlers are personally responsible for the daily care and feeding of the their animal including, but not limited to: a. maintenance and cleaning of the kennel and yard area where the canine is housed; b. provision of food, water and general diet maintenance as prescribed by the departmentally authorized veterinarian; c. grooming on a daily basis, or 'more often as required by weather, working conditions or other factors; d. dailY exercise (police canines are not permitted to run at large unless performing police duties, i.e. training, under the direct control of the handler); 1) when someone other than the handler is exercising or otherwise handling the canine in public, the canine shall be mUzzled. e: general medical attention and maintenance of health care records. The kennel area of the officer s residence is subject to inspiration b~-~he Chief of Police or his/her designee without nOtice. Any recor~, rta~ing to the Canine which are housed at the officer's home are al~ ~Jbj_c:~ to-T] review and inspection without notice. -~ c:; ~ ~ OPS-10.9 J. VETERINARY SERVICE A licensed veterinarian will be chosen by the City to supply such veterinary services as needed. Periodic examinations will be arranged by the veterinarian for the canine. All medical treatments will be administered through the veterinarian's orders. In an extreme emergency the handler may utilize the nearest available veterinarian.' The handler will notify the City veterinarian as to the illness or injury of the canine, and treatment given, as soon as possible. K. REFRESHER TRAINING In order to continually develop the skills learned in the initial training, refresher training will be scheduled as needed. The canine supervisor shall arrange for periodic training to include re-certification of specific skills at designated periods. The primary responsibility of maintaining the working capabilities of the canine will remain with the handler. The' canine handler shall forward documentation of all training to the. department's training officer. Sa~nuel Fla~r~a~l~e, Chief of Police r WARNING ' J N OPS 03.1 t 005~,~29 P,~I 3:0 CITY IOWA OFF'( IOWA I Date of Reissue General Order Number April 28, 2001 99-05 I Effective Date Section Code April 21, 1999 OPS-03 Reevaluation Date Amends/Caneels April 2006 9105 95-03 C.A.L.E.A. I Reference I 1.3.1 - 1.3.8, 1.3.13 INDEX A S: Use of Force Reporting Significant Force Investigation Use of Force Model Canine Arrests Warning Shots I. PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to provide members of the Iowa City Police Department with guidelines on the use of deadly and non-deadly force. II. POLICY The Iowa City Police Department recognizes and respects the value and special integrity of each human life. In investing officers with the lawful authority to use force to protect the public welfare, a careful balancing of all human interests is required. Therefore, it is the policy of the Iowa City Police Department that police officers shall use only that force that is reasonable and necessary to effectively bring an incident under control, while protecting the lives of the officers and others. I L"i-~ OPS 03.2 ,~,~$E? 29 ~1~: ~EFINITIONS ~ ~U'-_~.~..~,~,~Definition - Deadly force (Section 704.2, Code of Iowa) for the '~?~, ~L)~mpurpose of this policy shall mean any of the following: ~. Fome u~ed for the purpose of oau~ing ~erious inju~. 2. Fome whioh the aotor knows, or reasonably should know, will ore~te a strong probabilit~ that ~erious inju~ will ooour. 3. The di~oharge of a firearm, in the dimotion of some pemon with the ~nowledge of the pemon% presenoe there, even though no intent to infliot ~erious ph~ioal inju~ oan be ~hown. 4. The di~oharge of a firearm, at a vehiole in whioh a pemon i~ known to be. Definition -Serious inju~ (Section 702,18 Code of Iowa) Means disabling mental illness, or bodily inju~ which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ. Definition - Reasonable force (Section 704.1, Code of Iowa) Is that force and no more which a reasonable person, in like circumstances, would judge to be necessa~ to prevent an inju~ or loss and can include deadly force if it is reasonable to believe that such force is necessa~ to avoid inju~ or risk to one's life or safety or the life or safety of another, or it is reasonable to believe that such force is necessa~ to resist a like force or threat. Reasonable force, including deadly force, may be used if an alternative course of action is available if the alternative entails a risk to life or safety, or the life or safety of a third pa~y, or requires one to abandon or retreat from one's dwelling or place of business or employment. Definition - Reasonable officer: Objective Standard 1. "The 'Reasonableness' of a padicular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. Graham v. Connor, 109, S.Ct. 1865,1872. (1989) 2. "Reasonableness" also takes into account that police officers make judgements in a split second under circumstances that are "tense, OPS 03.3 uncertain, and rapidly evolving - about the amount of force that is ~0~ SF_P 29 P,~ r~d~sary in a particular situation. Graham v. Connor, 109 S.Ct. 1865,1872.(1989) CiTf IOWA (~il!ni{'[~ As used in this policy, "less lethal munitions" Means projectiles which are designed to stun, temporarily incapacitate, or cause temporary discomfort to a person. IV. Code of Iowa - Use of Force in Making Arrests and Preventing Escape Section 804.8 Use of force by peace officer making an arrest. A peace officer, while making a lawful arrest, is justified in the use of any force which the peace officer reasonably believes to be necessary to effect the arrest or to defend any person from bodily harm while making the arrest. However, the use of deadly force is only justified when a person cannot be captured any other way and either: 1. The person has used or threatened to use deadly force in committing a felony, or 2. The peace officer reasonably believes the person would use deadly force against any person unless immediately apprehended. A peace officer making an arrest pursuant to an invalid warrant is justified in the use of any force which the peace officer would be justified in using if the warrant were valid, unless the peace officer knows that the warrant is invalid. Section 804.13 Use of force in preventing an escape. A peace offiCer or other person who has an arrested person in custody is justified in the use of such force to prevent the escape of the arrested person from custody as the officer or other person would be justified in using if the officer or other person were arresting such person. V. PROCEDURES DEADLY FORCE A. Purpose of statement 1. To delineate the Department's policy regarding the use of deadly force. OPS 03.4 2. To establish policies under which the use of deadly force is permissible. B. Policy 1. Officers of the Iowa City Police Department may fire weapons to stop or incapacitate an assailant to prevent serious bodily injury or death. For this purpose and to minimize danger to innocent ~ bystanders, the officer should shoot at the center body mass, ~ ,,,. whenever possible. LLJ EL. LIJ j>_: 2. An officer may use deadly force to protect him/herself or others __j o., ~.~,._. from what he/she reasonably believes to be an immediate threat of ! ! ,~ ~- death or serious injury. ~ O 3. An officer may use deadly force to effect the capture or prevent "" escape if: a. the person used or threatened to use deadly force in committing a felony, and b. the peace officer reasonably believes the person would use deadly force against a person unless immediately apprehended. 4. No distinction shall be made relative to the age of the intended target. 5. Warning shots by officers of the Iowa City Police Department are prohibited. 6. A verbal warning, shall be utilized prior to an officer discharging a weapon unless it would compromise the safety of the officer or others. 7. Shooting at or from a moving vehicle is prohibited, except under the following circumstances: a. When the occupant of the vehicle is utilizing deadly force against the police officer or other persons. bl As a last resort to prevent death or serious injury to officers or other persons. c. As a last resort to apprehend a person who has just committed a felony resulting in death or serious injury. OPS 03.5 d. The discharge of firearms shall not be utilized when circumstances do not provide a high probability of striking an intended target or when there is substantial risk to the safety of other persons, including the risk of causing vehicle accidents. C. Injuries resulting from Use of force. 1. Officers shall render appropriate first aid to any person injured or complaining of pain following the use of force. o <~. 2. EMS will be summoned to the scene to ensure delivery of ~ v~ appropriate medical treatment when: _~:>--- a. Requested by the subject(s)involved. b. The extent of an injury is unknown or not visible. ~,':=, O_ c. The nature or extent of the injury dictates. Officers shall error on the side of caution, requesting I=MS to respond to the scone if in doubt about the existence or extent of an injury. D. Surrender of firearm. When officers or employees discharge a firearm that results in persOnal injury or death to any person, 'the officer or employee shall surrender that firearm to his/her supervisor or a higher authority consistent with departmental directives. Firearms involved in police shooting incidents shall not be unloaded, cleaned, nor in any way altered from the condition immediately following discharge other than to make the weapon safe for transport. 1. When more than one officer or weapon has been involved in a shooting situation resulting in any injury or death, the involved weapons must be surrendered to the commanding officer in accordance with departmental directives. 2. The commanding officer receiving such firearm or firearms shall immediately secure and document the same as evidence. LESS LETHAL FORCE' A. Where deadly force is not authorized under this policy, officers should assess the incident in order to determine which less lethal technique will best de-escalate the incident and bring it under control in a safe OPS 03.6 manner. Officers shall use no more force than is reasonably necessary to gain control of an individual or situation. Officers are aUthorized to use force consistent with the Use of Force model. B. Definition-Use of Force. Use of force is any contact applied by an officer that significantly restricts or alters the actions of another and/or compels complianCe with the demands or instructions of the officer. This includes the use of restraint devices such as handcuffs. ~ ~ An officer shall use no more force than that officer reasonably feels is ¢6 ~ necessary in the performance of their official duties. Use of force by an ~ ~ ~___O officer is justified in, but not limited to, the following situations: _j o-, ~ ~'- 1 To protect the officer or others from physical harm. co ~ 2. To control an..arrestee or a potentially violent person. 3. To restrain or subdue a resistant individual. 4. To bring an unlawful situation safely and effectively under control. D. Officers shall render appropriate first aid or ensure medical treatment is provided to any person injured or complaining of pain following the use of force. E. Officers shall offer medical treatment at a hospital to any non- combative person who has been exposed to a chemical irritant / OC spray. Officers shall decontaminate a person exposed to a chemical irritant and continue to monitor the condition of that person until they are no longer in the custody of the officer. NOTIFICATIONS A. Any officer whose discharge of a firearm results in a serious injury or death shall immediately contact his/her supervisor. If this is not practical, the officer shall contact the on-duty patrol supervisor. The notified supervisor shall then contact the following individuals: 1. The involved officer's division commander. a. It shall be the Division Commander's responsibility to notify the Chief of Police. OPS 03.7 b. If the Division Commander cannot be notified, a watch supervisor shall notify the Chief of Police. 2. The County Attorney of the county in which the incident occurred. 3. The City Attorney. ,,~:.~ 4. The City Manager. ._J >--5. The Criminal Investigation Commander or his/her designee. LL c,.. ~_CD ~ ~ B. lbo on-duty watch supervisor shall be immediately notified or ~' c,D~ summoned to the scene of any incident where use of force results in a ~ O physical injury. C. The on-duty watch supervisor shall be immediately notified when a chemical irritatant / OC spray is utilized. REPORTING USE OF FORCE INCIDENTS A. Discharge of Firearms-report required. Any officer who discharges a firearm for any reason or purpose other than those exceptions listed in this section, shall make a written report to his/her immediate supervisor as soon as circumstances permit. This written report will then be forwarded through the chain of command to the Chief of Police for review. Exceptions to the requirement of a written report applies to the following circumstances in which no accident or injury results: 1. The discharge of firearms on firearm ranges or in an area for firearms practice. 2. Sporting events to include lawful hunting and organized shooting matches. B. When, in accordance with applicable law, it becomes necessary for an officer to discharge a firearm to destroy an animal which presents a danger or is seriously injured or ill, the officer will, prior to discharging the firearm, request permission to do so from the on-duty supervisor. If such action must be immediately taken in order to protect the officer's or another person's safety, the officer need not delay action in order to request this permission. The Watch Supervisor must be notified, however, immediately after the firearm is used. A Use of Force report is required. OPS 03.8 C. Review Committee Use of force incidents shall be reviewed by a committee consisting of a minimum of three sworn personnel. The committee shall consist of a Division Commander, the Sergeant of Planning and Research and/or Training Sergeant, and a third person designated by the Division Commander. This group will, at a minimum, meet every two months to review the Use of Force reports from the previous two months. ~ ~ c~ 1. The purpose of this committee shall be to review all facts and ~jLI ~ '~ reports concerning use of force incidents for: appropriateness of .__j o-, ©~ force used, for any training which may be necessary, and/or any ~7_ ~ ..._-. 0 need for policy changes. This committee will make co r...):~, recommendations on these matters to the Chief of Police. ~ 0 ~ All shooting incidents, with the exception of the destruction of animals, shall be reviewed by a Division Commander and a committee made up of five members of the department. This committee shall include a Lieutenant, a Sergeant, and three officers. 2. The purpose of this committee will'be to review all facts and reports .. concerning shooting incidents (absent destruction of animals, such cases being reviewed by the Use of Force Review committee) for appropriateness of force used, for any training recommendations which are necessary, and/or any need for policy changes. This committee will make recommendations on these matters to the Chief of Police. D. Reporting a Use of Force Incident. 1. A Use of Force report with a written narrative regarding any use of force incident will be included with an incident report. The report(s) shall contain the following information: a. Arrestee/suspect information. b. Incident number(s), date and time of incident, and reporting officer. c. Description of actual resistance encountered. d. All required fields completed in Use of Force report. e. The force used by the officer to overcome the resistance and the specific weapon or technique used. OPS 03.9 f. A description of any alleged or actual injuries to either the officer or suspect. g. Pictures taken of any injuries to either the officer or suspect h. Exposure to Chemical Irritant / OC spray will additionally require co the documentation of hospital treatment being offered, c~ ~ supervisor notification, and decontamination procedures. ~ '~- ~ ~ 2. When the only use of force is the application of handcuffs, double i o-, ~ locked, no use of force report is necessary. The application of w.__~: cu .~_.~ handcuffs, double locked will be documented on a written complaint ~ ~ or citation or in the body of an incident report. ~N 3. All reports concerning use of force shall be forwarded through the chain of command to the Division Commander for review. E. At a minimum, the Chief of Police and/or designee will review all reports and incidents of force annually. A review of reports and incidents of force could reveal patterns or trends that indicate training needs and/or policy modifications. INVESTIGATION OF USE OF FORCE RESULTING IN DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY A. When any member of the police department is involved in an incident resulting in death or serious injury, a thorough and objective investigation of facts and circumstances will be initiated as soon as practical by the Chief of Police's designees and completed as soon as practical. B. The Chief of Police or his/her designee shall decide whether the DCI and/or any other outside agency shall be called to assist in the inVestigation. C. if an incident resulting in death'or serious injury which involves a sworn Iowa City police officer occurs in another police jurisdiction, the officer shall cooperate with that jurisdiction, as set forth in Iowa City Police Department directives. D. The on-duty watch commandedsupervisor shall ensure that appropriate case reports are initiated and that potential evidence is preserved. OPS 03.10 E. The officer(s) involved in the death or serious injury may be relieved of field duty without the loss of pay or benefits, pending the results of the departmental investigation. Other officers involved in the incident also may be relieved of field duty without loss of pay or benefits at the discretion of the Chief of Police, while the investigation is pending: The officer shall be available at all times for official interviews and statements regarding the case, and shall be subject to recall to duty at any time. The officer must receive permission from the Chief of Police, or the Chief's representative, prior to leaving the metropolitan area. If such permission is given, the officer shall suPply phone number(s) of their location and duration of their absence. The officer will not discuss the case with anyone except the prosecuting attorney and/or persons designated by the Chief of Police or their designee. This does not prohibit the officer from discussions with their attorney. If the officer may be the subject of internal review or criminal charges their constitutional rights and administrative protections will be maintained. The officer will attend post-traumatic stress counseling at the discretion of the Chief of Police. 3. At the discretion of the Chief of Police, the officer may be returned to duty upon departmental receipt of a letter from the counselor or mental health professional indicating the officer's fitness for duty. F. The investigation and administrative leave policy outlined herein is not intended to imply or indicate the officer has acted improperly, but is designed to safeguard the officer and the Department. G. The Chief of Police may appoint one or more individuals to conduct a separate yet parallel (administrative) investigation into a use of force incident to ensure all personnel followed departmental policies and guidelines. USE OF FORCE MODEL A. Police officers are given the unique right to use force, even deadly force, against others for legitimate law enforcement purposes. The right to use force carries with it an obligation to use that force in a responsible manner. Police agencies have an obligation to provide their employees with the policies, training, and tools necessary to accomplish their mission. Selection of a use of force response from the options articulated in this model will be based on: the skills, OPS 03.11 knowledge, and ability of the officer; the perceived threat and amount of resistance offered by a subject; and consideration of the situational framework. 'A defined Use of Force model will enhance the department's ability to manage the use of force and will benefit the officer by providing guidance, resources, and options. B. Officers of the Iowa City Police Department shall follow the principles of the Use of Force model. The model describes an escalation of force, which is based on a reasonable officer's perception of threat or resistance. As a subject's resistance escalates, more force options o-, become available to the officer. When resistance stops, the officer ~ must de-escalate, but only after control (e.g. handcuffing) is ,,'-h, ~ ~O~' accomplished. Officers of the Iowa City Police Department must LLJ ':"' ~>-- generally employ the tools, tactics, and timing of force utilization ..... i o~ ~'_~ ~consistent with the Model's proscription and training protocols. Due ~ >-© to the fact that officer/citizen confrontations occur in environments that u., ~_b~ are potentially unpredictable, "tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving" ~,o :~C (Graham v. Connor, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 1872. (1989) the officer may ~ utilize tools, tactics, and timing outside the parameters of the Model. However, these applications of force must meet the same test of reasonableness as those which have been previously identified and approved by the Department. C. Reasonable officer's perception/Reasonable officer's response (see attached matrix) Sar~uel H'ar~, Chief of Police CPS 03.12 LEVEL ONE Perception - Subject is compliant Response - Cooperative controls (includes: mental preparation, spatial positioning, communications skills, handcuffing positions and techniques, searching techniques, arrest and transport controls) USE OF FORCE MODEL - FUNCTIONAL PROFILE COMPLIANT LEVEL I COOPERATIVE CONTROLS > PERCEPTION SKILLS MENTAL PREPARATION > RISK ASSESSMENT > SURVIVAL ORIENTATION > OFFICER STANCE SPATIAL POSITIONING > BODY LANGUAGE > RELATIVE POSITIONING COMMUNICATION SKILLS > VERBAL > NON-VERBAL > WALL HANDCUFFING POSITIONS > STANDING > PRONE cr ~ > KNEELING ~4~ H ~.JFFING TECHNIQUE > CONTROLLED ~...~_.~. ~, L.~..~"' > WALL ----J .'~EAI~ Fr'ING TECHNIQUES > STANDING 'c~ > KNEELING ~ > OPPOSITE SEX SPECIALIZED TECHNIQUES > FRISK > STRIP ARREST TECHNIQUES > SINGLE OFFICER > MULTIPLE OFFICERS ESCORT CONTROLS > SINGLE OFFICER > MULTIPLE OFFICERS TRANSPORT CONTROLS > SINGLE OFFICER > MULTIPLE OFFICERS OPS 03.13 LEVEL TWO Perception - Subject is passively resistant Response- Contact controls (includes: contact controls, conflict management techniques, mass formation arrest techniques (multiple officer lifts, stretchers, wheelchairs etc.) USE OF FORCE MODEL - FUNCIONAL PROFILE RESISTANT ( PASSIVE ) LEVEL II CONTACT CONTROLS ENFORCEMENT ELECTIVES I CONFLICT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES > SINGLE SUBJECT > MULTIPLE SUBJECTS > ARM CONTACT CONTROLs > WRIST > HAND ARREST TECHNIQUES > MASS FORMATION > ESCORT TECHNIQUES > TRANSPORT TECHNIQUES OPS 03.14 LEVEL THREE Perception-Subject is actively resistant Response ' Compliance techniques (includes: neuro-muscular controls, joint manipulation, nerve compression, chemical irritants, e.g. OC spray, controlled stopping devices for fleeing vehicle incidents) COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES USE OF FORCE MODEL - FUNCTIONAL PROFILE RESISTANT (Active) LEVEL III COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES ENFORCEMENT ELECTIVES: I & II > NERVE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES COMPLIANCE CONTROLS > CHEMICAL IRRITANTS, CROWD CONTROL CHEMICAL MUNITIONS > CONTROL TACTICS > HEAD NERVE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES: > NECK NEURO-MUSCULAR CONTROLS > ARM > LEG CONTROL TACTICS > WRIST ROTATION > ELBOW LEVERAGE BICYCLE > TAKE DOWN TECHNIQUES VEHICLE PURSUIT TACTICS > COMMUNICATIONS/ASSESSMENT SKILLS > PACING/TRAILING TECHNIQUES OPS 03.15 LEVEL FOUR Perception - Subject is assaultive and likely to cause bodily injury Response- Defensive tactics (includes: personal weapon defense, e.g. hands, knees, feet, active countermeasures, etc.; impact weapons, e.g. ASP, weapon retention techniques) USE OF FORCE MODEL - FUNCTIONAL PROFILE ASSAULTIVE (Bodily Harm) LEVEL IV DEFENSIVE TACTICS ENFORCEMENT ELECTIVES: I, II, III > HEAD > HANDS PERSONAL WEAPON DEFENSES > ELBOWS > FEET > KNEES IMPACT WEAPONS (ASP) > STRIKES > IMPACT PROJECTILES LESS LETHAL WEAPONS > CANINE OPERATIONS > OTHER OPTIONS WEAPON RETENTION TECHNIQUES (Less Lethal) > FRONT > REAR > SIDE OTHERWEAPONS > CONTROL/APPREHENSION CANINE TECHNIQUES *Deployment of canine for apprehension/protection shall be preceded by actions of suspect which are consistent with level 4 (Assaultive- Bodily Harm) behavior. The exception to this is the deployment of canine for building searches or related circumstances, where the suspect actions are not known. In this circumstance pr,o~edures spelled out in the "Canine Operations" General Order (99-04) shall .'7_~ be followed. OPS 03.16 LEVEL FIVE Perception - Subject is assaultive and likely to cause SERIOUS bodily injury or death Response- Deadly force (includes: weapon/weapons attack defense, lethal force utilization with service/supplemental weapons, forcible stopping techniques for assault with vehicle incidents) USE OF FORCE MODEL - FUNCTIONAL PROFILE ASSAULTIVE LEVEL V DEADLY FORCE ',Serious Bodily Harm/Death) ENFORCEMENT ELECTIVES; I, II, III & IV > WEAPON ATTACK DEFENSE > WEAPONLESS > WEAPON RETENTION TECHNIQUES > SERVICE WEAPON LETHAL FORCE UTILIZATION > SUPPLEMENTAL WEAPON > OTHER OPTIONS OTHER OPTIONS: > CONTACT FORCIBLE STOPPING TECHNIQUES > ROADBLOCK IOWA CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT USE OF FORCE REPORT August 2005 OFFICER DATE INC # INCIDENT FORCE USED 06,05 080505 05-38159 Intox Arrest Subject was placed under arrest for public intoxication. Subject resisted post arrest search efforts. Officers used control techniques to perform the search. 95,55,30 080605 05-38346 Assist other agency Officers drew sidearms to during the arrest of a subject that was wanted on felony warrants and attempting to hide. Subject was taken into custody without incident. 18 080805 05-38671 Animal Complaint Officer used sidearm to dispatch an injured rabbit. 06,33 081005 05-38975 Vehicle Pursuit Officers pursued vehicle that was refusing to stop. Vehicle did then come to a stop. Officers drew sidearms while removing occupants from the vehicle. Suspects were taken into custody without incident. ~ ~ 081005 05-38975 PAULA Subject had been taken into custody for an alcohol violation and was at ICPD. ~ t~ Subject crawled under a desk and ~.o CD control techniques to persuade the (.D ~ refused to come out. Officers used a~ ~ <12 subject from under the desk. ~ ~ Subject resisted efforts to be taken into c~41,84 ~ 081105 05-39175 Suspicious Activity custody so that they could be evaluated at the hospital. Officers used control techniques to escort the subject to an ambulance. 52 081105 05-39279 Animal Complaint Officer used sidearm to dispatch an injured rabbit. 12 082105 05-41138 Disorderly Conduct Subject was being arrested for disorderly conduct and resisted hand cuffing efforts. Officers used control techniques to place hand cuffs on the subject. 44,34 082205 05-41336 Welfare Check Officers drew sidearms while checking an apartment for a subject who was not suppose to be there. The suspect was not located. 85,25,02,16, 082205 05-41392 Suicidal Subject Officers drew sidearms and other specialized weapons while negotiating 56,59,30,20, with a subject who was threatening to 49,51,35,34 harm themselves and believed to be armed. Subject was taken into custody without incident. 84, 082405 05-41718 Assault Officers used control techniques to prevent a subject from striking another subject. 42 082405 05-41920 PCS Arrest Officer used a control technique to keep a subject from assaulting them. 55 082505 05-41953 Out with subject Subject was being placed under arrest regarding a warrant and fled on foot. Officers caught up to the subject and used control techniques to take them into custody. 51 083105 05-43268 Out with Subject Officer approached a subject regarding a violation. Subject attempted to flee from officers but was stopped with a control technique. October 11, 2005 Mtg Packet PCRB COMPLAINT DEADLINES PCRB Complaint #05-03 Filed: 09/27/05 Chief's Report due: 12/27/05 Chief's Report filed: PCRB Report due: POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD OFFICE CONTACTS September 2005 Date Description 9-12 Indiviudal called requesting information on starting up PCRB in her community, Referred her to Code, 9-14 Individual picked up complain form for incident that occurred within last 24 hours. POLICE CITIZENS REVIEW BOARD A Board of the City of Iowa City 410 East Washington Street Iowa City IA 52240-1826 (319)356-5041 TO: City Council Complainant Stephen Atkins, City Manager Sam Hargadine, Chief of Police Officer(s) involved in complaint S~r- . ,"-,-' ,', f.n 1";-1 v -1l ..,- (d, ? --,-" , i I -, Police Citizens Review Board ~c ',1, '-.-) . -.'-'.<'" > , ' ,.,-,-' \.0 FROM: w 0' RE: Investigation of PCRB Complaint #05-02 DATE: September 13, 2005 I This is the Report of the Police Citizens Review Board's (the "Board") review of the investigation of Complaint PCRB #05-02 (the "Complaint"), Board's Responsibility Under the City Code of the City of Iowa City, Section 8-8-7B (2), the Board's job is to review the Police Chiefs Report ("Report") of his investigation of a complaint The City Code requires the Board to apply a "reasonable basis" standard of review to the Report and to "give deference" to the Report "because of the Police Chief's professional expertise" (Section 8-8-7B (2). While the City Code directs the Board to make "findings of fact", it also requires that the Board recommend that the Police Chief reverse or modify his findings only if these findings are "unsupported by substantial evidence", are "unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious" or are "contrary to a Police Department policy or practice or any Federal, State or Local Law". Sections 8-8-7B (2) a, b, and c. Board's Procedure The Complaint was received at the Office of the City Clerk on May 05, 2005. As required by Section 8-8-5 of the City Code, the Complaint was referred to the Chief of Police for investigation. The Chief's Report was due on August 3, 2005 and was filed with the City Clerk on July 29, 2005. The Board voted to review the Complaint in accordance with Section 8-8- 7B(1 )(a), on the record with no additional investigation. The Board met to consider the Report on August 16, 2005, and September 13, 2005. Findinqs of Fact The complaint alleges the use of aggressive behavior and the use of improper language, The general facts of the incident, as follows, are not in dispute, On Friday, April 22, 2005, at approximately 23:58 hours, a complaint of a loud party was received by the Iowa City Police Department. Two Iowa City police officers were dispatched to the location of the loud party, 1220 Village Road #4, Iowa City, The complainant, identified as the resident of 1220 Village Road #4, was issued a .~ citation as a result of this call. ~'c'2 ~ji The complainant reported the conduct of Officer A to be aggressive and'; .. unprofessional during the incident and reported that Officer A called the} . complainant an "asshole". The complainant considers the alleged action$;and r language of Officer A to be improper for that of a police officer. r"~: C"'"l ;-'i II 'u ~-r! ...., ,j >:> 1..0 The two officers involved in this call were in the professional relationshWof Fi~ Training Officer and Officer Trainee. Officer A was the Field Training Officer arm Officer B was the Officer Trainee. At the time of this call Officer B was in the final phase of training and Officer A was in the position of observer and backup officer, clothed in street clothing. The complainant stated that Officer A told the complainant not to tell him how to do the officer's job. The complainant described the actions of Officer A as being "up in my face". Officer A recalls being firm and direct during the initial contact with the complainant and the Board could find no evidence of inappropriate aggression on the part of Officer A. The complainant could not recall the exact words that Officer A allegedly used but related them generally as "You're being an asshole" or You're "being an asshole about the situation". It was disclosed through the police department's investigation that an upset neighbor lady had exited an apartment and inadvertently called Officer A, who was not in uniform, an "asshole" thinking that Officer A was the complainant or another person present at the party. Officer A does recall telling the complainant how upset Officer A was over being called an "asshole" due to the actions of the complainant and may have used the term "asshole" in this context. Officer B stated he did not hear any offensive language from Officer A and did not observe any aggressive actions on the part of Officer A. Officer B told the police interviewers that it was a surprise that a complaint had been filed due not only to the absence of any thing out of the ordinary at the call but also due to the fact that the complainant was calm and non-combative or verbally abusive. Officer A related feeling the complainant was initially "rude and disrespectful" at first but once in the police car for the citation the complainant was very polite and took responsibility. Officer A related the initial actions as firm and direct but did not call the complainant an ass hole and only used the term in reference to the neighbor lady's mistaken identification of Officer A as a member of the party. Conclusion By unanimous vote, the Board set the Level of Review for this complaint at 8-8- 7(B)(1 la, believing there to be enough information in the Chief's Report, and other attached materials, to allow the Board to come to an informed conclusion. The Board vote was 3-0 with 2 members of the board absent. The Board finds allegation #1 to be not sustained. The Board could not determine exactly what was said, or who said what, during the incident. There is no evidence to support that Officer A acted in an overly aggressive manner for the situation, nor that Officer A directly called the complainant an asshole or made any other reference to the person of the complainant using that terminology. The only substantiated directed use of the term "ass hole" was by the upset neighbor lady and it appears to have been directed at Officer A. The Board concludes the findings of the interim Chief of Police are supported by substantial evidence, are reasonable, not arbitrary or capricious, and are consistent to a Police Department policy or practice or any Federal, State or Local Law. Complaint #05-02 Alleqation # 1: Aqqressiveness and Improper Lanquaqe * It was noted by the Board that the two complaints originally made by the complainant were contained in one allegation in the Chief's Report. The Board found this condensation of allegations to be consistent with the complainant's original complaint and concerns. The board has no cause to suspect or believe that Officer A used overly aggressive actions or improper language in this situation. Allegation #1 against Officer A is not sustained. Comment None. 1"'-.) C C:":l C~) [;,.n ~" () ( ,f~ ,",. 1 T\ Tl - -c ..,- .' i ','1 ", n" ::t..~ ---1 ", '..j ',-:::: '.D ~. ~- p W C'